Immaculate Conception School of Malolos-Senior High School

Poblacion Malolos,Bulacan

ASSIGNMENT IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION

AND HEALTH

Trinidad,Maria Eunice A.
Gr.11-St.Gregory the Great
 BOXING: AN INDIVIDUAL SPORT

Boxing, often called "the manly art of self-defense," is a sport in

which two competitors try to hit each other with their glove-
encased fists while trying to avoid each other's blows. The
competition is divided into a specified number of rounds, usually 3
minutes long, with 1-minute rest periods between rounds.
Although amateur boxing is widespread, professional boxing has
flourished on an even grander scale since the early 18th century.

HISTORY OF BOXING

Boxing is one of the oldest known sports, with 2,000-year-old depictions on the walls of
tombs in Egypt and stone carvings indicating that Sumerians, who lived in what is now Iraq,
boxed at least 5,000 years ago.Boxing began as an exhausting and brutal spectacle. In ancient
Greece, two men would sit face to face with their fists wrapped in strips of leather. They would
hit each other until one of them fell to the ground unconscious--or dead. Roman fighters wore
cestuses (leather straps plated with metal) to shorten the length of the bouts. Shortly before
the birth of Christ, Romans prohibited boxing, because the sport had become so savage.
Boxing disappeared until the late 1600s, when it surfaced again in England. Modern boxing
was introduced there in the early 1700s, with bare-knuckle fighting that continued without
respite until one fighter could not continue. Boxing was made a bit less savage in 1743, when
the London Prize Ring Rules were enacted. The bouts were still continuous, but a fight ended
when one competitor was knocked down and could not get up within 30 seconds.
In the mid-1850s, British boxers visited the United States and tried to create interest in
boxing, but many Americans opposed the bare-knuckle sport, and the last such fight, a 75-
round main event, took place in 1889. A British sportsman, the Marquess of Queensberry,
introduced new professional tournament rules in which boxers were required to wear gloves
and fight three-minute rounds with a one-minute rest period between rounds.
What was called the golden age of U.S. boxing began in 1920 in New York with legislation
that permitted public prizefighting and introduced fighters such as Jack Dempsey, Gene Tunney
and Joe Louis.Attendance at boxing matches declined during the '50s with the advent of
television. Many fight fans preferred to watch major fights on TV at home rather than watch
from a ringside seat.
 Interest in the sport was renewed by colorful fighters, particularly the float-like-a-butterfly-
sting-like-a-bee Cassius Clay/Muhammad Ali, and a new generation of fighters--Sugar Ray
Leonard, Roberto Duran, Thomas Hearns, Marvin Hagler, Mike Tyson--sparked that interest into
the '80s.

COURT DIMENSION/VENUE

It may come as a surprise, but boxing, unlike sports that have very standard facility
dimensions, provides some flexibility when it comes to ring size. The standard in boxing is the
square (ring, that is), which is arguably as symbolic as any shape is to a sport. Competitions of
every level take place within a ring.

Governing bodies provide a range for ring size. Professional matches take
place in rings that fall within a range of 18 to 24 square feet (5.49 to 7.32
meters), while amateur bouts require rings that fall within a range of 16 to
20 square feet (4.90 to 6.10 m). Larger rings tend to favor outside fighters
who move well on their feet and prefer to fight in the center of the ring.
Smaller rings tend to favor inside fighters who rely more on punching
power and head movement. The smaller ring provides less space for the
opponent of the insider fighter to move around.

Professional-level ring dimensions are difficult to pinpoint, as they vary slightly for different
bouts. USA Boxing provides strict ring guidelines, though, all of which are either the same or
very close to the guidelines implemented for professional rings. Ring dimensions for USA boxing
are:
 The apron (floor) of the ring should extend at least two feet (60.96 centimeters) beyond
the ropes
 The floor of the ring should be padded with a layer of one-inch (2.54 cm) foam covered
by canvas
 When a ring is elevated, it should not be more than four feet (121.92 cm) above the
ground.
 The ring should be equipped with a minimum of four ropes secured in the four corners
of the ring by ring posts.
 Ropes must be at least an inch in diameter, made from rope, and covered in a soft
material.
  If the colors red, white, and blue are used for the ropes, red should be the color of the
top rope, followed by white.
 The bottom rope must be 18 inches (45.72 cm) above the apron of the ring, with each
rope spaced a foot (30.48 cm) above the one below it.
 Turnbuckles in the corners of the ring must be padded. Turnbuckles are metal fixtures
used to adjust the tension or length of the ropes surrounding the ring. In each corner,
the ropes are connected to the post via the turnbuckle.
 Three sets of stairs must be next to the ring in order to provide a safe entrance for the
participants, the referee, and the doctor.

In addition to the ring itself, supplies must be provided in order to make the facility complete.
Plastic bags must be fixed in the neutral corners for the referee and ring doctor to place bloody
cotton pads. A stool must be located in each of the two corners where boxers and their teams
will meet between rounds. Tables and chairs must be provided for officials at ringside, along
with a bell to indicate the start of a round. Officials at ringside must be given scorecards for
matches at all levels counters for amateur bouts.

The Amateur International Boxing Association is the international body

from which the Olympics base its dimensions. The dimensions for the
ring in international competition according to the AIBA include:
 The size of the ring must be 20 square feet (6.10 meters).
 An elevated ring should be no lower than three feet (.91 m) and no
higher than four feet (1.22 m) above the ground.
 The apron (floor) of the ring should extend a minimum of 18 inches (46 cm) beyond the
ropes.
 The floor of the ring should have at least one half of an inch (1.3 cm) of padding and no
more than ¾ inch (1.9 cm) of foam covered by canvas.
 The ropes surrounding the ring should be at least four cm thick.
 The bottom of the four required ropes must be 16 inches (40.6 cm) from the apron of the
ring with each rope spaced one foot (30.48 cm) above the one below it.
 Each ring shall have three sets of stairs for entrance.
 The same supplies must be provided as those supplied in USA Boxing competition.
EQUIPMENT/GEAR

There are various forms of equipment which are used in a boxer’s training regime:

 Bags (heavy bag, speed bag, double end bag, maize bag, pedestal bag,
body opponent bag): – Bags are used to help boxers build up
punching techniques, power, coordination and timing in place of an
opponent.The minimum price costs around PHP 2,500,depends on
the size and brand.
 Boxing ring: – Used in sparring for practice fights between two
boxers.Its cost around PHP47,500 without flooring,with flooring
would be so much more expensive.The price depends on the quality
and size too.
 Focus mitts: – Worn by a trainer as a means of protection, focus mitts
are used to allow the boxer to practice punching and combinations by
hitting the palms of their trainer’s hands.The minimum price costs
around PHP1,500.
 Hand wraps: – Protecting the boxer’s hands and wrists when engaged
in sparring, hand wraps are made from gauze and tape and allow
boxing gloves to fit securely and comfortably around the hand.The
minimum price costs around PHP 350.
 Headgear: – Used in training as well as amateur and Olympic
competition, headgear protects the boxer’s head from bruising
caused by light punches. Contrary to popular opinion, however,
headgear is not substantial enough to protect the boxer from
powerful punches, knockdowns and knockouts. Unlike headgear used
in competitive fights, training headgear covers the boxer’s cheeks,
providing extra protection against punches to the face.The minimum
price costs around PHP 500,depends on its quality.
 Heavy bag gloves: – Lighter than the boxing gloves used in the ring,
heavy bag gloves allow the boxer to build up their powerful punches
whilst protecting the hand and knuckles from injuries that could be
caused by the weight of the bag.The minimum price costs around PHP
1,000 depends on the brand and its quality.
 Jump rope – Used to improve fitness, agility and footwork, boxers use
a jump rope for skipping exercises.The minimum price costs on about
PHP 300-1,000 depends on the brand.
 Medicine ball (also known as an exercise ball): Used in plyometric
training, the medicine ball is dropped on the boxer to simulate a
punch, acting to improve the strength of their abdominal muscles.
Medicine balls may also be thrown between two boxers to build up
power and strength.The minimum costs on about PHP 2,000,depends
on the brand.
 Mirror: Used in shadowboxing, the mirror allows the boxer to
observe their technique in order that they may identify areas of
weakness to be worked on during training.The minimum price of the
whole body mirror would costs around 300,depends on its brand.
 Mouthpiece (also known as a gum shield or mouth guard) Locking the
top and bottom jaws together, the mouthpiece protects the boxer
from cutting their mouth and cheeks with their teeth when they are
hit in the face.The minimum price is about PHP 300,depends on its
brand.
 Sparring gloves: Used in practice fights, sparring gloves have extra
padding in order to protect the boxer’s hand and their opponent’s
head during training sessions.The minimum costs around PHP
1,000,depends on the brand and its quality.
 Speed bag gloves: Speed bag gloves are the lightest type of boxing
gloves, allowing the boxer to practice quick punches but providing
more protection than hand wraps alone. The minimum costs around
PHP 1,000,depends on the brand and its quality.
 Uniforms:A player must wear uniform in playing.In Boxing, there are
no kicks and no takedowns. Hands and fingers are completely
protected by gloves. So, there’s no reason not to wear looser shorts
that help promote air circulation and cooling.In MMA, fighters
regularly do high kicks, takedowns, grappling and ground work. Loose
shorts would be a liability. They’ll get pulled and grabbed and caught
on things (like fingers and feet)
TECHNICAL AND TACTICAL SKILLS

 TECHNICAL SKILLS
 The basic skills of boxing includes tips on stance, footwork, punching and other
boxing techniques.When starting out, boxers will usually first be taught how to
fight at a distance, also known as ‘outfighting’, rather than getting in close
where they are more likely to be hit. The skills used here include arm's-length
punches and quick footwork to enable the boxer to deliver a blow before their
opponent can respond. It is the best way to tire out and attack an opponent,
and lessens their chance of a counterattack.
 The following boxing techniques are described for right-handed boxers (if you
are a left-handed or a ‘southpaw’ boxer then use the opposite arm or leg to
what is being described).
 Good boxing stance
 The importance of a good stance cannot be stressed enough. A
good stance provides balance, and is a key to both attacking and
defensive techniques.Boxers should be able to throw a punch
without losing their balance. Being off balance allows an opponent
to get in with their own blows. To assume a good boxing stance,
you need to do the following:
 Stand sideways to the target, so that you lead with
the shoulder opposite that of your strong punching
hand. A right-handed boxer should point their left
shoulder toward the target.
 Feet should be kept shoulder width apart, then step
forward one pace with the left foot and line up the
heel of your left foot with the toes of your other
foot.
 Turn both feet at a 45 degree angle to your target.
Your weight should be evenly distributed to provide
a firm, steady platform.
 Bend your knees and hips slightly, keeping your
back fairly straight and lift your back heel off the
floor, no more than about 7.5cm (3in).
 Tuck your elbows in close to your sides and raise
your forearms so that they shield the chest.
  Hold the left glove out at shoulder height and keep
it far enough out to attack, but close enough to
draw back quickly in defense.
 The right glove should be held underneath the chin
with the wrist turned inwards.
 The golden rules of boxing footwork
 Good footwork is important to enable the boxer to defend or
attack from a balanced position. The golden rules of boxing
footwork are as follows:
 Keep the weight balanced on both feet.
 Keep your feet apart as you move to maintain good
balance.
 Move around the ring using short sliding steps on
the balls of your feet.
 Never let your feet cross.
 Always move the foot closest to the direction in
which you want to move first.
 The key to good footwork is speed, and this can be
enhanced by improving fitness, with particular
attention to the legs. One good activity for
improving fitness, used by many boxers, is skipping.

 Punching
 There are four main punches in boxing:
 Jab — a sudden punch.
 Cross — a straight punch.
 Hook — a short side punch.
 Uppercut — a short swinging upward punch.

 The jab (left jab)

 This is the simplest but most-used punch in boxing, and likely to be
the first punch any beginner would learn. The jab can be used both
for attack or defense, and is useful to keep the opponent at bay to
set up bigger blows.
 Hold your left hand up high with your elbow in
close to your body.
  Aim for the opponent's chin with the back
knuckles.
 Rotate the arm so that the punch lands with the
thumb making a small clockwise turn inwards.
 Slide the left foot forward before impact and snap
the hand back ready to deliver another jab.
 The chin should be dropped to the shoulder to
protect it, and the right hand held high ready to
block any counter punches.

 The cross
 A ‘straight right’
 This is the most powerful and damaging punch, but
it may leave the boxer open to a counterattack if it
fails to connect. It is best used in a combination of
punches, usually after the opponent’s defense has
opened up after being hit with a good left jab.
 Drive off the back foot and pivot the hips and
shoulders into the punch for maximum power.
 Straighten the right arm so that it is at full stretch
on impact.
 Keep the left hand in a guarding position to avoid a
counter.

 A ‘straight left’
 This is a good way of keeping an opponent on the
back foot.
 From the basic stance simply straighten your left
arm and twist your hips and shoulders into the
punch.
 The first will automatically twist so the knuckles are
up and the palm downwards just before impact.
 If there is room, slide the left foot forward for the
blow, but quickly bring up the right foot to maintain
balance.
  Hook
 The hook comes from the side so can catch the opponent unaware
as it initially comes from out of their vision. The hook requires the
boxer to arch and turn their body into a punch. It can be made with
either the left or right arm.
 A right hook:
 Bring the chin down to the inside of the left shoulder
to protect it.
 Pivot the toes, hips and hand in the direction of the
punch.
 Turn your hand over so that at the point of impact,
the palm faces down.

 Uppercut
 The uppercut can be a great knockout punch and is delivered at
close quarters. It comes up from underneath, has an element of
surprise, and is usually aimed at the jaw with either hand. One
drawback is that if it doesn’t take the opponent out, there is a
big chance they will be able to deliver a counterattack.
 To make a right uppercut, transfer the weight onto the
right foot and twist the shoulders and hips to the left,
bringing the right first directly up into the target.
 Leaning back too much will send the boxer off balance.

 TACTICAL SKILLS
 The boxer’s tactics are aimed at making sure they out punch and therefore
outscore their opponent. Once the boxer has established a good stance,
nimble footwork and a few basic punches, they should start thinking about
developing tactics to outsmart their future opponents.
 Counter attacking boxing tactics
 There are four main punches used in boxing: the jab, the hook,
the uppercut and straight punch. These can also be used to
come back at the opponent in a counter attack. No boxer can
realistically expect to win a fight just by deflecting an
 opponent’s punches — they should be prepared to hit back too.
This is called countering or counter attacking.
 Left jab counter
 The punch that boxers will face most often is the jab, and from a
right-handed boxer.
 One good tactic for turning defense into attack is to deflect the
opponent’s left jab with the right glove sending it over your left
shoulder. A counter left jab should then be delivered to your
opponent's chin.
 Another good ploy is to duck beneath an opponent's left jab and
return a left jab to his body.

 Straight right counter

 A good boxer should never really get caught by a straight right as
it is within sight all the way to when it connects.
 A good form of defense for the beginner is to block the punch by
shifting the weight to the back foot and turning the body sharply
to the right to catch the punch high on the left shoulder. A
counter with straight right should be delivered, while keeping the
chin well out of the way.
 The boxer can sidestep to the left to avoid the punch. And then
return a straight right to the opponent.

 Fighting in close
 A large part of a fight may be won by simply avoiding your
opponent’s punches and tiring him out. However, a different
tactic could involve boxing at close range or ‘infighting’, almost
toe-to-toe with the opponent.
 This is a bold approach and takes a lot out of both boxers as it
usually involves receiving blows as well as giving them, often in
quick succession. If your opponent has a longer reach it's
essential to move in close where a wide range of short hooks and
uppercuts can be used to cancel out the reach advantage.
 Defensive boxing tactics
 Good defensive skills are just as important as good attacking
skills. A boxer needs to be able to deliver good punches without
receiving many in return.
 A boxer needs to be agile and have good reflexes to be able to
defend himself and stay out of trouble. One way could be to stay
out of reach, but that will not score any points.
 There are several ways to defend yourself from a punch either by
dodging or blocking them:
 Sidestep — literally stepping to the side of the blow.
 Snap back — rocking backwards to avoid the blow
connecting.
 Sway to one side — swaying from the hips to avoid
the punch.
 Block — stopping the punch with the forearm,
shoulder, elbow or glove.
 Duck down — duck out of the way of a punch.
 Parry or deflect to one side — knock the punch
aside.
 Cover up — use the arms and gloves to best protect
the head and body.

 Breaking away strategy

 This is a good tactic to use when fighting up close. The boxer
should aim to get in and deliver a quick succession of blows, and
then move out to arm’s length before suffering too much
damage.
 To break away from an infighting situation, the boxer can put
their gloves on the opponent’s arms and push themselves
backwards, thus preventing the opponent from delivering any
punches.
 Feinting
 A boxer can pretend they are going to hit a part of the body, but
then hit a different area. By deceiving the opponent, it is hoped
to open up an opportunity to get in a good punch. Feinting
requires using all manner of parts of the body parts from the
eyes, hands, body, legs, and facial expressions — all intended to
trick an opponent about your next move.
RULES OF THE GAME

The rules of boxing set by International Boxing Association vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction,
and on whether it is an amateur or professional bout. A violation of the following rules is
considered a foul, and can result in a warning, point deduction, or disqualification by the
referee:

 You cannot hit below the belt, hold, trip, kick, headbutt, wrestle, bite, spit on, or push
your opponent.
 You cannot hit with your head, shoulder, forearm, or elbow.
 You cannot hit with an open glove, the inside of the glove, the wrist, the backhand, or
the side of the hand.
 You cannot punch your opponent's back, or the back of his head or neck (rabbit punch),
or on the kidneys (kidney punch).
 You cannot throw a punch while holding on to the ropes to gain leverage.
 You can't hold your opponent and hit him at the same time, or duck so low that your
head is below your opponent's belt line.
 When the referee breaks you from a clinch, you have to take a full step back; you cannot
immediately hit your opponent--that's called "hitting on the break" and is illegal.
 You cannot spit out your mouthpiece on purpose to get a rest.
 If you score a knockdown of your opponent, you must go to the farthest neutral corner
while the referee makes the count.
 If you "floor" your opponent, you cannot hit him when he's on the canvas.
 A floored boxer has up to ten seconds to get back up on his feet before losing the bout
by knockout.
 A boxer who is knocked down cannot be saved by the bell in any round, depending upon
the local jurisdiction's rules.
 A boxer who is hit with an accidental low blow has up to five minutes to recover. If s/he
cannot continue after five minutes, s/he is considered knocked out.
 If the foul results in an injury that causes the fight to end immediately, the boxer who
committed the foul is disqualified.
 If the foul causes an injury but the bout continues, the referee orders the judges to
deduct two points from the boxer who caused the injury.
 If an unintentional foul causes the bout to be stopped immediately, the bout is ruled a
"no contest" if four rounds have not been fully completed. (If the bout was scheduled
for four rounds, then three rounds must have been completed.) If four rounds have
been completed, the judges' scorecards are tallied and the fighter who is ahead on
 points is awarded a technical decision. If the scores are even, it will be called a
"technical draw."
 If a boxer is knocked out of the ring, he gets a count of 20 to get back in and on his feet.
He cannot be assisted.
 In some jurisdictions the standing eight-count or the three knockdown rule also may be
in effect.
 In other jurisdictions, only the referee can stop the bout.

OFFICIALS/ OFFICIATING

Officials are affiliated to the Combined Services Boxing Association (CSBA), which is a
Provisional Association of the national governing body, the Amateur Boxing Association of
England Ltd (ABAE).

A most important official is the Coach - the coaches are usually

ex-boxers who have decided to stay with the sport and this is
actively encouraged by the boxing fraternity.The only
qualification a male or female needs to be a boxing official, is a
real interest in the sport, experience is common but not
essential. Full training is given by the Royal Air Force Boxing
Association(RAFBA).

Judges and Timekeepers- the judge/timekeepers are qualified

ringside officials, who score and control the boxing contest and
declare the winner; usually there is a timekeeper and 3
ringside judges but for championships there are 5 judges. At

non-championship contests, a small calculator is used by the judges to record the scoring blows,
so a winner can be declared by a majority or unanimous verdict. At championships, an Electronic
Scoring Machine (ESM) is used to score the blows and calculate the winner. The ESM contains a
program that links all the judges' responses together, only when 3 of the 5 judges score at the
same time does the ESM register a point for the relevant boxer. The ESM computes all the judges
responses throughout the bout and declares a winner at the end.
The first step is a Judge/Timekeepers Course. This is open to males or females and there is no
rank limitation on this training. This important role requires people who can make impartial
decisions with consistency and usually dictates that confident and mature personnel are more
easily able to successfully complete these courses. Until recently, the RAFBA has had an SAC
and a JT as some of its most competent officials (they have since been promoted!).
There will be someone more senior assisting and looking after a new official until such time
they are fully comfortable and confident in the skills. Most RAFBA officials carry out their duties
within the ABAE on the civilian boxing circuit, invaluable training practice. A judges course takes
3 full days of training followed by a period of provisional judging until the learning process is
complete. An RAFBA officials course is usually held over the period of the Lord Wakefield
Novice Championships in Sept/Oct, begining on a Saturday Morning and ending with the
students 'shadow judging' at the finals, the following monday night. Qualification is by
examination and practical assessment and it is recognised nationally.

Doctors-the most important consideration is the safety

of the boxers. To this end, a doctor is an essential official
in the RAFBA and there are frankly too few doctors and
medics involved. Doctors and medics rarely need to
utilise their medical skills to cater for injuries through
amateur boxing. However, precautionary medicals both
annually and before each and every bout are recorded on
the boxers compulsory, personal boxing medical record card (the ME3). A precautionary
regulation is that a doctor must be at ringside for any competitive boxing to take place. Such a
doctor must be familiar with resusitation techniques and they will also have a medic with them
to assist where necessary.If you are a doctor and may be interested in Amateur Boxing in the
RAF or in civilian boxing, then please contact the webmaster.

Referees-are trained officials who have successfully

served as judge/timekeepers with an association for 2
years. The referee has the ultimate control of the bout
and consequently the responsibility for the safety, the
referees decision is final and without recourse. This
course open to males or females and there is no rank limitation on this training. The course
usually takes place alongside a judges/timekeepers course, for the same duration, qualification
is by examination and practical assessment and it is recognised nationally.The senior official is
the Officer in Charge (OiC) who will be a senior referee of several years experience. He is
responsible to the RAFBA Honorary Officials Secretary for the safe conduct of the tournament
and adherance to the rules and regulations. The OiC is responsible for ensuring that all the legal
paperwork is appropriately completed and sent to the Medical Registrar at HQPTC.
Qualification is by examination and it is recognised nationally.

Other Officials-are needed as well, such as recorders, who complete all the legal tournament
paperwork for the OiC. Boxing is strictly controlled and administered and this is obviously an
important aspect of the process. All boxers have to have medical documentation. This is
combined with the tournament paperwork to give a clear record of bouts and incidents, which
are sent to the Medical Registrar at HQPTC by the OiC. These courses are no more than a
couple of hours long with a shadowing process that takes as long as is needed for the
individual. Judge/Timekeepers are also trained as recorders.
Another important official for any tournament is the Master of Ceremonies (MC). At Army and
Navy boxing tournaments a Regimental Sergeant Major (RSM) or other Warrant Officer will
conduct these duties. In the RAF, selected officials, trained in the various protocols of the MC,
carry out these duties. Importantly, the RAFBA takes its service traditions seriously and the
formal setting of a military boxing evening deserves the respect of a polished MC performance.
Like the Army and Navy, RAF senior ranks usually carry out these duties, but they are not
restricted to those ranks if the appropriate training has been carried out.

References:
https://www.tucsonweekly.com/tucson/a-brief-history-of-boxing/Content?oid=1083475
http://boxing.isport.com/boxing-guides/boxing-dimensions
http://www.talkboxing.co.uk/guides/boxing_equipment.html
https://www.realbuzz.com/articles-interests/sports-activities/article/the-basic-skills-of-boxing/
https://www.realbuzz.com/articles-interests/sports-activities/article/boxing-tactics/
http://boxrec.com/media/index.php/Rules_of_Boxing
https://www.raf.mod.uk/rafboxing/Administration/rafboxingofficalsandjudges.cfm