Fuels and

Lubricants
Handbook:
Technology,
Properties,
Performance,
and Testing

George E. Totten, Editor

Section Editors
Steven R. Westbrook
Rajesh J. Shah

ASTM Manual Series: MNL37WCD

ASTM International
100 Barr Harbor Drive
# PO Box C700
iMTBttmrmtM. West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959

Printed in the U. S. A.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Fuels and lubricants handbook: technology, properties,

performance, and testing/George E. Totten, editor;
section editors, Steven R. Westbrook, Rajesh J. Shah,
p. cm.—(ASTM manual series; MNL 37)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8031-2096-6
1. Fuel—Testing—Methodology. 2. Fuel—Analysis.
3. Lubrication and lubricants—Analysis. I. Totten,
George E. II. Westbrook, Steven R., 1956-III. Shah,
Rajesh J., 1969-IV. Series.

TP321.F84 2003
662',6—dc21 2003049604

Copyright © 2003 ASTM International, West Conshohocken,

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Foreword
This publication, Fuels and Lubricants Handbook: Technology, Properties, Performance,
and Testing, was sponsored by ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Fuels and Lubri-
cants and edited by George E. Totten, G. E. Totten & Associates, LLC, Seattle, Wash-
ington. The section editors were Steven R. Westbrook, Southwest Research Institute,
San Antonio, Texas; and Rajesh J. Shah, Koehler Instrument Company, Bohemia, New
York. This publication is Manual 37 of ASTM's manual series.
Contents
Preface—George E. Totten, Steven R. Westbropk, and Rajesh J. Shah ix

I. PETROLEUM REFINING PROCESSES FOR FUELS

AND LUBRICANT BASESTOCKS—^o/esfe / . Shah, Section Editor

Chapter 1—Petroleum Oil Refining 3

Marvin S. Rakow

II. FUELS: PROPERTIES AND PERFORMANCE—

Steven R. Westbrook, Section Editor

Chapter 2—Liquefied Petroleiun Gas 31

Roberts. Falkiner

Chapter 3—Motor Gasoline 61

B. Hamilton and Robert J. Falkiner

Chapter 4—Aviation Fuels 89

Kurt H. Strauss

Chapter 5—^Automotive Diesel and Non-Aviation Gas Turbine Fuels 115

Steven R. Westbrook and Richard he Cren

Chapter 6—Introduction to Marine Petroleum Fuels 145

Matthew F. Winkler

III. HYDROCARBONS AND SYNTHETIC LUBRICANTS:

PROPERTIES AND PERFORMANCE—/?a;es/i/. Shah, Section Editor

Chapter 7—Hydrocarbon Base Oil Chemistry 169

Arthur J. Stipanovic

Chapter 8—Hydrocarbons for Chemical and Specialty Uses 185

Dennis W. Brunett, George E. Totten, and Paul M. Matlock

Chapter 9—Additives and Additive Chemistry 199

Syed Q. A. Rizvi

Chapter 10—Synthetic Lubricants: Nonaqueous 249

Thomas F. Buenemann, Steve Boyde, Steve Randies,
and Ian Thompson

Chapter 11—Environmentally Friendly Oils 267

Hubertus Murrenhoff and Andreas Remmelmann

Chapter 12—Turbine Lubricating Oils and Hydraulic Fluids 297

W. David Phillips
vi CONTENTS

Chapter 13—Hydraulic Fliiids 353

Willie A. Givens and Paul W. Michael

Chapter 14—Compressor Lubricants 383

Desh Garg, George E. Totten, and Glenn M. Webster

Chapter 15—Refrigeration Lubricants—Properties and Applications 413

H. Harvey Michels and Tobias H. Sienel

Chapter 16—Gear Lubricants 431

Vasudevan Bala

Chapter 17—Automotive Lubricants 465

Shirley E. Schwartz, Simon C. Tung, and Michael L. McMillan

Chapter 18—Metalworking and Machining Fluids 497

Syed Q. A. Rizvi

Chapter 19—Petroleum Waxes 525

G. Ali Mansoori, H. Lindsey Barnes, and Glenn M. Webster

Chapter 20—Lubricating Greases 557

Thomas M. Verdura, Glen Brunette, and Rajesh Shah

Chapter 21—Mineral Oil Heat Transfer Fluids 573

John Fuhr, Jim Oetinger, George E. Totten, and Glenn M. Webster

Chapter 22—Non-Lubricating Process Fluids: Steel

Quenching Technology 587
Bozidar Liscic, Hans M. Tensi, George E. Totten,
and Glenn M. Webster

rv. PERFORMANCE/PROPERTY TESTING PROCEDURES—

Steven R. Westbrook and Rajesh J. Shah, Section Editors

Chapter 23—Static Petroleum Measurement 635

Lee Oppenheim

Chapter 24—Hydrocarbon Analysis 649

James C. Fitch and Mark Barnes

Chapter 25—Volatility 675

Rey G. Montemayor

Chapter 26—Elemental Analysis 707

R. Kishore Nadkami

Chapter 27—Diesel Fuel Combustion Characteristics 717

Thomas W. Ryan HI

Chapter 28—Engineering Sciences of Aerospace Fuels 729

Eric M. Goodger

Chapter 29—Properties of Fuels, Petroleum Pitch, Petroleum Coke,

and Carbon Materials 757
Semih Eser and John M. Andresen
 CONTENTS vii

Chapter 30—Oxidation of Lubricants and Fuels 787

Gerald J. Cochrac and Syed Q. A. Rizvi

Chapter 31—Corrosion 825

Maureen E. Hunter and Robert F. Baker

Chapter 32—Flow Properties and Shear StabiUty 833

Robert E. Manning and M. Richard Hoover

Chapter 33—Cold Flow Properties 879

Robert E. Manning and M. Richard Hoover

Chapter 34—Environmental Characteristics of Fuels

and Lubricants 885
Mark L. Hinman

Chapter 35—Lubrication and Tribology Fundamentals 909

Hong Liang, George E. Totten, and Glenn M. Webster

Chapter 36—Bench Test Modeling 963

Lavem D. Wedeven

Chapter 37—Lubricant Friction and Wear Testing 1017

Michael Anderson and Frederick E. Schmidt

Chapter 38—Statistical Quality Assurance of Measurement Processes

for Petroleiun and Petroleum Products 1043
Alex T. C. Lau

Index 1061
Preface

There are many books on various aspects of fuels and lubricant chemistry, applications,
and testing. However, few focus on testing and none provide extensive, in-depth cover-
age on fluid properties and testing methodologies together. And while there are nu-
merous national and international standards that deal with specific testing procedures
appropriate for fuels and lubricants, it is generally beyond the scope of these proce-
dures to provide an extensive discussion of the principles behind the tests and their re-
lationship to the properties themselves. Therefore, there is a strong need to address
these informational shortcomings in the Fuels and Lubricants industry, which is one of
the most significant tasks undertaken in this work.
The ASTM Fuels and Lubricants Handbook: Technology, Properties, Perfor-
mance, and Testing is an extensive, in-depth, well-referenced handbook that provides
a detailed overview of various testing methodologies and also provides a thorough
overview of the applications-related properties being tested. Since this manual provides
an overview of all of the ASTM and important non-ASTM test procedures relating to the
application areas addressed, it is an excellent companion text to the Annual Book of
ASTM Book of Standards, or it is an invaluable reference manual on its own.
The organization of the ASTM Fuels and Lubricants Handbook: Technology, Prop-
erties, Performance, and Testing is based approximately on the committee structure
of the ASTM D.02 Petroleum Fuels and Lubricants Committee and the standards for
which each committee is responsible. The information in this text is subdivided into
four sections: I-Petroleum Refining Processes for Fuels and Lubricant Basestocks;
II-Fuels; Ill-Hydrocarbons and Synthetic Lubricants; and IV-Performance/Property
Testing Procedures.
This manual contains thirty-eight chapters covering the following topics:
• An overview of petroleum oil refining processes
• Liquified petroleum gas (LPG)
• Aviation, automotive diesel, non-aviation gas turbine, and marine fuels
• Gasoline and oxygenated fuel blends
• Petroleum hydrocarbon base oil chemistry
• Synthetic hydrocarbons
• Environmentally friendly fluids including those formulated from vegetable oil and
synthetic ester basestocks
• Lubricating oils for turbines, compressors (industrial and refrigeration), gears, and
automotive applications
• Metalworking fluids
• Petroleum waxes
• Lubricating greases
• Oils used in non-lubricating applications: heat transfer fluids and metal quenchants
• Detailed discussion on: static petroleum measurement, volatility, elemental analysis,
fuel combustion characteristics, oxidation, corrosion and viscosity
• Properties of coke, petroleum pitch, and carbon materials
• Hydrocarbon structural analysis procedures
• An extensive discussion of lubrication and wear
• Environmental and toxicity testing
• Statistical quality assurance testing procedures
Essentially, all of the numerous important applications and test methods involved
in the Fuels and Lubricants industry are discussed and referenced here. We strongly
believe that this book will be an invaluable resource for anyone working in this
industry, especially since this information is not available in any other single source.
ix
X PREFACE

The preparation of a text of this scope was an enormous task involving many people.
The editors are deeply indebted to the authors for their h a r d work and incredible pa-
tience. Specicd thanks go to Monica Siperko and Kathy Demoga at ASTM for their con-
tinued support and encouragement throughout the development of this text. The edi-
tors are especially indebted to their families for many evenings and weekends lost to
this project. We Eilso acknowledge the vital support of Southwest Research Institute and
the Koehler Instrument Corporation.

George E. Totten
General Editor
G.E. Totten & Associates, LLC.
Seattle, WA, USA

Steven R. Westbrook
Section Editor-Fuels
Southwest Research Institute
San Antonio, TX, USA

Rajesh J. Shah
Section Editor-Lubricants
Koehler Instrument Company
Bohemia, NY, USA