by William SpauldiPublished by ‘The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc 1711 Arlingate Lane PO Box 28518, Columbus, O11 43228-0518, Copyright © 2002 by The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. ASNT is not responsible for the authenticity or accuracy of information herein, Published opinions and statements do not necessarily reflect the opinion of ASNT. Products or services that are advertised or mentioned do not carry the endorsement or recommendation of ASNT. IRRSP, Level IIT Study Guide, Materials Evaluation, NDT Handbook, Nondestructive Testing Handbook, The NDT Technician and wwwasntorg are trademarks of The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. ACCP, ASNT, Research in Nondestructive Evaluation and RNDE are registered trademarks of The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Ine, ASNT exists to create a safer world by promoting the profession and technologies of nondestructive testing ISBN. 1-57117-097.9 Printed in the United States of America first printing 1999 second printing with revisions 10/02Contents Introduction... . Overview of the Study Guide Acknowledgments . Recommended References Resource Materials. Overview of Ultrasonic Testing History of Ultrasonic Testing... Advantages and Limitations of Ultrasonic Testing Principles of Ultrasonic Testing .. Generation and Characteristics of Ultra Acoustic Waves .. . Velocity, Wavelength and Fr quency Amplitude and Energy ‘Types of Waves (Modes) . Longitudinal Waves Shear Waves Surface Waves Lamb Waves Propagation of Ultrasound Beam Spread... ‘Near Field GresnelyFar Field CPreunhotes) Attenuation Reflection... Refraction 5 Mode Conversion i Ultrasonic Testing Equipment... . ‘Transmitters/Pulsers Clock Circuits/Time Base Generators Repetition Rate , Pulse Duration: Receivers (High Frequency P Pulse Amplifiers) Power Supplies ....... Displays ‘Sweep/Gain Circuits” Sweep Delay Sweep Length Gain. A Scan Displays B Scan Displays C Scan Displays eeeee eee medio UU aba RR bob RRL L ELL