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http://jap.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/104/4/1256
This article cites 52 articles, 32 of which you can access free at:
http://jap.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/103/3/903#BIBL
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ISSN: 8750-7587, ESSN: 1522-1601. Visit our website at http://www.the-aps.org/.
J Appl Physiol 103: 903–910, 2007.
First published June 14, 2007; doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00195.2007.
Fujita S, Abe T, Drummond MJ, Cadenas JG, Dreyer HC, Sato fact, mTOR signaling to its downstream effector, ribosomal S6
Y, Volpi E, Rasmussen BB. Blood flow restriction during low- kinase 1 (S6K1), is involved in the regulation of mRNA
intensity resistance exercise increases S6K1 phosphorylation and translation initiation and appears to be a critical regulator of
muscle protein synthesis. J Appl Physiol 103: 903–910, 2007. First exercise-induced muscle protein synthesis and training-in-
published June 14, 2007; doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00195.2007.—
duced hypertrophy (3, 4, 39). More recently, we have shown
Low-intensity resistance exercise training combined with blood flow
restriction (REFR) increases muscle size and strength as much as that following an acute bout of resistance exercise, the mTOR
conventional resistance exercise with high loads. However, the cellu- signaling pathway is activated in association with an increase
Address for reprint requests and other correspondence: S. Fujita, Univ. of The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment
Tokyo, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, 5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa- of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked “advertisement”
shi, Chiba 277-8563, Japan (e-mail: fujita@k.u-tokyo.ac.jp). in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
http://www. jap.org 8750-7587/07 $8.00 Copyright © 2007 the American Physiological Society 903
904 BLOOD FLOW RESTRICTION AND MUSCLE PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Subjects Fig. 1. Study design. Blood and muscle samples were taken at the times
indicated by the arrows. Exercise was performed immediately after the second
We studied six young male subjects on two separate occasions. All biopsy.
subjects were healthy and physically active but were not currently
engaged in an exercise training program. All subjects gave informed
written consent before participating in the study, which was approved dose for the labeled phenylalanine was 2 mol/kg, and the infusion
by the Institutional Review Board of the University of Texas Medical rate was 0.05 mol 䡠 kg⫺1 䡠 min⫺1.
Statistical Analysis Fig. 2. REFR group, low-intensity resistance exercise training combined with
blood flow restriction; Ctrl group, low-intensity resistance exercise training
All values are expressed as means ⫾ SE. Comparisons were
without blood flow restriction. A: Peripheral vein blood pH response in REFR
performed using ANOVA with repeated measures, the effects being and Ctrl subjects before, immediately after, and 1–3 h postexercise. B: plasma
group (REFR, Ctrl) and time (baseline, postexercise). Post hoc testing lactate response in REFR and Ctrl subjects before, immediately after, and 1–3
was performed using Tukey-Kramer when appropriate. Significance h postexercise. *Significantly different from baseline (P ⬍ 0.05). #Signifi-
was set at P ⬍ 0.05. cantly different from Ctrl (P ⬍ 0.05).
the REFR group compared with both baseline and Ctrl con-
centrations (P ⬍ 0.05, Fig. 3A). GH concentration did not
change following exercise in the Ctrl group (P ⬎ 0.05).
Serum cortisol concentration increased at 10 min postexer-
cise and remained elevated (compared with baseline and Ctrl)
for 30 min postexercise in the REFR group (P ⬍ 0.05, Fig. 3B).
Cortisol concentrations remained significantly higher than Ctrl
at 40, 50, and 60 min postexercise (P ⬍ 0.05). Serum cortisol
concentration did not change during or following exercise in
the Ctrl group.
No significant changes in IGF-1 were observed in either the
REFR or the Ctrl group (P ⬎ 0.05). Similarly, serum total
testosterone concentration did not change in either group fol-
lowing the bout of resistance exercise (P ⬎ 0.05, Fig. 3D).
Phosphorylation of Translation Initiation and Elongation
Regulatory Proteins
Phosphorylation status of Akt, mTOR, S6K1, or eEF2 were
not different between groups before performing the bout of
resistance exercise (P ⬎ 0.05). Therefore, the data in Fig. 4 are
baseline and the Ctrl group (P ⬍ 0.05, Fig. 5). Muscle FSR did
not change following exercise in the Ctrl group (P ⬎ 0.05).
DISCUSSION
The major and novel finding from our study was that a key
downstream effector of the mTOR signaling pathway, S6K1,
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Fujita S, Abe T, Drummond MJ, Cadenas JG, Dreyer HC, Sato Y, Volpi E, and Rasmussen
BB. Blood flow restriction during low-intensity resistance exercise increases S6K1 phosphoryla-
tion and muscle protein synthesis. J Appl Physiol 103: 903–910, 2007. First published June 14,
2007; doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00195.2007 (http://jap.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/103/3/903).
In this article it was not disclosed that Yoshiaki Sato is the Managing Director of Best Life Co.,
Ltd., and President of Sato Sports Plaza Co., Ltd. (and a stockholder of both companies), and is the
inventor of the KAATSU Training method. Dr. Sato also received the U.S. Patent No. 6,149,618
and corresponding patents outside the U.S. (all assigned to Best Life Co., Ltd.), and is the inventor
of other applications and patents (assigned to Sato Sports Plaza Co., Ltd.) related to KAATSU
Training. The authors regret this omission.
1256 8750-7587/08 $8.00 Copyright © 2008 the American Physiological Society http://www. jap.org