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    capitulo 3

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    9 views15 pages

    Laseres

    Uploaded by

    Alfredo Elizalde
    capitulo 3

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 15
    24 ML Moe ro 7 in Chi and Ma Oe, Eee tenting Tannen weet °F fall oman Scan opts (apr) 217 RAL Wei), metry We Opes. NewYork endeme Pro.A tet psc pia nappy ele of Chap 2 Basic Laser Principles I onder for most lasers to operate, thee basic contons must be satis, Fos there mist be an sete mei, tht iy ollstion of tons, aes, (oF fos that em raion in the opal pat of the eecomagneti spectrum, (Wettequaty speak ofte active medias hough i wee eolktion sons ‘agin Justa cals, bowser the active mia ofa lsc might be ams, ‘molecules, ions ng or ai form) Second contion known as pol ‘Hos nesonmutexi Thi coadton i bighly anormal are crete In tier by an excitation process owe as ui. Flor tease esl tonto te pace thee must be sore fom ot eptkal feck presen he laser spo I this were ot presen the liner ght seve as an ampier of ‘sarrwband ight, but i could never pede te highly collimated monach ‘matic Dam that aks the ler asl Tho tre bse conditions and the Uinderjng pein are the como of hs chaper. Later im Chap 6 tke iscss aes! mates and vies tein stsing these eovdiions in Ihumber of erent ier As eal a the 1750, eidece was tes acura tat would erty ‘support qeantum bey gt and mat. Gs dicharge tubes the oe ‘inners oftedsys non sp were end to em ight only at deri wavelnets Father han in the continvou spectra predicted by classical theories. When ight trom thet sources wat psn through sand dpe By pm the pst ‘oF atomic elements exces by clea dicta appated a8 soups of inc. Salary was ound that many gases, whe liad bya whieh sour, “thie socal absorption of ight oly at dace wavekngth Decatse of "hei pil characters msi ad absorp spose such ates ore ein pce to be know a line apc, and by 1823 chad been shown that ach atomic Semen produced aches al idetae hoe spectrum, ate, eels ‘erescen Io eri these kind of bavi, exiting or absorbing action sefetewaelengts sn the fared pat of the specu, ieee ney States and Teasitins ‘he explanation of lin spc had to wa wot 193, whee Niel Bohs developed {theory tha allowed no pedi the waelenghs ofthe ine inthe smpet these sper, hat of dope. Bobrasumed that atoms can exis or ong Petia time in certsin dart nergy sates and postal thatthe obeved “nse oF atsoyption flight by those atom occurs when an atom makes a ‘rani rom oe dct energy ste to anater. The feguen o teem Sr aborted radiation, 8 fltd tothe cence in energy ofthe tw sates by tieerpresion Eo hr a 1625 10° joulesse: The constant of propotonty, Plasck’s i previony append i dacusons of The quantum cory of backbody rion Bul’ tre of he toms central mse rb bya charged tron ras had Om lai comp Each energy sate ertesponded to the te ‘Ton owbiting at «cnt ada tans rom the nosleue The development of ‘nodera gant theory has chaged ht decription. The ciasicl cosa of im elecon orig 4 mls ikea plane aout Ks su has Ben replaced by a [obublstiedesipon, which sates where the electron i mos ely 10 be Food but doesnot spect its exact posto. This probbistie dexison is Senfalted inthe atomic nave fron, whichis the olton to a dieenial tion) ha describ te atic tes dyna ‘the necesary information abou the eltron's “Sivonen the charge of he ncn the ec Bld si om the presence ‘other eer deserpion of any extern elec or magnetic ell nd ‘oth Daring the pt blcentary, quantum theory has been detloped to 4 gh reid mathematical daipline, Nooethl, the flaivelysnple oom ‘Spt of sable energy sates arate tasiton etme hee Wats remain ‘aA stoma nme trary energy ate can be indeed dations te ene fo undego a aston 1. higher energy state Ei» (E,~ Eh Ths the eneace of the absorption proces Eason is he feverse procs: The ato ally a state, emis gunatrs radiation, o photon, of eer Jing and in 6 doing makes» anion to sate Ey “saan Nambers "he waveunstion solution othe Sebroedinger equation fran eleton in bt roubd cnt nice andthe sable etonic energy st, o quan tate that desis hase parameter four umber called quam maners. Each ‘of thee nambers whi are dsgnate by specie symbol is wsocatd wih f pail physica propery the som aysem. The asouaiod phys roperien th convene! nation, and the range of allowable vals fo hoe {fnmtum numbers ae showe in Table 3 Tale Quanta umber. Pisin’ 4 Sueno 2 rt Angus moment 61,2. gr mamta 43-12 Sratowenenmt pa P sae ‘yin ot mn gt Saat Tee tee Soi tine i sino ac ates yh apt cl pe ia Each quntum stat forthe onelestron atom is charaterzed by a unique st of qutum numbery mah The quantom rab nis alle the pricpal ‘just manber Docs te erenes in energy ate grees fr eros in ‘Quantum sats with cif valu 1 gt be refered Yo ada quorum, Suber, ane i ces rated fo the werage dtc ofthe etrow fom {he nies The quan sumters I und mde (na probabilistic ena) ths cuanto which the dtroni orbit deviates rom a perf sphere: Dilltent taki of {tmocatad with deag amounts of eral angular omentum, ‘ovrcipond touch amalerdierences in energy. The sito sp, designated by soo clas courerart But can eutsbute to the energy ofthe alo. when de ckestron au snag ed. At wth the supe vals of a Tot cert vals of mand softs have te same taal energy. Such gata ‘ats redeteribed a dagenrate ener) tates When atoms i these stats ae ‘Placed ins magnetic ek the energy of ech degenerate tal nereasen oF de ‘Sunt bya amount that depends onthe alts fm apd Fe Gepencray s Sata e eared pe pe stag ce In matilecton ons, each cectron associated witha se of quantum sunburA very portant haters of som i exprased bythe Paul So naete xluionpricpe, which sate tha no exo eetons in an atom ean ave the ‘Sine set of gutatnn numbers Ione son in orbit about ates eur {evieed by the quantum gumbo n =I, = Gg Ors = 1/2 he sean estron mus have a atone uantu snber deen, or example += 72 Seectoe Rae 0 Transton Lietimes ‘The change of atomic energy sae wih the sltaneous absorption o emission igh i ered to an atomic tron Like sgtrone rb Wansidons ‘eon energy sates rea Jeb ie probubistgterns Cea ans, wih er ssoapanyingtbsorpion or rkse of eng re highly probable {ne are ered to lowed ‘ranons. Cas oie anstion rte to forties trations, re bighlyinpeobabl,eseuting perhaps thous tes ke eguaty than allowed transtions and perhapr ever! The res ‘hat govern rations ete gata sates and that gonseguen eerioe ‘hehe tancion allowed se caled seetion ae ‘One very simple example of slag rue sates hat theft spin of an stom oblate by summing thesia fs individual eto, cannot chan “ung trap, Consider tebe sons a earpleTn slowest en's) "nteycommonly cll the god stat the vo electrons nah tom hare {put of oppo si * The otal spn fan om the mo he nda ‘ton sping designated by Sis then = 1/2 + (12) = 18 an ete higher) ray ste wo eto pally hye dierent Fale andthe ltron ‘Sit am beet alike or oppose sgn without lang tbe excision pi ‘pl The leon cle govenng Total spin then imps tht tansitons fom, {Mesias tothe groan tate re alowed oly the spins of te eletons inthe exed tate are oppoite Sn, of “ped.” A twerectrn ttm i 8 sale with ped lesons (8 = 12 1/2 0) sav be na ingle ne I ihe piers alike (8 = 2-412 = 1) the tom ia to bein pet state “Thun the seein ae flu ha anton between sige aero Between {rll stats ay alowed. Transitions fom pe to singe, or om singlet to trl, however are frases ‘manure Othe prot ofa tanston i the ransion ei, This icune i considered fo be ether the perio a ne over whic the aston take lace (the patio of tne over wuch the quantum of energy, hs ab- oxbd ores), sullen the perio of te daring Wich the slut {othe Schrodinger eqeation sho te stom i ox el fo be found ‘Sal energy ate the ration, Type allowed anos take place oer pero of 8 microsecond oss. asx the aloml sem may femain i he Soper sate ofa forbulea vans fr a thousand to milion tines loot secon ye, see al the uaa ues he same COLT E ge obr ban dees \ icles. iicit ‘han in the oper sate of an allowed trast, tbe upper stats of forbidden [fansons art oben rere to ar matatble sates "The various alsin rl are generally obeyed by toms with relatively sal some numbers abd low-nass moleales As atomic and oor Sacre become more complete, however, qutumtumber asigamens brome more ifaw determine. and spxaclr “vations” af the election Fees occur Novertises,mtatabi statar are found instars and molecules of largest nal tron numbers lie ut of great importance to the devel bpmest ofthese) Asorpio ad Emision With the precdingdeiition of atomic cuantum sates and ransions as a fs, ect now conser nprener del heabuorpion ad emisionproceses thar ou in colations atoms or malas Conde an absorption pect ‘es whi eelpped wih a gl cel filed with anatomic au For smi, tre sume that the atoms inthe gas are characterized by two ents) at ‘he panand sate wath an energy Fy, and ning exced sate with an energy p(E] > Boy A beam of wht ight passed through the ell and dispersed By {he pram. Arpecrum ten without he as presen ip the els that o the Wi lait sure, smoothly varying ditibution ofthe clos of the specu. Wi ‘eps presat inthe cel beapseu shows a dt inein the whith spectrum ata natlength sven by : 6 where in accord wth By (3:1) The toma the gs have absorbed quanta of radiation fsergy at fequenty vy. Specialy, atoms have ben stimulated bythe incident fasten at iene) ry to under transis fom tbe round State to the Erotd state Energy H removed fom be Hit beam with 4 goresponding ‘ction in ight lve! onthe oatpt sagen fo the aston wavelength, 2 esau incident it encgy i mecomary for this absorption proves Loose, {he procs ten lred at simulated abortion Tut what of the atoms in energy sate Fy? Does the absorption process contin ui het reno stn the pound ate? Tas In fat dos not Tupper ecaseenson process quickly as 1 fll he ond sat (tral ‘ys vend to sek out he lowest enetgy configuration Som ait ting ex ‘had fo the higher tegy sate an acm ees a quan ef nea a quency ‘andro the ground sate. This easion prose can ssbme two forms, tn conras to an abseepton transion, ich must be nde by den! Hah a se of btn ey by ited aor at OSH ONE Sturttean amet ocr yh nes fran a te anton tay anon ih acurs iow exaltation or stinaltod acs when he atom nisi ac intrat ih a nce eat cergy a ihe anton eqns. Tae to dependent o- see ae tty samlaclaberyo se sate! shouts mF 3 Fe fs as ce h ae a ae ke fn ee em) can rs te ae Fone ct ring th avn, be sarc pose ses eae The simul emission proses ian esenilpart ofthe operation ofa her tous the id and four testo the acronyin LASER (Light ‘Rrnieaton by Stimulated Emision of Radiation). Unlike atm ening aarnessyapomancousemiston tamkion, wich oscw randomly 8 ine, ce tlcpuing smulated eon radiate tse santa of energy pune ‘Sith simulating roan. Thin mean hat ian atom stinolated to emit gh energy bya propagating wie, the atta! quantum of ney irate [the provts ols that nave on consrcie ba crag ts ampiods Iisa though 08 of the hypothetal seamary sources of Huygens piel Are cupmented by tue sure ada ting pase wh the gal Returning to our eipesnent with he gs cll we have noted that portion cf the cen radon alg 1 absorbed by the atom of tg Some smal action ofthis energy s etaated through stimulated cision, ‘norcing th gh Bogan The major portion af energy inthe excited atoms ‘Sled trough spontaneous eniton, however, radiating soeopclly In all “ccions fom the cell The rolction in eam iadance at yy ths pre ‘Eominanty ef he sharon and subsequent spontaneous emison of wane Fins Reto “The thee transition rossr—simulitd absorption, spoutaneous emission, tnd stimulated ems all oct in a soletin of atoms. to 1917, Alber. Tintin showed tha he ats of thee procs ae elated mathematical. The ‘rage tational este at wich atoms in energy slate, spontancousy Gop tobe ler energy slate Ey despa by a constant, yy the Bon co io of unter The serosal of fg it he tse forthe (=O) nso to osu a therfore the rans Mtn ef the state we rere Aovearie ey = sg there ae Ny stoms ia the olen with eneay Ey {he numb of aon soso that under spomtaneous eno sven BY Spontaneous emission rani ale = Nye a» “The vali of Aso and nee the ttl at, depends upon the king of om and ‘on the pute tana ovate er aml’ absorption and silt emiain to take plc, thee must te radntion energy pent Entei posted thatthe numberof atoms under fing abuorpuon anions each sec s proportional othe nares tons lth omer entgy ste Nak te spctl deny a tation eet. olsen’ atthe anon equa, Yo ‘Stimulated shsrpion ransiion ale = Nop By, as ‘ere the conan of proportionality, By. isthe insti coef of timate “ourpeoe Silay, the sae at which he Simulated ermison pros takes Place! measured enon pet second, ven by the abet atoms Thecnct ate tes the pect raton dens ies the Linch coir of stated emision, By abo 09 The efetve spectral radon energy’ deity sociated with he ight teu ‘ea tothe apa raion ef the eat by fC cewnting Eas {Saad 5} in era th pest radiance ofthe ligt hea, we thus bin Simla absorption anition sate = No By, 66 ane condos of thermal egiiviaa are wsume he coficients of simul {sorption and simula emission cn be showa io be eal, “ os an he eoticint of spntancow emis cane sown to Be rebe 1o the ‘Stic of simulated emission by the formula ty = ee eo Equations (38) and (39) are known a he lnc relations. Albouph ob tainol unde condoms of thermal equa, the equations cap be asad ror stad states, note aril condition, cten when tre thermal tibody. equhivium aot enabled The second Eatin tin tates thatthe ato ofthe probity of spontaneous emission fo the probably of ‘imate ensign fora gnen pur srg etl peopstonl to the cube ‘tthe eyoeny ofthe anion adam. Tis ube dapendeny 0 ¥asoun fe the toca diem aching ase ation at ray waveengi whte Wistar he ener ef 10 He At th fue, spontaneous emission oxes 30 Tapily fort high-oey ransiion that ight amplicon by the stimulated tnason proceso ot ces achieved Fotetely, ths ily nt great Iceimost vars wavelengths "Sur dacsron have bss i ers of ansitons between the ground sae san speed tome state Rea atoms are carscterued bya utp ‘roiteent ey stat, however, and stvorpion aod emisionWanstons ae Posie lin pimp kat) tna ay of thse tate For sbch fea omic Sues the Essa relations and he ener: eguency relation af Eq. (1) an ‘oxo for an arbitrary pa of atoms energy sates, Ey and (8) > E, ply by subattuing for Ey and, for fe. Albough the iteration of Fats fr all pone tumstion etwas amie sates wil be git compte, th ail oluce to the rlaely spe sti ations om pirate bai, 1.2 ot ttn aig oe et an Sime merce sero aod Saal Signal Gain Cocca Conse a collie bear of igh taveling ip the Edison amd ping thug an atom gas shown in Fig, 32 For simpli, we astume tat here ison a single dative transition wc ects Diveen two energy sates E, nd (Ey oe and tat the inn ight momachromatc a he tans itoyeney, oj — Eh The hts the beam characterized by is a ‘dance, 73 at foction of potion along the sans. We conser the cane He} wavering» sll wane: between plates at and s+ A inthe BS, att) = + Aa — te 19) Fora homogeneous ps Ml proportional oth oA ford: en smal) tnd fe} Thecomtant propor by detton te ubsrpton cof, Ae) = ate) 2 ean “The mina sgn inieats the reduction in eam caine brought aboot ty sorption sce ipo ot we rewste (3.11) iret ‘rent othe cil rate le Ee BAO ate) “ By att, We an ex sve this egaton fr He) asa anton othe dtr the ah Team trans though the pith thers Ha = Hoe ech Known as Bee's an HO) he ieraincs of he heute input to theescal “A is wally spt, corresponing tothe normal tention othe in en ben Unde eran circumstance, bower, Alcan be piv; an in et heam fight et teocetraeney canbe amplified rowing in gst “aes tna the sab Tho rpkation cam be ought of 3 epg lanpton proces, Pri to the invention ofthe laser, ach amplicon had wxeMicen Served Ie nuit to suggest, however, Row kg os. Roane for example that al the som ithe gs volume ekent are inte tres eneeysate Thee cin tbe Be ho absorpion. These an, owes, be ‘nua asin ‘An incidrs mane of fogueney cam simulate 310m {he elton to sate ti ol cory tb ee adated tte ase [Poqoncy. ye anim phos ith be tilting wave trey ampifing ‘No al som need be the upper energy stat for ampleton to «xu, ‘uv only nosy tht the umber of sts inthe upper ecry ste ofthe tanstion ce the number ithe lower ste In what follows, we ws the Fl class (show thatthe absorption soaisien, proportion to the aience i he populations of the two energy sss and Rene becomes apt i the ppulattn diference Doses agave. BY eGuing Degaie {orp witb ampiication, we then show ha having a majo of toms {he upper othe to transi ses 0 mecsar contin fright mpl ‘cation y simulated emisin, We eer one gain to Fig, 32 and use Bs, (3.6) an (3.7) 1 wit at prs for the ct umber, my of eetgyquata(ghotns) lot per cond to {ecofinated beam ait slough volume met os of tks ay x,t aoe te) = aan ~ xy ce Nand Nae the numberof ome nthe lower and upper energy tats, pectin Ve vole clement, and abd are te stinulated absorption and stimalat emission cet, espn fr the tansition between thee two elledsined energy eve B, bas been lninst inthe Secoad expresion banning Ea (38) in wing this exproson, we bave nore any seater, lose, Spontancnus enon basso bee nove, sae such gb, eid inal drs contribs ito the allel beam "To povde the Lak between ths expression, which contains te dierence in populations nd the absorption coeioent me ao expres the rat of eam oto lose ems ofthe vals ofthe eas weade at 2 and at © + Az la ale = ney He 7 as eas ins were) equals the team radiance at plane e+ 2) equals te beam Inadianer ater sing through hep ome met nA eyuals th ees stole ofthe sam sured tobe warm). We can squat expressions (td)and 815 or ayo bain Ha (nate nt = ay 91 a9 BO BP 0.4. amy Sentai (12 to repre ing bth es by. hing fra, weabuin . a caw ere we lnve kt fj SNA As an, = N/a epesent the numberof ‘loms per unit yolume, or lone popion dein of the two energy state. Eaton (218) pow he bn between the absorption coe, ah ‘he population difreace forthe wo tanstion sates. Normal, ester {ans (18 pose quanty and absorption occu. Suppose, honest that we ciate gonditon where greater han The ais nega {he te quanty (as) teapot of (213) eating andthe rads ‘ofthe Boum pws mh canoe sending w the tlton = te" ‘Sision i we wil uc te Baqueny Sepedene othe poses dace ete aie, the sosalledmalliga gin cet give by the elatonsip prow 250 p= ary 20) ‘he light beam i ample rather than attenuate, The process causing this [Powth n beam iene gt aplication by silted emision th dering Bae for bse operation ‘AS mae theme 0 sms the lower energy sale orally exces ‘he munber in the uppers, abd 2 postive (rf agate) Ii posible ta pens Lion trump to foes she station aod fo tentew cndion thos the population othe appr nergy ste exceeds that ofthe Kner, The ‘Ramen ofthis conden, kaven a platon inerson, const the seco Feil eiremet ofa sce he populon iverson equi righ amplicon consis an abnor ditcbvion of stn anon the varios svalableeactay lve To undertind fom ligt unpliaton can be achieved in med it nse Yo coer tin consltutess “orn” dsnbtion af atomicerorysate populations The Tartar banc of phys that deal with this robles called stasis! me: hmm and thease principle that Joes the Ustibuton is Boltzmann's prin otemane's Pine an the Population of Huey Levels ‘Corse colton of ioms in «gas thermal equiv a oom temper (re The reat jn the stom have clacton conbguatons covesponding to heir iound sate Some small ation af atoms aren excied tats beeane ‘fea energy that vay Avlabe Co Indu upward rains, With Tube temperate snore thera energy is valabe, andthe action of orm Irene sates large otaman’s pcp sects wat action of tors ‘cloud on the average, nay aria egy sate Tor any gen quran ‘Soporte, Saed materia, pan) nines een tt ei a a ery age pditen mein ‘where Nt amber of toms inthe ext stat; Ni tbe numberof atoms Inthe ground! tte; the oogy of he ected sae measure relative tothe ‘loud sate energy; Tis the abolote temperature in dares Kenn; and k= Top 10" joetk okemanes constant). Tis elatinship, Known a the ‘olomann race stated Fg. 33 whee the populations sveral ney level are shown measured relave othe population of the ground Sate From {hs bas elton pose o tam eral alleraue expressions The rato thea popatons in the us for wo arbitrary eo) lve , > ee Thus. for a specie number o ee ee, pei empoatr ana komm shame of aon the colton, is posible the ebm mon ‘eroratons eating many priclarenrgy sate, Ee otk” Ne Nen-nan Ne 33 naman dsinston fo serene oe Dashes ne as th pole ‘To obtain some fl forthe datsibtion i well to consider Ba. for gu curme coin AE kT and ME > AT. When AE LT, he ih temperature cass the Bosman ali we ust adhe population wt bey vel Ff eat egal othe population at eet level Ey It E, shoul bet ounteel energy, then E12) pits that stole states with eneries Aiensred last the proud tte otergy smalconpesto4 Tare populated toot the sane exe o he ground sate 1 onthe ther hand, AT smc Snail than Ey Ey the k-tempeatne asthe Bolan rao quit Saad stay tom ve Eno nth ight energy tte. & Boltzmann tat of Ye eon en ara onveien diving ine ete these tw etree ‘Stuntns Sesh ato occrs when Ey KT oe, euaeay, when the f= =a re [Attoom tenperaor, 7 ~ 300K. Tseng equncy ound by sling fore By 23) bas the vale of 10" Hay Tn tequency ite a Ina pt the specu (2 = 50s. aba we conte that for en) D> ‘ih teams fence the we inane oF vate feos, AT ch Stale han Aw room fenpestre a cig energy keel ae eset populated, vivaly alates are the proud sate This condition fob ‘Cted inthe ase ifrad and vobleaborpion spect of room-temperate ‘Docs mba al aversion ines ores to rast to some Bebe ing {fet kvel om tne ssid sate Absorpticn tiescrespeudig vo ans feeen hghrdyng energy sats are ot obserted. Shou he fepertue of thepasbe lnmot several thous dgres the quiron dsibaton changes [oom of rete ecapansy he bigher ener) level. Absorption Wanstns Seth eur now or a now es he not of Popatin Inversion: Two-Level Pung ‘As Tin Ea, 022) inscses, N)approaches WN bt cannot enced it, Under thermal eqilitciom conditions, the population of higher eneray state i never lager tha that of kmer energy tate. Hew then population inttsion ‘blanc! se? The answer ha he atoms teaser me mst be ‘tated or unped tos aoo-hcnslciirim dsrbtion trough tap “xn fsome enteral source ofenergy Once population inerson achieved, lit ampliiaton by stmultedemiaion cn te place "There ave many dierent tchnigrs for pumping colton of atoms 10 an jvete state Soe of tote we sal venigate in Chap 6 when We co Ser specie ser stems. efor staying these ecniqus in dts howe tne cam ent pea del about ser pumping by eonsideeg hice gent ‘hoies the tree! puoping chem: othe anon mast nd the hee {nd four level opi! pumping schemes (pico many dope instore, The ptr wee! pumping sche that we ball conse isnt ‘ployed for ners, being i fact angueto the moni Seam mer (MASE. 2 ep in tin ein 68 the aroma for Microwave Amplication by Stimulated Eission of Raison [Nevethels eree as amappwiprisestartig pot fora dacusion of pumping ‘homey astaingcetsn general characters of pomp In dion, the “montrbeam mas has great hstorval sgnioance, ance 1 was the iS muncmie device ever 1 amply eetromagnei ration by simulated emis ‘Son ud wan thus the professor of tod nes (Lass wee st cal ‘pal mses) i the snmonis mse, the astive mation i gs of ammonia molecules (St) The mer rponane tration sire Retwon tao quonized ene) ftv of a patcalr made o sibration ofthe mole The energy dlerence Rowen thaw to suites cortsponds Lo easton eyueicy of 24 GH (Gt 10" Hy wh he sbot-navelengthmictonave epon othe esto tagnei pet At ron ftpertue fy for v= 24 GH, and the Bolte aot wa ot. The sami of rok nthe Biber energy Sate thas very neu els doesnot eked the amber i the wet The unique apt of hesmmon-beam pumping technique that aches ' population inversion on tis tain by elctng phe spurton the Thgherenergy molecules rom he lamer nergy molclen The opuration pe ove by decng ammonia go no an lee Bld grant frodaced by 4 ‘gadrapot fas shown a ip. 34 Duet difeencs in the stucure of ‘he ammonia meal nie two eegy sates, the Beam Moke Jo nt all espa to fhe cases fe ath sre wis, Thowe mele i the igh of ‘he rsa Uist by) expen et fore inthe drstion of 20 ‘ett feo toward hen ofthe lsu The lomer-enery state melas {dovigntal by O} om the ster hand experience et oven say rom te a "Thee lowerstate moles tom condrae an the col walls ofthe Toes ate eetvly ecnved fom the esr. The molesles remaining i the bea, the grt mujoriy of whkh aren the ger cues) stale cote to the end of the ease, whee they eet smkznwanecnity tha eso the tans Frogungy. Beam te majority ofthe moles aver the cavity ae nthe fo hte population inven ext within the ea, and any il eect apni devurbaoe atthe tanaton eqns) amped smut ems Som This ampli disturbance s000 bulls 10 Sustaiaed clon. The Tn ofthis oan ite sal, eg govered primary bythe ery ‘ure linc of the NU sin (about 6000 Ha. Asa consequence, the ‘monia maser athe wed as roquency standard lathe short-wavelength ‘ogon ofthe mstonave spectrum, {Bettennentammeransanty Gnd Zeer ans Tora Com 66 eae ee ip Sat fh ammo mane eae he ners separ wo ra ye Py ee Nh ‘Sie BA gaen (qedruple ate) he bigherneeysiate ato (@) fe diced stench ronmanat == Eb Th pal prt en + ‘owen meczon swore! en tn at {eis important to aoe tat no population inversion could be induced on the Nit banal amstion nthou the mechanism for physic separating the melee into the two ses One might atempt to pump a majo of ‘Mcirls ito the higher energy sate by stimulated absorption, kradating fx ‘amps colton of mola wth microwave radiation ina foquney rae ‘Taeut 24 Gltz The reauant abortion Wansitens would comin owes, Sy along ase bas retuned abontive. Through our aplication o he len clans in ht sexton of this chap, however, we showed fat 2 ery pinnae the gas absorptive nly song he majority ofthe molecules ain the ower (lgy stat The harder the moecles are pampednamly, the move intense ihe pumping tedation at 34 GHe-the close the tno energy state populations edrivet tcqulty, unt at he it no more energy absorbed. Apopeation Ares inafwovel ests an never be achieved y ops PURI Optica Pumping: Tecan Fou-LevelSetemes Optical pumping Schomen, were population inversion is Brought shout by Snabied stort ryuies pres more complied ante des pum ‘atone fom te ground ste to the ups level ofa se transtion. The hee i ourleve schemes typical of opialy-panped dope insulator lsers ene ome the etre inpone ot # two-level sche by pomping ars inthe tne neiom fect the wpe sate ofthe tranon "Tne tv vel somata in ig 3, was st peoposed by Ble teen a Harvard University io 1956 Ina, the distention of atomiestate fopeltions obeys Rottranns aw, at shown fn Fig. 43h and the optical Tranton hetnn nergy sate E, an he ground Ste is absopuve i he cle Isom of atoms intent luminated~for example wth senon asl. {lags mtn of aot ca be ected Dough simulated absorption to the ghar energy vel Ey, From thee they dec to level ya show in Fig Bb) Withee intense pumping, mgmt numberof grounds ‘Noms can te pumped to level FA population iverson ous when the pop- ation of Ey exons hat of the wou tate, as shown i Fig 3. In rer for inersion to be ahve cay peso forte Warstion rom Eto 1.35 rnc rey by pu e+ la) Bt nants ety ase Ss peli Neen on me eee eee ac a ete ery as ta ae Ime cps elace 6 tate pi tte raid i, rth ~ 1 anton ove very sor et and Grtnagy sate te mssable ite cons asf, ground Nae noms re uly ump ol she hey end coum To sig wamicn om Es suresh ihe une) Ny Nya tute pomp tant highly tere Tru ser dose Chap sesona eve panne sms verter sen al ye hee Te ioe! ppg ysl vyuies ) highpamp pwc howes, ce {Ein a fc ae ssn he round ate an more than ob all “ithe ponds at mat be pepe othe oper sat 1 nce po itt ih ene epg es et hart feeaty rede! pumping sunt A shown fe Fig pump excaton Fits atoms tom fe found stato the hs of he ou eve inelved he proces Tom ths eve the toms day othe metre sate ad te fopulaim tsa ows apa. ec Memes be Dandie 0) teats ae abt ad that fe) ennton lone 3 ppuaion {Reno onthe Owns cn beatin a mali on inode paps pustons tency evs a rman eseal) hand wih he otf pumping, an os al umber eons net Fe 34 Popa af en I ore! yen Poplin ines tind [pane igh sey te fete ya dy ta owe ee ts ‘RSIS a het Re iene ene beaded othe population of ety level Eto make Ns greater than Ns (Chapter 4, we doce fouleval ton i greter dal “The dca meehans employed in purping rs canbe quite cons ated aad varied Tn alton tthe opin pumping scones jst described ‘here ae pumping tesniqus tat fly ob een discharge, the combustion ffi or pesuretmperaturecyting. Frequent thee scenes inte y ‘note haa the Uses or four eoigy eels caso here, a eomlcte itee ‘sions betmeen energy levels occur Nevertbels the simple opal punping ‘sous promried pe provide remarkably goed mdse Br pumping inthe ‘majny of eal aes, 23 OPTICAL FEEDBACK: THE LASER RESONATOR ‘The most det aplication of the amplilain-by tina piacile ‘incorporated inn sls lamp, device tat takes a spa Collinate! team of earrontund abt typcly fom Isr, nd sample {ight ampiers are reguary employed to crease the tp fray ses and esymimdoped ls ers ‘The Opti Restor Digest amplification of leh i the manner decribed above ie peal oa or 1 few sls trae Ths becawe the amoust of ampiation pode by ‘most ative medi (te eats of alos, on, ox oll partipating i {te stimulation proce) apelin actions of» pee pt ect Iter olight tala level such oo low to be uli single devise ft reasonahle lenght mex ses, this miation we crumvented by the we fof miors that det the ight eae bck and forth tvough the ative meus ‘any times. Wit such an artangerent, the efectve lng of te ampiing Ii becomes any ina the stl eth ofthe ner ler, for eae that has a 100-prent seostive ror oe end and a 8-prcent sft Inort he oor ed har an ctv length roughly 5 tines the actual ep Fatlon dance batneenmiors Although single-pass amplicon aay he te Smal or the verted mediam, the Total ampiiation provid by muliple sis cn be uta "Thre arson lasing yom in which ii ot pombe or practi o we snes because of the pumping cones ofthe hisime ofthe population ‘verion Noemly thes sens have sien amplicon to produce 4 ataly coherent tpt how frequency spread x cmsderbly arrows tha ‘hae spontaneous emtion linea Thee stems, which peate wih a ‘ested medium but witout moss foc mulpe reins, ate tleted 0 as “Siero Wiie woul probably Be weal to rer to than stems a5 eb smplier rather han sr, the esa sed trcangea, Perey ownl-Tip Power Gan and the Tes Coeion Thon huts with hight efltve iors ar ot ely amples he us FRE Mision: The marr nrados ebact = bou foming see mor or apa revo cry hat supports continuo eto cee Comitaionsa thar ansion fegueny tly, smal starbance mr Seeance quent vse by spontaneous emission wai he ev fn weve, npn suman east Susu ont somes nl of oan eats ‘Ria, mth of the maven win ec cvs ll aca ena) are timlate-emusion proces then serves o mati the baer ROE sary reqioment for the sxiltioas wo be cablske a se OF tbe pltons othe encgy lev of tek tation is no TSmShacnoete to req simpy that the population of he app state be Tee an hat fhe ower slate Various lt nln he oof power a eof nes ouput must be scountd for To oerom testes om pln coison he heb i, require eat abd eta eeeetons Ths thesold gan, tre tough Eg (220, pais the nina population iersion eed ‘Mela determine the minim pin nocesary fr operation of «laser by consdeng te Inte of aredance undergone by a beat of igh a the re + taney in avelng «round p path wi te ser. To simpy the ips we etme tat he active medio completely ils erga between ‘ae zero and thatthe panpangexcaton 5 uform. In traveling Kom mor Mepham ta at ent ce teenaieteetinadngaey mata See el cat Peete wen Stipend tora = tag tn etn ight inn uaa ni Rae My t mirror Ma, the beam radians insteses rom nil value, Fy 10 alae en by te tyrne Ws . mere Lis he separation of the mirors, is the soalsigna gin coin, nds the dtbted low per ant diane dae to scattering and posible ‘sopn in nonactveconsttucnt of thelasr medium Ae efi at mzor Marthe telaive beam alae piven 8 Ry eapl(f— a0) where, he Felts of mirror Mi) thera felt To nsdn! gt rans. Ae {Sretum tip trough the active medium apd a refletion at mvor M, (which as rete Ry tbe fal rounds reatie serene Bear ada is rents 6 = Re (18 ~ 20) “Ream radiance a ond of oundip sve radianc at tet cum 029) 6, whichis the ner roundsrp poms gun f the Ie (ate exponetaly it Should be noted, to hes sgl ga, unties the buldyp of oslo ‘ihn te ner fonction ff and terre, by E20) a8 a funtion ofthe Population deren IG grester dan wit, a sturbane atthe resonance FRanuency of he ise expesiaces mt ounsrip growth ia mug abd the {ieity culations inreans. Hom the other hand kes than nity, oscil tion within the cart die out We can therefore weit the tveskald onion Forts oxiltion G= Rysexp (200 ~ 211 = 629 In a ter deiodfor continous outa, sll sigal gin, which my have incensed momentarily to wall sone th ths level wh Me ome of Dp, drops daw o fy To oe hy thi 0, coder tat a Net rune Power gain gente ha oy cues the cv enengy dest terete ad ha {Tower pa ew than unky causes the entry dent to detese- Only Whe = ora prod of ne docs te ay enerey and therefore te ser eutput Powel) srt dawn (oa vadytate vate Tetfor the steady state value of {he ssi! pin mat sual hs fhesbold vale, By. This ping of the Saye ina he tres ale lee to a gmat, The smtlignal gun acer 10 support soc sea sateapeaton de Peds both on the constituent ofthe aser medi lou) and othe see ‘Sonnruton (hugh Ry. s0d L). Wercan ob. an expression fr fy {ees of ese parameters by aking the logy of both sides of (230, wth et 22 deere ‘form that emphasis the inl ato he wo erm sey epee ines of iy adsaton eating om absorption abd sales te etm: ‘rerpecsents he ration lst ote cant fa tbe fem of wel ouput TMS. ‘hon we roan the wf! vuput a, we an sat the lowing condition [steady stat nr osilaton: The a i yt he sam of the ses the Ie “hs expend in By (200, Pct asume a wie ange of vals, depending not only om A-¥ Bolas om intense popes of te ative mei. A ase (hth igheain act medium an be made fo ae compara cay. Ali tet ofthe rors ot very cia Some dus aad nperftions n he ve Aeaive miro sures canbe tle. In short, lowe clung utp) can ‘omer cae higher hesol sis allmable With ow-pin mediums be oter han estes tbe sr high loses made lo as posse ‘tnd mieor sures ently aligned tee lasing ea be is High seacyeate pan should ot be conlsed With high etiiency The ficety of ao sree by aking the rat of utp laser ight power {oiaut pumping power Ii depends op how well the pum power is channeled "PY gis * + |, e! @ oe @ Fg 37 Compton of face of rts on clr em) Thi ane SSAA aes i ey ce Scam a oy eee me ea eo wih rsh i cent ‘no inverting te ase transon popeations anon te pebabits for dierent ings of ronson Kom the sper energy state of hat transition Several exam pies ave gen in ig 47 Cortan laser the CO; laser bing a excelent example i aursttaed b bh high elcency [Sto pron and high all sia fin, Other losers, the argon ser for example hough hava igh gain are ‘Sacred by try kw efcency (10D tO pce ull theses are ‘doubly cus, avrg both ow gla and low iin. ‘atic ofthe Beam within the Resonator: The Salty Coin "Tha ain our dicusion ofthe optical eonaor, we have tcl assumed hat Tataton withthe ae ait props ck and forth betwen plane pra pow inthe form of well coisa beam. Bocuse of dirastion ele, how ‘hts 4 pers colimated bea cannot be maintained with mirrors of fine ‘hte and racio ofthe ifral cavity ration spills owt around the ees ‘tite mitrors Thi acon adasion n longer conte othe sind ‘mnsion proc in the cavity an represents» Lost that must be flamed y {higher Sellen gin and hence harder pumping) i aeration sto be {chueved For any mets and pumpin chee uch ada loses mean ie ference between auc and safest gain to reach thrsold. Only Ly esgning the loser senator to sce ant fll confinement ofthe beam Inthe covity have sects Boon able fo obtain utpas from many ter In peneal the problem of ceive difration loses overcome by curving the mins sghly tavard foward the evi, that by aking them sighly ‘beri and concave ard A deta destiption of the eft of ths mir fuevatre on lise operation would quite a riprows appation of dilation theory. 1B powibe howeveytheough an appltion of mach simpler 1a) racing techniques to determine those combinations of spereal mirs that Crrespond to hgiloss configurations and tose that eotespod to lols Snfigurations, The atl sas somewhat tedios and not present Tore We dese the encnal tp of te anal oweer, ad discuss the final at In Fig 38 i strated pai of poral microns exch poston with its enter urate on corning the op as ofthe resonator. The mis ‘re separated bya distance fer, the ass ofearatre of mucor Myers Ot ‘Of sizor My By comer, te rad ofearvatre of « mitor aon tobe Prive he enter of curva of the mir len the dieton ofthe ser ‘Sty there stake tobe set athe Ege, both Fad ae positive by ts coment) The ru-tacing techni segies that we consider 1) tight wit the evi, iy ery closet the optic anis aed inlin t ‘ey sal angle wth eps o sch aay idea pra ay and {hat we oes Ks blair an eet bck and forth Between th maior. i Oil wom ing of no tls Rae il ig Water urge number f efectos the a is oserved to iver fom the es0- ‘torus the dstance ofthe ay fom the ope ais ou to pow a he ‘umber af eles bncoms lagen cnele atthe putt resonator ‘Soligucaton ting analyaad ie haracteized by high loss om the otber hand, ‘he my fod to roma lowe the optic at we coed thal the eseratoe ta oot cmtguration. ‘by performing nich a8 anal fora abitrary mirc separation L and abla mer earvauresr aod, oa ean show tha sige contin called the stably condition is sated byw lows resonator configuration ondion te genoaly exposed in terms of to dimesionlss quant, the (poramcters he resonator, ie bythe equations stent e! grin’ aay fc M, sir My eth, Wh ie ik he ec

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