a 4 taken into secount wen making stress analyses. Cul. Dekker Continental Engineering B.V. eactors, tanks, columns and other process vessels may sup- port a variety of structural loads. Maintenance or inspec- tion personnel may have to ascend to platforms attached to vessel walls; n- sulation may have to be suspended in place; the vessel itself occasionally rust be hoisted, Ifsuch loads are not too large, Hit- ing ears (also known as plate elips or eyelets) fastoned tothe vessel wall ean serve to transmit the lifting foree. If ‘the load seems lange, however, it is prudent to calculate the strength of the ear, as well as the local load stresses in the shell to which the earis welded. (We assume here that the weld between ear and shell is ade- quate, ie., butt welded, and thus re- aquired no further checking.) ‘Three kinds of stresses ‘The three critic stresses for a strength assessment of lifting ears are Figure V: *'The Hertzian contact tres or surface stress due to the load transfer fom the hist line's shackle pin into the oye of the lifting ear for discussion ofthese stresses, see Reference | or 2) The stress arising in the smallest cross-sectional areas next to the eye *'The local lod stresses in the veel wall adjacent tothe ear “The Hertzian contact stressisgvenby. 120. CHEWICAL ENGINEERING / JUNE 1996 FIGURE 1. Vituallyallofa ing ear's dimensions must be ENGINEERING PRACTICE ‘ea ot tifan stress YOUR (LIFT) EARS ae (AF. EF bets) ters ore where line load is either P/L (thrust aoe (0) J toad) or 6MiL* (moment load, and the Y(-vjenlenn) value of SCF depends on whether the Sane 2A tar is longitudinal or ereumferentil a (Figure 2) and whether the load is @ (ele thrust load ora moment loa: where the simpler expression assumes | gop 98/40 128) That» oneal'0.30, ke piel value | SCF= LOSRITPSNLIRYO.425) (1) Noto that Fits the load ofthe cylinder. | for thrusts on longitudinal ears; cylinder contact between eye and 2 ce shackl pin, Inthe absence of data, this | SCF = 024RI7)°°XLIR) . contact stress is best limited to twice | for moments on longitudinal ears; the yield stress of the ear material,” — 7 io. @ stresses in the smallest cross | SCF= 15XRPNLIRO3) (8) sectional areas next to the eye can be | for thrusts on circumferential ears; and determined by considering the curved i. portionoftheear around and above the | SCF =O.18WWN07KLiR) (10) ye as a beam fixed at those cross soo- | for moments on circumferential ears tional areas. The normal stress (or | These SCF equations are valid ‘membrane stress) is then calculated as | within the ranges 40 < (RIT) < 250 to- as (oy | sether with 0004 < (AR) < 08. They mem = apply to eylndrical shells only. ‘and the bending stress as Ifathrustladandamoment oad set =15 simultaneously on the ea, sum the two rend = LET + O.5w VF (8) | stresses. Regardless of internal pres- Both are primary stresses, so the limits | surein the vessel, the stress limit for the bs Wy sum is twice the basic design stress of nen =f gc, @)| Mevesselmaterat ag, and wy tras + Foment =F ay Oman + Sbend = Lf 6) | In practice, loads that result only in ‘The stress intensity due tothe local | shear stress can be neplcted safely. Toad stresses in the cylindrical vessel | ‘wall where the lifting ear is fastened is | And keepin mind... I | Many plant owners require an edd o=SCHURTPST%ine load) (6) | tional safety margin of 2 for hoisting sf ly ths nto wie th ube ar now are Garay stander DIN 050 (ToS TBLS ih ated in th Se se fore pate grade of con ta Ao ‘itente ed porpoate StS ogulet tte alloy dosent a Uae Uae ASTI A383 Gradecalculations, In such ease, double the load on the lifting ear for the Hertzian contact stresses and forthe stress in the smallest cross sections of the clip. Doubling isnot required, however, forthe local load stresses in the cylin: drical wall, The aforementioned allow. able stress of 2f assumes the presence of the maximum allowable internal pressure, and the absence of pressure during hoisting provides enough scope forthe extra sfety margin. If the local load stresses in theeylin- Areal shell prove to he to high, enn. sider using a reinforcing pad (Figure 3 also known as a doublings plate). To calculate the stress intensity atthe ear, enter the combined thickness of shel and pad for in the above oquations. For sirculer reinforcing pads, the stress intensity in the cylindrical’ shell nexttothereinfrcementcanbeassessed by considering the (real) reinforcing plates anozle. A convenient tchnique for assessing its stress intensity isthe “Improved Shrink Ring Method” de- scribed in Appendix 2of Reference 6. In this eonneetion also, use astres limit fo check whether a given proposed re~ inforcing pad is large enough. rectangular reinforcing pads are to >be used, the stress intensity in the shell ext fo the reinforcement can bo as- sessed. by considering. the reinforoe ment plate asa loaded rectangular at tachment. For making the actual stress Intensity caleulation, se Refereno 6. If iRing ears prove to be inappro- Date fora given tank, the engineor should instead consider the use of lift ing trunnions. If they are used, the aforementioned shrink-ring method (5; Appendix 2] is convenient for as- sessing the local load stresses in the shell (with or without doublings plate) due to the trunnion, NOMENCLATURE E Young's modulus F Fores (loa) on iting ear 1 Basic design stress (two thirds of the yield stress) +h Height of centar of ting ears eye L Length of ear -M Moment load of ting eat on cylindrical shel Thrust force (radial with respect to coylinrcal vessel) Radius of cylindrical shel aus of ting oars eye (hole) ‘ig Radius of shackio pin Thickness of eyinccal shell 1 Thickness of iting ear Ww Width of area acjacent to eye {equal 0 [0.51 ~ rl) Poisson's ratio Sample calculation Problem: A horizontal vessel with an outside diameter of 1400 mm, wall thickness of 6 mm, length of 2500 mm and a total weight of 950 kg equivalent to 9,500 N), including nozzles and sad- les, isto be lifted by means of two 6- mm+hick longitudinal lifting ears, with dimensions as shown in Figure 4, Other relevant data are as follows: yield stress for vessel shell and ear is 250 \Nimm?; Young’s modulus is 192,000 Nimm?; diameter of shackle pins is 38 mm; the cables attached to the ears make an angle of 20 deg with the vertical; the plant owner requires a safety margin of 2 for hoisting opera- tions; the basic design stress is taken as two-thirds of the yield stress (ie,, (2/5)250), or 166.7 Nimm2). Are these lifting ears strong enough? Solution: With two lifting ears and a 30-deg angle between cables and the vertical, the eye in each lifting ear is subjected to a force of [(9,500/2Veos 30 deg], ie., 5,485 N. The Hertzian contact stress is accordingly to be calculated ‘itn ears are paralleltothe Vessel axis; circumferential |) carsare Perpendicular tot CHEMICAL ENGINEERING /JUNE 1998 424FOR MULTIPHASE, E ENGINEERING PRACTICE COMPLEX, THERMAL, aletated by high FIGURE 4 PROCESSING WITH focalioadstresses, low). s Q ‘enoringpas tiger and ‘may be employed. vesselforthe ‘numeral HIGHLY VISCOUS, \ ‘example inthe text ‘areshownhere CRUSTING, PASTY AND OTHER DIFFICULT PRODUCTS. ‘with a foree of (26,485), or 10,970 N, to | requirements. They are, accordingly, eh accommodate the safety factor of 2." | suitable for the hoisting operation, CO-ROTATING PROCESSOR TEE From Equation 1, the resulting con Edited by Nicholas P. Chopey pe z tact stress is 402 Nimm?. This values, lls, REACTIONS « DRYING permissible, as itis less than twice the | References : i Yield stress pete spd Rainer, KH, “Duel tend | EVAPORATION « DEGASSING From Equations 2 and 8, the streses | mneefMscanial Enenern: Boe a i : in the minimum cross section, also caleu- | cussion of Hertsan contact stresses. Jated with F at 10,970 N, are as follows: Pillay, "Rorml for Strese, trai and Struc- ‘Normal or membrane stress: oan Siiatath Soest) 7 Cay = 10,8702060 ~ 20X6)1 = 805 | 5 in (Standard) 2508, Tagen eye cRyStaLtizarion Lae Rewer 198 le sein Seren hisabersceet? Bending stress MEE aro i Crend= 15(20 + (0.5\30)M{C30)206) | 4. Dekker, Ca, and Cuperas, J, Local Load ieee » | xtt6 to) 106.7 Nim? ‘Bees i Copel Slate Cl eg QUR TECHNICAL STAFE AND, "These stresses satisfy the limits ex- | —{iie)(onthe lea fad srcen. pressed by inequalities 4 and 5. 6. Babes, C3, Exteral nd on omy nd i Forte calculation ofthe stressinten- | Gigaset aptoved Sin Sine {© SCENTRE/ARE EQUIPPED sity in the vessls wall, the loads are | | Madd) sas won *|- | (with no application ofthe safety factor of | 6 Dai, WG, Sear Sr nt In ‘TO'GIVE THE BEST SOLUTION two): P (hrust) = 4.750; (moment)= | We Bulan 198, Welding Rewaren Coun, pas: nee =, 164.5 x 103 N-mm, calculated (with the ‘New York, September 1974. ‘TO YOUR PROBLEM. calculation not shown here) the height ofthe ear times the shea loa. With R = 700 mm and T'= 6 mm for Cora J Dat Se UsTen To US! Jongitudinal ears, Equation 7 yields an Continental Enginearng BY SCF (thrust) of 2.53 and Equation 8 an {es gto 206 F (moment) of 0.62 al ne ms Soe ents tras ad | | tei iisie ms ment are 217 Nimm? and 112 Nimm? re (Brahe aceite ext ongisshesod)somee Usantenaterre | | spectively.'The sum of these stress inten: | Yh ped iy Hegre la “Giseden soos wesetaasgee | | sitios des not exoeed the stated limit of pec ean ana lage _eecosleassasfexsotatoesre | | oF 6, 933.3 Nimm? so theliftearis also | fenro vf anmeinptanica eee acceptable as regards eal load stresses. | Titpadalse & mean ntedement In short, the lift ears satisfy all three scnigs and emperor |] SIATE OFTHE arr TEST For More Information, Circle 80 4122" CHEMICAL ENGINEERING /JUNE 1866,