EA ≈ 15 lx at RC ≈ 10.

08 kΩ
—————————————————————————————
18-24 Plot point A on Fig. 18-22 at 0.2 V on the 20 mW/cm2
characteristic. Note that IR ≈ 9.5 mA at A.
At IR ≈ 0, VD = E = –1 V
But this point (B) is not on the characteristics.
Calculate R1, (∆VR from A to B)/(∆IR from A to B)
R1 = [–1 V – (+0.2 V)]/(–9.5 mA – 0) = 126 Ω (use 120 Ω)
At VR = –0.5 V, ∆VD from A = –0.5 V – (+0.2 V) = –0.7 V
∆ID = ∆VD /R1 = 0.7 V/120 Ω = 5.8 mA
Plot C on the load line at ∆VD and ∆ID from A.
Draw the load line for R1 = 120 Ω through A and C.
From the load line:
at H = 15 mW/cm2, VR ≈ –0.12 V and IR ≈ 7 mA
—————————————————————————————
18-25 Plot point A on the load line at VR = 0.5 V and IR = 0.
When VD = 0, IR = VR/R = 0.5 V/100 Ω = 5 mA
Plot point B at VD = 0 V and IR = 5 mA
Draw the load line through A and B.
at H = 10 mW/cm2, VD1 ≈ –0.2 V
at H = 15 mW/cm2, VD2 ≈ VR = +0.18 V
voltage difference, V = VD2 – VD1
= 0.18 V – (–0.2 V) = 0.38 V
—————————————————————————————
18-26 Q = d F = 3 pC/N × 6 N = 18 pC
g = d/(εr εo) = (3 pC/N)/(4.6 × 8.84 × 10–12)
= 0.074 Vm/N
Vo = g t P = g t F/A
= 0.074 × 1 mm × 6 N/(2 mm × 2 mm) = 111 V
—————————————————————————————
18-27 Vo = g t P
or P = Vo/(g t)
= 100 V/(0.05 × 2 mm) = 106 N/m2
F = P × A = (106 N/m2) × (5 × 10–3)2 = 25 N
—————————————————————————————
18-28 d = εr εo g = 500 × 8.84 × 10–12 × 0.05 = 2.21 × 10–10
Q = d F = 2.21 × 10–10 × 25 N = 5.5 nC
—————————————————————————————
Electronic Instrumentation and Measurements, 3/e David A. Bell
Chapter 19 Problems
—————————————————————————————
19-2.1 Av = R2/R1 = 100 kΩ/2.7 kΩ = 37
Ri1 = R1 = 2.7 kΩ
Ri2 = R3 + R4 = 10.27 kΩ

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Electronic Instrumentation and Measurements, 3/e David A. Bell

IR3R4 = V2 /(R3 + R4) = –50 mV/10.27 kΩ = –4.87 kΩ

V+ = VR4 = V2 R4/(R3 + R4)
= –50 mV × 10 kΩ/10.27 kΩ = –48.7 mV
V– = V+ = –48.7 mV
IR1R2 = (V1 – V– )/R1 = [50 mV – (–48.7 mV)]/2.7 kΩ
= 36.5 µA
Vo = V– – (IR1R2 × R2) = –48.7 mV – (36.5 µA × 100 kΩ)
= –3.7 V
—————————————————————————————
19-3.1 ∆P = 20 log (Vo2/Vo1) = 20 log (10 mV/100 mV)
= –20 dB
10 dB = 20 log (Vo3/Vo1) or, 10 dB/20 = log (Vo3/Vo1) = 0.5
Vo3/Vo1 = 100.5 = 0.301
giving, Vo3 = 0.301 × Vo1 = 0.301 × 100 mV = 30.1 mV
—————————————————————————————
19-4.1 fC = 1/(2 π R1 C1) = 1/(2 π × 1.5 kΩ × 4000 pF)
= 26.53 kHz
0.2 fC = 5.31 kHz, 0.4 fC = 10.62 kHz
XC1 = at 0.2 fC = R1/0.2 = 1.5 kΩ/0.2 = 7.5 kΩ
XC1 = at 0.4 fC = R1/0.4 = 3.75 kΩ
at 0.2 fC , Vo/Vi = 20 log [R1/√(R12 + XC12)]
= 20 log {1.5 kΩ/√[(1.5 kΩ)2 + (7.5 kΩ2)]}
= –14.15 dB
at 0.4 fC , Vo/Vi = 20 log {1.5 kΩ/√[(1.5 kΩ)2 + (3.75 kΩ2)]}
= –8.6 dB
—————————————————————————————
19-5.1 Circuit as in Fig. 19-20(a)
Design for 15 dB attenuation at fx =12 kHz
Fall-off rate = 12 dB/octave
Attenuation = (15 dB – 12 dB = 3 dB) at f = fx/2 = 6 kHz
so, the –3 dB frequency is fC = 6 kHz
Select C1 = 1000 pF, C2 = 2 C1 = 2000 pF
R2 = 1/(2 π fC √2 C1) = 1/(2 × π × 6 kHz × √2 × 1000 pF)
= 18.75 kΩ (use 18.7 kΩ, ±1%)
R1 = R2 = 18.7 kΩ,
and R3 ≈ R1 + R2 = 37.4 kΩ (use 39 kΩ, ±10%)
fC = 1/[2 π √(R1 R2 C1 C2)]
= 1/[2 × π × √(18.7 kΩ × 18.7 kΩ × 1000 pF × 2000 pF)]
= 6.02 kHz
—————————————————————————————
19-1 Vo = (R2/R1)(V2 – V1)
= (10 kΩ/1 kΩ)[(–20 mV) – 20 mV] = –400 mV
At input terminal 1, Rin = R1 = 1 kΩ
At input terminal 2, Rin = (R3 + R4) = 1.1 kΩ
—————————————————————————————
19-2 Vo = (R2/R1)(20 mV – 20 mV) = 0
IR1R2 = V1/(R1 + R2) = 20 mV/11 kΩ = 1.818 µA

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Electronic Instrumentation and Measurements, 3/e David A. Bell

IR3R4 = V1/(R3 + R4) = 20 mV/1.1 kΩ = 18.18 µA

V– = VR2 = V1 R2/(R1 + R2)
= 20 mV × 10 kΩ/11 kΩ = 18.18 mV
V+ = VR4 = V2 R4/(R3 + R4)
= 20 mV × 1 kΩ/1.1 kΩ = 18.18 mV
—————————————————————————————
19-3 ACL = (2R1 + R2)/R2
ACL(min) = (2R1 + R2(max))/R2(max)
= [(2 × 22 kΩ) + 200 Ω]/200 Ω = 221
ACL(max) = (2 R1 + R2(min))/R2(min)
= [(2 × 22 kΩ) + 150 Ω]/150 Ω = 294
Va = 1.5 V + 15 mV = 1.515 V
Vb = 1.5 V – 15 mV = 1.485 V
Vd = Va = 1.515 V
Ve = Vb = 1.485 V
I2 = (Vd – Ve)/R2 = 30 mV/150 Ω = 200 µA
Vc = Vd + (I2 R1) = 1.515 V + (200 µA × 22 kΩ) = 5.915 V
Vf = Ve – (I2 R3) = 1.485 V – (200 µA × 22 kΩ) = –2.915 V
Vh = Vf × R7/(R6 + R7) = 0.5 Vf = –1.457 V
Vg = Vh = –1.457 V
VR4 = Vc – Vg = 5.195 V – (–1.457 V) = 7.37 V
VR5 = VR4 = 7.37 V
Vo = Vg – VR5 = –1.457 V – 7.37 V = –8.83 V
—————————————————————————————
19-4
ACL = [(2 R1 + R2)/R2] × R5/R4
= {[(2 × 33 kΩ) + 300 Ω]/300 Ω} × (15 kΩ/15 kΩ)
= 221
Vd = Va + Vn = 10 mV + 1 V = +1.01 V
Ve = Vb + Vn = –10 mV + 1 V = +0.99 V
I2 = (Vd – Ve)/R2 = (1.01 V – 0.99 V)/300 Ω = 66.67 µA
Vc = Vd + (I2 R1) = 1.01 V + (66.67 µA × 33 kΩ) = +3.21 V
Vf = Ve – (I2 R3) = 0.99 V – (66.67 µA × 33 kΩ) = –1.21 V
Vh = Vf × R7/(R6 + R7) = 0.5 Vf = –0.605 V
Vg = Vh = –0.605 V
I4 = (Vc – Vg)/R4 = [3.21 V – (–0.605)/15 kΩ = 254.3 µA
Vo = Vg – VR5 = –0.605 V – (254.3 µA × 15 kΩ) = –4.42 V
—————————————————————————————
19-5 ∆P = 20 log (V2/V1) = 20 log (0.5 V/1 V) = –6 dB
—————————————————————————————
19-6 Attenuation = 20 log (V2/V1)
= 20 log (3.3 mV/100 mV) = –29.6 dB
—————————————————————————————
19-7 6 dB = 20 log (V1/V2) or, 6 dB/20 = log (V1/V2)
Giving, V1/V2 = 10(6/20) ≈ 2
or, V1 = 2 V2 = 2 × 80 mV = 160 mV
—————————————————————————————

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Electronic Instrumentation and Measurements, 3/e David A. Bell

19-8 XC1/√(R12 + XC22) = 1/100

or, XC12/(R12 + XC22) = 1/100
Giving, XC1 = R1/100 = 1/(2 π fC C1)
or, C1 = 100/(2 π fC R1) = 100/(2 π × 120 Hz × 4.7 kΩ)
= 28.2 µF
—————————————————————————————
19-9 Without RL:
fC = 1/(2 π R1 C1) = 1/(2 π × 4.7 kΩ × 28.2 µF) = 1.2 Hz
With RL: fC = 1/[2 π (R1||RL) C1]
= 1/[2 π × (4.7 kΩ||47 kΩ) × 28.2 µF] = 1.32 Hz
—————————————————————————————
19-10 Without RL:
fC = 1/(2 π R1 C1) = 1/(2 π × 56 kΩ × 1000 pF) = 2.84 kHz
With RL:
fC = 1/[2 π (R1||RL) C1]
= 1/(2 π × (56 kΩ||330 kΩ)× 1000 pF) = 3.3 kHz
—————————————————————————————
19-11 At f = 1 kHz:
XC1 = 1/(2 π f C1) = 1/(2 π × 1 kHz × 0.1 µF) = 1.59 kΩ
At f = 5 kHz: XC1 = 1/(2 π × 5 kHz × 0.1 µF) = 318 Ω
At f = 10 kHz: XC1 = 1/(2 π × 10 kHz × 0.1 µF) = 159 Ω
At f = 15 kHz: XC1 = 1/(2 π × 15 kHz × 0.1 µF) = 106 Ω
At f = 1 kHz:
Attenuation = 20 log (Vo/Vi) = 20 log [XC1/√(R12 + XC12)]
= 20 log [1.59 kΩ/√(1.59 kΩ 2 + 1.59 kΩ 2)]
= –3 dB
At f = 5 kHz:
Attenuation = 20 log (Vo/Vi)
= 20 log [318 Ω/√(1.59 kΩ 2 + 318 Ω 2)]
= –14 dB
At f = 10 kHz:
Attenuation = 20 log (Vo/Vi)
= 20 log [159 Ω/√(1.59 kΩ 2 + 159 Ω 2)]
= –20 dB
At f = 15 kHz:
Attenuation = 20 log (Vo/Vi)
= 20 log [106 Ω/√(1.59 kΩ 2 + 106 Ω 2)]
= –23.5 dB
—————————————————————————————
19-12 –12 dB = 20 log (Vo/Vi)
giving, Vo/Vi = 10(–12/20) = 1/4
and, Vo/Vi = XC1/√(R12 + XC12) = 1/4
giving, R1 = √15[1/(2 π f C1)] = 51.4 kΩ
fC = 1/(2 π R1 C1) = 1/(2 π × 51.4 kΩ × 1000 pF) = 3.09 kHz
—————————————————————————————
19-13 fC = 1/(2 π R1 C1) = 1/(2 π × 39 kΩ × 1500 pF)
= 2.72 kHz

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Electronic Instrumentation and Measurements, 3/e David A. Bell

At f = 1 kHz: XC1 = 1/(2 π f C1)

= 1/(2 π × 1 kHz × 1500 pF) = 106.1 kΩ
Attenuation = 20 log (Vo/Vi) = 20 log [R1/√(R12 + XC12)]
= 20 log [39 kΩ/√(39 kΩ2 + 106.1 kΩ2)]
= ≈ –9.2 dB
At f = 500 Hz: XC1 = 1/(2 π × 1 kHz × 1500 pF) = 212.2 kΩ
Attenuation = 20 log (Vo/Vi) = 20 log [R1/√(R12 + XC12)]
= 20 log [39 kΩ/√(39 kΩ2 + 212.2 kΩ2)]
= ≈ –14.9 dB
—————————————————————————————

19-14 –25 dB = 20 log (Vo/Vi)

giving, Vo/Vi = 10(–25/20) = 56 × 10–3
and, Vo/Vi = R1/√(R12 + XC12)
giving, R1 = (Vo/Vi) × XC1/√[1 – (Vo/Vi) 2]
XC1 = 1/(2 π fC C1) = 1/(2 π × 1 kHz × 0.01 µF) = 15.92 kΩ
so, R1 = (56 × 10–3) × 15.92 kΩ /√[1 – (56 × 10–3) 2]
= 892 Ω
—————————————————————————————
19-15 fC = 1/(2 π R1 C1) = 1/(2 π × 892 Ω × 0.01 µF)
= 17.8 kHz
At fC = 17.8 kHz: XC1 = R1 = 892 Ω
At f = 0.3 fC: XC1 = R1/0.3 = 2.97 kΩ
At f = 0.15 fC: XC1 = R1/0.15 = 5.95 kΩ
At f = 0.3 fC:
Attenuation = 20 log (Vo/Vi) = 20 log [R1/√(R12 + XC12)]
= 20 log [892 Ω/√(892 Ω2 + 2.97 kΩ2)]
= ≈ –11 dB
At f = 0.15 fC:
Attenuation = 20 log [R1/√(R12 + XC12)]
= 20 log [892 Ω/√(892 Ω2 + 5.95 kΩ2)]
= ≈ –16.6 dB
—————————————————————————————
19-16 fC = 1/(2 π R1 C1) = 1/(2 π × 27 kΩ × 1200 pF)
= 4.91 kHz
fC = 1/[2 π (R1||RL) C1]
= 1/(2 π × (27 kΩ||220 kΩ)× 1200 pF) = 5.52 kHz
—————————————————————————————
19-17 XC1 = 1/(2 π f C1) = 1/( 2 π × 5 kHz × 0.01 µF)
= 3.18 kΩ
and, Vo/Vi = 0.1 = R1/√(R12 + XC12)
giving, R1= (Vo/Vi) × XC1/√[1 – (Vo/Vi)2]
= 0.1 × 3.18 kΩ/√[1 – (0.1) 2] = 320 Ω
fC = 1/(2 π R1 C1) = 1/(2 π × 320 Ω × 0.01 µF) = 49.7 kHz
—————————————————————————————
19-18 For the HP stage: fCH = f1 = 500 Hz

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Electronic Instrumentation and Measurements, 3/e David A. Bell

R1 = 1/(2 π fCH C1) = 1/(2 π × 500 Hz × 0.01 µF) = 31.8 kΩ

For the LP stage: fCL = f2 = 12 kHz
R2 = 1/(2 π fCL C2) = 1/(2 π × 12 kHz × 0.01 µF) = 1.33 kΩ
B = f2 – f1 = 12 kHz – 500 Hz = 11.5 kHz
—————————————————————————————
19-19 f2 = fCL = 1/[2 π C2 (R2||RL)]
= 1/[2 π × 0.1 µF × (1.33 kΩ||68 kΩ)] ≈ 12 kHz
f1 = fCH = 1/{2 π C1 [R1||( R2 + RL)]}
= 1/{2 π × 0.1 µF × [31.8 kΩ||(1.33 kΩ + 68 kΩ)]}
= 730 Hz
B = f2 – f1 = 12 kHz – 730 Hz = 11.27 kHz
—————————————————————————————
19-20 fr = 1/[2 π √(L C)] = 1/[2 π × √(1.5 mH × 1500 pF)]
= 106.1 kHz
—————————————————————————————
19-21 For the LP stage: fCL = f1 = 900 Hz
C1 = 1/(2 π f1 R1) = 1/(2 π × 900 Hz × 39 kΩ) = 4534 pF
For the HP stage: fCH = f2 = 15 kHz
C2 = 1/(2 π f2 R2) = 1/(2 π × 15 kHz × 39 kΩ) = 272 pF
—————————————————————————————
19-22 fC = 1/(2 π R1C1) = 1/(2 π × 18 kΩ × 1000 pF)
= 8.84 kHz
2 fC = 2 × 8.84 kHz = 17.68 kHz
4 fC = 4 × 8.84 kHz = 35.4 kHz
From fC to 2 fC = 1 octave, and from 2 fC to 4 fC = 1 octave.
So, 35.4 kHz is 2 octaves from fC (the –3 dB frequency)
The fall-off rate is 6 dB/octave.
At f = 35.4 kHz, attenuation = 3 dB + 6 dB + 6 dB = 15 dB
—————————————————————————————
19-23 For 23 dB attenuation:
Attenuation past the fC point = 23 dB – 3 dB = 20 dB
Fall-off rate = 20 dB/decade,
So, the 20 dB frequency is one decade past fC
fC = 20 kHz/10 = 2 kHz
R1 = 1/(2 π fC C) = 1/(2 π × 2 kHz × 0.015 µF)
= 5.3 kΩ (use 5.36 kΩ, ±1%)
—————————————————————————————
19-24 fC(max) = 1/(2 π C1 R1(min))
= 1/(2 × π × 0.01 µF × 3.3 kΩ) = 4.8 kHz
fC(min) = 1/(2 π C1 R1(max))
= 1/[2 × π × 0.01 µF × (3.3 kΩ + 1 kΩ)] = 3.7 kHz
—————————————————————————————
19-25 f1 = 1/(2 π R1 C1) = 1/(2 π × 56 kΩ × 600 pF)
= 4.7 kHz
—————————————————————————————
19-26 R1 + R2 = 70 mV/IB(max) = 70 mV/500 nA = 140 kΩ
R1 = R2 = 140 kΩ/2 = 70 kΩ (use 68 kΩ)
R3 ≈ R1 + R2 = 136 kΩ (use 120 kΩ)

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Electronic Instrumentation and Measurements, 3/e David A. Bell

XC1 = √2 R2 at fC
C1 = 1/(2 π fC √2 R2) = 1/(2 × π × 5 kHz × √2 × 68 kΩ)
= 331 pF (use 1000 pF and recalculate the resistor values)
C2 = 2 C1 = 2000 pF
R1 = XC1/√2 = 1/(2 π fC √2 C1)
= 1/(2 × π × 5 kHz × √2 × 1000 pF)
= 22.5 kΩ (use 22 kΩ)
R1 = R2 = 22 kΩ
R3 = R1 + R2 = 44 kΩ (use 47 kΩ)
—————————————————————————————
19-27
fC = 1/[2 π √(R1 R2 C1 C2)]
= 1/[2 × π × √(56 kΩ × 56 kΩ × 600 pF × 1200 pF)]
= 3.35 kHz
—————————————————————————————
19-28 The fall-off rate for a second-order filter is 12 dB/
octave. So, fC = (f at –15 dB)/2 = 7 kHz/2 = 3.5 kHz
Select C1 = 1000 pF, C2 = 2 C1 = 2000 pF
Eq. 12-5, XC1 = √2 R2 at fC, giving R2 = XC1/√2
R2 = 1/(2 π fC √2 C1) = 1/(2 π × 3.5 kHz × √2 × 1000 pF)
= 32.2 kΩ (use 32.4 kΩ, ±1%)
R1 = R2 = 32.4 kΩ
R3 ≈ R1 + R2 = 64.8 kΩ (use 68 kΩ, ±10%)
—————————————————————————————
19-29 Select C1 = C2 = 1000 pF
R2 = √2/(2 π fC C2) = √2/(2 π × 7 kHz × 1000 pF)
= 32.2 kΩ (use 32.4 kΩ, ±1%)
R3 = R2 = 32.4 kΩ
R1 = R2/2 = 32.4 kΩ/2 = 16.2 kΩ (±1%)
—————————————————————————————
19-30
fC = 1/[2 π √(R1 R2 C1 C2)]
= 1/[2 × π × √(56 kΩ × 28 kΩ × 1000 pF × 1000 pF)]
= 4 kHz
—————————————————————————————
19-31 The fall-off rate for a second-order filter is 12 dB/
octave. So, fC = 2 × (f at –15 dB) = 2 × 1.2 kHz
= 2.4 kHz
Select R2 ≈ 120 kΩ (use 121 kΩ, ±1%)
R3 ≈ R2 = 121 kΩ (use 120 kΩ, ±10%)
R1 = R2/2 = 121 kΩ/2 = 60.5 kΩ (use 60.4 kΩ, ±1%)
C2 = √2/(2 π fC R2) = √2/(2 π × 2.4 kHz × 60.4 kΩ)
= 1550 pF (use 1500 pF)
C1 = C2 = 1500 pF
—————————————————————————————

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