1intro PPT PDF

GENERAL INTRODUCTION OF
PARASITOLOGY
Sitti Wahyuni, MD, PhD
Department of Parasitology
Medical Faculty, Hasanuddin
University
29/07/09 S.Wahyuni/BMD 1
Parasitology
• Science which deals with organisms that take up
their abodes, temporarily or permanently, on or
within other living organisms for the purpose of
procuring food
• Parasite: bacteria, viruses, ricketsias,
spirochetes, fungi and animal
• Parasitology: animal parasite
– Protozoa
– Helminth
– Arthropoda
Why they need other organisms?
• Parasite needs suitable environment to

carry on unimpeded the functions of
digestion, excretion, respiration, and
reproduction
• Parasite lack the necessary organs for

assimilating raw food materials
Parasite characteristic
Diversity in size
Taeni
a
sagin
ata
Plasm
Asymptomatic
odium
falcipa
rum
host
Multiple host parasite host
host
Parasite characteristic
• Most go through complex life cycles
• Most are chronic because of weak innate
immunity and the ability of parasites to evade
or resist elimination by adaptive immune
responses.
• Able to survive and replicate in their hosts
because they are well adapted to resisting
host defenses
• Many anti-parasite are not effective at killing
the organisms.
• Vaccine are not available for most of cases
Types of Parasites
• Location:
• Number of host:
– Ectoparasite
– Monoksen
– Endoparasite
– Poliksen
• Host dependence:
– Facultative
– Obligate
• Time living in host
– Temporary
– Permanent
• Pathogenic parasite: causes injury to the
host
• Pseudoparasite: an artifact mistaken for a
parasite.
• Coprozoic/ spurious parasite: foreign
species that has passed through human
body without infecting man.
Host
• Intermediate host: where parasite pass

developmental stages before reaches a final
host
• The final or definitive host: where parasite
harbors the adult or sexually mature
• Reservoir host: Animal that has capability to
hosted the same parasite with human
• Paratenic host: Host that has an infective stage
of parasite which will not develop but can
transmit it the parasite to other host.
• principal host: with other animals also
infected (reservoar)
• incidental host: with one or several other
animals as principal hosts intermediate
host
Other terminology
• Habitat: Natural living place of one parasite
• Vektor: organisms (usually arthropode) which
can transmit parasite to human or animal
• Carrier: Someone who carry parasite but not
showing any symptoms (important in parasite
transmission)
• Zoonosis: a disease involving a parasite for
which the normal host is an animal, and wherein
man can also be infected.
• Infection: invasion by endoparasites a
• Infestation: external parasitism of ectoparasites
10
Scientific Nomenclature
• Classified according to the International Code of
Zoological Nomenclature
• Each parasite belongs to a phylum, class, order,

family, genus, and species.
• The names of genera and species are printed in italics
• The generic name begins with a capital and the

specific name with a small letter
Ascaris lumbricoides
Distribution of Parasites in the Animal
Kingdom
Subkingdom Phylum Subphylum Parasitic Human

species parasite
Protozoa Sarcomastighopora Sarcodima Many +
Apicomplexa Mastigophora Many +
Ciliapora Many +
Microspora Many
Arthropoda Insecta Many +
Arachnida Many +
Crustacea Many -
Helminthes Platyhelminthes Cestoda All +
Trematoda All +
Nemathelminthes Nematoda All +
History
• The famous Ebers papyrus

(1600 B.C) contains some of
the earliest records of the
presence of parasitic worms in
man
• Persian, Egyptian, Greek,

Roman, and Arabic physicians
were familiar with various
parasitic worms.
• Modern parasitology (dates from 1379):
Jehan de Brie discovered the liver fluke,
Fasciola hepatica, in sheep.
• Eighteenth century
– Many parasitic worms and arthropods were described
– Little progress until the compound microscope made
possible the study of the small protozoan parasites,
larvae and detailed structures of the helminths.
Eighteen century
Year Discovered by Helminth
1835 Owen Larva of Trichinella spiralis
1838 Dubini Ancylostoma duodenale
1851 Bilharz Schistosoma haematobium,
Year Discovered by Protozoa
1836 Donne Trichomonas vaginalis
1849 Gros Endamoeba gingivalis
1856 Malmsten Balantidium coli
1859 Lambl Giardia lamblia
1860 Davaine Trichomonas hominis
1875 Losch E histolytica in patients with diarrhea
1880 Laveran quartan malarial parasite of man
1900 Leishman Leishmania donovani (kala-azar)
1901
29/07/09
Forde T gambiense (African sleeping sickness).
S.Wahyuni/BMD 15
Life cycles discovered
Year Parasite
1850 - 1900 Taenia solium
Echinococcus granulosus
Fasciola hepatica
Ancylostoma duodenale
1900-1920 Schistosoma japonicum
Clonorchis sinesis
Diphyllobothrium latum
Scientific Nomenclature
• Classified according to the International Code of
Zoological Nomenclature
• Each parasite belongs to a phylum, class, order, family,

genus, and species.
• The names of genera and species are printed in italics
• The generic name begins with a capital and the specific

name with a small letter
• Modern parasitology dates from 1379 when Jehan
de Brie discovered the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica,
in sheep.
• Eighteenth century
– Many parasitic worms and arthropods were described
– There was little progress until the compound microscope
made possible the study of the small protozoan parasites
and of the larvae and detailed structures of the helminths.
Geographic Distribution
• The endemicity of a parasite depends upon
– presence and habits of a suitable host
– easy escape from the host
– environmental conditions favoring survival outside the
host
• Parasites life cycle:

– simple life cycles are more likely to have a cosmopolitan
distribution than those with complicated life cycles.
– parasites restricted to a single species of host generally
have a more limited range than those that infect several
species.
• Economic and social conditions
– Irrigation projects and the use of night soil in agriculture
provide facilities for parasitic infection.
– Inadequate individual and community sanitation, low
standards of living, and ignorance favor the spread of
parasitic diseases.
• Religious rites
– immersion in heavily contaminated water
• Migrations
– The importation of the Negro to the Western Hemisphere
was accompanied by hookworm disease and schistosomiasis.
– Immigrants from the Baltic
29/07/09
countries introduced the fish 20
S.Wahyuni/BMD
tapeworm into North America.
• Many important species of parasites have a
world-wide distribution
• Tropical countries where optimal conditions of
temperature and humidity are present are
most favorable for the survival, larval
development, and transmission of parasites.
• Each parasite has an optimal range of
temperature for its development
Life Cycle
• Parasites have developed life cycles through
adaptation to their hosts & external environment.
• Some parasite may:
– spend their entire lives within the host
– spend their entire lives within the host
– pass through developmental stages in an intermediate host
before it reaches a final host
• Most parasites (except arthropods) attain sexual
maturity in their hosts.
– Some may pass through developmental stages in an
intermediate host before it reaches a final host
29/07
S.Wahyuni/BMD 22
/09
• A parasite has special adaptation to only one or
at most a few species of animals including man
• The special adaptation depends upon :

– invasive power of the parasite
– susceptibility of the host
– opportunity for contact between parasite &
host
• Hosts play a role in the continuity of the
parasite's life cycle
• Life cycles of parasites
may need:
a. existence outside
host
b. development during
free-living existence
c. direct transmission
from host to host.
d. one intermediate host with or without free living

existence
e. more than one intermediate host with or without free-
living existence final & intermediate host in same
species
• Lifecycle may:
– Simple:
• Only need one host
• Have cosmopolitan (worldwide) distribution
• Higher survival
– Complicated:
• Need more than 2 host
• Restricted area distribution
• Low survival
• knowledge of the life cycle of a parasite is important to

know transmission & how to do prevention
Simple lifecycle
Complicated life-cycle
Mf life span: 1 year
adult survival:
15 years or longer
Transmission
• Involves 3 factors:
1. source of the infection: human or animal
2. mode of transmission
3. presence of a susceptible host.
• The combined effect of 3 factors determines
the dispersibility and prevalence of the
parasite at any given time and place.
• Direct contact with first host:
• Trichomonas vaginalis
• Sarcoptes scabiei
• Ingest:
– infective form:
• Ascaris lumbricoides
• Entamoeba histolytica
– Host intermediate contains larva
• Beef: T. saginata
• Crabs: P. westerman
• Infective larve invade through the skin
– Direct:
– Necator americanus
– Strongyloides stercoralis
– Host intermediate bite:
– Plasmodium falciparum
– Trypanosoma gambiense
• Transplasenter:
• Toxoplasma gondii
• Plasmodium vivax
• Transfusion
• Plasmodium falciparum
• Plasmodium vivax
• Inhalation
• Enterobius vermicularis
Source of infection:
A,diagnosis & treatment Susceptable person:
B,isolation E. immunization
C,blocking out flowing injection F. cleanliness & hygiene
D,detection of carriers and missed cases G. isolation & screening
H. quarantine
Contaminated
• Soil polluted with human excreta:
– Ascaris lumbricoides
– Trichocephalus trichiurus
– Human hookworms
– Strongyloides stercoralis
• Water may contain:

– parasitic amebas
– intestinal flagellates
– Taenia solium eggs
– cercarial stage of the human blood flukes
• Food:
– Freshwater fishes: fish tapeworm (D.latum) &
several types of intestinal & liver flukes
– Crabs and crayfishes: Oriental lung fluke
– Pig: T.spiralis and T.solium
– Beef: Taenia saginata
– Buffalo nuts (Trapa spp.): giant intestinal fluke
(Fasciolopsis buski),
– Watercress (Nasturtium officinale):sheep liver
fluke (Fasciola hepatica)
• Arthropods:
– Malaria parasites, Leishmanias, Trypanosomes, filaria
• Dogs:
– Hydatid cyst of E. granulosus
– larva migrans: T.canis or T.cati
• Herbivorous: Trichostrongylus spp
• Other human:
• E.histolytica, E.vermicularis & H. nana).
• Self infection:
• reinfections with Strongyloides stercoralis.
–
• Natural adaptability of the parasite & the ease of
transmission depends upon
– habits and communal associations
– resistance of the host
• Chances of infection are increased by

– overcrowding
– movements of population
– environmental conditions favoring the extracorporeal
existence of the parasite
– lack of sanitation and communal hygiene
Incubation
• Biological incubation: the development of the
parasite in the host :
1. exposure to infection: process of inoculation
2. development of the infection: simple or may lenghty
& complicated
3. end of biological incubation, can bee seen in:
• feces or other excreta
• blood circulation (parasitemia)
• aspiration, biopsy or other diagnostic procedure
• Clinical incubation: interval between exposure and
the earliest evidence of symptoms produced as a
result of the infection (or infestation)
Simple stage in human
cleavage stage 60 to 70 days
15 to 30 days
2-cell stage
3,000 - 20,000 eggs per day
Life span is about 1 year
Complicated life cycle
10 to 14 days
2 and 3 months
200,000 eggs per day
Adult worms can live 1 to 2 years.


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GENERAL INTRODUCTION OF

• Parasite needs suitable environment to

• Parasite lack the necessary organs for

• Intermediate host: where parasite pass

• Each parasite belongs to a phylum, class, order,

• The names of genera and species are printed in italics

• The generic name begins with a capital and the

Subkingdom Phylum Subphylum Parasitic Human

• The famous Ebers papyrus

• Persian, Egyptian, Greek,

• Each parasite belongs to a phylum, class, order, family,

• The names of genera and species are printed in italics

• The generic name begins with a capital and the specific

• Parasites life cycle:

• The special adaptation depends upon :

d. one intermediate host with or without free living

• knowledge of the life cycle of a parasite is important to

Mf life span: 1 year

• Water may contain:

• Chances of infection are increased by

cleavage stage 60 to 70 days

3,000 - 20,000 eggs per day

Life span is about 1 year

200,000 eggs per day

Adult worms can live 1 to 2 years.

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