RFID Based Toll Plaza System Using AVR Microcontroller (ATmega32) PDF

8/30/2016 RFID Based Toll Plaza System using AVR Microcontroller (ATmega32)
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RFID Based Toll Plaza System (/microcontroller-projects/r㸷㐰d-

based-toll-plaza-system)
By Dilip Raja 1 Comment (/microcontroller-projects/r漢膘d-based-toll-plaza-
system/#comments)
Thick Film Technologies

Custom Thick Film Heaters Eng and Product Development Protos
RFID Based Toll Plaza System using AVR Microcontroller
We know in of漢膘ces, shopping malls and in many other places where only the person with authorization
card is allowed to enter the room. These systems use RFID communication system. RFID is used in
shopping malls to stop theft as the products are tagged with RFID chip and when a person leaves the
http://circuitdigest.com/microcontrollerprojects/rfidbasedtollplazasystem 1/33
building with the RFID chip an alarm is raised automatically. The RFID tag is designed as small as part
of sand. The RFID authentication systems are easy to design and are cheap in cost. Some schools and
colleges nowadays use RFID based attendance systems.
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In this project we are going to design a RFID based toll plaza system for security purposes. So this
system open gates and allow people only with the authorized RFID tags. The authorized tags holder
ID’s are programmed in to the ATMEGA Microcontroller and only those holders are allowed to leave or
enter the premises.
Components Required
Hardware: ATmega32 microcontroller, power supply (5v), AVR-ISP Programmer, JHD_162ALCD (16x2
LCD module), 100uF capacitor (connected across power supply), button, 10KΩ resistor, 100nF
capacitor, LED (two pieces), EM-18 (RFID reader module), L293D motor driver IC, 5V DC motor.
Software: Atmel studio 6.1, progisp or 翾ash magic.
Circuit Diagram and Working Explanation
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(/fullimage?i=circuitdiagram_mic/RFID-Toll-Plaza-Circuit-2.gif)
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了解详情
In the toll plaza circuit shown above, PORTA of ATMEGA32 is connected to data port of LCD. Here we
should remember to disable the JTAG communication in PORTC to ATMEGA by changing the fuse
bytes, if we wans to use the PORTC as a normal communication port. In 16x2 LCD, there are 16 pins
over all if there is a back light, if there is no back light there will be 14 pins. We can power or leave the
back light pins. Now in the 14 pins there are 8 data pins (7-14 or D0-D7), 2 power supply pins (1&2 or
VSS & VDD or gnd & +5v), 3rd pin for contrast control (VEE-controls how thick the characters should be
shown), 3 control pins (RS & RW & E).
PCB/PCBA
Fabrication
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了解详情
In the circuit, you can observe that I have only took two control pins. This gives the 翾exibility of better
understanding. The contrast bit and READ/WRITE are not often used so they can be shorted to ground.
This puts LCD in highest contrast and read mode. We just need to control ENABLE and RS pins to send
characters and data accordingly.

The connections which are made for LCD, are given below:
PIN1 or VSS to ground
PIN2 or VDD or VCC to +5v power
PIN3 or VEE to ground (gives maximum contrast best for a beginner)
PIN4 or RS (Register Selection) to PD6 of MCU
PIN5 or RW (Read/Write) to ground (puts LCD in read mode eases the communication for user)
PIN6 or E (Enable) to PD5 of Microcontroller
PIN7 or D0 to PA0
PIN8 or D1 to PA1
PIN9 or D2 to PA2
PIN10 or D3 to PA3
PIN11 or D4 to PA4
PIN12 or D5 to PA5
PIN13 or D6 to PA6
PIN14 or D7 to PA7
In the circuit, you can see we have used 8bit communication (D0-D7). However this is not a compulsory
and we can use 4bit communication (D4-D7) but with 4 bit communication program becomes a bit
complex, so I preferred 8 bit communication.
So from mere observation of above table we are connecting 10 pins of LCD to controller in which 8 pins
are data pins and 2 pins for control.
Before moving ahead, we need to understand about the serial communication. The RFID module here
sends data to the controller in serial. It has other mode of communication but for easy communication
we are choosing RS232. The RS232 pin of module is connected to RXD pin of ATMEGA.

The data sent by the RFID module goes as:
Now for the RFID module interface, the following features are required:
1. The RXD pin (data receiving feature) of controller must be enabled.
2. Since the communication is serial we need to know whenever the data bye is received, so that we
can stop the program until complete byte is received. This is done by enabling a data receive complete
interrupt.
3. RFID sends data to controller in 8bit mode. So two characters will be sent to the controller at a time.
This is shown in above 漢膘gure.
4. From above 漢膘gure, there are no parity bits, one stop bit in the data sent by the module.
The above features are set in the controller registers; we are going to discuss them brie翾y,
RED (RXEN): This bit represents receive data feature. This bit must be set for the data from the module
to be received by the controller. It also enables RXD pin of controller.
BROWN (RXCIE): This bit must be set for getting an interrupt after successful data reception. By
enabling this bit we get to know, right after 8 bit data receive.
PINK (URSEL): This bit must be set before enable other bits in UCSRC. After setting, other needed bits
in UCSRC, URSEL must be disabled or put to zero.
YELLOW (UCSZ0,UCSZ1,UCSZ2):These three bits are used for selecting the number of data bits we are
receiving or sending in a single go.
Since the data sent by RFID module is 8bit data type, we have to set UCSZ0, UCSZ1 to one and UCSZ2
to zero.
ORANGE (UMSEL): This bit is set based on whether the system is communicating asynchronously
(both use different clock) or synchronously (both use same clock).
Since module and controller use different clock, this bit must be set to zero or left alone as they are all
set to zero by default.
GREEN (UPM1, UPM0): These two bits are adjusted based on bit parity we are using in communication.
Since RFID module sends data with no parity, we have set both UPM1, UPM0 to zero or they can be left
alone as all bits in any registers are set to zero by default.
BLUE (USBS): This bit is used for choosing the number of stop bits we are using during
communication.
Since RFID module sends data with one stop bit, we just have to leave USBS bit alone.
Now at last we need to set the baud rate, from 漢膘gure above it is clear that the RFID module sends data
to controller with a baud rate of 9600bps (bits per second).
The baud rate is set in controller by choosing the appropriate UBRRH.
The UBRRH value is chosen by cross referring baud rate and CPU crystal frequency, So by cross
reference UBRR value is seen as ‘6’, and so the baud rate is set.
Now as shown in 漢膘gure, two pins from controller goes to L293D, which is a H-BRIDGE used to
control speed and direction of rotation for low power DC motors (http://circuitdigest.com/electronic-
circuits/dc-motor-speed-control).
L293D is an H-BRIDGE IC designed for driving low power DC motors and is shown in 漢膘gure, this IC
consists two h-bridges and so it can drive two DC motors. So this IC can be used to drive robot motors
from the signals of microcontroller.
Now as discussed before this IC has ability to change the direction of rotation of DC motor. This is
achieved by controlling the voltage levels at INPUT1 and INPUT2.
Enable Pin Input Pin 1 Input Pin 2 Motor Direction
High Low High Turn Right
High High Low Turn Left
High Low Low Stop
High High High Stop

So as shown in above table, for clock wise rotation 2A should be high and 1A should be low. Similarly
for anti clockwise 1A should be high and 2A should be low.
Whenever an authorized card is brought near the module, the motor is programmed to move clockwise
for a second, to show the toll gate is opened after a second it comes back, telling the toll gate is
closed. The working of toll plaza is best explained in step by step of C code give below.
Programming Explanation
Below is the line to line explanation for the code of this RFID Toll Plaza System. You can understand the
concept and working of this project by reading the code below. To download or copy, you can 漢膘nd the
complete code at the bottom of page.
#include <avr/io.h> // header to enable data 翾ow control over pins
#de漢膘ne F_CPU 1000000 // telling controller crystal frequency attached
#include <util/delay.h> // header to enable delay function in program
#de漢膘ne E 5 // giving name “enable” to 5th pin of PORTD, since it is connected to LCD enable pin
#de漢膘ne RS 6 // giving name “registerselection” to 6th pin of PORTD, since it is connected to LCD RS pin
void send_a_command(unsigned char command);
void send_a_character(unsigned char character);
void send_a_string(char *string_of_characters);
int main(void)
DDRA = 0xFF; // putting porta as output pins
DDRD = 0b11111110;
_delay_ms(50);//giving delay of 50ms
DDRB = 0b11110000; // Taking some portB pins as input.
UCSRB |=(1<<RXEN)|(1<<RXCIE); //enabling data receive complete interrupt,enabling data receive pin

UCSRC |=(1<<URSEL)|(1<<UCSZ0)|(1<<UCSZ1); //changing other bits by 漢膘rst setting URSEL, setting for
8 bit communication
UCSRC &=~(1<<UMSEL); //using asynchronous communication
UBRRH &=~(1<<URSEL);
UBRRL=6;//setting the baud rate // The following contains ID of tags, these must be changed for
different tags, These must be updated for the project to work
/* After dumping the program in the controller one must take the cards which must be authorized and
get the tags ID. These are obtained by placing the tag near RFID module and the ID will be shown on
the screen. After getting the IDs, the program must be updated by replacing the below ID numbers with
new ID numbers.
char ADMIT [5][4]={{(0x97),(0xa1),(0x90),(0x92)},{(0x97),(0xa1),(0x90),(0x93)},{(0x97),(0xa1),(0x90),

(0x94)},{(0x97),(0xa1),(0x90),(0x95)},{(0x97),(0xa1),(0x90),(0x96)}};
Now in above we are authorizing only 漢膘ve cards, these can be changed to any number.
For example consider the default program is dumped in the controller, get the cards which should be
authorized. Place one after other near module, you will get the ID for each one as xxxxxxxx (907a4F87),
If there are 7 tags we have, then we will have 7 eight bit ID. */
//now for seven cards it goes as
//char ADMIT[7][4]={{(0x90),(0x7a),(0x4F),(0x87)},[},{},{},{},{},{}}
//Now once all the IDs are written, those ID tags are considered as authorized
Int16_t COUNTA = 0; //allotting memory for storing ID send by module
char SHOWA [4]; // allotting memory for showing the ID send by module
int i=0;
int vote =0;

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int k =0;
send_a_command(0x01); // Clear Screen 0x01 = 00000001

241
_delay_ms(50);
send_a_command(0x38);
9 //telling lcd we are using 8bit command /data mode
_delay_ms(50);
3
send_a_command(0b00001111); // LCD SCREEN ON and courser blinking
char MEM[4]; // allotting memory to store complete ID of tag
send_a_string ("RFID NUMBER"); // sending string
send_a_command(0x80 + 0x40 + 0); // moving courser to second line
while(1)
while(!(UCSRA&(1<<RXC))); // wait till 漢膘rst eight bit data is received
COUNTA=UDR; // UDR stores the eight bit data received and is taken into an integer.
MEM[0]=COUNTA; // 漢膘rst two characters are updated to memory
itoa(COUNTA,SHOWA,16); //command for putting variable number in LCD(variable number, in which

character to replace, which base is variable(ten here as we are counting number in base10))
send_a_string(SHOWA); // telling the display to show character(replaced by variable number) of second

person after positioning the courser on LCD
while(!(UCSRA&(1<<RXC)));//wait till second eight bit data is received
COUNTA=UDR;
itoa(COUNTA,SHOWA,16);
send_a_string(SHOWA);
MEM[1]=COUNTA; // third and fourth characters are updated to memory
while(!(UCSRA&(1<<RXC))); // wait till third eight bit data is received
COUNTA=UDR;
MEM[2]=COUNTA;// 漢膘fth and sixth characters are updated to memory

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while(!(UCSRA&(1<<RXC))); //wait till fourth eight bit data is received
{
241
}
COUNTA=UDR;
9
3
MEM[3]=COUNTA;// seventh and eight characters are updated to memory
send_a_string(" ");
send_a_command(0x80 + 0x40 + 0);
UCSRB &=~(1<<RXEN);//disabling the receive data until the tag ID is checked for authorization
for (i=0;i<5;i++)
if ((MEM[0]==ADMIT[i][0])&(MEM[1]==ADMIT[i][1])&(MEM[2]==ADMIT[i][2])&(MEM[3]==ADMIT[i][3]))
{ // checking for authorization buy comparing two characters at a time with the characters in the
memory
PORTB|=(1<<PINB3); // if authorized turn the LED ON
PORTB&=~(1<<PINB0); // motor moves clockwise
_delay_ms(220);//delay
_delay_ms(220);
_delay_ms(220);
_delay_ms(220);
_delay_ms(220);
_delay_ms(220);
PORTB|=(1<<PINB0);//motor clockwise movement stop
PORTB&=~(1<<PINB1);//motor anti clockwise movement start
_delay_ms(220);
_delay_ms(220);
_delay_ms(220);
_delay_ms(220);
_delay_ms(220);
_delay_ms(220);
PORTB&=~(1<<PINB3); //motor anti clockwise rotation stop
PORTB|=(1<<PINB1); //authorization LED off

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}
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UCSRB
241 |=(1<<RXEN); // enabling receive data from module
}9
void send_a_command(unsigned char command)

3
{
PORTA = command;
PORTD &= ~ (1<<RS); // putting 0 in RS to tell lcd we are sending command
PORTD |= 1<<E; // telling lcd to receive command /data at the port

_delay_ms(50);
PORTD &= ~1<<E; // telling lcd we completed sending data
PORTA= 0;
void send_a_character(unsigned char character)
PORTA= character;
PORTD |= 1<<RS; // telling LCD we are sending data not commands

PORTD |= 1<<E;//telling LCD to start receiving command/data
_delay_ms(50);
PORTD &= ~1<<E;//telling lcd we completed sending data/command
PORTA = 0;
void send_a_string(char *string_of_characters)
while(*string_of_characters > 0)
send_a_character(*string_of_characters++);
}
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Code:
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#include <avr/io.h>
#de漢膘ne F_CPU 1000000
#include <util/delay.h>
241
#include <stdlib.h>
#de漢膘ne enable 5
9
#de漢膘ne registerselection 6
void send_a_command(unsigned char command);

3
void send_a_character(unsigned char character);
void send_a_string(char *string_of_characters);
int main(void)
{
DDRA = 0xFF;
DDRB = 0b11111111;
PORTB|=(1<<PINB0)|(1<<PINB1);
DDRD = 0b11111110;
_delay_ms(50);

UCSRB |=(1<<RXEN)|(1<<RXCIE);
UCSRC |=(1<<URSEL)|(1<<UCSZ0)|(1<<UCSZ1);
UCSRC &=~(1<<UMSEL);
UBRRH &=~(1<<URSEL);
UBRRL=6;

char ADMIT [5][4]={{(0x97),(0xa1),(0x90),(0x92)},{(0x97),(0xa1),(0x90),(0x93)},{(0x97),(0xa1),(0x90),(0x94)},{(0x97),
(0xa1),(0x90),(0x95)},{(0x97),(0xa1),(0x90),(0x96)}};
int16_t COUNTA = 0;
char SHOWA [4];
int i=0;
send_a_command(0x01); //Clear Screen 0x01 = 00000001

_delay_ms(50);
send_a_command(0x38);
_delay_ms(50);
send_a_command(0b00001111);
_delay_ms(50);
char MEM[4];
send_a_string ("RFID NUMBER");
while(1)
{
while(!(UCSRA&(1<<RXC)));
{

}
COUNTA=UDR;
MEM[0]=COUNTA;

{
256

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}
COUNTA=UDR;
241
MEM[1]=COUNTA;
9

3
{

}
COUNTA=UDR;
MEM[2]=COUNTA;
{

}
COUNTA=UDR;
MEM[3]=COUNTA;

send_a_string(" ");


UCSRB &=~(1<<RXEN);
for (i=0;i<5;i++)
{

if ((MEM[0]==ADMIT[i][0])&(MEM[1]==ADMIT[i][1])&(MEM[2]==ADMIT[i][2])&(MEM[3]==ADMIT[i][3]))
{
PORTB|=(1<<PINB3);
PORTB&=~(1<<PINB0);
_delay_ms(220);
_delay_ms(220);
_delay_ms(220);
_delay_ms(220);
_delay_ms(220);
_delay_ms(220);
PORTB|=(1<<PINB0);
PORTB&=~(1<<PINB1);
_delay_ms(220);
_delay_ms(220);
_delay_ms(220);
_delay_ms(220);
_delay_ms(220);
_delay_ms(220);
PORTB&=~(1<<PINB3);
256
PORTB|=(1<<PINB1);
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}
}
UCSRB |=(1<<RXEN);
241
}
}
9
void send_a_command(unsigned char command)

3
{
PORTA = command;
PORTD &= ~ (1<<registerselection);
PORTD |= 1<<enable;
_delay_ms(20);
PORTD &= ~1<<enable;
PORTA = 0;
}
void send_a_character(unsigned char character)

{
PORTA = character;
PORTD |= 1<<registerselection;
PORTD |= 1<<enable;
_delay_ms(20);
PORTD &= ~1<<enable;
PORTA = 0;
}
void send_a_string(char *string_of_characters)
{
while(*string_of_characters > 0)
{
send_a_character(*string_of_characters++);
}
}
Video:
RFID Based Toll Plaza System
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Add new comment (/microcontroller-projects/r漢膘d-based-toll-plaza-system#comment-form)
Comments (1)
reply (/comment/reply/80/4192)
prawinchaurasiya
i want to r漢膘d code
Jul 20, 2016
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8/30/2016 RFID Based Toll Plaza System using AVR Microcontroller (ATmega32)

Home (/) / RFID Based Toll Plaza System

RFID Based Toll Plaza System (/microcontroller-projects/r㸷㐰d-

Thick Film Technologies

RFID Based Toll Plaza System using AVR Microcontroller

Software: Atmel studio 6.1, progisp or 翾ash magic.

Circuit Diagram and Working Explanation

PIN1 or VSS to ground

PIN2 or VDD or VCC to +5v power

PIN3 or VEE to ground (gives maximum contrast best for a beginner)

PIN4 or RS (Register Selection) to PD6 of MCU

PIN6 or E (Enable) to PD5 of Microcontroller

The data sent by the RFID module goes as:

1. The RXD pin (data receiving feature) of controller must be enabled.

The baud rate is set in controller by choosing the appropriate UBRRH.

Enable Pin Input Pin 1 Input Pin 2 Motor Direction

High Low High Turn Right

High High Low Turn Left

High Low Low Stop

High High High Stop

#include <avr/io.h> // header to enable data 翾ow control over pins

#de漢膘ne F_CPU 1000000 // telling controller crystal frequency attached

#include <util/delay.h> // header to enable delay function in program

void send_a_command(unsigned char command);

void send_a_character(unsigned char character);

void send_a_string(char *string_of_characters);

DDRA = 0xFF; // putting porta as output pins

_delay_ms(50);//giving delay of 50ms

DDRB = 0b11110000; // Taking some portB pins as input.

UCSRB |=(1<<RXEN)|(1<<RXCIE); //enabling data receive complete interrupt,enabling data receive pin

UCSRC &=~(1<<UMSEL); //using asynchronous communication

char ADMIT [5][4]={{(0x97),(0xa1),(0x90),(0x92)},{(0x97),(0xa1),(0x90),(0x93)},{(0x97),(0xa1),(0x90),

//now for seven cards it goes as

Int16_t COUNTA = 0; //allotting memory for storing ID send by module

int vote =0;

send_a_command(0x01); // Clear Screen 0x01 = 00000001

char MEM[4]; // allotting memory to store complete ID of tag

send_a_string ("RFID NUMBER"); // sending string

send_a_command(0x80 + 0x40 + 0); // moving courser to second line

while(!(UCSRA&(1<<RXC))); // wait till 漢膘rst eight bit data is received

MEM[0]=COUNTA; // 漢膘rst two characters are updated to memory

itoa(COUNTA,SHOWA,16); //command for putting variable number in LCD(variable number, in which

send_a_string(SHOWA); // telling the display to show character(replaced by variable number) of second

while(!(UCSRA&(1<<RXC)));//wait till second eight bit data is received

MEM[1]=COUNTA; // third and fourth characters are updated to memory

while(!(UCSRA&(1<<RXC))); // wait till third eight bit data is received

MEM[2]=COUNTA;// 漢膘fth and sixth characters are updated to memory

MEM[3]=COUNTA;// seventh and eight characters are updated to memory

send_a_command(0x80 + 0x40 + 0);

PORTB|=(1<<PINB3); // if authorized turn the LED ON

PORTB&=~(1<<PINB0); // motor moves clockwise

PORTB|=(1<<PINB0);//motor clockwise movement stop

PORTB&=~(1<<PINB1);//motor anti clockwise movement start

PORTB&=~(1<<PINB3); //motor anti clockwise rotation stop

PORTB|=(1<<PINB1); //authorization LED off

void send_a_command(unsigned char command)

PORTD &= ~ (1<<RS); // putting 0 in RS to tell lcd we are sending command

PORTD |= 1<<E; // telling lcd to receive command /data at the port

PORTD &= ~1<<E; // telling lcd we completed sending data

void send_a_character(unsigned char character)

PORTD |= 1<<RS; // telling LCD we are sending data not commands

PORTD &= ~1<<E;//telling lcd we completed sending data/command

void send_a_string(char *string_of_characters)

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