FOURTEEN INTRODUCTION TO THE CALCULUS OF VECTOR FIELDS 141 VECTOR FIELDS 1414 There Suppose that Mand N ar fnton of. two yes any din on an pen ik Piles crin ad M, de cnn or hen he eer + Nzuii reste toto a pig M12 Tomwem Let HN tl be fanions of tee vais 2,9, and = ind on an open tll sir) i Rand M,. M,, Xp. Ny. Ry. and Ry ae continvows on B. Then the vector Persie mes on Bitton Myenee meen) Mae wat gos iB a eer ae Ee hic he een « mpi th te te slr 8 fusle a amduca esa Lapa oamerative IP hn vse fd te rn se ard hat P= th Bie cle 1 couetolne vor fd ud 6b poe evan Pe Aa ab = de ap Seeey ot Let Pea vector ld on some open ball in R? such that Fleas) = Me = Ryle) NyCo9) = Ryle) thew partial derivatives oxi Tn terms of vector, Theorems [1.2 become 14.1.5 Thentem Let Phe difecentable on an open ball Bin R®. Then P =0f ifand ony ical P= 0. esl F=0, thea F isaid to be rotational. other words, Fis ireational if and ony if is Divergence ‘The eivergnce of P, denoted by div , defied by div Fn BL BO fees pal deatioen ex ICP and G are vector felds then eari(P + G) =cut P-+ecel Gand div(+G) = div P+ div @ 14.15 Thewem Let G be difereniableon an open ball 8, Thea G =cut! Fi and ony diy G I div G0, then G issaid to be slenoel Ihde patria te ness nd by P= 452, + hen cut = wx =| 0/000 ® aE ee wy ey oh oh 4 2 vip = v-0f heh ‘Two Dimensions If F sa vector Sd on somecpen disk in 1 such at Flas) = Malt Nevolh 34a VECTOR FIELDS 921 Beercies U1 1m neice 1-6, show om + gue the reprecniations Paving Ital pola at (zy of the vectors fn the vector field. where xis ‘Elec #2and yis 31 or 22. Brae) =sind BP Gy) asia 3 Play = ty teh Sheva zghpite) Mayu > (Exercise 4) The table below lists the fazetion valve for Pat each ofthe given points. For each point (23) in the ules me uve (2g) ov the ini pit, mn net the gents representation of the seetor P29 Soe the figure. eo 1 2 a Bnei TH ad conservative vcore having ren pte anton The dred conservative vcore P=. Te ayy) m 82 + Oy8, Ploy) = Tay) = Bei + fae B. flay) = 224 -527y? +454 > ine ver fel Fhe adit off. Thay Teale I jass= (Oo loa i+ (ety 16985 Fey) = Thea) 9. flew tad aby + ay ty? Blass, ® FS the nue wer ete Plena) Silent fens ilesak= er Eemnit eS = Plein) tne Pte te Vile: con(e? — yi ~ = cos(z?— ylj+sin(x*— 9) Te 1B Heine) ste, Pla M4. slays) 2 in(e? py). Fle92 INTRODUCHON 70 THE ‘VLUS OF VECTOR. FIELDS 1h Baerdies 15-20, deteraine I the vector Feld & comservative. 18, Pla) = (927 ~ BF) (8 ~ key} = Mex vit Now Mz) = Ay, Nylz.a) = ty. Because My = Nj, Fis comervative 16 Play) = (e+ Oh (Pet 20h Let Ming)— eft Sng) ete Mew)=ce Nea) =e" ‘aatatee M29) = Ngleva) allows that Pb gradient, ated hone a conservative ve 2 sn(a + yl} = Mlew)l+ eal yeni 3) Nea) sey Beause M, £N,, Pie not conservative. 1B. Pleys2) = (Be + 2p b+ Des + ye) (Oey + 29? 22) = Mie, 2 la Rylew.2)= 2 nen pa Seda At oe MR = Mg HE Neg. at + Renee aoe = Risna=e, Rye) Rye (d.o.2). Homever, boeasse Mt. We have M.9.2)= Nl this no eonteeaive A Raley2) then Fis ant a gradient, aed cate stin ‘auch that F= Va. te Byer H-80, prove hat Ue ver fl ictnrative ad ad > Wemay prove that Fm comereative By exiting the potenti frei 2 Magl=nada ve wbocsiny ary He eo whee og) =fe? + 4. V6 whee a(e9) gi pala cen coe) Coney ce ay a 2 > Piscomsrvatve if and only if Piste grant of sme fonton , We lt avg) an ish stom yeah = Neg) =e yeah ~sa yoah in 94, 1M, (2,9) = cs y sah =~ ycosh 2 = Nl0.9) ence Fi the zadient of me Santi 4, Purtermae, we Iave @_{zsa) sin y sith 2 teas y cosh 2 0 Gp(ei9) = eet yeoth # sn ysinh = @ Integrating with resect tor on both ses of (1), me have oleiy) = say cosh 2+cory sah ely) o Patni dileresteting with eopert to yon beth sides of (3), ws have 2,(2,9) = eee yesh 2—sin ysiah 2+") 0 CConipasng (2) a (4) ee find ety) =0 ) ‘Substituting for e{y) ino (3), we obtain the equi potential eneton Hepa y cook 4000 y aah eC 25. Flay) = (dey yh 4 (ey aay? 424) = V6 where ey) =28F ay? 424C.Hut VECTOR FIELDS 923 M. Plesy) = (Ba +29 Pei (ty Say? 24) = Ve where o(zy3) = 24 Dey — get HC. BF Pley,2) = (27 = y= (2~9e)) > (s+ dyke To where Os y3) = fe = ay 2992 +h +O. ®. Pi.) > Because M2, Mfzane) MUCe012) Beene Mf2sy.2) =Nq(ey.2) M,(2.9,2) = Ryle 5 ‘kta Fis the giadiene of « potential fanctint such has Gyles) = 22 eyl2.ty3)= 29 w f= yes then by integrating with respect tox, we bave a 1), we eonelde that 9 i Pasta itewatntig with expect to 2 we have Sderyes) = ay 482). )=2y in (1), then MM) =! ‘Thus the pet 3 and ely verify Equations (1) eke poet egitinate to gues thi 2B. Pheyy.a) = (2 A eed ej + (mye bem We hese dlssy 2) = ee tae = ye 4G, a0, Whey. 3) = (tan 9 4 Bey wes) (x ey hee 2) be Hey am =e 2 ofevy.s)= sian y+ yee stan HC BI. Fy.) = (220089 ~3)i where} = Peasy —B2— yt +246. 32. Plan) = (Bos > Wekave Mizs.2) =202 82? Rie, Rew. Ryan 1 feats) Nae then Pisin gratin of potniad fan 3 ch tat Galen) = yp ~8es" 6fay,2) = by +1 de, wo Tetgeing the fist aquatica of) with rope to eget hey) = 2a 42 +3} ® ‘Paetnitteretiaiag with rnc toy on both ides, we get %y ev = afy-2) poring withthe Sond equation (2, we 2403) =1 os) =y tH) Sebtitatng the vale fy.) nt (2), e have Mesa) e ey det ey the) o ailing with ct we ave9% INTRODUCTION TO THE CALCULUS OF VECTOR FIELDS In Rennes 38-42, find curl Pad vB fr the vector fed yj. Mey) = 22, Nlzg) = 3. xe eh e2t3e8, M,+N, ea cul Men) =[Se9)-Mytonln= (+ and iv Fi) Mylo) +N, Fis Fit Pk M(zy.2) = 27,5 ny Roe a RS Oe Lt y+ stoke Miz. y, a RN hee aie GaP Lig Apis Oty HT eM (97+ 2)1 + xefeus 2j— setean. egy) ~ co 2 Bla ys) = 062 Joe, fey fs Ped! erceaseen, [P,(-eea ) —D,fereo 2) —[D,(-2cont)~ Dy efos 5+ acini etme + (eon = 29) ++ Dyson 2) + Df -zeeos 2) Moms +3) VESF ET VPS PET SM = FEEL N = VT SHEP Ry N+ (RI + (Ne Me ERE k de Pa EE © tons Sapa EM ape aS cul P= [Ry —N,)i+ (M,-RI+ (Ny “ P+ Ae (D,lerton 2)-Dylst+ ta Dc proven te he a ron tg Lp 8 fons toy Yvonne tony ins any Sh in 2 + tion, EL chin 2— 2 ety Bosman Fh 4 OF 0 fc harman isin te = acer Oh 0 Fo fi4 VECTOR FIELDS 925 & fey)=nv2eP » Weave is? +94) a # ee! Oy Fae yg (ets yn) 022) -2 +, ee = arth a ss wre wed Op ants) tat CeCe ‘heals the Laplacian of OF oF may Fst _y = Pe aT cause the Laplacla off 07 then J MH Keys) atbae rf, dees Hee F429? ahettayte 2p9? Yet PH AP a9 + 2) + Se] ets 4 te ty? +A), The sum of 3 such terms is 0. 41. THA, dieu F) =D ON, ROS NMG = Ry Naa) + May Rag) + Neo ‘Th mixed pst derivatives seen thy sr oatinus (1. 125) ands the ti is Bo. Ca PisQ)+Rk wih divG=P,+Q, +R, —D. We shall fad F='S4Tj such iat Gm aan Fe Le 3 Qe be and B= 5 For 20d 5 aud aby facto ey) the Gm two are lle By [i jresoaenes | aus T,a8-Ra= [seu rQyemsyar—cylen) [Rosine eon) Blane) fro} 2 ips) - Reeve) ~ Reza = RCo) —«e0) hich i satel by el) =|”, RN AH ty lon th iG = the diferees i n gadent casa fant, 48, Prove Theonen 8 > EY based Bei oc an open ballin RY, then the gradient of gia by aoe vee Gey ‘The ato the eran of J ca) cunto=| abe 9/dy Atlee Hf lby Bf yy cL ary ay ae = pte ais) ~Gete~ Hah Chad) type nm eae a nina Then 23. if y of _ ae toda Baty aE es Bie Terence aulie = Ord dro 4b Besos t+ 9.4 Ww rn i is on Fv hn Jom FF, MIN, Ne hy and Wy cated we ctinns lowe rn Thor 1233 thal Maketicenelerinedcs keith = Sgn tg + ofa) To ety the hind wae © lew 6 =0.20 R. Heese My,$6 INTRODUCTION TO THE CALCULUS OF VECTOR F 142 LINE INTEGRALS, 14:22 Dettnltlon Let © bea smooth eure yg fm an open dak in? and havi the vector equation Moe fotenty wetet Pe ee Flew) = Melt New nee eno my ing he wt fan he integral of M(z, wide + Neale ‘over © in given by [seunes siene = flouenamrosnueonestene fev yew, te a inl a Foe Cin [rae [raw io ® ‘The line integral has the same valee for any parameteie representation of C; Purthermere, if C Js lowed cuve, the vale isthe sare for any stil point. The eiferetal form notaten sens to berasier to apply. See Exaelse 142. Definition Lat the curve C cont of smooth ater Cy. Corson Gye Thon the tine intgral of Messe" Rey oer Cl doe tye ong is [seneeeniaani= B([oMlemeerseutn) a exivlaly,by lg veer an, thf inert over Cis dete by f Peace mio) it alt aw i Nt a la pete rooney vee 14.2.1 Definaion Let C ie a smooth citve bing. the open isk Bin K? fr whieh a vestor equation is Wi) = (dis a(2j. ac t We aply Denon 12 Fiey) = (zy-y") and Bae) (Cs ey the reno) = F123 urthemors, bene HO ok Rie) = (2,30) (408) en f= 1 atthe point (1,1) and ¢ = —2 atthe point [ane [roy eine [Pee euamar= [e6-seiee= ee] = We'nay ala he dierent for notation, We kave de=udt y= 8e at The [paw [ovde-ty= [Pec@yaray (er 32a free. aya fo]? 5. Riv) = (2 plit (24 nh CRUD = Reo tie ain GOS ESI [oretten [Pt coe 1-2 dnt 2004122 in (2 in 2 om tee [Pha tne dca di ewe [70a sant | te-tlesedy= [penn sant 48 toteb yr scoot Joint 461-38 ahttjniegocest jtesint + 1D. -emdt+ DD Gare [[Fesint +f —cone+ DEH 8 Jo -dte: Hi) = 42+ 2? — iC 1S (12) t0 (28), 1 Beco te equsion of Gin xpreme in orm of 2; me apy Dein 142.2 with panamctr a, We ren phy 24 Land dy by Sede wth (2c Weve [rats [sents 62 dy = [Toetet sate (8243+ 2 4) = Poe ese sis ae tater [ot teeta ene et 20 ae = » fro (Dt 2.2) With» a saraster, [s@anesir—mnare [cr seier ies Se ee 10, Cy =e? fom (0.0) 2.2. Wi xa parameter, [ (2? peaks 9° —eehdy = [leat Ger jete te = [ae epee da aie rite 1 On G, » ieparanetr. 5 752. 7= 0.01 Cy is parameter. 0S ¥S2 ele tanita + (F —sahdy= [de [gt -2aidy 12, Eres se sant een Ci Belinea On havnt Un poh (el > Werle be the grantor and replace 3 by van dy by [prtestesnine [inPeretenay-iny=- [tem mteatt OE]928 INTRODUCTION 101 "ALCULUS OF VECTOR, FIELDS 2), 0<2 <1, With 2 as parameter Pitta (em etynactie= [Pat ats [fete] = M4 Gie=0.y= 010-1 and Cy [psetdes(esaity~ [ndys [-Pee=We'| "Je =t-f=5 ethos saad Ggy=P S25. [ssae-necete aes dindee [teste aPhede = [ee —se—rsices [setae [dP Sete et = 4-9-2 sae Sot 2 Cite tine egret fom (1,0) (84,8) | pete (os aity= leroy + [rr-nwesessyerm [ase —siie ae 2 xe = [[ers2e sreryermse aye eztf 8471-9 1 Ge=Gya% 2am ogee! [jrtsieste nde ster aden [*cvaneescrsagears essed [!atataf We Crate yt saPacree [otevmsitanetanvnde= [ea zetth styte = JP a m— nett a] 28 ene 18, Fleas) sored shy Cr RIG) = aco resin ch 0g 127 foram [ tang [ata ea ‘it costa ) + he Jota 26 (a2 $e —e). BB Jo¥- ARs Hg.2)~ Zeyh + (y"— zz) + 1a the ested cade RE) # Wenply Deaton 1424 We tve atte * fat done Gaia [prime [ pote (6 -enrv eae = [Rrecerees ioc? ce needs etary - [Joe +anryer— yer gel, 21, Plesss) = Davi (OP — enh 1k Ce R(O= HOSES: Ge REG= HER OSES 1 Cy RIE)= Jara fog vs fap tes farm [ees [era Bey de + (GF —2)dy + 10 ot-ese-ione = yee |-# find the tlt wo dana in moving am ohne Hong the given cave € If the satan la nad hy the gen fre fold. Acume that engl i reared in meters ad free in menses newton > W Sete of work ig doe Bey) = AH HAC RY) a+ G.0 Biehl ares denecas SS en tat aay) = Dycoma he mie hay os Tica a aio bd [pensetoy—aioay=e css + a7F+b = mh ee -“. [Feat = (00.190, 9)=9-0=0 WD. Bla, y,2) = eA + DA} + Bek = Po with o(z,3,2) | Fah Hn 2.2.2) ~efln2,b3) = 8484-1 a Reve) (Bh 4 gh-GeBs Giaar enrhooely ‘smooth curve from the point (1,2, -t) to the point (2,4,~2). Neo Rian) Nay! at Rylays2) N,lane)= 4 Ryle v econ Mf.) = Ngle.y.2) MyCoy3) = RaCaates) and No(s 2), then the gen ctor feld F is conservative and the line integral is independent of the path C. WOiEC oe ne sega wit Aeection (1.2.1), Parametric equation fr C ae992 INTRODUCTION TO THE CALCULUS OF VECTOR FE -Byes(Leao-(b+ ge “ae + asap) ay 1st “al In Beenie 21A20, chow that the Hae integral ix independent of the pathy and compte the val tn Each exerci, Ce ny sotionaly stncthcirve fren print A to prnt B ‘= We may show the Tne jnteyral i path-ndepnen hy ening potential forthe veto fanetion BL, Fle.g) = Qy—s)i+ y+ Bei = Ue with olay) =2ey— beta J Peon = 0022)- 0100-9 = -bYD-C p= F 3 2, [Ooet anne (rani | dnederttyde sted setdyanetenct zens oft) S-sinae24e BB. Play) sao vit early} = Ve with dy) z tan y, | Pra = ot be) o-2.0)= WA. [stay de (in 9 +200 yh; A is (-2,0) and Bis (2) erating sin 9-+# cy wh Fopect oy, we eonertin at Fa potenti for the ftegrand. Coding, wend (ony += a9) ~ ain git on g $c 9h 4 “Ths the ntegl i independent of the path and ts val x H2,fx) ~ 0-209) = (-]VE+ 2) = (1-2-0) = 2 VE om a4 Bg = 0 with oly) = Edy. |r en BS, Wa) = PE it B= he wlth ate) = Se J 2 [gaat tat eat = ace oat a2 oe eéspageteee fs Bo + let 25+ (et a Bo J Pat=0.1.0)-6(0,00)=3-023 2B, Sloe ne (at hay $ ey 2s A (0.00, and 1,0, Rsys)= e942 Rye Ree Bylesnch M22) = Roy.) and No.2) = Rylan) then the given vector Feld P i coneereaive andthe live integrals idepedent of the path C. We tC be lie meen for (@.0.9) (1.11). wit dren 1,21, Param unions for C me ety= Teens [(ertaven erin slasnnes [Jeenueiesnee (tena [laeoane metsiny + 9 f an [erly een 2a to (0,8) = 6201) etn ten