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YUDIANTO BUDI SAROYO Diagnosis and Management of Pre-Eclampsia in Pregnancy PDUI 2015 Final 4 Slide PDF
YUDIANTO BUDI SAROYO Diagnosis and Management of Pre-Eclampsia in Pregnancy PDUI 2015 Final 4 Slide PDF
Staf Fetomaternal, Departemen Obstetri & Ginekologi FKUI/RSUPN
Cipto Manukusumo
Anggota
Pelatih/Adva Peserta
Fasilitator PokJa
nved Trainer International
Advanced HIV/AIDS &
Jaringan Pelatih Course
Pelatih Basic Labour And Pelatih
Nasiona Resusitasi Sexual
Surgical Skill Risk PMTCT
Pelatihan Neonatus Reproductive
POGI, tahun Management Kementerian
Klinik‐ Perinasia, Health and
2004‐ (ALARM) Kesehatan
Kesehatan tahun 2004‐ Right,
sekarang. POGI, tahun Republik
Reproduksi, sekarang. Swedia,
2005‐ Indonesia,
tahun 2005‐ Pebruari
sekarang tahun 2007‐
sekarang. 2009
sekarang.
Tujuan Pembicaraan Tujuan Pembicaraan
• Epidemiologi ‐ Latar Belakang • Epidemiologi ‐ Latar Belakang
• Definisi • Definisi
• Fisiologi Implantasi Plasenta • Fisiologi Implantasi Plasenta
• Beberapa teori tentang Pre‐eklampsia • Beberapa teori tentang Pre‐eklampsia
• Tatalaksana • Tatalaksana
• Pencegahan • Pencegahan
• Kesimpulan • Kesimpulan
• Tera • Tera
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Goal 4: Menurunkan angka kematian balita
• Target 4a: Menurunkan 2/3 angka kematian balita. Lain‐lain
12% Perdarahan
Kompl masa 30%
puerpureum
8%
Goal 5: Meningkatkan kesehatan maternal Emboli obst
3%
• Target 5a: Menurunkan ¾ angka kematian maternal.
• Target 5b: Akses universal kesehatan reproduksi pada tahun 2015. P. lama/macet
5%
Abortus
5%
Goal 6: Memberantas penyakit HIV/AIDS, malaria dan
penyakit lainnya. Infeksi
12%
• Target 6a: Menghentikan dan mengurangi penyebaran HIV/AIDS Pre/Eklampsia
• Target 6b: Akses universal dan Pengobatan bagi seluruh penderita HIV/AIDS
25%
• Target 6c: Menghentikan dan mengurangi insidens malaria.
Prakiraan Waktu menuju Kematian untuk
Kasus Kegawatdaruratan Obstetri
Penyebab Waktu
Anak:
Perdarahan Postpartum 2 jam Jangka Pendek: Jangka Panjang: Cerebral Palsy
Perdarahan Antepartum 12 jam HELLP, Gagal Ginjal Kronik, DM tipe 2
CVD Penyakit Kardio Vaskular
Ruptur Uteri 1 hari Edema pulmonum,
Peny. Kardio Vaskular,
Obesitas
DM tipe 2
Eklampsia/PEB 2 hari Eklamsia PCO
Teratozoospermia
Persalinan Macet 3 hari
Infeksi 6 hari
Hypertension 2007;49(5):1056-62, J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006;91(4):1233‐8
Briley A, Bewley S. Management of obstetric hemorrhage: obstetric management. In: Briley A, Bewley S, editors. The Obstetric Hematology Manual.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2010. p. 151‐58.
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The revised ISSHP definition preeclampsia
Tujuan Pembicaraan (2014)
• Epidemiologi ‐ Latar Belakang Hypertension developing after 20 weeks gestation and the
coexistence of one or more of the following new onset conditions:
• Definisi
1. Proteinuria
• Fisiologi Implantasi Plasenta 2. Other maternal organ dysfunction:
• Beberapa teori tentang Pre‐eklampsia • Renal insufficiency (creatinine >90 umol/L)
• Liver involvement (elevated transaminases and/or severe right upper
• Tatalaksana quadrant or epigastric pain)
• Pencegahan • Neurological complications
• Haematological complications
• Kesimpulan 3. Uteroplacental dysfunction
• Tera • Fetal growth restriction
The classification, diagnosis and management of the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: A revised
statement from the ISSHP. Pregnancy Hypertension: An International Journal of Women’s Cardiovascular
Health 4 (2014) 97–104
• Considered severely elevated: >160 • Does not predict clinical outcome
mmHg systolic or >110 mmHg diastolic.
• A spot urine protein/creatinine ratio > 30 mg/mmol
• Not to rely on a single reading,
appropriate‐sized cuff • There is no clear consensus on the amount of proteinuria to
• In the case of severely elevated BP not to be considered ‘severe’ (between >3 and 5 g/l)
wait for ‘‘6 h apart’’, but in 15‐30 m • NOT CONSIDER PROTEINURIA FOR DEFINING SEVERE
• Suggest mercury sphygmomanometry or
sphygmomanometry using a liquid crystal
PREECLAMPSIA
device. If an automated device is to be
used then it should have been validated
for use in pregnancy.
Hipertensi
bukan
penyakit tapi
merupakan
• Disease of theories reaksi tubuh
• Insiden: 16.3%, MM: 1.9%, MP: 9.9%
Implantasi
• Th/ Definitif: Lahirkan dengan segala risiko yang tak
• Pencegahan: upaya terbaik, hasil tidak bermakna??????? sempurna
Hipertensi terjadi
sebagai
mekanisme
kompensasi
Buku Tahunan 1993‐1994, BMJ 2007;335(7627):974,
penuhi kebutuhan
Hypertension 2007;49(5):1056-62, J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006;91(4):1233‐8
Tujuan Pembicaraan
• Epidemiologi ‐ Latar Belakang
• Definisi
• Fisiologi Implantasi Plasenta
• Beberapa teori tentang Pre‐eklampsia
• Tatalaksana
• Pencegahan
• Kesimpulan
• Tera
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Tujuan Pembicaraan
Prooxidant – antioxidant Balance
• Epidemiologi ‐ Latar Belakang ROS dan RNS berperan penting pd PEE
– Scr langsung induksi disfungsi endothelial
• Definisi – Induksi hipertensi dan proteinuria melalui:
• Fisiologi Implantasi Plasenta • RAS
• inflammasi
• Beberapa teori tentang Pre‐eklampsia • Insulin resistan
• Tatalaksana • Pro – anti angiogenic
• menurunkan NO dg meningkatkan
• Pencegahan ADMA dan menurunkan HO‐1
• Kesimpulan Failure SMC modification
Poiseuille’s+Bernoulli’s • Kantung elastis
• Bertahanan rendah
Diameter : ↑ 4 – 6 X • Arus tinggi
• Tera Aliran drh: tonik O2‐ hipertensi
• Bebas regulasi neurovascular
Syncytial knot: aptototic sincytrophoblast
Exp.Physiol 1997; 82;377 - 87
Perkembangan Pre‐eklampsia Two‐stage model of development of preeclampsia
Skema sekuen kejadian sepanjang kehamilan sampai timbul gejala klinis pre‐eklampsia. EC,
endothelial cell; HO‐1, haem oxygenase 1; TGF‐β, transforming growth factor β. CHRISTOPHER W.G. REDMAN, IAN L. SARGENT AND ROBERT N. TAYLOR. Immunology of Normal Pregnancy
Ramma W, Ahmed A. Is inflammation the cause of pre‐eclampsia? Biochem Soc Trans. 2011 Dec;39(6):1619‐27. and Preeclampsia. Chesley’s Hypertensive Disorder in Pregnancy
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Possible pathophysiological processes in pre‐eclampsia
Four‐stage model of development of preeclampsia
AV=anchoring villus. COE=coelomic cavity. CY=cytotrophoblast. DB=decidua basalis. DC=decidua capsularis. DP=decidua parietalis.
EN=endothelium. ET=extravillous trophoblast. FB=fetal blood vessel. FV=fl oating villus. GL=gland. IS=intervillous space. JZ=junctional
zone myometrium. MB=maternal blood, leaving the intervillous space with various components such as antiangiogenic factors.
MV=maternal vein. SA=spiral artery. SM=smooth muscle. ST=stroma. SY=syncytiotrophoblast. TM=tunica media. UC=uterine cavity. sFlt‐
1=soluble form of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor. Centre panel of fi gure adapted from Karumanchi et al,18 with
permission from Elsevier.
CHRISTOPHER W.G. REDMAN, IAN L. SARGENT AND ROBERT N. TAYLOR. Immunology of Normal Pregnancy
and Preeclampsia. Chesley’s Hypertensive Disorder in Pregnancy Steegers EA, von Dadelszen P, Duvekot JJ, Pijnenborg R. Pre‐eclampsia. Lancet. 2010 Aug 21;376(9741):631‐44.
The pathophysiological processes Faktor‐faktor Risiko dan Patogenesis
involved in pre‐eclampsia Preeklampsia.
Genetik, faktor lingkungan dan faktor imun menyebabkan plasentasi yang dangkal dan perfusi uteroplasenta selama akhir
kehamilan dan memicu pelepasan faktor –faktor yang mempengaruhi pembuluh darah sistemik dan menyebabkan
AT1‐AA, angiotensin II receptor 1 autoantibodies; HELLP, hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and vasokonstriksi umum, resistensi pembuluh darah meningkat dan pre‐eklampsia. Faktor‐faktor bioaktif tersebut bisa melukai
ginjal menyebabkan volume plasma meningkat dan hipertensi berat, serta endotheliosis glomerulus dan proteinuria. Dapat
low platelets; PlGF, placental growth factor; sFlt‐1, soluble Fms‐like tyrosine kinase‐1; VEGF, pula meningkatkan permeabilitas pembuluh darah otak dan menyebabkan edema sehingga eklampsia..
vascular endothelial growth factor.
Urato AC, Norwitz ER. A guide towards pre‐pregnancy management of defective implantation and placentation. Best Pract Reslan OM, Khalil RA. Molecular and vascular targets in the pathogenesis and management of the hypertension associated
Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2011 Jun;25(3):367‐87. with preeclampsia. Cardiovasc Hematol Agents Med Chem. 2010 Oct 1;8(4):204‐26.
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Summary of the pathogenesis of preeclampsia
Immune factors (such as AT1‐
AA), oxidative stress, NK cell
abnormalities, and other
factors may cause placental
dysfunction, which in turn leads
to the release of anti‐
angiogenic factors (such as sFlt1
and sEng) and other
inflammatory mediators to
induce hypertension,
proteinuria, and other
complications of preeclampsia.
Genetik Overlapping role of hypertension, capillary leak, maternal
Immunologik symptoms, and fibrinolysis/hemolysis in the spectrum of
Etiologic Factors Nutrisi atypical preeclampsia
Infeksi
Pathophysiology
Lain2:
Kegagalan
Stress VEGF
Invasi
Oxidative TNF
Trophoblast
dll
Disfungsi Endothel
PREEKLAMPSIA
Sibai BM, Stella CL. Diagnosis and management of atypical preeclampsia‐eclampsia. Am J Obstet
Gynecol. 2009 May;200(5):481 e1‐7.
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PREECLAMPSIA
Tujuan Pembicaraan
• Epidemiologi ‐ Latar Belakang
• Definisi
• Fisiologi Implantasi Plasenta
• Beberapa teori tentang Pre‐eklampsia
• Tatalaksana
• Pencegahan
• Kesimpulan
• Tera
Tujuan Pembicaraan
• Epidemiologi ‐ Latar Belakang • FIRST, delivery is always appropriate therapy for the mother
but not be so for the fetus
• Definisi
• SECOND, the signs and symptoms of preeclampsia are not
• Fisiologi Implantasi Plasenta pathogenetically important (lowering blood pressure do not
• Beberapa teori tentang Pre‐eklampsia alleviate the important pathophysiologic changes
• Tatalaksana • THIRD, the pathogenic changes or preeclampsia are present
– Konservatif long before clinical criteria for diagnosis are evident
– Eklampsia
– Antihipertensi
– Balans cairan
F. Gary Cunningham. Hypertensive disorders. Williams Obstetrics ed 24th
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Antepartum management options for women with pre‐
Antepartum management options for women with pre‐
eclampsia by gestational age at diagnosis
eclampsia by gestational age at diagnosis
Suggested antepartum management options for women
with pre‐eclampsia at any stage of diagnosis SEIZURE PROPHYLAXIS AND TREATMENT
JAMES M. ALEXANDER AND F. GARY CUNNINGHAM. Clinical Management. . Chesley’s Hypertensive
Steegers EA, von Dadelszen P, Duvekot JJ, Pijnenborg R. Pre‐eclampsia. Lancet. 2010 Aug 21;376(9741):631‐44.
Disorder in Pregnancy
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Randomized comparative trials of Magnesium Sulfate
with Another Anticonvulsant to Prevent Recurrent
Eclamptic Convulsions
• In women with normal renal function, the half‐time for excretion is
about 4 hours.
• Because excretion depends on delivery of a filtered load of
magnesium that exceeds the Tmax, the half‐time of excretion is
prolonged in women with a decreased GFR
JAMES M. ALEXANDER AND F. GARY CUNNINGHAM. Clinical Management. . Chesley’s Hypertensive
Disorder in Pregnancy
Suggested antepartum management options for women
with pre‐eclampsia at any stage of diagnosis
MgSO4 • Inhibition of uterine contractility is magnesium dose
• Regimen: MgSO4 4 g IV loading dose over 15–20 min, dependent
followed by an infusion of 1 g/h; recurrent seizure(s) • Serum levels of at least 8‐10 mEq/L are necessary to inhibit
treated with additional 2–4 g IV loading dose(s); clinical uterine contractions (Watt‐Morse, 1995)
monitoring by measurement of urinary output,
respiratory rate, and tendon refl exes.
Eclampsia prophylaxis
• Yes; for severe pre‐eclampsia during initial stabilisation
and peripartum (delivery +24 h)
Eclampsia treatment
• Yes
JAMES M. ALEXANDER AND F. GARY CUNNINGHAM. Clinical Management. . Chesley’s Hypertensive
Steegers EA, von Dadelszen P, Duvekot JJ, Pijnenborg R. Pre‐eclampsia. Lancet. 2010 Aug 21;376(9741):631‐44.
Disorder in Pregnancy
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Cerebral Blood Flow
Loss of Autoregulation
Risk of
hypertensive
encephalopathy
Normotensive
Poorly controlled
Risk of
ischemia hypertensive
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
JASON G. UMANS, EDGARDO J. ABALOS AND F. GARY CUNNINGHAM. Antihypertensive treatment. Chesley’s
Adapted with permission from Varon J, Marik PE. Chest. 2000;118:214‐227. Hypertensive Disorder in Pregnancy
Randomized Placebo‐Controlled Trials of Antihypertensive Therapy for Early
Mild Hypertension During Pregnancy DRUGS FOR TREATMENT OF SEVERE HYPERTENSION IN PREGNANCY
No current agreement as to what level BP should be Suggested antepartum management options for women
maintained when antihypertensives are instituted for non‐ with pre‐eclampsia at any stage of diagnosis
urgent indications in pregnancy
Antihypertensive therapy
• The Canadian guidelines recommend 130–155/ 90–105 Severe hypertension (systolic BP ≥160 mm Hg or diastolic BP ≥110 mm
mmHg in the absence of co‐morbid conditions Hg)
– Nifedipine capsule (5 mg orally for first dose, 10 mg orally subsequently)
• The NICE guidelines recommend keeping BP below 150 mmHg every 30 min;
systolic and between 80 and 100 mmHg diastolic – Nifedipine intermediate acting (10 mg orally) every 45 min;
– Labetalol (100 mg orally) every 45 min, maximum 1200 mg/day;
– Labetalol (20 mg IV first dose, repeat 20–80 mg IV every 30 min, or 1–2
mg/min, maximum 300 mg);
– Hydralazine (5–10 mg IV) every 30 min, maximum 20 mg
• Nifedipine capsules are safe to use contemporaneously with MgSO4;
nifedipine capsules should not be used in women with known
coronary artery disease, aortic stenosis, or longstanding diabetes (eg,
>15 years); after two consecutive doses of acute therapy (ie,
nifedipine, labetalol, hydralazine), start or increase maintenance
therapy with agents listed below
The classification, diagnosis and management of the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: A revised
statement from the ISSHP. Pregnancy Hypertension: An International Journal of Women’s Cardiovascular
Health 4 (2014) 97–104 Steegers EA, von Dadelszen P, Duvekot JJ, Pijnenborg R. Pre‐eclampsia. Lancet. 2010 Aug 21;376(9741):631‐44.
Suggested antepartum management options for women Management of maternal fluid balance before, during and
with pre‐eclampsia at any stage of diagnosis after delivery is a challenge for the clinician.
Antihypertensive therapy
Non‐severe hypertension (systolic BP <160 mm Hg and diastolic BP 90– • The maternal plasma volume expansion is attenuated in
109 mm Hg) preeclampsia (deficits of 600‐800 ml/m2)
– Labetalol (100–400 mg orally 2–4 times daily, maximum 1200 mg/day);
• Recommendation 65‐125 ml/hour
– Intermediate‐acting nifedipine (10–20 mg orally 2–3 times daily,
maximum 120 mg/day); • because of the potential risk of pulmonary edema, caution must be
– Nifedipine sustained release preparation (20–60 mg orally daily, taken in preeclamptic or eclamptic women simultaneously receiving
maximum 120 mg/day); methyldopa (250–500 mg orally 2–4 times daily, magnesium sulfate for seizure prophylaxis
maximum 2 g/day);
– other β blockers (other than atenolol)
• In the absence of renal disease, pre‐pregnancy diabetes, or other
indications for strict maintenance of strict normotension, whether BP
targets should be high normotension (eg, diastolic BP 85 mm Hg) or
non‐severe hypertension (eg, diastolic BP 105 mm Hg) is unknown;
• ACE inhibitors, ARBs, atenolol, and prazosin should be avoided
T.Engelhardt,F.M. MacLennan. Fluid management in preeclampsia. International Journal of
Obstetric Anesthesia. 1999
Gloria T. Too, and James B. Hill. Hypertensive crisis during pregnancy and postpartum period
Steegers EA, von Dadelszen P, Duvekot JJ, Pijnenborg R. Pre‐eclampsia. Lancet. 2010 Aug 21;376(9741):631‐44.
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Fluid Management
Rapid fluid infusion a significant increase in alveolar‐ • Oliguria (<15 mL/h) is common in preeclampsia, particularly
arterial oxygen difference (AaDO,) and shunt fraction (Qs/Qt) postpartum.
• In the absence of pre‐existing renal disease or a rising
creatinine, oliguria should be tolerated over hours, to avoid
volume‐dependent pulmonary oedema
Suggested antepartum management options for women
with pre‐eclampsia at any stage of diagnosis Tujuan Pembicaraan
Plasma volume expansion • Epidemiologi ‐ Latar Belakang
• No; because of risks of maternal mortality • Definisi
associated with pulmonary oedema, in women • Fisiologi Implantasi Plasenta
with severe pre‐eclampsia infusion of sodium‐
• Beberapa teori tentang Pre‐eklampsia
containing fluids might need to be restricted
and balanced against urine output over 4 h or • Tatalaksana
more and creatinine concentrations • Pencegahan
Thromboprophylaxis • Kesimpulan
• Yes; if on bed rest for 4 days or more • Tera
Steegers EA, von Dadelszen P, Duvekot JJ, Pijnenborg R. Pre‐eclampsia. Lancet. 2010 Aug 21;376(9741):631‐44.
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The Strength of the Association of Selected Risk Factors for
Preeclampsia (2) Methods to prevent pre‐eclampsia (1)
Pregnancy outcome Recommendation
Risk Factor Associated with Reference OR (95% CI)
Diet and exercise (I) No reduction in pre‐ Insufficient evidence to
Preeclampisa
Protein or salt (II) eclampsia recommend*
Genetic factors (eg, thrombophilias) Robertson53
restriction
Factor V Leiden heterozygosity 2,19 (1,46‐3,27)
Magnesium or zinc No reduction in pre‐ Not recommended*
Prothrombin heterozygosity 2,54 (1,52‐4,23)
supplementation (I) eclampsia
MTHFR homozygosity 1,37 (1,07‐1,76)
Fish‐oil No effect in low‐risk or high‐ Insufficient evidence to
Hyperhomocysteinemia 3,49 (1,21‐10,11)
supplementation and risk recommend*
Obesity (BMI >35 kg/m2) Sibai1 3,38 (1,91‐6,00)
other sources of fatty populations
Maternal age >35 years Conde‐Agudelo49 1,67 (1,58‐1,77) acids (I)
Family history of preeclampsia Duckitt48 2,90 (1,70‐4,93) Calcium Reduced pre‐eclampsia in Recommended for women
Fetal malformation Conde‐Agudelo49 1,26 (1,16‐1,37) supplementation (I) those at high risk and with at high risk of gestational
Abnormal maternal serum markers Dugoff54 low baseline dietary calcium hypertension, and in
(AFP, hCG, uE3, Inhibin A) intake communities with low
Inhibin A >2,0 MOM 2,39 (1,75‐3,26) No effect on perinatal dietary calcium intake
2 abnormal markers 3,65 (2,79‐4,78) outcome
African‐American race Tucker55 1,2 (0,8‐1,7) Levels of evidence (I–IV) as outlined by the US Preventive Task Force. *Insufficient evidence=small
trials or inconclusive results
Dildy GA, 3rd, Belfort MA, Smulian JC. Preeclampsia recurrence and prevention. Semin Perinatol. 2007 Jun;31(3):135‐41. Sibai B, Dekker G, Kupferminc M. Pre‐eclampsia. Lancet. 2005 Feb 26‐Mar 4;365(9461):785‐99.
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Reviews and Randomized Clinical Trials for Preeclampsia
Methods to prevent pre‐eclampsia (2) Recurrence Prevention
Pregnancy outcome Recommendation
Low‐dose aspirin (I) 19% reduction in risk of pre‐ Consider in high‐risk Odds Ratio
Agent Study Population N
eclampsia, 16% reduction in populations (95% CI)
fetal or neonatal deaths Aspirin Coomarasamy33 High risk 12,416 0,86 (0,79‐0,94)
Heparin or low‐ Reduced pre‐eclampsia in Lack of randomised trials, Duley32 High risk 33,439 0,81 (0,75‐0,88)
molecular‐weight women with renal disease not recommended Calcium Hofmeyr34 Meta‐analysis low risk 15,206 0,48 (0,33‐0,69)
heparin (III‐3) and in women with Meta‐analysis high risk 587 0,22 (0,12‐0,42)
thrombophilia Magnesium Spatling35 General low‐risk 568 NS
Antioxidant vitamins (C, Reduced pre‐eclampsia in Insufficient evidence to Sibai36 Normotensive 374 NS
E) (II) one trial recommend* primigravidas
Antihypertensive Risk of women developing No evidence to Fish oil Makrides37 All risk 1,683 0,86 (0,59‐1,27)
medications in women severe hypertension recommend for prevention Vitamins C + E Poston41 High risk 2,41 0,97 (0,80‐1,17)
with chronic reduced by half, but not risk Rumbold42 Nulliparous women 1,877 1,20 (0,82‐1,75)
hypertension (I) of pre‐eclampsia Heparin Mello46 Angiotensin 80 0,26 (0,08‐0,86)
Levels of evidence (I–IV) as outlined by the US Preventive Task Force. *Insufficient evidence=small converting enzyme
trials or inconclusive results polymorphism in
nonthrombophilic
women with history of
preeclampsia
Sibai B, Dekker G, Kupferminc M. Pre‐eclampsia. Lancet. 2005 Feb 26‐Mar 4;365(9461):785‐99. Dildy GA, 3rd, Belfort MA, Smulian JC. Preeclampsia recurrence and prevention. Semin Perinatol. 2007 Jun;31(3):135‐41.
Summary of Studies that Present the Risk for Recurrence of
Preeclampsia Long‐term health risks
Author Study Population Rate of Recurrence Hypertensive disorder
Campbell7 Preeclampsia (n = 279) Preeclampsia 7,5% Future Risk Severe pre‐eclampsia,
Gestational
Pre‐eclampsia HELLP syndrome or
Sibai9 Second trimester severe preeclampsia (n Any preeclampsia 65% hypertension
eclampsia
= 169) <28 weeks 21% Gestational Risk ranges from
Risk ranges from about 1 in 8
28‐36 weeks 21% hypertension in about 1 in 6 (16%) to
(13%) to about 1 in 2 (53%).
37‐40 weeks 24% future pregnancy about 1 in 2 (47%).
If birth was needed
van Rijn8 Preeclampsia with delivery <34 weeks Preeclampsia 25% Risk up to about 1 in 6 (16%). before 34 weeks risk is
Sullivan 12 HELLP (n = 161) Preeclampsia 43% Risk ranges from 1 in
Pre‐eclampsia in No additional risk if interval about 1 in 4 (25%).
50 (2%) to about 1 in
HELLP 27% future pregnancy
14 (7%).
before next pregnancy < 10 If birth was needed before
Sibai11 HELLP (n = 192) Preeclampsia 19% years. 28 weeks risk is about 1 in
2 (55%).
HELLP 3% Cardiovascular
Chames13 HELLP with delivery <28 weeks (n = 62) Preeclampsia 55% Increased risk of hypertension and its complications.
disease
HELLP 6% If no proteinuria and no
Adelusi14 Eclampsia (n = 64) Eclampsia 16% hypertension at 6–8 week
End‐stage
postnatal review, relative risk
Sibai16 Eclampsia (n = 366) Preeclampsia 22% kidney disease
increased but absolute risk low.
Eclampsia 2% No follow‐up needed.
Trogstad17 Preeclampsia singleton (n = 19,960) Preeclampsia 14,1% Thrombophilia Routine screening not needed.
Preeclampsia twins (n = 325) Preeclampsia 6,8%
Dildy GA, 3rd, Belfort MA, Smulian JC. Preeclampsia recurrence and prevention. Semin Perinatol. 2007 Jun;31(3):135‐41. NICE 2010 Quick Ref
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Upaya pencegahan Kontrasepsi
Pil AKDR‐
• Pra konsepsi optimalkan status KOK KIK KOP KIP Implan
Kondar
AKDR
LNG
Tubektomi
Riwayat TD
nutrisi tinggi selama
kehamilan 2 2 1 1 1 ‐ 1 1 A
– Multivitamin dan mineral, protein dan mix karbohidrat (sekarang TD
normal)
– Bereskan infeksi: periodontitis, UTI, cervico vaginitis Sistolik 140–
159 atau 3 3 1 2 1 ‐ 1 1 C
– Upayakan berat badan ideal diastolik 90–99
Sistolik ≥ 160
– Olah raga teratur or diastolik ≥ 4 4 2 3 2 ‐ 1 2 S
100
• Saat hamil KOK= Kontrasepsi oral kombinasi; KIK= Kontrasepsi injeksi kombinasi; KOP= Kontrasepsi oral
progestin; KIP= Kontrasepsi injeksi progestin; Kondar =kontrasepsi darurat; AKDR= alat
– Pertahankan upaya pra konsepsi kontrasepsi dalam rahim; AKDR‐LNG= alat kontrasepsi dalam rahim Levonorgestrel.
Kate J Kerber, Joseph E de Graft‐Johnson, Zulfi qar A Bhutta, Pius Okong, Ann Starrs, Joy E Lawn. Continuum of care for maternal, newborn, and Kate J Kerber, Joseph E de Graft‐Johnson, Zulfi qar A Bhutta, Pius Okong, Ann Starrs, Joy E Lawn. Continuum of care for
child health: from slogan to service delivery. Lancet 2007; 370: 1358–69 maternal, newborn, and child health: from slogan to service delivery. Lancet 2007; 370: 1358–69
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Kesimpulan
• Preeklampsia masih merupakan salah satu
penyebab kematian maternal.
• Pengertian mendalam tentang patofisiologi
preeklampsia akan mengurangi dampak
preeklampsia.