PROBLEM No. 1.

(a) Determine whether the continuum assumption is satisfied if one is

to study the settling time of solid particle (diameter ≈ 1 x 10-4 cm) in atmospheric air
(assume that the mean free length λm of air ≈ 1.0 x 10-7 m).
(b) Show that: “under the influence of a shear stress, a fluid will deform continuously”.!
!
a)!
λ
Kn = m !!for!the!continuum!assumption!to!be!valid! Kn ≤ 0.01 !
d
!
1.0 x 10 −7
Kn = = 0.001 ,!which!is!less!than!0.01!
1.0 x 10 −4
!
Therefore,!the!continuum!assumption!is#satisfied#
!
(b)!
!
Newton’s law for viscosity:
!
∂u ∂ ∂x ∂ ∂x ∂ε !
τ=µ =µ =µ =µ
∂y ∂y ∂t ∂ t ∂y ∂t !
!
!
∂ε τ $τ '
€ = !then! ε = & ) t + const !
∂t µ % µ ( const
!
Therefore,!
!
€ €
A!fluid!element!“under the influence of a shear stress, a fluid will deform
continuously”.
PROBLEM No. 2. Consider the fully developed laminar flow between infinite
ROBLEM No. 3 Consider!the!steady,!incompressible,!inviscid!flow!within!the!
enclosure!shown!underneath.!Based!on!the!conservation!of!mass!and!momentum!
 equations!develop!expressions!for!the!radial!velocity (Vr ) !component!and!the!static!
pressure! ( p) !in! ri ≤ r ≤ R .!The!flow!is!assumed!to!be!axisymmetric,!both!the!
tangential!( Vθ )!and!axial!( Vz )!velocity!components!are!zero,!and!the!body!forces!are!
Problem negligible.!The!velocity!and!pressure!at!the!outlet!are!
6.19 [4] Vr out and! p out !(Both!uniform).#

################ #
############################# Vr out , pout #
!
Solution#
SOLUTION#
! !
Continuity:!
!
∂vr + 1 ∂vθ + ∂vz + vr = 0
!
∂r r ∂θ ∂z r

dVr Vr dVr V dVr dr

+ =0 → =− r → =−
dr r dr r Vr r

#1&
ln (Vr ) = − ln ( r ) + C → ln (Vr ) = ln % ( + C !
$r'

!1$
ln # &+c
ln (Vr ) "r% 1
e =e or!!!!!!!!! Vr = C '
r !
!
At r = R , V = −U !!!or! C ' = −U R !
At! r = R, Vr =oV r out r → in C ' = V r out R ! in o
! !
V R
V r = U r outR !
Vr = − in r o !
! r
z-momentum

ρ ∂vz + v ∂v z + vθ ∂vz + v ∂ vz = ρ g z - ∂p + µ ∇ 2
vz
r z
∂t ∂r r ∂θ ∂z ∂z

∂p
 !

Uin Ro
Vr = − !
r
z-momentum

ρ ∂vz + v ∂v z + vθ ∂vz + v ∂ vz = ρ g z - ∂p + µ ∇ 2
vz
r z
∂t ∂r r ∂θ ∂z ∂z

∂p
=0 → p ≠ fn (z)
∂z

r-momentum

∂vr + v ∂v r + vθ ∂vr + v ∂vr - vθ2 = ρ g - ∂p !

ρ r z r
∂t ∂r r ∂θ ∂z r ∂r
!
!

∂v
∇ v r - v2r - 22 θ
2
+µ
r r ∂θ
!
2 2 ∂2 2
∂
2 2 ∂ ∂ 1∂
2∂
∂1 ∂
2
∇ ≡ + ∇1 ≡ + 2 1+ r ++ 2 2
+ 2
∂r 2 r ∂r ∂r r 2 ∂θ 2∂r ∂zr 2 ∂θ ∂z
!
!

dVr dp dVr dp
ρ Vr = − ρ Vr dr = − dr
dr dr
!
!
2
dV r
d Vr Uin Rod V UVinr R
out R dV # V" r outUR &R# %V" U
" r Uin r Ro=% ρ
" U$ −
R &% (V r out R) !
in Ro = − dp
r out
Roin%(%o−' $dp
=
r=−
= o
!!!!!!!!therefore!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!therefore!!!!!!!!!
2
→ V % in
ρ $ − dr ' $ # r2 r''=$ −& # r r 2 '& 2 ('
2 dr
dr r 2r
dr r3
dr r # r & # r & dr
!
2

!
R)
ρ
(V =
dp
r out
!
2 3 2
ρ Uin Ro dp r
2 2 ρ U R dpdr Uin2 Rdp 2 ρ Uin2 Ro2
= → dr = in
dp =
oρ→ o =
dr !! r 3 dr !!
!r 3 dr r 3
r 3

!
! ! 2

!
2 dr
p = ρ (V r out R) ∫ 3 + C = − ρ
(V r out R)
+2 C ! 2
drr 2 22r 2 ρ U in Ro
+C ! 2r2 +C !
2 2
2p = dr U R
p = !ρ Uin Ro ∫ 3 +in C o ∫ →
2 ρ U R + C ρ → in p
o = −
r 3 p=− 2
r 2r
V r2out
At! r = R,! p = p out → C = ρ + p out !
! 2
! ρ Uin2 Ro2 ρ Uin2
At r = Ro , p = pinρ!or!!Uin2 pRino2= − ρ U 2
+ C → Cin = pin + !
At r = Ro , p = pin !or!! pin = − 2
+ C 2→R 2C = pin + ! 2
2 Ro o 2

ρ Uin2 Ro22 ρU 2 ρU 2 " R2%

ρ Uin2 Rpo2= − ρ2Uin + pinρ +Uin2 "in =Ro2 % in $1 − o2 ' + pin !
p=− 2
+ pin +2 r = 2$1 − 2 '2+ pin# ! r &
 2

p=−ρ
(V r out R)
+ρ
V r2out
+ p out =ρ
V r2out ( " R % 2 +
*1− $ ' - !
2r 2 2 2 *) # r & -,
!
PROBLEM 4 Consider!the!steady,!incompressible,!laminar!flow!developed!within!
the!two!infinite!plates!shown!in!Figure!4.!Plate!A!is!stationary!while!B!is!moving!
with!a!constant!velocity!Wo.!The!space!between!the!plates!is!filled!with!oil!having!a!
viscosity!µ!and!density!ρ.!The x and y components of oil velocity are equal to zero,
while ∂w /∂x = 0 .
A B

ho
€

Wo
g
z

x y

!
!
Figure#4.!Two!infinite!flat!plates!A!&!B.!Plate!A!is!stationary,!while!Plate!B is
moving upwards with a constant velocity Wo.

i. Show that the velocity distribution inside the gap is:

c W dp
w = o ( y 2 − ho y ) + o y ,!where! c o = ρ g +
2µ ho dz !
ii. Find the maximum velocity and volumetric flow rate per unit depth.
#
€# €
Solution#
!
!
∂u ∂v ∂w
+ + = 0!
∂x ∂y ∂z
!
∂w
= 0 !or! w ≠ Fn ( z) .!Since! w ≠ Fn ( z) ≠ Fn ( x ) !then! w = Fn (y) !alone.!
∂z
€
!
xImomentum:!
! € € €
€ $ ∂u $∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u '
∂u ∂u ∂u ' ∂p
ρ% +u +v +w ( = ρ αx − + µ % 2 + 2 + 2 (!
& ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ) ∂x & ∂x ∂y ∂z )
!

€
 yImomentum!
!
$ ∂v ∂v ∂v ∂w ' ∂p $ ∂ 2v ∂ 2v ∂ 2v '
ρ% +u +v +w ( = ρ αy − + µ % 2 + 2 + 2 (!
& ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ) ∂y & ∂x ∂y ∂z )
!
zImomentum!
!
€ $ ∂w $∂ 2w ∂ 2w ∂ 2w '
∂w ∂w ∂w ' ∂p
ρ% +u +v +w ( = ρ αz − + µ % 2 + 2 + 2 (!
& ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ) ∂z & ∂x ∂y ∂z )
!
xImomentum:!
!
€ ∂p
− = 0!
∂x
!
yImomentum!
!
€ ∂p
− =0 !
∂y
!
zImomentum!
!
€
dp d 2w
0=−ρ g− +µ 2 !
dz dy
!
d 2w dp d 2w dp
µ 2 =ρ g+ = co! →! µ 2 = c o !and! ρ g + = co!
€ dy dz dy dz
!
d 2w dw c o c
µ 2 = c o !!→!!! = y + c1!!→!!! w = o y 2 + c1 y + c 2 !
€ dy dy µ € 2€µ
!
(i)!y!=!0,!w!=!0!!!→!! c 2 = 0 !
c W c
€ (ii)!y!=!h
€o,!w!=!Wo(!!→!! W o € = o ho 2 + c1ho or! c1 = o − o ho !
2µ ho 2 µ
! €
c #W c & c c W
Then! w = o y 2 + % o − o ho ( y !!→!! w = o y 2 − o ho y + o y !or!
2 µ€ $ ho 2 µ ' € 2µ 2µ ho
!
co 2 W dp
w=
2µ
( y − ho y ) + o y ,!where! c o = ρ g +
ho dz !
€ €
!
Maximum!Velocity:!
€ €
 !
dw c o c W 1 W µ
= y − o ho + o = 0 !!→!! y cr = ho − o !
dy µ 2µ ho 2 ho c o
!
Then,!
!
€ €2
co " 1 Wo µ % c "1 W µ % W "1 W µ%
wy crit = $ ho − ' − o ho $ ho − o ' + o $ ho − o ' !
2µ # 2 ho co & 2µ # 2 ho co & ho # 2 ho co &
!
ho
Volumetric!Flow!Rate!=! ∫ w dy =
0 !
!
ho # co 2 co W & c c W
∫ 0
$
% 2µ
y −
2µ
ho y + o y ' dy = o ho 3 − o ho 3 + o ho
ho ( 6µ 4µ 2
€ !
!
!
Wo c
€ = ho − o h o 3 !
2 12 µ a