Urban form is a term used to describe the physical elements within a city.

It refers to the arrangement, function and aesthetic qualities of the design of buildings and streets, which overlay the
land use and transport system. b)Generally, urban forms can be classified in various dimensions. However the four key metrics: density, land use mix, connectivity, and accessibility are
emphasized. c)These dimensions are not independent from one another. Rather, they measure different aspects of urban form and structure, and each dimension impacts on urban
development differently. Urban density is the measure of an urban unit of interest (e.g., population, employment, and housing) per area unit (e.g., block, neighbourhood, city, metro area, and
nation) There are many measures of density, and three common measures are population density (i.e., population per unit area), built-up area density (i.e., buildings or urban land cover per
unit area), and employment density (i.e., jobs per unit area). Land use mix refers to the diversity and integration of land uses (e.g., residential, park, commercial) at a given scale. As with
density, there are multiple measures of land use mix, including:- (1) The ratio of jobs to residents; (2) The variety and mixture of amenities and activities; and (3) The relative proportion of
retail and housing. Connectivity refers to street density and design. Common measures of connectivity include inter section density or proportion, block size, or intersections per road
kilometer (Cervero and Kockel man, 1997; Pushkar et al., 2000; Chapman and Frank, 2004; Lee and Moudon, 2006; Fan, 2007) Where street connectivity is high—characterized by finer grain
systems with smaller blocks that allow frequent changes in direction-there is typically a positive correlation with walking and thereby less pollution. Accessibility can be defined as access to
job, housing, services, shopping and in general, to people and places in cities (Hansen, 1959; Ingram, 1971; Wachs and Kumagai, 1973). It can be viewed as a combination of proximity and
travel time, and is closely related to land use mix. Common measures of accessibility include population centrality, job accessibility by auto or transit, distance to the city center or central
business district (CBD), and retail accessibility TYPES OF FORMS BY URBAN SPRAWL:- a)Compact development b)Scattered Development c)Linear Strip Development d)Polynucleated
Development e)Leapfrogging Development. TYPE OF FORM BASED ON DENSITY AND PHYSICAL CONFIGURATION:- A variety of urban forms can be described using a typology based on two
continuous dimensions, which here are made discrete for explanatory purposes: settlement density (high and low) and physical configuration (ranging from contiguous and compact to
scattered and discontiguous). (table) 1)Type:- a) Compact contiguous b) Linear strip corridor c)Polynucleated nodal d)Scattered/discontiguous. 2)HIGH DENSITY:- a)Circular or radial using mass
transit b) Corridor development around Mass Transit c) Urban nodes divided by green belts d) Possible but rare? 3)LOW DENSITY:- a) Possible but rare? b) Ribbon development along radial
routes c) Metro regions with new towns d) Metro regions with edge cities. URBAN STRUCTURE:- Urban structure is the arrangement of land use in urban areas. Sociologists, economists, and
geographers have developed several models, explaining where different types of people and businesses tend to exist within the urban setting. Urban structure can also refer to the urban
spatial structure, which concerns the arrangement of public and private space in cities and the degree of connectivity and accessibility. TYPES OF MODELS DESCRIBING URBAN STRUCTURE:-
1)Zonal Model:- a)The Concentric Zone model is a model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings. The Concentric Zone model was the
first to explain the distribution of different social groups within urban areas. b) The size of the rings may vary, but the order always remains the same. This model suggests that the social
structure extends outwards from the central business district, meaning that the lower classes live closer to the city center, while the upper classes live farther from the city center because they
can afford the commute. c)Assumptions of the Zonal/ Concentric Model:- a)Assume an isotropic plain and therefore transportation is equally cheap in all direction and efficient. b)Land near
the center are of higher value than land at the suburbs. c)building age as one move into the city center. d)There exist well defined separation either ethnically or economically. e)Those who
could afford transport lived far from the center. f)No concentration of heave industries 2)Sector Model:- a)A second theory of urban structure was proposed in 1939 by an economist named
Homer Hoyt. His model, the sector model, proposed that a city develops in sectors instead of rings. Certain areas of a city are more attractive for various activities, whether by chance or
geographic and environmental reasons. As the city grows and these activities flourish and expand outward, they do so in a wedge and become a sector of the city. If a district is set up for high
income housing, for example, any new development in that district will expand from the outer edge. b)Assumptions of the Sector Model:- a)Assume land is flat b)Cities develop in sectors not
in rings along major attractive areas whether by chance or geographic and environmental reasons c)Building age as one move into the city center d)There exist well defined separation either
ethnically or economically along transport networks. e)Concentration of heavy industries in certain areas.