ANALOG COMMUNICATION AND LIC LAB

Semester: V
Department: ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION Regular Course
Course Title ANALOG COMMUNICATION AND LIC LAB Course Code: 10ECL57

Credits: 04
Total Contact Hours: 03/hrs Duration of SEE: 3 hrs
SEE Marks: 50 CIE Marks: 50

PREREQUISITES
 Understanding of basics of signals and systems, random variables,
mean, variance, co-variance, correlation, auto co-relation,
Gaussian process.

Course Outcomes
 Upon successful completion of this course, the students will be
able to design Opamp related Experiments
 After the modulation task students will be able to plan and
implement basic measurement arrangements of modulation
system
EXPERIMENTS
1. Second order active LPF and HPF
2. Second order active BPF and BE
3. Schmitt Trigger Design and test a Schmitt trigger circuit for the
given values of UTP and LTP
4. Frequency synthesis using PLL.
5. Design and test R-2R DAC using op-amp
6. Design and test the following circuits using IC 555
a. Astable multivibrator for given frequency and duty cycle
b. Monostable multivibrator for given pulse width W
7. Class C Single tuned amplifier
8. Amplitude modulation using transistor/FET (Generation and detection)
9. Pulse amplitude modulation and detection
10. Pulse Width Modulation and Pulse Position Modulation
11. Frequency modulation using IC 8038/2206
12. Precision rectifiers – both Full Wave and Half Wave.
Viva questions on LIC experiments.

1. Give the formula for cutoff frequency for the low pass filter?
2. What is the difference between analog filter and digital filter?
3. To obtain a band reject filter, LPF and HPF are to be connected in -------
method.
4. To obtain a band pass filter, LPF and HPF are to be connected in
___________ method.
5. What is bandwidth?
6. Define cut off frequency?
7. Draw the frequency response plot for an ideal filters.
8. What are an active filter and a passive filter?
9. What is a filter?
10.What is the rate of fall of the gain in stop band for first order and second
order filter.

1. Mention the advantages of integrated circuits.

2. Define an operational amplifier.
3. Mention the characteristics of an ideal op-amp.
4. What happens when the common terminal of V+ and V- sources is not
grounded?
5. Define input offset voltage.
6. Define input offset current. State the reasons for the offset currents at the
input of the op-amp.
7. Define CMRR of an op-amp.
8. What are the applications of current sources?
9. Justify the reasons for using current sources in integrated circuits.
10.Define slew rate.
11.What is monolithic IC?
12.What is hybrid IC?
13.Mention some of the linear applications of op – amps.
14.Mention some of the non – linear applications of op-amps.
15.What are the areas of application of non-linear op- amp circuits?
16.What is the need for an instrumentation amplifier?
17.List the features of instrumentation amplifier.
18.What are the applications of V-I converter?
19.What do you mean by a precision diode?
20.Write down the applications of precision diode.
21.What is a comparator?
22.What are the applications of comparator?
23.What is a Schmitt trigger?
24.What is a multivibrator?
25.What do you mean by monostable multivibrator?
26.What is an astable multivibrator?
27.What is a bistable multivibrator?
28. What are the requirements for producing sustained oscillations in feedback circuits ?
29.Mention any two audio frequency oscillators.
30.What are the characteristics of a comparator?
31.What is a filter?
32.What are the demerits of passive filters?
33.What are the advantages of active filters?
34.Mention some commonly used active filters :
VIVA questions on Analog communication
Q1.What is amplitude modulation?
Q2. What is modulation?
Q3. What are the different types of analog modulation?
Q4. What si the need for modulation?
Q5. What are the objectives met by modulation?
Q6. What are the advantage of PAM and PWM?
Q7. What is Pulse position modulation?
Q8. What is the advantage of PPM over PWM and PAM?
Q9. What are the applications of pulse position modulation?
Q10. What is the purpose of using differential pulse position modulation?
Q11. What is the advantage of PPM?
12. What are the applications of PPM?
Q13. Explain the principle of PPM?
Q14. What is the puprpose of PPM?
Q15. What are the analog analogies of PAM, PPM & PWM?
Q16. What is Frequency modulation (FM)?
Q17. What is PWM or Pulse length modulation or pulse duration modulation?
Q18. What are the disadvantages of PWM?
VIVA Questions with answer of experiment 1:

1. Give the formula for cutoff frequency for the low pass filter?

Ans: Fh = 1/ 2π RC.

2. What is the difference between analog filter and digital filter?

Ans: Analog filter has less performance whereas digital filters have better performance. Digital
filters are used in DIP applications.

3. To obtain a band reject filter, LPF and HPF are to be connected in ___________ method.

Ans: In Series with low value of cut off frequency for LPF and high value of cut off frequency
for HPF.

4. To obtain a band pass filter, LPF and HPF are to be connected in ___________ method.

Ans: In Series with high value of cut off frequency for LPF and low value of cut off frequency
for HPF.

5. What is bandwidth?

Ans: The frequency band between the low cut off and high cut off.

6. Define cut off frequency?

Ans: point which is 3dB less than the max gain ( 0.707 of max gain)

7. Draw the frequency response plot for an ideal filters.

8. What are an active filter and a passive filter?

Ans: Active filter uses active components like Op-Amps. Passive filter uses passive components
like R, L and C.

9. What is a filter?

Ans: An electronic circuit which passes the signal of frequencies which are required and rejects
the signal of frequencies which are not required.

10. What is the rate of fall of the gain in stop band for first order and second order filter.

Ans: 20dB/decade or 6dB/octave for 1st order filter, 40dB/decade or 12dB/octave for 2nd order
filter.
Viva questions on LIC experiments.
35.Mention the advantages of integrated circuits.
 Miniaturisation and hence increased equipment density.
 Cost reduction due to batch processing.
 Increased system reliability due to the elimination of soldered
 joints.
 Improved functional performance.
 Matched devices.
 Increased operating speeds.
 Reduction in power consumption.
36.Define an operational amplifier.
An operational amplifier is a direct-coupled, high gain amplifier consisting of one
or more differential amplifier. By properly selecting the external components, it
can be used to perform a variety of mathematical operations.

37.Mentionthe characteristics of an ideal op-amp.

 Open loop voltage gain is infinity.
 Input impedance is infinity.
 Output impedance is zero.
 Bandwidth is infinity.
 Zero offset.

38.What happens when the common terminal of V+ and V- sources is not

grounded?
If the common point of the two supplies is not grounded, twice the supply voltage
will get applied and it may damage the op-amp.
39.Define input offset voltage.
A small voltage applied to the input terminals to make the output voltages zero
when the two input terminals are grounded is called input offset voltage.
40.Define input offset current. State the reasons for the offset currents at the
input of the op-amp.
The difference between the bias currents at the input terminals of the op-ampis
called as input off set current.The input ter minals conduct a s mall value of dc
current to bias the input transistors. Since the input transistors cannot be made
identical, there exists a difference in bias currents.
41.Define CMRR of an op-amp.
The relative sensitivity of an op-amp to a difference signal as compared to a
common –mode signal is called the common –mode rejection ratio. It is expressed
in decibels. CMRR= Ad/Ac
42.What are the applications of current sources?
Transistor current sources are widely used in analog ICs both as biasing elements
and as load devices for amplifier stages.
43.Justify the reasons for using current sources in integrated circuits.
 superior insensitivity of circuit performance to power supply variations and
temperature.
 More economical than resistors in terms of die area required to provide bias
currents of small value.
 When used as load element, the high incremental resistance of current
source results in high voltage gain at low supply voltages
44.Define slew rate.
The slew rate is defined as the maximum rate of change of output voltage caused
by a step input voltage. An ideal slew rate is infinite which means that op-amp’s
output voltage should change instantaneously in response to input step voltage.
 45.What is monolithic IC?
A monolithic IC is a type of "integrated circuit" electronic device that contains
active and passive devices that are made in and on the surface of a single piece of a
single crystal semiconductor, such as a Silicon (Si) wafer. A process called "planar
technology" must be used in the single block (monolith), and be interconnected to
the insulating layer over the same body of the semiconductor to produce a solid
integral monolithic-IC. In monolithicICs, the devices (transistors, diodes, resistors
and capacitors) are fabricated on the same single chip of a single Silicon crystal by
PLANAR technology, and have ISOLATED p-n junctions, and have
interconnections adherent to the insulator layers without shorting to the adjacent
areas and each other.
46.What is hybrid IC?
If the devices are interconnected by bonding wires dangling above the chip, it is a
hybrid-IC.

47.Mention some of the linear applications of op – amps.

Adder, subtractor, voltage –to- current converter, current –to voltage converters,
instrumentation amplifier, analog computation, power amplifier, etc are some of
the linear op-amp circuits.
48.Mention some of the non – linear applications of op-amps.
Rectifier, peak detector, clipper, clamper, sample and hold circuit,log amplifier,
anti –log amplifier, multiplier are some of the non – linear op-amp circuits.
49.What are the areas of application of non-linear op- amp circuits?
Industrial instrumentation
Communication
Signal processing
50.What is the need for an instrumentation amplifier?
In a number of industrial and consumer applications, the measurement of physical
quantities is usually done with the help of transducers. The output of transducer has
to be amplified So that it can drive the indicator or display system. This function is
performed by an instrumentation amplifier.
51.List the features of instrumentation amplifier.
 high gain accuracy
 high CMRR
 high gain stability with low temperature co-efficient
 low dc offset
 low output impedance
52.What are the applications of V-I converter?
 Low voltage dc and ac voltmeter
 LED
 Zener diode tester
53.What do you mean by a precision diode?
The major limitation of ordinary diode is that it cannot rectify voltages below the
cut – in voltage of the diode. A circuit designed by placing a diode in the feedback
loop of an op – amp is called the precision diode and it is capable of rectifying
input signals of the order of millivolt.
54.Write down the applications of precision diode.
 Half - wave rectifier
 Full - Wave rectifier
 Peak – value detector
 Clipper
 Clamper

55.What is a comparator?
A comparator is a circuit which compares a signal voltage applied at one input of
an op-amp with a known reference voltage at the other input. It is an open loop op
-amp with output +Vsat .
56.What are the applications of comparator?
 Zero crossing detector
 Window detector
 Time marker generator
 Phase detector
57.What is a Schmitt trigger?
Schmitt trigger is a regenerative comparator. It converts sinusoidal input into a
square wave output. The output of Schmitt trigger swings between upper and lower
threshold voltages, which are the reference voltages of the input waveform.
58.What is a multivibrator?
Multivibrators are a group of regenerative circuits that are used extensively in
timing applications. It is a wave shaping circuit which gives symmetric or
asymmetric square output. It has two states either stable or quasi- stable depending
on the type of multivibrator.
59.Whatdo you mean by monostable multivibrator?
Monostable multivibr ator is one which generates a single pulse of specified
duration in response to each external trigger signal. It has only one stable state.
Application of a trigger causes a change to the quasi-stable state. An external
trigger signal generated due to charging and discharging of the capacitor produces
the transition to the original stable state.
60.What is an astable multivibrator?
Astable multivibrator is a free running oscillator having two quasistable states.
Thus, there is oscillations between these two states and no external signal are
required to produce the change in state.
 61.What is a bistable multivibrator?
Bistable multivibrator is one that maintains a given output voltage level unless an
external trigger is applied . Application of an external trigger signal causes a
change of state, and this output level is maintained indefinitely until an second
trigger is applied . Thus, it requires two external triggers before it returns to its
initial state.
62. What are the requirements for producing sustained oscillations in feedback circuits ?
For sustained oscillations, The total phase shift around the loop must be zero at the
Desired f r e q u e n c y o f o s c i l l a t i o n , fo. i e , AB = 0 ( o r ) 360°
At fo, the magnitude of the loop gain | A β | should be equal to unity.
63.Mention any two audio frequency oscillators.
 RC phase shift oscillator
 Wein bridge oscillator
64.What are the characteristics of a comparator?
 Speed of operation
 Accuracy
 Compatibility of the output
65.What is a filter?
Filter is a frequency selective circuit that passes signal of specified band of
frequencies and attenuates the signals of frequencies outside the band
66.What are the demerits of passive filters?
Passive filters works well for high frequencies . But at audio frequencies, the
inductors become problematic, as they become large,heavy and expensive. For low
f requency applications,more nu mber of turns of wire must be used which in turn
adds to the series resistance degrading inductor’s performance ie, low Q,resulting
in high power dissipation.
67.What are the advantages of active filters?
  Active filters used op- amp as the active element and resistors and
capacitors as passive elements.
 By enclosing a capacitor in the feedback loop , inductor less active filters
can be obtained
 Op-amp used in non – inverting configuration offers high input
impedance and low output impedance, thus improving the load drive
capacity.
68.Mention some commonly used active filters :
 Low pass filter
 High pass filter
 Band pass filter
 Band reject filter.

Viva questions with answer on Analog communication experiments:

Q1. What is amplitude modulation?
Ans: The process of amplitude modulation consists of varying the peak amplitude
of a sinusoidal carrier wave in proportion to the instantaneous amplitude of the
modulation signal.

Q2. What is modulation?

Ans: Modulation may be defined as the process by which some parameters of a
high frequency signal termed as carrier, is varied in accordance with the signal to
be transmitted.

Q3. What are the different types of analog modulation?

Ans: 1) Amplitude modulation 2) angle modulation.

Q4. What si the need for modulation?

Ans: Consider, for example, picture signal of a T.V camera. It has frequency
spectra of DC to 5.5MHz.such a wide band of frequency can’t be propagated
through ionosphere. However, if this signal is modulated with a carrier in VHF and
UHF range, the percentage bandwidth becomes very small and the signal becomes
suitable for transmission through atmosphere.
Q5. What are the objectives met by modulation?
Ans: Length of antenna is shortened, signal loss is reduced, ease of radiation,
adjustment of bandwidth, shifting signal frequency of the assigned value.

Q6. What are the advantage of PAM and PWM?

Ans: PWM system gives a greater signal to noise ratio as compared to PAM but
requires a larger bandwidth to achieve this.

Q7. What is Pulse position modulation?

Ans: Pulse position modulation (PPM) is the process in which the position of a
standard pulse is varied as a function of the amplitude of the sampled signal.

Q8. What is the advantage of PPM over PWM and PAM?

Ans: The phase deviations are usually small. The noise produces a smaller
disturbing effect on the time position of the modulating pulse train and as a result,
PPM waves have a better performance with respect to signal to noise ratio in
comparison to PAM and PWM systems.

Q9. What are the applications of pulse position modulation?

Ans: It is primarily useful for optical communication systems, where there tends to
be little or no multipath interference. Narrowband RF (Radio frequency) channels
with low power and long wavelength (i.e., low frequency) are affected primarily by
flat fading, and PPM is better suited.

Q10. What is the purpose of using differential pulse position modulation?

Ans: It is possible to limit the propagation of errors to adjacent symbols, so that an
error in measuring the differential delay of one pulse will affect only two symbols,
instead of effecting all successive measurements.

Q11. What is the advantage of PPM?

Ans: One of the principle advantages of pulse position modulation is that it is an
M-ary modulation technique that can be implemented non-coherently, such that the
receiver does not need to use a phase-locked loop (PLL) to track the phase of the
carrier. This makes it a suitable candidate for optical communications systems,
where coherent phase modulation and detecting are difficult and extremely
expensive. The only other common M-ary non-coherent modulation technique is
M-ary frequency shift keying, which is the frequency domain dual to PPM.
The other advantages of pulse position modulation are:
• The amplitude is held constant thus less noise interference.
• Signal and noise separation is very easy.
• Due to constant pulse widths and amplitudes, transmission power for each pulse
is same.

Q12. What are the applications of PPM?

Ans: PPM is employed in narrowband RF channel systems, with the position of
each pulse representing the angular position of an analogue control on the
transmitter, or possible states of binary switch. The number of pulse per frame
gives the number of controllable channels available. The advantage of using PPM
for this type of application is that the electronics required to decode the signal are
extremely simple, which leads to small, light-weight receiver/decoder units.
(Model aircraft require parts that are as lightweight as possible).

Q13. Explain the principle of PPM?

Ans: The amplitude and the width of the pulse is kept constant in this system,
while the position of each pulse, in relation to the position of a recurrent reference
pulse is varied by each instantaneous sampled value of the modulating wave. This
means that the transmitter must send synchronizing pulses to operate timing
circuits in the receiver. The PPM has the advantage of requiring constant
transmitter power output, but the disadvantage of depending on transmitter receiver
synchronization.

Q14. What is the puprpose of PPM?

Ans: PPM may be used to transmit analog information, such as continuous speech
or data.
Q15. What are the analog analogies of PAM, PPM & PWM?
Ans: PAM is similar to AM; PPM and PWM is similar to angle modulation.

Q16. What is Frequency modulation (FM)?

Ans: Frequency modulation is the process of varying the frequency of a carrier
wave in proportion to the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal without
any variation in the amplitude of the carrier wave.

Q17. What is PWM or Pulse length modulation or pulse duration modulation?

Ans: In PWM, the pulse amplitude is kept constant but the leading edge, trailing
edge or both may be varied as a function of the amplitude of the sampled signal
and care must be taken to ensure that the pulse don’t overlap in a TDM system.

Q18. What are the disadvantages of PWM?

Ans: PWM, in general, requires a greater average power than PAM systems. Also,
the PWM system requires a greater bandwidth than PAM
 LIC +Analog Communication Lab
Vth Semester
VIVA Sheet

Name: Sec: Batch: Group: Date:

Experiment:
Q. No Questions Marks
1

10

Total

Signature of the student

Name and Signature of the faculty

Deeksha R Shetty