m AGREED es ferms and [= REGISTER ‘This particular form of the Bessel function has bot nary terms. Separating the real terms and thi substituting “8 4.5 Skin-effect Resistance Ratio. ‘The internal impedance of a con ductor is composed of resistance and inductive reactance. The real part of the complex impedance is the effective resistance. We can find the effective resistance of a wire by rationalizing the expression for internal impedance given by iq. (4.45) and separating the real and imaginary parts. ‘Thus the effective resistance is pm ber mr bei! mr — bei mr her’ mr Sa Tbe mn ther mye ~SC(Obms/meter (4.48) Re Tt can be shown that. as the frequency approaches zero, the effective resistance given by Eq. (4.46) approaches the d-c resistance given by Eq. (4.2). At low frequencies the current distribution becomes more uniform. The low-frequeney or d-c resistance is ~, — ohms/meter (47) to tO et for p in ohm-meters and r in meters. The ratio of effective resistance to d-c resistance i BR _ mr ber mr bei’ me — bei mr ber’ mr as Ro” 2 (bei mr)? + (ber mr}? “| Equation (4.48) gives the ratio of effective resistance to d-c resistance as a function of mr VFRSIOIEquation (4.48) gives the ratio of effective resistance to d-c resistance asa function of mr ‘The factor mr is the product of the radius in meters and the value of m calculated from Eq. (4.30) with p in chm-meters. It may be more convenient to compute mr from the d-c resistance of the wire and the relative permeability 4. From Eq. (4.30) de X10", me = EX The d-e resistance of a wire per unit length is [> REGISTE VERSIC Ro = 2; ohms/meter or Ry = 2; X 1,609 ohms/mile (4.52) i Substituting Ro/1,609 for o/mr? in Eq. (4.51) gives r = 0.0636 ./# 4.53) mr = 0.0636 /72 (4.53) relative permeability of the wire frequency, eps dhe resistance of the wire, ohms/mile where 4g,‘Tabulated values of the ratio of resistance Inted from Eq. (4.48) have been published by the U8. Bureau of Standards." ‘The resistance ration plotted im Pig. (4) ave from this source, which lists the ratios for values to mr = 100, At fro- quencies of 60 eps or less, stranding has negligible effect on the ratio of cffective to de resistanve of con centrieally stranded conductors, and effective resistance may be found by multiplying the dee resist= ance of the stranded conductor by the ratio read from Fig. (1.1) for a. 1 I 46 Resistance from Tables of t S-) conductor Characteristics. Some rote 1 | 1 | orth factors considered in the dis. oe cussion of resistance and skin effet Fre. 44 Ratio of seo resiztanee tors ‘nee so eee can be verifier! by referring to the fear tld aeatey tables of conductor characteristics the ‘peripheny Fauo is plotted as in the Appendix. ‘The inerease of ss function of mrs where che resistance caused by stranding 9 = 0.0836 / uc FTEs is Mustrated by a hard-dauwn, fant Isis the de resistance ia ohms per per conductor with and composed of 1, 3, or 7 strands, single strand is listed in Table A.1 ns 0.864 ohte, BRED "3 strands "Soe BB, Rosa and FW, Grover, “Formulas and Mitwal snd Self Incuctamen,” Scientific Paper LO, ull Table NNIE, 1, SESISTER VERSIO anncan the d-e resistance is 0,873 ohm/mile, and for 7 strands the value is 0.881 obm/mile. Note that the resistances for the 3- and 7-strand conductors are 1% and 2%, respectively, above the resistance of the solid conductor. ‘This is in agreement with the principle stated in See. 4.1, ‘The values of 0.864 and 0.945 ohm/mile at 25 and 50°C, respectively, en in Table A.J for the 66,370-circular-mil copper conductor, are nd (4.3). The d-c resistance ai 20°C of a solid gi verified by Kgs. (4.2) conductor is © _ 9.848 ohm/mile and correcting to 2 41 43 Ro = 0.848 4 SH ~ 086+ ohm/mile or at 50°C Ry = 0.818 241 + — 0.945 ohm/mile 21+ 20Examination of the tables shows that skin effect at frequencies up to 40 eps is negligible for the smaller conductors, ‘The 60-cyele resistance of the 66,370-cireular-mil conductor is equal to the dee resistance. Skin efiect becomes appreciable, however, at power frequency for the large con- ductors. For instance, the d-c resistance of a 500,000-circular-mil hard- drawn copper conductor with either 19 or 37 strands is 0.1280 ohm/mile at 50°C, but the 60-cycle effective resistance is 0.1303 ohm/mile. For this conductor, stranding does not appreciably alter the ratio of effective to dec resistance computed from Fig. (44). From Eq, (4.53) mr = 0.0636 \ and from Fig. (4.4) the resistance ratio is 1.02, Then the 60-cycle resistance is R = 1.02 X 0.1280 = 0.1305 chm/mile