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(9) (esote wong s6yd99 my simyySonsoesic) see oF pom MOLY HOY Pu FT DIPS Mu ARENRES AH PER AOL AY (S] S961 HORN MUOR MEN RenOUPSYOAD ISMKAA AT EEL ‘ano TH, MEAD EIC HOR MON “GqoMDCH Ponda ‘SaUREA TT HE SORON WOU 11-1 dg ey tog onEDNa AMIEL oudy 0 wounmedoc sp wonenby HeexBOupSH oun ye os!-)9CD HOT {LS61'TOSVAWOA MAN ON 29ND uyraudeg so senweyy yoogpuny oqoupty Siaoutau3 Wm fo habs wesLIy [T] SaONRIY cee noogan Se mst ‘ste woypno yeod ay eq 29014 Suonenba Sunox nosasas ay) Jo S2ANALAD SUE A 6S ‘ada sean nontsax ou qu gs 6 wA]GONG OME 85% ome cont on ows oes ose oe ow co os o ° 00 Satis resto, ‘papacil soaunaaBes0 ma 24 (QD pooussopéus Aq qlesoypiy yun us 2 pak ayge onan Samo a pe oN = TE = aA = mogimo2v0 = 12 ‘oot =") HEED = M7 ‘ROL = MND yy = Poe aA ae e1ep BMAONO] 2AL-v 0085 y tne ove peo Kets enon) ONE a, a “oqen S19¥ W915 aM 1) yxFespsy nop SUNN UE AOL Goes Hee 3H ‘0 jd put ososos py oY wd UNO © 230 TaN} 24) VOID LS sudesGouphy gieidey) wee326 Chapter Hydrographs [82] A. B Taylor and HL E, Schwaetz “Unit Hydrosraph Lag and Peak Flow Related to Basin (Characteristics Trans Am. Geophys. Union 33,235-246(1952). Water Supply Papers. US. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division, Washington, 1966-1970 1 Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ating Otfice, 1971 1) "Synthesis ofthe Inlet Hyérograph" weeting and Water Resources. The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, ing a Gamma Distribution over a Synth Unit Hydrograph” Reply to Discussion,” Water Resources B DDiseusion—Fiting a Gamms Distribution over a Synthetic Unit Hydrogeaph” Water Resources Bull 192) (Ap 1983), wood-Hydrograph Analysis and Computations” US. Army Comps of Engineers, rgncering and Design Manuals, Em]110-2-1408, Washington, D.C: US. Government Office, Aug 1959 [41]. Mockus, “Use of Storm and Watershed Characteristics in Synthetic Hyérograph Analysis and Application,” US, Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, 1a) and D.G.Aluman.“Nomographs for Ten-minute Unit Hydrographs fr Small uersheds" Environmental Protection Agency, Rept. EPA-6009-78.035, 00, C1978 snd A. Feldman, “Evolution of Clark's Unit Graph Method to Spatially Distributed Runoff". Hydrol Eng, Vol.3.No. 1 1958. LE. Nash,"The Form of the Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph"IASH Publ. No. 45, ol 3, 1957. [45] D.M. Gray. “Synthetic Div STOAY4) Gly 1961 44 146) "Talté hy drauliqu.” Pars 183, pp. 438-483 [as Hydraulics, New York: MeGraw-H [49] S. Heyami. On the Propagation of Flood Woves, Bu 1.1959, in 1, Kyoto, Japan: Disaster [80] FN. Keofer and R. S. MeQuivey, “Multiple Linearization Flow Routing Model” Proc ASCE, Hy. Div, 10OYT) Ol ISI] 1A. Cunge."On the Subject of 2 Flood Propagation Method." J Hyd. Res. JAR 7(2), 28-230(1967 [82] US. Depariment of Agriculture, So Conservation Service, “Simy ‘outing Procedure,"Tech, Release 66, Mar. 1979. 153] US. Department of the Interior. “Water Studies” Sce- 6.10. Washington, D.C: US. Government Printing 10.4 CHAVA ig Ee Rees a0) Groundwater Hydrology ‘oBsectives. ‘The purpose ofthis chapteris to: Introduce the subject of groundwater hydrology W Indicate the relationship between surface water and groundwater systems Describe the relevant hydrodynamic equations ® Relate the mechanics of groundwater flow to modeling regional groundwater systems i Present methods for calculating confined and unconfined steady radial ow toward a well 'W Describe procedures for dealing with unsteady groundwater flow conditions Introduce the principles of finte-difference appr roaches to modeling regional groundwater systems. * ‘ INTRODUCTION ‘The amount of water stored below ground inthe United States exceeds by a significant amount all aboveground storage in streams, rivers, reservoirs and lakes including the Great Lakes [1]. This enormous reservoir sustains streamflow during precipitation tree tes the major source of fresh water for many localities. Figure 10 ution and nature of primary groundwater areas of the United on of the volume and rate of flow of groundwater in various sk: because volumes and flow rates are determined to a consider. logy ofthe region, The character and arrangement of rocks and portant factors, and these are often highly variable within a groundwater resrvor.An addtional icy isthe inability odes measure many ciel ons logic and hydraulic reservoir characteristics * i" a a7‘worse Jo auoz ay) uy “amnssaud anes sip 91eKpunorD 2918 Jo uonngin: aoepinsans ‘onsuo}oeseyp Jo4p UE abun ase eIpoLH snoaUDB0% foud ws toy Snomtadoraiai 18 yoy idon PIpour swag nf 40} 1u9puadsp ase j088 paxy 24 Kew SuyS48 mop faiempUno: Papuouruiosa4 a46 g pue ¢ ‘spy mows ase ay 12194 patapysuos 3 snoauasomoy Suc) : sspuno.) . "worsis wolf 241 Jo saupunog, 21H pue pny pue urrupauu smosod ax Jo auntet axa “OU ay Jo 59 Pow aun 2q1 Jo afpo|souy w saumnbou soyeMpunor® Jo nuouasoU ath sazedoig [es0495—mol4 sjempunoip, : Rete adoas am puoseg 3 wr BR Ca cy srnbn pas pmeppowes pu pneprosvown oa EE] so 0 wa og se yous eK sess snap sagibe i eeapan a0 a ON, (ser 2maty jo munedog Si1:2.a Hortus amyrniy gone dns Uta J 89300§ PURE. EU HHS) seb yo pr ZZ {posn ven pasos stow aioe sa os Sopp spyes Nass Fo es Hp HO 9.0 you Buueoo Joe o ssh 0 uM ps fenpapuro} Sup Jo age Ae am sajnbe Sa popu rate) nossa =e po Sih He TEMPENOIT ISS topabe ponpnonostts pu pveporuostn| vans rsd ptdnooo ou ses patng. vo. 340914 we ~ sus yori fy poystungds a9 3 evempunor# yon soiMOOINON,330 Chapter 10 Groundwater Hydrology with water. The turated zone is commonly called the groundwater zone. The zone of aeration may ideally be subdivided into several subzones. Todd classifies these as lows [9] ‘ground surface and extends his variable and dependen’ except during periods “This belt extends from the bottom of the soil-water zone to the lary fringe and may change from nonexistence to several hundred thickness The zone is essentially & connecting link between a near-ground face region and the near-water-table region through which infiltrating fluids nd from a sal by ravi Known a he spec lt ime of water that can be drained by gr Values of specific Geologic Considerations ‘The determination of ndwater volumes and flow rates requires a knowledge of the APSA Neo Ende, rhe 7 ‘Arsen gue (ae) er stems and mechani or eechirg and wide onal omponents ote nydteloge yet aeting pro(cov ey ad st ounssoid atod rey) uoas 99 wea a Spataprsuon st (¢ dod e ye empaes ayy ut sarawozatd e Funzosut 4g pal 240d poytea) aunssoxd s3pun st uancpou po He © Jo sooeds auod ut poqeao} JOVEN Sonersouphy, aoinosar so1em jeuopdos tamu Tuneuspiood strsdond 4 ‘aiieyaeu pasoxo © 10) s010m a1018, suonejey s01eM apepins-sayempunoi ouyuos 40 904s 2}mnbe 240 Jayraq wo Sutpuodap ‘soeyans auauo7 aonpoud sour ie s>yenbi ene7 sayempunin uy 3H 24 UHFIgO 01 pasn 34 teD spoqaU wounradx2 Boj ojup-roy4 -paredand EEE vor nponuy 94 aq ue sonstiswereys sopmbe Jo sdeu pur sdew anowuoo 2 sptrepunog sa%eo} put saddin op yo sdetu sno wos -ansqns au 2000 [9] pazsqeue 2q ues waists ayp 210J0q poorsiapun 24 sna Susoqed dosoino pur san [potion swore spyeapunos8 au jo 1 s3yea, tuuienow pure 2ouosinas0 ay) sux9408 UISeQ J9LeApUREAE e Jo amMonAIS 9FOIONT a4, ‘AB0j099 a2eynsqns, swuoneAoy> a]gei soem ZuuU=rep pue SoVeL pue suoneDo| aBBYDsIP Fuyuodud ‘syp02 purr Jo sadiy 3u{yuuapr se yons sasodind 10} ape 2g pInoU (9m Surduund yo Arosw2au uP asoU: (ts & Jo stws>) wt passaudxa jo 98¢2[91 euonsDpe uP ssonposd UARY UH ard onersoxpéy 24p Butseai99¢1 "no pea! jnso8 ot uit uoWssordwo9 se Smsneo ‘saseosoUt LapMbE 24) LO pe ax sue2ut soyp0 40 Tusdwnd kq paonpor st s9pinbe pawyuod e uy sznssaud aesoxpK, ‘uo, Jeznbe ou Ur feusTeN pros 4q yeUMattos pue amnssazd HEIsOIPKY Aq Ajsed ppouioddns st wepinqioso ou Jo 1YB!9m ayy “aseD SIN UT auUR[on a¥es0%s 2qp UF suON B>ygpour 1484s Kuo aonpoud soBueys aunssoud Saye pouyuod ‘pareanies so aq se pauyap St plaut atom “srapimbe pouljuoa £og “at ‘sum 24jo0ds s01 sus ye 2}qnn s9H8 aq pue 2iqet sore reuriuo oy) uaamang Bux4| J9pinbe 2q) Jo ummjon = AY spyenbe amp Jo preuk ” avs=sv se poumasayop 24 A ‘uj opmnbe ue woxy paiseypsip 10 0) padreyoou S| 19)e% JaaaK DK poy? s awunjoa afeioys ‘aunssoid auaydsoune Jopun sisxo 298}Ins 294) 10 ABojorphy soiempunoiy ot seidey) zee338 102 Chapter 10 Groundwater Hydrology where p= pore pressure (gauge pressure) +h, = head measured from the point to the water table “© specific weight of water Pore pressure is considered positive or ne hnead is measured above (positive . depending on whether the pressure ive) the point under consideration, head or piezometric head above the Ppeeth 03) where P, is known a the piezometrie pot zone and zy ~ hy In Fig. 10.3 this is equal to hy + 2, for GROUNDWATER FLOW Analogies can be drawn between flow in pipes under pressure and in ly saturated, confined aquifers The flow of groundwater with a free surface is also sit in fan open channel. A major difference is the geometry of a groundwater system flow channel as compared with common hydraulic pipe flow or channel systems. The prob- Jem can easily be recognized by envisioning a discharging cross section composed of a ‘number of small openings, each wi flow veloc in analyzing such both magnitude and ems are apparent, Computations are usually based on macro- scopic averages of fluid and medium properties over a given cross-sectional area, ‘Unknown quanti sto be determined in groundwater flow problems are density, conslant temperature conditions are assumed to exist In general, water is considered incompressible, so the aumber of ‘working variables is reduced. An except is discussed later relative tothe stor- age coefficient for @ confined aquifer. ‘emphasis here will be placed on the flow of water ina saturated porous medium, Hi Darcy's Law arey's law for fluid flow through a horizontal permeable bed is stated as {17} o=-xatt 0 where A = tot K = hydraulic conductivity of the material Q = flow across the control area A foss-sectional area including the space occupied by the porous 102 Groundwater Flow 335, In Bg. 10.4: Pp neces thee (105) where f= piezometric head = elevation above a datum = hydrostatic pressure CC = anatbitrary constant e specific discharge q= Q/ Ais subst 4 a -«i(e + 2) 106) Not that so euasthe porosity mud by the pore vloty¥, Da ‘el abe in roundvater fom problems Sever! appli Seaton are’ aw sited in appli ocses where the Reynolds munter son Ye ode of. For Reynls numbers les tha 1, Darys iw moy te cms aie Deaton rom Days have been son ert eyo oe = 2, depending on such factors ain sox and shape The Rey nubs defined herein as: a eri = fluid density b= dynamic viscosity i adjacent to collecting devices W has been found to apply. Of spec isthe fact that the Darey equation is analogous to Ohm's law: (Je (0m where = current R= resistance E = voltage ly are analogous, as are K and 1/R,and E and dy/dx. The sit ms is the basis for electric analog models of groundwaton dy aL sass -Suesi Jo watayja09 ayp ash or yuatuaAdod sty Sassfeue LayeMpunors KuRW Jog “suo}}2 3uqopour oye wprnor¥ odds 0 poranpuo9 ag saan reuod stojaurezed aso) Ut wonetea ajgesapisuos asnedaq ‘patn KuoLNWuOD ¥ pus Jo 404 S10}9e] WotstaAuo9 fo 195 & Soxl8 ZN aqQHL SfEHOIEUY Jo sass [e434 20}, }u09 ay NeApAY pue KuyigeDULsad aisULAL Jo ay aun wo 19092 axarersdusy 2 aug Supesaad ayn ve Kysoosty agueusp = at LEE Mol sareMpuNED ZoL Pied 24 pares ‘amsraur raqnouy 4,99 Jo aumesaduiay © ve yuaIpest ymesphy imjpous Jo <4} | nox Sumssed saieM Jo Aep 10d eapAy preparys aq pauyap: suodo 910 Aationpuos > us sfourounxa ze 40 suorsuouig, ‘bq, up yuo wmupaus 242 Jo uoraUny w st (on) wo=7 somdde we s,fa1eq 01 > ™N aug DL x 907 peers OTE SOO = SHO x GOT XE = suago a ‘axoge worsen ypu snges asain Bermmnsang 38000 = 21/49 = 129) wl ssiauN ww wou 3g DL x C8 = 00F98/SL0 = b sanid 3959} Jo. suUN ou B Aapojay amy FutN05, S05N} OFX OO 24 91 PUNO, st ny Mpuoddy ur ZY aIgEL MOLI Sat me se wont ag ospe Kew sigh, * toy, poo 78 se saquunu spjoudey qt sani L-91 wouend -T wopmos. ‘ayquorde ste s,Cose sounous oyeoxpur pu ssquine spjousayl ayy ayeIN2}e>) 24 01 punoy st tummpau snosod oy ueIp ayaused weow au, 14S a4 UO uta[2 9054) at, cpre(Bocne ® (on avay(Gavee Be 4 aw) 2 ae wel" * Gop Gpipryade SL Aysouod pure 4 "25 saygeuea aq Jo saaneatiap On) JO ln ap se waLIMs wowssoldx9 2BeL018 Wy sIQeUIPA pase 9} Ut mig SOBueND fes>ye YDOTEOU ED M98 ay UF UBUMOPard axe s9010} axSaidiUOD eq SuIsoWdNSq, lwey> e Sunusssidax uontenba. ML ZF AYP atunjos v sey yomp Wunpaee snosod jo yuaw}9 isd 378 s9,em pu JoyInbe ytog Jo ‘unmpaw snozod © worssaide ay st yo adonost snozuagowoy e ut moy 2jgissoxdiuosus Kp HE mols o.empunon zo1 ssauto99q 6701 "be 'Uo 0s pu “rey? = m 29m15 HON, 2 ew (zoo on Reged to>aq uow.enbs a4) MoU, ayqssasctoauy épeats soy pu ‘0132 S9t0209 Up sonmadord wapuadap-9umn (ee ‘oy seme pea (zon sua (ozo 45-425 (sco 4s Be (eon fens ‘wows 29 Seu QZ'01-8TOE shg pur Aipoj2a Jo suonsuny seouy orm S010} Spo aq “MOY FeuNKHE, Ape ¥ Yo, YL (zon Bonz X2g Hone ‘eg Smo{05 1°40 Os pu yn = 8/ye souyap we] SIE YIN FUDGE, # & x Beez Sseg Mony zon wenz Bins a soutos9g 1Zor"bg uauy, (2 — 9)863" ‘antag Seu d snip opinfou st peoy dio} ap stwo}goud aay soreapuno sour Uy ‘ABojoxphy seiempuno5 91 sodeyD ove3a Chapter 10 Groundwater Hydrology Introducing Eqs. 10.35 and 10.36 into Eg. 10.34 gives: 0 =a 1037) one (1037) 18 this expression for ap in Eq, 10.28 we obtain: (10.38) (1039) ery small compared with the first and can be neglected. ‘The validity of this assumption improves as the flow angle decreases. By using Eq. 10,39 and the foregoing assumption, Eq. 10.38 becomes: (10.40) conditions prevail Kvn = SP (oa) by a Ey. 1027 u = K ah/ex, and 0 on. Ins produces: Jing yh for p and the transmissiv 1042) 1 formation ‘constants ofa confined aquifer. For an unconfined aquifer Eq. 10.42 reverts to: pease st wh = re (10.43) mn of the change in head. The unsteady flow equation for an uncon- in form, The solution of such an equation is discussed by Jacob [21]. Where ickness of unconfined ac Eq, 10.42 may be used as an approximation [9]. For unconfined aquifers, the right-hand side of Eg. 1043 is often negligible so thatthe equation: fers are minor, vh=0 (1031) 1s freq valid for both steady and unsteady flow, 10.2 Groundwater Flow 343, 1ydrology can be considered two: ty for steady incompressible flow (1048) (1045) and . von $4 eo (10.46) ion is satisfied by two conjugate harmonic functions 6 and & y) = constant are orthogonal to the curves ix, y) = constant. the velocity potential, and the function W(x, ) is known as the ion and is defined by: oo # canary Saintng Eq 147 int Ba, 1048 yds eA axay ayax "9 (1048) a we ye . ol 2.8 a0) ‘These are known as the Cauchy-Riemann isa velocity vector tange then itcan be decomposed into two components u andy [20 vay aetna ost)(oon) atoem iq uo 99 we s9410 ay) 2oUss St 109 211 {Z¥1OT BUE EON She SuONEIa# ssn poutergo. IM ay} Jo at Kyu suULIDIAP o1 uM YsROUD fazoon) pur zon) (9% -03)f - smi 6p D1 bg ut Suoneyar am ‘pouruuarop a8 uewop 04g ut sou one29q UMOUT A ;aiodinbs 10 saute st Aqeuosy (von foro) 00122 1 Sonos yo wrouoduion > ayn uaq SIND 01 pres st AufetON IO: yo UoN “tpuoo at of feuoIsu=wIp-om1 104 TeUOReIONT s woL a4 Ha KIO IS119 SoU uoyodinb2 jey st suonung 4 pu waaieiag 2ot9:9)7p Jo iuiod 1H 2u0 eto suo} sau euY -odinbs puesouy noy yo was 94), Sau oy 0 eso aye say eUs}odinba sn (600 3--2 nap pe (soo = Spas apn son « pure n sucresnba qn pe pue x sus 40} Sunmusang pn fo «so fot epee Peto sq uont sp renuosaqyp eo} aL ew Beno} re tr sou Seaano sayy, iUEYsuOD = (x) sfenuaiod 98 Aq paumayap nodinbs pages pac % pur '@ se porwusisap “yp HE SoaIn9 a She MoU sBeMpUNOAD Zot 1suos aaa pur 'suppeds somouseu yumm payersosse axe sanpea sf] WAM UODMI2a Jor MOY JO sepnyReM aqne|ss ou. sfeoser Suiveds ouyuieons “yuRIsUOS St souuaeans os waoneg soy rey) Kuodosd yweLioduss aq) soqesisME 9-01 UoneNb ) 20 pur ty (sso) oP Joo (so) Syn J =O 7 ay quosedde st sop 1 wonnos aap soune aBzeq>p 24% UE ay worse Stuonouny woans nyo Susdoud wueuoda wy sou ey ie pin © o ied mo 24h 29s Saul ASA, SPDR AYDOIEN 2 rnogsonos one (A SAND np e990 01 HE, sain ter ba ow parmnsans t8 r01 Soa = spn —xpa snmp pue ‘sonaaey wean 10 gE EONEPG you snow ‘ABojoiphy sowempunein 01 80H HEGroundwater Hyérology (hydra importance widely used in analytic ow net (20.68) case of 1w0- aries, surfaces of seepage, constant-head boundaries, and surfaces) objects such as concrete dams, rock In Fig 105 the impervious boundary us boundary, 8 boundary is a streamline. In other BC. At any point of elevation y along BC the pressure can be assumed hydrostat pa yh = (2065) ‘The definition ofa velocity potential states that: oxna(2ss) ve FIGURE 105 ‘Some common boundary conditions 102 Groundwater Flow 347 ing for pressure in Eq, 10.66 yields: 4 (1067) and 65 -Kh+C (10.68) ‘Thus fora constant reservoir level and an isotropic medium: 4 = constant and surface BC, often termed a reservoir boundary. is an equipotential ine. ‘The free surlace or line of seepage CD in Fig. 10.5 is seen to be a boundary between the saturated and unsaturated zones Since flow does not occur actoss this boundary: itis obviously also a streamline. Pressure along thi constant, and therefore along CD: ree surface must be 4+ Ky = constant (2069) ion in @, and therefore equal vertical falls along CD must be asso= drops. One important groundwater flow problem ne the location ofthe line of seepage. The surface of seepage DE of Fig. 10.5 represents the location at which water seeps through the downstream face of the dam and trickles toward point E.The pres- is atmospheric. The surface of seepage is nether @ flow line nor an cequipotential line. Flow Nets Flow n ii oF graphical representations of families of streamlines and equipotential re widely used in groundwater studies to determine qua ns of flow: The use of Flow net viscosity and density for homogeneous media or for tegions that can be compartmen- ized into homogeneous segments. Darcy's law must he applicable to the flow ‘The manner in which a flow net can be used in problem-solving is best explained \ith the aid of Fig. 10.6. This diagram shows a portion ofa flow net constructed so that, each unit bounded by a pair of streamlines and equipotential lines is approximately square. The reason fort A flow net can be de functions @ and are known before hand. This constructed flow nets are Widely used. The prepa of the concept of ire elements and adherence to boundary conditions. Graphical flow nets are usu- ally dificult for a beginner to create, but with reasonable practice an acceptable netre WoL 01 sen9 tt joa ayy soouersuUND.I9 aay sepuy 19 apinos w 2124 2589 24s SapHIBUL KrOBaIe> prep 9, . ‘ojdurexs 104 912 122 st Apoaa ay) “Ost we -Boqsse]9 -pioroe pu Aapoj9% ayy 223K st vastony, sede yo our GPE mols soreMpUNEID ToL woo 2s2qp jo worssnosip aytsuoyosdutos au0u Y-IRJaSN a7 COL tuxe pue aouesiua ayn ‘azedaas jo our 40 ao8j1ns 99 (exon) mou 2ut au sty 3194 zy ‘emp 1uapiaa st Sou feuarodinb ayp uaamiag sdoup odinb> u sue 21343 JL MON, Wey = by puy sys wy suouia|a axenbs sjorewvordde Jo posod woo pue soueut [evoFoy 0 we ut poronaston stu MOY 2Ip J]-wreIEIP ax jo URE 24) 07 feuUOU yIpIN yun Jo YoU # Jos Fase feuOHAas-SsoI9 axp SjuasoidD4 MAY 2194. (eon (Fury =o suvons waoeipe uaaseg wowotnut wot anf] Pp. fo souueUr ayy ume Sey Sud OU taxon Saw sumespy a smous 901 Sid vey Jo Anatos8 a4) Fursn pozsfouv 99 uva 194 op ParEoquo we o wees ‘901 suns ABojouphy w2enpuno.9 ol serdeuD Bre350° Chapter 10 Groundwater Hydrology Variable Hydraulic Conductivity ‘ porous medium of one hydraulic conductivity to enter When such a boundary is ed ‘common for Now ary LR shown in Fig. 10. The dit boundary are defined by angles 6, and 6 to be preserved, the velocity components in media Ky and K>, ty to be pre (the boundary, must be equal, since the cross-sectional area at the boundary is AB for a unit depth, Using Darcy's law and noting the equipotential drops 1h, and hy, we find! ah, aly Ae cost, = Ky = Ziteos ts ” Kye 0801 = Ka = F008 (10.74) rom the geometry of the figu yparent that AC = ABSin BD = ABsin®; “The head loss between A and B is shown on the figure to be equal to both Ait, and Af, and since there ean be only a single ¥ hy = Bhy Tntrdocing thes expressions in Eq 1074 prodses: noe fas arian a FicuRE 109 Fow in 102 Groundwater Flow 351 th (10.76) can be used where Mh, # Mh, ines are also refracted in crossing permeat boundaries. The (1077) Anisotropy In many case hydraulic conductivity i dependent onthe dirs sven ye of so Tis condition said to be mney Sedimentary depot eg Tow ecuring more ready slong the pane across it Where the presi within plane unr Compared that lon the plans flow nt ean are msde A dissin oft even eens aguilera a by be analyzed by using OF average parameters. A detailed study is outside the scope ol io y is outside the scope of this Dupuit’s Theory ie fap on shy nd corespondityequiotetal the ine td ‘base area dx dy and fection and considering Wo, % area, (10.78)oy len ee 1 =— ssp o- (Remy (abewes ve ame Tt sor yon 9 sn tuo ot rH LET sa Mog pears au Baap ang oq pe wou ayn yo siuauodioa iE | {uo 20 age aso ton rnouoaou ous 54 my Suny amend OO (son (Seay 0-4 © sore a onoup «ay: a uonexapYstoo zeuns y-sSuo| pat PosapsuOD xe App xP a! se\se von (3¥iy- et » exon (Beery = 0-4 sajaqo am “ueysuo9 pasopEsuoD Sty JE MOJUE 9g) WOH} ROMO aIp H pyre ye (son +( PHY ¥ ‘uo uonsoup x oyp ut woy feuosusuEp-au0 Surunsse se wossueda sous s oye. © Aq pauteigo si xp = x ye MOgiN aoigoud soy 241 01 oaip Sindngy Suse oN, * or) SPY GX = hon som 20 s¢) = x ye yusuia[22mp ssouse sBLey>sIp 241 sn, z (con) sy-="" se mos fang 64 van sy = ve ADORE aU, ‘sone umn Jo udo129 04 2 20} tonenba s.aonidey suondunsse (son) (son) ESE Mo saiempunos 4 BIEMPUNEID ZOL ABojoupsH s2jempunog 4 s91dey) zs354 chapter 10 Groundwater Hycrology unit width ofthe ager given by Darey’ la o=-Knt (20.90) a Inthis instance is the height ofthe fine of seepage at any position x along the imper- vious houndary For the one-dimensional example considered here, Eq 10.86 becomes ee ae 91 no 0s) Upon integration: React (10.92) where a and b are constants. “Then for boundary conditions at x = O,f = hi beh (103) Differentiation of Eg. 1092 ied: ntiog at (2094) ‘Also ftom Datey’s equation, dhldx = ~QIK. Making this substitution, we obtain: 28 ant (10.95) nd inserting the values of the constants in Eq, 10.92, we obtain pe Pye ng we -22ae nb (10.96) “This isthe equation of a free surface, Its a parabola (often called Dupuit’s paral If the existence of a surface of seepage at B is ignored, and noting that at x= Lf hi we find that Bq 10.96 becomes: pee gee (i097) K oa id Q= 5, 08 Hi) (1098) whichis known as the Dupuit equation. 10.2 Groundwater Flow 355 eee eee eee Example 103 Refer to Fig. 10.114. Given the dimensions shown, Miopind heweaacen and a recharge intensity R of 001 = 1,000 ff using Dupuit’s equation. Assume that K = 8. Solution. Nove that: do_ Ber O=Rr+e Atx =o O=% therefore O= Rr+O Also ah = -Kigt ah Koh = Re + Q Integrating yields: Kh and inserting the limits we obtain Ubi = ti) RE aerate = R=) RE 0° SL 2(eoror) ed se zor 01 oy 01 /y Suyuosue.y baa (oro (oro Coron 24 1540 Sunesayyy paw =o em 24h = Xp onpues ayneapcy ayy = Sy sve ss 98 9 tm ( fue Yoon are ag = rz a1oq (6600) Pryaraz ~ 0 souon0g SiN we 5,124] MUAY AOR MOU 24h pe GOH We Jo yuku footing jonbo yen Sewe ¥ 2ouRISIp 09 aiers-Apeoys pue-WuayN9 [BOHe Hf 39 01 pasoy per aq 01 PaUINSSE St WOI 2194] ZT'OT Bly fo woNMION isn pontiap 9g ue> s9jInbe pauyjuooun ue 40 uoHeMba tunLignba s1seq 2p 2M e premoy mous jetpeu pouyuosun Kpeors {2e] 9061 ut suompuos wntzgqnb wo pas 324: pound ware, yétopyPayseos uoaq ou 34Py sUONptOS op 24) 801 wag MbauoU e so paxtt9p ol #409 poztigers aq isn Gotssazdap Jo 309 ayp 1801 wItAgiMb> UE mbauow 10 winugyinb> Layo oy Kew $159} souEWLIO}Lad sap (67) tadoy>x2p amp quuw Suoe a15q, wand st sisoy a0UeUE iP ¥ [6] sai aourussopiod sopinbo pur Starouteatuiad pfoy) 4SE seMoLmos EOL es sesroqnduy Hane peuyoooun Heo PA, zeoL sano [yom pode wwoneeig Fae womaidep 9 00) Ke a enon’ rd aq 212 spouiou pyou pasn équoustuo> sour 90349 HL, “ugasos ayn punoze Huse Suquasaud aun sues 24 so iad @ fens st wonsas uuado ayy ‘220}1Ns punor# 24 oF woUj 9 YoUsUeN oF GuIse> © pu SIo\uD JOVEN YOR ‘nowy donoas uado ue suequen [99am a, [och se] Budd aBseyosp pur dud {IP agi—siuauisfa 222m) Jo pasodulos se paxopIsuod 99 WED WHaISKS am STaMOLMOU EOL ooo 06% 8 + (ons x suo OE «(00s - oor nisero = 3 @- 0 sind suo = $e x 100 = @ a +G- yi=0 90 + xy = Das Hu ABojoipKe soveMpunosy ol serdeuD 9S358 Chapter 10 Groundwater Hydrology ihe drawdown in the well oes not exceed one-half ofthe original auifer thickness able estimates of Q or K;, can be obtained by using Eq, 10.102 or 10.103, fen ifthe height is measured atthe wel periphery where r) = ry the radius ofthe well boring Example 10.4 an unconfined aquifer of 100-ft depth. Two observation ym the pumped well are known to have drawdowns of 23, 2 flow is steady and Ky = 1,400 gpdift’, find the discharge Slog ) = lop(240/90) = 042681 y= 100 - 215 = 785K y= 10-2 = 778 14007852 ~ 77) 0 = Toss « 042681 = 757 —pm Steady Confined Radial Flow Toward a Well jon for a confined aquifer can be obtained in a si of Fig. 10.13. The same assumptions apply: Mathematical ‘The basic equ ‘manner, using the notat 03 ow to mellina coained gu 103 Flow towells 359 the flow i fsec is found from: Q = 2nxmk, 2 0109 Integrating, we obtain: (10.105) ‘The coefficient of permeat the form may be determined by rearranging Eq, 10.105 to oa (20.106) where Q = (gpm) Ky = the permeability (gpd?) nh =f) txample 10.5 Find the permeability ofan atesan aquifer being pumped by a uly penetrating wll The 100 f thick ad composed of meditm sand. The scsdy . ‘The drandown alan observation wel Uf avayb 10 fein send well 500 ft away Solution = 586.7 gpa? Tepe yale wllin a sform ow fed where the onal pizometc sia tot Rrizontal a somewhat jon fom tha perio anon ek Consider te ates aque shown In Fi 10 Te hertloe suum cree posible by pphing 3 pesometi sua ry, by using graphical slope of t, Eq. 10.105 may be employed without serious error.io snd Jo pop pom svoL nino (sro) -se1eyp pu Krowoas py Goro “wep au) uwouy a1 va ‘Sunopmesp fenpuacpur 24h bo st uottt20] wow Untopwesp au. dets9N0 0} 385218 uoisaxdap i wr CLOT By q pose uonbasuos su 298}:08 42180 9935 sooo est a1syp “pada st pray yom & uF sun ato We a:0M Hot, spl ian ee tdi ghz 40 sp sen = Se x 9S100 = ssmp st afseyosp peor aug, I9E siomormoy EOL oqimbe ou yo ssouyoun wun Jad sp 95100 = tL pean eee) Or x 09 «(01 x 90) plu =sxtem Woo = se + se=y sIyH sem pay aaevor bal Susy ~uorImos ‘wnOUS SP SuOIsUUEP LaINO puR sppssuoy Iau Moy ajquandde ue Sus 1x soe = Ay on ge 99 01 aMbe yD EOI BH Jo 26 2g 01 aBseNONIP 241 PUL ort aiduiexs, 1W'sr9{dutoo seu ap 2900 ades ur Saxons 8 Jo pasoduson ‘soup 8 Noy Pe PH NOY HEN AN, prot sunots + aie was t aa sno t =I ene suture res0 7 tom pang uno ‘ABojoupKy savempunos ol saideyD 096362 Chapter 10 Groundwater Hydrology can be seen digs. and rae kr unconfined aquifer: where ‘i= the combined-effect height of the water table after pumping n , ~ the flow rate of the 1 = the distance from well to the point at which the drawdown is being ‘assumption is softened because Q in Eq, 10.108 i not very sensitive toro. Ea be used only where drawdowns are relatively sia For flow in a confined aquifer the expression for combined drawdown becomes: (10.110) eld patterns are steady flow in a ream is located near a pumped the drawdown curve of a pumped well may be affected as shown in ion offen affecting the drawdown of a we ifer. The cone of depression of e shape of| frequently mn i replaced by either is pumped or recharged at a rate equivalent to te aquifer, drawdowns of the real and image image wel is located at a distance from the boundary ‘equal to that but on the opposite side (Fig. 10.16). Streams are replaced by recharge wells while impermeable boundaries are supplanted ‘wells, Computations for the ease ofa well and impervious boundary directly follow the is For the well and stream system, ‘a recharging or 2 di that of the pumped well Thai 103 Flow towells 363 HIGURE 10.36 Drawdown ina pumping nell whose aquifer consested to sream. the recharge image wells considered to havea negative dicharge-The heads te hen de ccrding to thn convention "he procedure for combining drawdown curves of ra and image wel to obtain an actual drawdown cue uated rapa forte example show st 10.16 More deta information on other ees can be found chewhere[BLSa) Unsteady Flow When a new well the storage volume stances the equilibrium equations overest the well. When steady- in practice—a nonequilibrium equation m the rather rigorous method of C. V.Thei posed by Jacob [35] [36] encountered~as is usual be used. Two approaches implified procedure such1 jou sso ao pos a9 puedo ett suse am fs] es saul a njo soe eh pene oe 2494 Daas pu paovogs aq us ompooon st tay "SI. afbos pu state 3 sa snp nn Huns tap panisgy ue # J sania Sumpuodsiy sd pansy busi Potitsodgon pu oo eto on sone uh og poo pu pads 8 suns pO ib ue (n) sous a tno Se une nat sux S8E sHaMoLmoy eo1 urduund jo ys ot sous sKep uF om ox st) pu aed yo sya sey “yp Jo sun UE SE 329K (iro sas0} unoqoy an uy readde Squouuoa ZETot pue [I TOT sba‘sonoed wousMY UL ‘CF aja, ut wan ane nn yo uon oun (f2 241 Jo Sanjea 2U10g "uoIptIOD aveispearstoN ay 40} 1daoXe SOOT bg ut 2801p Se awes 2x9 Aes9us8 axe uoNeAbo siouy, 941 jo suondunsse o1se4 =u, fad (erro 4 se on 29 Kew gro1-baCuoneIou sy Sus) (erro EE EAE ny nu sruis0- = Oo 24 wos pavenyen2 29 ules s1 TTT oT “ba Ut 1 s9ye% ayy se soxod jo aBeuNesp fnbe pur vorsudxa x oul 24 ISHME MOY, JO siuouodOD [RONDA "NOY 109 Jo suapinbe pouyuoo 10} ayeudosdde 78 ue Jo soUHOIDELEY 9¥Ls01s at yniapisuoa ov Soy rey ysBoudde umMgbauou w poysignd tay SC6r UL ABojoiphy sayempunoi5 01 21de49 we366 chapter 10 where and h 4 straight line whose slope perm Groundwater Hydrology ‘Ah = drawdown per log eye of time [(hy ~ f)/(log to — Q = wel discharge (gpm i = as defined in Drawdown (of water cure 10.7 Pumping ts ‘computing formation constants Jacob metho. ing Eq, at obtained 103 Flowtowells 367 a Example 10.7 the formation constants for an aquifer using a graphical Discharge equals $40 gpm, vas S00 11380 zoo 128 sso ow) so ost sco 03s 0002 2500s sn00 010 Solution. Plot s versus and W(u) versus w as shown in Fig. 1048, Determine the ‘match point as noted and compute S, and Tusing Eqs 10,115 and 10.116: 14.0 yoy) 14.6 x S40 128 X19 = 91,860 gpaitt 20 Drawdown, (0)sroynby Ay207 eee Wao (S000 x x P)/l6's x po900) = 5 pau 919 99 wed LoopINesp 241 ‘F894 01 pun st. iawo=" (szoo0 x o00'e x #)/Mes0900 > ODT x vO) = 12 1 ued ui pasn aimpasord ayn TuMMoHIO| wgzoo = 5 (scon x # x pyLeeO x ro00) = 5 sy DMO {poutssorep 29 BPD umopavesp ay wo=n ‘smoytoy se payndias 2g to 0 bg use, -y womjos. -sinoy 02 (q) pur sommumu 9590 24)! UMOP MEAD 3K PU LHD = 8 $2000 =. YN oats “901 HYPO JO 2YEL He J pu at #1 wore Daboi pe s3919 9g] = su09 #1" padaund ra ov'oL ayduexy 68 MONO EOL WOLG = (OL x SD/IeO8 x SUZ x OWET) = * ml oni 9901 ‘uMopisesp 310 ba Susan LF eau 293 94 OL x BOT = [ST x GOT x STD] /Mly01 x 22) x AoE) x est] = as spayndwos 2queo not ToL by Woy “T omnes wd giz = ‘step c1 st oun Suudund 24 “yypd8 or x Sey a] px Sudund » wos) Kes y gag 1WOod UoNedlasqo UR 1 601 ayduiexy, e000 = ioe) F —___s(008)_Lig % oos"sF x ED pue sip 01 x 18T = vem pu 2m '6t TOF ba usr, ‘wpd8pos'6e = esa dort tse ~ Dv S101 BA 59 wo, y es qde8 ay WOH YY Jo aNFEN 9H PUL ~wONMIOS i asso pur fA s'01 ajdwexa ‘ABojorphy sarempunoiy ol vaideu a9e370° Chapter 10 Groundwater Hydrology 104 Saltwater intrusion 374 ae ‘While permitting a solution of the problem, these assumptions do Partially Penetrating Wells fe Based on these assumptions, Eq, 10.98 can be used to calculate the discharge per Unit width, Using the nomenclature of Fig, 10.19, Eq, 10.98 becomes the utility of of outflow, providing 'd. The calculated discharge approximates the true 10.4 water removed. Under equilib- table corresponds to rise of about ter. Wells subjected to saltwater intrusion obviously have limited pump- Fcune 1a.19 Cows sestion through an itation galery.eee eee eee eet auapsans par] conan iv Pox 9ppOMLIIEWpUNND GOL TBM eer reer arene suouoasfe a0 U2 01 IBPOU > porapistod are evep payndwion pur pariasq\ Dementia tatnd sump spun be ston” Goto p Supa poyindo 39 us opous gy ou tang a4 suotaoadh se Joie ae ppd a ant ssa so Je OH -9 su >u ue (pues) sisoutsedsynbe aupoees ak ie oad ag (0C01 BU 95) pu nosed eptrtons Suede a 2p on Pm on a on ons pi mgs 101s se ane edn ul gy ie “Pano 2 9p 015 woo steupanors paparee Buppotd in dosage ot 0e pes | paix aise ony urdu qn pu eponag sda ae 1 ut pss a9 sq susan bo eyo aon ay sous se pinnae puna jo rays pur sub e240} | jx pasn deat “pastnbo: uo> [Panay 24 40} SSEU jo HoH S5uned poe wosnpp oY 105 aie «ous Ueno pu pox ie &q poured ed Xq paiuoseidan Sesh [spots ELE s]9p0/1 MLeMpUNO4D jeUOIBOY 9:04 ‘onoojasyo sua swognne se nsans duis sun ry 01 ade sor spuod-sueans or 8Rd00§ amped snr ‘aiepag pow Sepoy OHIO IwOS FOL AVL (ponewaqiew ® or paieysuen st f2poU! fenidsou0 24) “Ke "NOY LTeNpUROAT Jo pau ayy 0 Fuipueisapun ue pue wtgoy 24 Jo sansaaeze49 9 Jo a¥pO|NOUY uo poseg patejulioy st axe pms 20} [apo zaenpunos3 yensdaquon y p2japou 29 0} was jessiyd ay Jo soumeoy uouy wos) EuUW¥S suOWE|a 19} uy squssap au aH9q possnasp. axe sjpour ‘w ansiiqegoud 40 sasatss}ap 29 Kew 9po% 94, JRastyd at) Aunussozdor suonenbs Jo 138 © Ay paruaseip aie sfapou SOK ‘wosoud ve poxojduta sjuoxoo od tn sopow eatp wo st 2194 sn203 Du {eL}L18] ‘a jenewayieu! (ekp 40 Foyeue aq Sew sapour swxsss raeA|puNO: STAGOW ¥aLYMaNNOUD TWNOIDSY ‘jddns punosZu2pun we uo rene radon 24 ose pynoy} 5 paonpaud ayes pur 5 ‘om afepaip pur 98eyoo4 np o8es038 wt Bue ayp siuosaidax $y Saaxe sopnpput Q x moyino jeto1 ayp‘sze4s_1 Jo stu} [fe SOPHPUI | F MOGUL Hp D194 sv=0% -15 yenbo png 1918 4p Fuso} nba eo] snuouoog stuouystaaidau pur syeacap wuqumba ‘2ainosar aq} jo wauidoy>Aap wu oo soamoso4 soyempunoss 2sn of, ANaWWdO1aN3q NISva ¥BLYMANNOYD ABojospKH s2yempuno19 9} Jersey so. sot ue378 Chapter 10 Groundwater Hydrology | 7 a subregion | ay FIGURE 10.20 Sobvision of region of integration into computational clement fra rit-iference problem formulation, {Upon completion of he model can be aplisd to analy a varity of management andor development options The modeTs predition of he outcomes of these alfernaivestategis can be a valuable ad in decson-making prooesexThe types of problems tat can be adresse ncude the ably of an agus to suppon var ios levels of we the pact on anager of varying natral and aia recharge on underground storage of we loston, spacing. and pomping rate: ovement of subsurface contaminansand the exten al must be ex tes that ‘can cause problems (55]. To avoid stand the underlying assumptions ms, and its Sources of errors. Used models can be powerful decision-making aids. Used inappropriately, they can lead to erroneous and sometimes damaging proposals. jite-Difference Methods Di mulation requires an adequate mathematical description of the physical conditions The gover ves the water level or heads ‘ 1¢. The in 8 Span of secon 30 that the model can simulate yeats of physical 106 Regional Groundwater Models 375 ‘consequences of proposed actions can be evaluated before decisions invol struction or social change are implemented. The expectation is that the mod lead to wiser and more cost-effective decisions. ‘The finite-diference method is based on the subdivision of an aquifer’ and the analysis of flows associated with zones of the a be solve ‘considerations and ‘motion. Ths yields the following partial differential equation (a describing low through an areally extensive aquifer. Note here desctibes the 1wo-dimensional case: k term (LIT) ical flow velocities are considered to be nesligible lowing assumptions are mpl {wo-dimensional:fuid density is con thin the aquifer flow obeys Darcy's law and the spet in space and time. Equation 10.120 i nonlinear for unconfined because transmissivity is a function of head and thus the dependent variable. to integrate Eq. 10.120 initial values of head, transmissivity, saturated amounts of water produced by sources and sinks must point in the region of the integration, The specific yield and boundaries must also be defined. Unfortunately. analytic ‘obtain except for the most trivial case of the ables in Eq, the centers ofthe clements, which are through afinte-difference equa- ‘equations can be te Taylor's series expansion or by mass balance considerations (37). The lgcbraie equations ean then be solved simultaneously to yield the heads at le foreach time step considered 19 methods presented in are pointed toward the ans regional rather than lems such as the prediction of the drawdown at a pai