A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets 2004 Fifth Edition American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials 444 North Capitol Street, Washington, D. (202) 624-5800 www.transportation.org, "Copyright 2004, by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All Rights Reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form without written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. ISBN: 1-56051-263-6American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials Executive Committee 2004-2005 VOTING MEMBERS OFFICERS: PRESIDENT: Bryan Nicol, Indiana VICE PRESIDENT: Jack Lettiere, New Jersey SECRETARY-TREASURER: Larry King, Pennsylvania REGIONAL REPRESENTATIVES: REGION I: Allen Biebler, Pennsylvania, One-Year Term Dan Tangherlini, District of Columbia, Two-Year Term REGION Il: Femando Fagundo, Puerto Rico, One-Year Term Marold Linnenkoh!, Georgia, Two-Year Term REGION III: Gloria Jeff, Michigan, One-Year Term Frank Busslacchi, Wisconsin, Two-Year Term REGION IV: ‘Tom Norton, Colorado, One-Year Term David Sprynezynatyk, Two-Year Term NON-VOTING MEMBERS IMMEDIATE PAST PRESIDENT: John Njord, Uish EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: John Horsley, Washington, D.C,Task Force on Geometric Design 2004 Region 1: Kenneth Briggs Donald A. Lyford Phillip J. Clark Reza Maleki Region 2: Don T. Arkle Robert L. Walters (Chair) John Pickering Jeff Jones Norman H. Roush Region 3: James O. Brewer Jim Rosenow Ted Watson Larry Sutherland Region 4: Karla Sutlift Max Valerio Wayne Kinder Reza Amini Mark A. Marek Paul Bereich Other: Jim McDonnell John LaPlante William Prosser Joe Ruffer David Hutchison Ray Derr Maryland New Hampshire New York Port Authority of New York and New Jersey Alabama Arkansas Mississippi Tennessee West Virginia Kansas Minnesota Nebraska Ohio California New Mexico Nevada Oklahoma Texas Wyoming AASHTO Liaison American Public Works Association FHWA National Association of County Engineers National League of Cities, TRBALABAMA: ALASKA: ARIZONA: ARKANSAS: ‘CALIFORNIA: COLORADO: AASHTO Highway Subcommittee on Design 2004-2005 Allen D. Bichler, PENNSYLVANIA, Chair Susan Martinovich, NEVADA, Vice-Chair Dwight A. Home, FHWA, Secretary Jim McDonnell, P.E., AASHTO, Staff Liaison ete connecricur: hick Design Buren ‘Albums Departnent of Tansporation 1409 Coliscom Boulevard Monigomery, AL 36130-3050 Walker, Seven Assistant Chet Design Engineer ‘Alabama Deparent of Transporation 1409 Coliseum Boulevard ‘Montgomery, AL 36130-3080 Hogins, Gary (Chief of Design & Consreton ‘Standards ‘Alaska Department of Transportation & Public Facies 3132 Chanel Dive Juneny, AK 99801-7898, ‘Loni John L Assistant State Engineer, Roadway Group ‘avzona Depruncat of Fanspottion 205 South 17h Ave, Mail Drop 61E Phoenix, AZ 85007-3213, ‘MeConel Philip, Assistant Chief Engineer Design ‘arkansas State Highway & “Transporation Departnent P.O. Box 2261, 10524 Interstate 30 Sate Highway Building Lite Rock. AR 72203-2261 DELAWARE: ‘Geren, Charles D. Engineer of Roadway Design ‘Atkansas Stte Highway & ‘Transporaion Department P.O. Box 2261, 10324 imerstate 30 State Higheny Bing Title Rock, AR 7203-2261 Leia, Mar, (hie, Divison of Design Califo Departoent of Teasporation PO. Box 942874, 1120 Stet Sacramento, CA 94273 Yan DeWege, Dean Projet Developmeat Branch Manager (Colorado Depaeat of Transporation *2201 East kansas Avert, Room 408 Denver, CO 80222 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA: Bard, CaF. Engincering Administrator Conveciot Department of “Transporation P.O. Bok 3175462800 Beta Tumpike Newington, CT 06131-7546 Gat, Artur W, Chief Enginer Comectiut Department of “Transportation 0. Box 3175462800 Borin Torpike "Newington, CT 06131-7546 ‘Norman James H. ‘Manager of Site Design Connecticut Departnat of Transporation P.O. Bor 3175462800 Bertin Tpke Newington, CF 06131-7346, ‘Angelo, Michael A. ‘Assistant Director, Project Development, "North Region ‘Delaware Dearsent of Tansporon PO, Box 77, Bay Road, Route 113 Dover, DE 19908-0778 Canning. Kevin Qualiy Engineer Delaware Department of Transportation PO. Box 78, Bay Road, Route 113 Dover, DE 19908-0778 Simmons, Michas Asistant Director, Project Development, ‘South Region Delaware Department of Transporation P.O. Box 778, Bay Road, Rout 113 Dover, DE 19005-0778 Domi, Zahra ‘Superviory Ci Engineer Dinwictof Coombin Deparment of “ranspoaton (64 New York Averie, NE Washington, DC 20002 Miler, len Supersory Civil Engineer District of Columb Deparment of ‘Transporation 4 New Vork Avenue, NE. Washington, DC 20002DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA: FLORIDA: GeoRGIA: nawan wan: mumors: INDIANA, ve Penney, Kathleen Towa Sopersory Civil Engineer District of Columbia Department of “Transportation (6 New Vork Avene, NE. Washington, DC 20002 Blanchard Brian A, State Roadway Design Engineer Florida Departnet of Transpertation 605 Suwannee Set Talahassce, FL 32399-0450 Mills, Sim Roadway Design Engineer ‘Flesda Depstent of Transportation 05 Sowamnce Stet “allahasee, FL 22599-0450, Grr, Robert Direcior, Otie of Design ‘Bide Department of Transportation (608 Suwannce Sueet MS 33 “allahasee, FL 32311-0850 Buchan, James (Bea) State Rad and Aisprt Desi Engineer (Georgia Department of Transporation 2 Capitol Square, $.W., Room 356 ‘Asia, GA 30384 “Tamer, Thomas Goons Department of Transportation 2 Capitol Square, SW, Room 129 ‘Aslan, GA 20334 hay, Gary Engincer Program Manage, Design ‘ranch, Mighways Division await Department of Transportation 601 Kanobila Boulevard, Room 688A Kapole, HI96707 Fronds Jus Highway Design Enginer ates Department of Transporation (601 pole Boulevard, Room 609 Kapole, HI96707 Hutchinson, Steven C, Asitant Chief Eniner, Development ‘abo Transporation Department P.O. Box 7128, 811 W. State Sueet, Bose, 1D 83707-1129, “Thomas, Loren D- Roadway Design Engineer aho Transporation P.O.Box 7129, 3311 W. State Steet Boise, 1D 83707-1129 Wine Michael (Chief of Design and Environment Minois Department of Tansporaion 25008. Dirksen Pansy Springtck 62764 Mroczka, Gerald (Chie, Division of Design Jnchana Department of Transportation 110 N, Senate Avene, Koom N62 Indianapolis, IN 46204-2017 KANSAS: KENTUCKY: LOUISIANA, Kenney, Michal Director, Office of Design loa Department of Transportation 800 Lincola Way ‘Ames 1A 50010-6915, Lite, David Distt Enginer, District 2 Ja Department of Transportation, Engineering Division 1420 Fourth Steet, SE. Mason Cay, 1A SO402-0742 Sin, Wa Methods Engineer Towa Departneat of Transportation 00 Lincoln Way Ames, 1 5001006915 ‘Adams, RichardG. Rood Desig Engineer ‘Kansas Department of Transportation 18 Harrison Ave, Sth Floce “Topeka, KS 66612-1568 Brewer, James O. Enginecring Manager, tte Road Office ‘Kansas Department of Transpetton Docking State Office Buldng, 90) Floor “Topeks, KS 66612-1568. Asmstrong, LaMont C. ond Design Engines ‘Kansas Department of Transportation Decking State Offic Buln, tb Flor “Topeka, KS 66612-1568, Sharpe, Cary W. Director, Divison of Highway Design Kentucky Transporation Cabinet 200 Mero Steet. Frankfort, KY 40622 Jones, David Location Branch Manager Kentcky Transporation Cabinet 200 Mero Steet Frankfort, KY 40622 Spony, Kennet R. Assistant State Highway Engineer Kentucky Transporation Cabin, Office ‘of Project Development ‘200 Mero Steet. Frankfort, RY 40622 Ise, N. Kent Roadway Design Administrator ‘Lousia Deparment of Transporation ‘and Development P.O. Box 94245, 1201 Capitol ‘Access Road ‘Bato Roage, LA 70808-9245, Kalivoda, Nicholas ‘Trai Engineering Development ‘Adminstrator Leajsians Department of ranporation ‘and Development P.O. Box 94245, 1201 Capito), ‘Acoeas Road Baton Rouge, LA 708049245,LOUISIANA: MAINE: MARYLAND: MASSACHUSETTS: MICHIGAN: MINNESOTA: Porta, Loyd E MISSISSIPPE Project Development Engineer ‘Lousina Deparment of Transportation ‘and Development P.O. Box 4245, 1201 Cpital ‘Acces Road Baton Rovge, LA 70808-9285 Casey, ery A, Progra Manager, Urban and Ani) Highways Maine Department of Transprtson Transportation Building State Howse Staton 16 Aas, ME 013.0016 Douglass, Rober D. Director, Woodrow Wikon "ndge Project ‘Maryland Department of Fanspoation, ‘State Highway Administration {TOTN.Calve Stet, Mai Stop C102 Balkimore, MD 21302 MeCetland, isk 6. Dicetor, Office of Highway Development ‘Maryland Department of Transporation, ‘Slate Highway Adminsation 107 N. Catv Set Balkimeve, MD 21202 Bhdo, Jn Deputy Chief Engineer, Projxts ‘Division “Massachasts Highway Department 10PatkPisza, Room 6340 Boston, MAG21163973, ‘Wood, Stnley ‘Highway Design Engineer ISSOURE MONTANA: Boston, MA 02116, ‘Van Prt let, Mare Engineer of Design Michigan Deparment of Transporation, Dsiga Division State Transporation Bulag 425 W. Ota Stet, P.O, Box 30050 Lansing, MIS8909 ‘any, Richard A. Director, Oc of Environmental ‘Services ‘Minnesota Depatnet of Transpotation ‘Tearmportton Biking, MS 620, 4395 Jon Irelnd Boulevard St Poul MIN 55155-1899 ‘hak, Muar State Desin Engicer “Minnesoin Deprtmest of Transportation ‘Transportation Building, MS 610, 395 John ean Boolevard St Paul, MN 35155-1890. NEVADA; Pickering, John B. Roadnay Design Eagneer Missy Deparment of Transportation P.O. Bax 1850, 401 Nath West Suet, Jackson, MS 39215-1850 Foster, David Assistint Chit Engineer, Preconstruction Mississippi Deparanent of Transporation P.O. Bor 1850, 40) North West Street Jackion, MS 39215-1850 Purvis, Keith Assistant Roodway Design Engineer ‘Mississippi Departneat of Transporation P.O. Box 1880, 40} Noth West Sect, Sckson, MS 39215-1850 Heckemeyer, Diane State Design Enginosr Mistou Department of Transportation P.O. Box20 Jefferson City, MO 65102-0207 Nihols, David. Director of Project Development ‘Missouri Departnent of Transporation 105 West Cpitol Avene, P.O. Box 270, Jefferson City, MO 63102-0207 Dai, Cuts. Presonstraction Engineer “Montana Deparneat of Transporation P.O. Box 201001, 2701 Prospect Avenbe elena, MT 59620-1001 Fay, Pal R “Montana Deparient of Transportation P.O. Bor 201001, 2701 Prospect Avenue ‘elena, MT 59620-1001 Willits, Ronald E. Road Design Engineer ‘Mostana Department of Transporation P.O. Box 201001, 2701 Prospect Aveone eens, MT 59620-1003 Poppe, Eldon Engineer, Reaway Design Division [Nebraska Deparment of Roads 1500 Nebr Highway 2 P.O. Box 94739 Linco, NE 685094759 Ally, Dav ‘Assistant Design Engines ‘Nebaska Deparment of Roads 1500 Nebraska Highway 2 P.O. Box 94759 Lincoln, NE 68500-4759 Tare, Dos Assistnt Design Engineer ‘Nebraska Deparment of Rods 1500 Nebraska Highway 2 P.O. Box 4759 Lincoln, NE 68500-4759 Kinder, Wayne (Chet Road Design Enginer Neva Deparment of Transporation 12635, Stenan Steet Cason Ciy, NV 89712-0002NEW HAMPSHIRE: Green, Cri A. [NEW JERSEY: NEW MEXICO: NEW YORK: NoRTHL Administater, Bureau of Highway ‘CAROLINA: Design| [Now Hampshire Department of| Transportation John 0: Morton Building, PO. Box 483 Hazen Dave Concord, NH 03301-0883 ‘Dunne, Richard W, Digecte, Desig Series "New lerey Department of Transporation 1035 Pakeway Avenue, CN 600 “reat, NJ 08625-0600 isdorter, Artur}. ‘Manager, Bureau of Civil Engiocring ‘New lersey Deparnent of Transporation 1035 Parkway Avenue, CN 600 “Trenton, NJ 08625.0600 Signora Rober A, Project Engineer, Surface Design New Jersey Deparent of “Transportation, Divison of Design Services 1035 Patkway Avenus, CN 600 ‘Trenton, NJ 08625.0600 Maesas Ry om: (Chie, Intel Design Breau [New Mexio State Highway and “Transportation Depatnent P.O. Bor 1149, 1120 Cerillos Road Santa Fe, NM 87504-1149 Perla, eons Inveroa} Design Bares [New Mexico Sate Highway and “Transportation Departnent P.O. Box 1149, 1120 Cerilos Road Senta Fe, NM 87506-1189 Valero, Max Chet, Pretiminary Design Buea [New Mexico State Highway and “Teaneponaton Depatnent P.O, Bor 1149, 1120 Cersios Road Santa Fe, NM 37504-1149 Dols, Pete Director of Desig, Services Bareae [New York Departneot of Transportation Building 5, Ste Office Carus 1220 Washington Avenve Albay. NY 12232-0750, NORTH DAKOTA: OKLAHOMA: OREGON: ‘Chr, Philip. [New York Deparment of Transporation Building 5, ine Office Comps 1220 Washington Avenue ‘Albay. NY 12252-0748 D'Angelo, Daniel Director, Design Quality Assurance ores [New York Department of Transporation 1220 Washington Ave Building 3, Room 410 ‘bang, NY 32232-0731 PENNSYLVANIA: Bennet Jay A, State Roadway Design Engineer ‘Noah Carolina Deprtneatof| 1582 Bil Service Center Raleigh, NC 27690-1552 Barbour, Deborah M. ‘Direc, Preconstreton "North Carolina Deportment of “Trnepontton ¥.0. Bor 25201, 1 Sou Wikingon Street Raleigh, NC27611-5201 ‘MeMiln, Art State Design Engineer ‘North Carolina Deparment of Raleigh, NC 27690-1588 (Gaydon, Mak Design Engineer Noth Dia Departnen of “Transporation G08. Boulevard Avense Bismarek, ND 58805-0700 Mise, Cash [Assistant Dietor and Chief Engncer Obie Deparinent of Transporation, Planing and Production Management 1980 West Broad Seet Colubos, OH 43223-1102 Suthriand Lae F Deputy Direc, Ofc of Roadway Tognceing Services (Ohio Department of Transportation 1980 West Broad Suect Combes, OW 43223-1102 Senkowsk, Cusine M_ Division Engineer, Roadway Design ‘Oldaboma Departnent of Transporation 200N.E.ZIst Suet, Room 20-2 ‘Oklahoma City, OK 73105-3204 ‘Taylor, Bruce E Chit Oklahoma Department of Transportation 200NE. 2st Sect (OkLahoma City, OK 73105-3208 Liver, Thomas ‘Manages, Roaway Engineering Section Oregon Department of Transportation 355 Capital Suect NE. Room 200 Salem, OF 97310 Scheer, Dean A. ‘Chief, Brean of Design ‘Pennsylvania Department of ‘Transportation P.O. Bon2951 Harisbrg, PA 17105-2951PUERTO RICO: RHODE ISLAND: sourn CAROLINA: SOUTH DAKOTA: TENNESSEE: Pérez, Ariel ‘TENNESSEE: Direcior, Design Area Pero Rico Highny and Transportation “aubory P.O. Box 42007, Minis Staton ‘San jan, PR 00940-2007 Santa Piment), Jose Peero Rico Highway and Tramsportation ‘suborty P.O. Box 42007, Minis Staton Son ann, PR 009802007 Bem) Michel Deputy Chief Engineer, Environmental ‘nd Inermodal Planning hod Island Deparment of ‘Transportation ‘State Office Bung, 2 Capitol Hit Providence, RI 02905-1124 Kooeee, Roeqe L. Program Development Engines, East Seuth Coralina Departmen oF Transportation Sits N. Pearman Building, 55 Park Stee, 0. Box 191 Columbia, SC29202-019) Pat Robert Director of Presonsetion ‘South Carolina Deparment of Silas N. Pearman ailing, 955 Pak Suet, P.O. Box 19) Columbia,SC 29202-0191 ‘Walsh, Joa V, Depay State Higtvay Engineer South Crain Department “Transportation SitasN- Pearman Boing, 985 Park Suet, PO. Box 19h Columbia, 29202-0191, Googe, Joel (Cet Road Design Engineer South Dakota Deparment of Transporation 700 Fat Broadway Avenue Pieme, SD 57301-2586, Feller, Joe (Chie Materials nd Sorting Engineer South Dakota Deparment of ‘Transportation 700 Eas Broadeay Avenue Pree, SD 57501-2586 Sones, JTC. Direcir, Design Division “Temessee Departm=nt of Transporation James K- Polk Building, Suite 1300 505 Deaierick Stet Natl, TN 37245-0539 TEXAS: TAR VERMONT: VIRGINIA: WASHINGTON: WEST VIRGRUA ‘2eige, James Director, Beat of Planing and Development ‘Tennessee Department of Transportation James KP Building, Suite 70 505 Deaderck Sueet Nastil, TN37245-0839 Bohuslav, Ken Director, Desig “Texas Deparment of Tansporion 125 East eh Suet ‘Astin, TX 78701-2883 ‘Moret, Mak [Engineer of Roadway Design “Texas Deparment of Transportation 125 East th Sve, Asin TX 78701-2483 Davis Jason E. Enpneeing Services Director Uiah Department of Transportation 4801 South 2700 West P.O, Box 148850 Salt Lake Cy, UT 88119 ‘Shatnick, Rober F. ‘osdvay Design Program Manager ‘Vermont Agency of Transportaon ‘Natonal Life Baking Drawer 33 ‘Montpelier, VF 08635-5001 Mihai, Mobamemad Location and Design Divison "Admiistator Virginia Department of Transporation 1401 F.Brond Stet Richmond, VA 23219 Albin, Richant ‘Asistant State Design Engineer, NW ‘Region Washington State Depstnent of ‘Transportation ‘Transporation Building 310 Maple Pak, P.O. Box 47329 Olympia, WA 98508-7329, Patreso, Harold Sate Design Engineer ‘Wathingom Sate Deparment of| “Transporation ‘Tansporation Building 310 Maple Park PO. Box 47529 ‘Olympia, WA 98508-7300, Clevenger, David B. (Conmitant Review Section Head ‘Wert Virgina Department of “Transpertaton, Engineering Division 1900 Kanswhe Boulevard Fast, Building 5 CChateston, WV 25305-0840WEST VIRGINIA: WISCONSIN: WYOMING: pert, Randolph T. Deputy Sat Highway Engineer, Project ‘Development ‘West Virginia Deparment of “Transportation 1900 Kanawha Boulevard Eset, Building 5 Charleston, WY 25305-0820 Rovsh, Noman Bi Deputy Seeeary/Depoty Commissioner ‘Wert Virginia Depertnent of Transportation 1900 Kanawha Boulevard East, Building Charleston, WY 25305-0880 (Camesta, Beth Acting Director, Bure of Highway Development ‘wisconsin Deparment of Transporation PO. Box 7916 Madison, W53707-7916 Preis, Rotor F Project Development Chiet Wisconsin Deprtnent of Transporation, Distct2, Watkesta P.O. Box 98 ‘Wanker, WISS187-0798 Bercch, Pl Highway Development Enginer yom atof Tansptation P.O. Box 1708, $300 Bop Boulevard (Cheyenne, WY 82003-1708 USS. Department of Transportation Member FEDERAL AVIATION, ADMINISTRA THON ‘Marivel, Risk Manager, Airport Enginering division Federal Aviston Adminstaion Room 616C, AAS-200, 800 Independence Avene, SW. ‘Washington, DC 20591-0001, ‘Associate Member—Bridge, Port, and Toll NEW JERSEY TURNPIKE, AUTHORITY, Wiliams, J Lawrence Soperssing Engineer, Highmays "New Jersey Tampike Authority ‘Administrative Building P.O. Box 1321, [New Brunswick, IN 05903-1121 PENNSYLVANIA Troup, Bary L. ‘TURNPIKE Assistnt Chief Engineer, Design COMMISSION: Pennsylvania Tumpie Commission PO Box 61676 Hasrisbrg, PA 17106-7676 PORT AUTHORITY Chen, Yue Sun OF NEW YOK AND Chief Gui Engineer NEWJERSEY: Port Authority of Now York and ‘New Jersey 2 Gateway Center, Room JENW ‘Newark, NYO7102 Associate Member—Fedoral USDAFOREST ——Beighly, Deon SERVICE: National Trasporation Panning Progam Engineer USDA Forest Senace Mail Stop 1101 1400 Independence Avenue, SW. ‘ashing, DC 20250-1101 Associate Members—International ALBERTA, ‘CANADA: primis ‘COLUMBIA, CANADA: ‘ONTARIO, CANADA: SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA, nan, Allan Execatve Director, Technical ‘Standards Branch Alberta Transportation, 2 Foor 499998" Averbe Edmonton, AB T6B 2X3 over, Richard ‘Sewor Standards and Design Engineer [Bish Columba Minis of “Tranpoation and Highways ‘58-940 Blanhard Street ‘Victoria, British Columbia VEW 36 Dusit Joe Manager, Highway Design Office ‘Ontario Ministry of Transportation Engineering Standards Branch Garden City Tower, 2 Flor, 2N036 301 St Poul Sect, ‘St Catherines, ON L2R TRA ent Sudly Director, Design snd Trafic Operations Saskatchewan Hihorays abd Transportation 1630 Pak, 2 Floor Regina, SK SAP 3V7Preface This Policy was developed as part of the continuing work of the Standing Committee on Highways. The Committee, then titled the Committee on Planning and Design Policies, was established in 1937 to formulate and recommend highway engineering policies. This Committee has developed A Policy on Geometric Design of Rural Highways, 1954 and 1965 editions; A Policy on Arterial Highways in Urban Areas, 1957; A Policy on Design of Urban Highways and Arterial Streets, 1973; Geometric Design Standards for Highways Other Than Freeways, 1969; A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, 1984, 1990, 1994, and 2001; 4 Policy on Design Standards—Imterstate System, 1956, 1967, and 1991; and a number of other AASHO and AASHTO policy and “guide” publications. An AASHTO publication is typically developed through the following steps: (1) The Committee selects subjects and broad outlines of material to be covered. (2) The appropriate subcommittee and its task forces, inthis case, the Subcommittee on Design and its Task Force on Geometric Design, assemble and analyze relevant data and prepare a tentative draft. Working meetings are held and revised drafts are prepared, as necessary, and reviewed by the Subcommittee, until agreement is reached. (3) The manuscript is then submitted for approval by the Standing Committee on Highways and then the Executive Committee. Standards and policies must be adopted by a two-thirds vote by the Member Departments before publication. During the developmental process, comments are sought and considered from all the states, the Federal Highway Administration, and representatives of the American Public Works Association, the National Association of County Engineers, the National League of Cities, and other interested partes.Foreword Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 ‘A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets Table of Contents Chapter Titles Highway Design Controls and Criteria. Blemeats of Design. Cross Section Elements... Local Roads and Streets Collector Roads and Streets Rural and Urban Atterials, Freeways, TnterSecHONS vnene Functions. Chapter 10 Grade Separations and Interchanges. Chapter 1 Highway Functions Systems and Classifications The Concept of Functional Classification Hierarchies of Movements and Components Functional Relationships. ‘Access Needs and Controls. Functional System Characteristics Definitions of Urban and Rural Areas Functional Categories Functional Systems for Rural Areas. ural Principal Arterial System .. aral Minor Arterial System Rural Collector System Rural Local Road System. Extent of Rural Systems. Functional Highway Systems in Urbanized Areas.. ‘Urban Principal Arteria System Urban Minor Arterial Street System, Urban Collector Street System Urban Local Street System, Length of Roadway and Travel on Urban Systems Functional Classification as a Design Type References Page li 15 109 305 379 a9 443 508 555 m3 xiiChapter 2 Design Controls and Criteria Introduction Design Vehicles nun General Characteristics . ‘Minimum Turning Paths of Design Vehicles. Vehicle Performance... ‘Vehicular Pottution Driver Performance Introduction, Older Drivers. ‘The Driving Task ‘The Guidance Task 7 Lane Placement and Road Following, Car Following on. Passing Maneuvers. Other Guidance Activites ‘The Information System. ‘Traffic Control Deviees.. ‘The Roadway and Its Environment Information Handling. Reaction Tien Primacy. Expectancy. Driver Error. — Errors Due to Driver Deficiencies Errors Due to Situation Demands. Speed and Desighnmoun Design Assessment ‘Traffic Characteristics... General Considerations Volume... Average Daily Traffic. Peak-Hour Traffic Directional Distribution Composition of Trafic. Projection of Future Traffic Demands Speed nnn Operating Speed Running Speed. Design Speed. ‘Traffic Flow Relationships. Highway Capacity General Characteristics... Application,Capacity as @ Design Cont. Design Service Flow Rate Versus Design Volume Measures of Congestion Relation between Congestion and Trafic Flow Rate Acceptable Degrees of Congestion. Principles for Acceptable Degrees of Congestion Reconeilation of Principles for Acceptable Degrees of Congestion Factors Other than Traffic Volume That Affect Operating Conditions Highway Factors Alignment, Weaving Sections. Ramp Terminals Traffic Factors... Peak Hour Factor... Levels of $erViC€ nnn Design Service Flow Rates. ‘Weaving Sections. Mulilane Highways without Access Control Arterial Streets and Urban Highways. Intersections . Pedestrians and Bicycles. ‘Access Control and Access Management. General Conditions Basie Principles of Access Management ‘Access Classifications Methods of Controlling Acces. Benefits of Controlling Access... ‘The Pedestrian. . General Considerations. General Characteristics. Walking Speeds Walkway Capacities. Sidewalks... Intersections Readucng Pedestrian Vehicular Conflicts Characteristics of Persons with Disabilities “Mobility Impairments... Visual Impairment... Developmental Impairments... Bicycle Facilities Safety. = 101 Environment. . 106 Economie Analysis vn 106 References. — 106 wvChapter 3 ELEMENTS OF DESIGN Introduction 109 Sight Distance. 109 General Considerations... sen se 109 Stopping Sight Distance. 0 Brake Reaction Time. 10 Braking Distance. Mm Design Values. a - 13 Effect of Grade on Stopping mB Variation for Trucks. 14 Decision Sight Distance. : _ 1s Passing Sight Distance for Two-Lane Highways. 18. Criteria for Design. sevens WB Design Values. 2 Effet of Grade on Passing Sight Distance... 125 Frequency and Length of Passing Sections 15 Sight Distance for Multlane Highways. 126 Criteria for Measuring Sight Distance 127 Height of Driver’s Bye . _ : 127 Height of Object. 127 Sight Obstru 128 ‘Measuring and Recording Sight Distance on Plans. = 128 Horizontal Alignment... 1B] ‘Theoretical Considerations. 131 General Considerations... nnn 132 Superelevation 132 Side Friction Factor a 133, Distribution of e and fover a Range of Curves senses AO. Design Considerations 13 ‘Normal Cross Slope.. M3 Sharpest Curve without Superelevation.... 144 ‘Maximum Superelevation Rates for Streets and Highways 144 ‘Maximum Superelevation for Turing Roadways... 14s ‘Minimum Radius. 146 Effects of Grades... nnn smn 48 Design for Low-Speed Urban Streets. 48 Side Friction Factors nee 4B Superelevation so vow 49 Sharpest Curve without Superelevation.. so 49 Design for Rural Highways, Uiban Freeways, and High-Speed Urban Strets 153 ‘Side Friction Fact0T8....o::nnninsnsinsnnnsnnnninannn 153 Superelevation neu 153 Procedure for Development of Method 5 Superelevation Distribution 153 Turning Roadways. 7 sone 1BDesign Speed. os Use of Compound Curves vs Design Superelevation Tables. : Sharpest Curve without Superelevation ‘Transition Design Controls General Considerations. ‘Tangent-to-Curve Transition nn Spiral Curve Transitions. Length of Spiral Compound Curve Transition... Methods of Attaining Superelevation, Design of Smooth Profiles for Traveled Way Edges. Axis of Rotation with a Median .. Minimum Transition Grades.. Transitions and Compound Curves for Turing Roadways Length of Spiral for Turning Roadways, Compound Circular Curves, Offracking.. Derivation of Design Values for Widening on Horizontal Caves. ‘Traveled Way Widening on Horizontal Curves. Design Values for Traveled Way Widening... Application of Widening on Curves. Widths for Turning Roadways at Intersections... Design Values smn Widths Outside Traveled Way Sight Distance on Horizontal Curves. Stopping Sight Distance: Passing Sight Distance. General Controls for Horizontal Alignment Vertical Alignment. Vehicle Operating Characteristics on Grades. Control Grades for Design. Critical Lengths of Grade for Design Climbing Lanes. (Climbing Lanes for Two-Lane Highways... Climbing Lanes on Freeways and Mulilane Highways. Methods for Increasing Passing Opportunities on Two-Lane Roads. Passing Lanes. Turnouts Shoulder Driving... Shoulder Use Sections Emergency Escape Ramps... Genera. ‘Neod and Location for Emergency Escape Ramps awit‘Types of Emergency Escape RampS..csnenenennrnn sent DSB Design Considerations. se Brake Check Areas Maintenance Vertical Curves General Considerations. Crest Vertical Curves. Sag Vertical Curves... Sight Distance st Undercrossings. General Controls for Vertical Alignment ‘Combinations of Horizontal and Vertieal Alignment. General Considerations General Design Controls. Alignment Coordination in Design... (Other Elements Affecting Geometric Design Drainags Erosion Control and Landscape Development a Rest Areas, Information Center, and Scenic OveIO0K8 : 289 Lighting, ilies... General Urban. Rural se Traffic Contol Devices... Signing and Marking ‘Trlie Signals "Noise Barriers. PeDCIDgewsrnrnnnnnnn ‘Maintenance of Traffic through Construction Areas. References a 7 Chapter 4 Cross Section Elements General 305 Pavement. 305 Surface Type. e305, Cross Slope... 305 Skid Resistance... 310 Lane Widths... 301 Shoulders, snow 312 General Characteristics 312 Width of Shoulders. 314 Shoulder Cross Sections. 315 Shoulder Stability 317 Shoulder Contras. 318, ‘Tumours. 318 soilHorizontal Clearance to Obstructions CIB ssn General Considerations. Curb Configurations (Curb Placement, . Drainage Channels and Sideslopes.. General Considerations Drainage Channels... Sideslopes Mlustrative Outer Cross Sections Normal Crown Sections. Superelevated Sections. ‘Traffic Barriers General Considerations. Longitudinal Barriers. Roadside Barriers Median Barriers... Bridge Railings... (Crash Cushions General Design Procedures Noise Reduction Designs. Roadside Control General Considerations. Driveways... Mailboxes ‘Tunnels. General Consideration... ‘Types of Tunnels... General Design Considerations. Tunnel Sections oer Sidewalk Curb Ramps Bicycle Facilities Bus Turnouts Freeways, Arterials Park-and-Ride Facilities . Location... xixDeSigMeneanennnnnn : 371 On-Street Parking... References Chapter 5 Local Roads and Streets Introduction Local Rural R008 crnnnnne General Design Considerations. Design Traffic Volume. Design Speed. Sight Distance., Grades. Alignment. Cross Slope.. Superclevation .sunnnninen Number of Lanes. ‘Width of Traveled Way, Shoulder, and Rosdway Structures : Bridges to Remain in Place. Vertical Clearance Right-of:Way Width. Foreslopes. Horizontal Clearance to Obstructions. Curbs: os Intersection Design Railroad-Highway Grade Crossings... ‘Traffic Control Devices. Bicycle Facilities Erosion Control Local Urban Stt02t8 General Design Considerations. Design Traffic Volume.. Design Speed. Sight Distance... Grades... ‘Alignment. Cross Slope. Superelevation... Number of Lan Width of Traveled Way... Parking Lanes.. Median... Curbs: Drainage vnc Cul-de-Sacs and Turnaroundsee Sidewalks cae — Sidewalk Curb Ramps. Driveways... Roadway Widths for Bridges... 399) Horizontal Clearance to Obstructions oe) Vertical Clearance... Border Area... Right-of Way Width Provision for Utilities. Intersection Design Railroad-Highway Grade Crossings. Street and Roadway Lighting ‘Traffic Control Devices. Erosion Control Landscaping... Bicycle Facilities ‘Special-Purpose Roads. Introduction oor Recreational Roads ane General Considerations. Design Speed. Design Vehicle... Sight Distance. Passing Sight Distance .... GrOBES soreness Vertical Alignment Horizontal Alignmen Number of Lanes. Widths of Traveled Way, Shoulder, C4088 Slope arn Clear Recovery Area. Roadside Slopes: Roadside Barviers... Signing and Marking... Structures... Resource Recovery Roads... ‘Very Low-Volume Local Roads (ADT < 400)... References. Chapter 6 Collector Roads and Streets IntrodUctioM een 419, Rural Collectors 420 General Design Considerations. — sneer DO Design Traffie Volumes - 420Urban Collectors... General Design Consideration Design Speed. vs Sight Distance. Grades. ‘Alignment. Cross Slope Superelevation.. Number of Lanes. ‘Width of Roadway. Foreslopes. Structures . Bridges to Remain in Place Vertical Clearance nn Horizontal Clearance to Obstructions... Right-of Way Width. Intersection Design... . Railroad Highway Grade Crossings. ‘Traffic Control Devices. Erosion Control... Design Traffic Volumes... Design Speed. Sight Distance... Width of Roadway... Parking Lanes... M Curbs... Drainage Sidewalks... Driveways Roadway Widths for Bridges. Vertical Clearane? n. Horizontal Clearance to Obstructions. Right-of-Way Width... Provision for Utilities Border Area Intersection Design... : Railroad-Highway Grade Crossings Street and Roadway Lighting ‘Traffie Control Devices. Erosion ControlLandscaping, References Chapter 7 Rural and Urban Arterials Introduction. Rural Arter General Characteristics. General Design Considerations, Design Speed... Design Traffic Volume. Levels of Service... Sight Distance. Alignment, oon Grades ee - Number of Lanes. Superelevation. Cross Slope... Vertical Clearances Structures. ‘Traffic Control Deviees.. Erosion Control Widths : Horizontal Clearance to Obstructions Cross Section and Right-of: Way. Provision for Passing. Ultimate Development of Fou Multilane Undivided Arterial. Divided Anterials General Feature... Lane Widths.. Cross Slope. Shouldes.. ‘Median Barrier Clearance Medians... Alignment and Profile... : Climbing Lanes on Maltilane Arterials Superelevated Cross Sections. Cross Section and Right of Way Widths. Sections with Widely Separated Roadways Intersections... Access Management. Bikeways and Pedestrian Facilites. Bus Turonts Raiload-Highway Crossings Rest Areas, 46 446 ‘Lane Divided Arterial‘Urban Arterals General Characteristies General Design Considerations... 470 Design Speed.. 470 Design Traffic Volume. 470 Levels of Service. 470 Sight Distance... an) 471 471 a7 se T2 472 472 473 ‘Alignment Grades. ‘Superelevation Number of Lanes... 473 Width of Roadway. 474 Medians. Ana Drainage seen TS Parking Lanes. : 478, Borders and Sidewalks oe ATI Railroad-Highway Crossings... 480 Roadway Width for Bridges. 481 ‘Bridges to Remain in Place 481 Horizontal Clearance to Obstructions... 481 Right-of Way Width... 482 ‘Traffic Barriers. 482 ‘Acoess Management 482 sn ABZ 483 483, 483, 484 484 sn 86 se = 486 486 486 488 488, BB seven 491 491 General Features. Access Control by Statute. Access Control by Zoning, ‘Access Control Through Driveway Regulations Access Control through Geometric Design Podestrian Facilities Provision for Utilitie Intersection Desi Operational Control and Regulations Traffic Control Devices Regulatory Measures... Operational and Control Measures for Right-Turm Maneuvers ‘Operational and Control Measures for Left-Turn Maneuvers. Regulation of Curb Parking. Directional Lane Usage : Frontage Roads and Outer Separations. Grade Separations and Interchanges Erosion Control. Lighting... 496 496Bikeways... a a 496 Public Transit Facilities... —— —— 496 Location of Bus Stops: Bus TumoUts ore Reserved Bus Lanes.. ‘Traffic Control Measures. References Chapter 8 Freeways Introduction... . General Design Considerations. Pe Design Traffic Volumes. Levels of Servi02 sesnee Pavement and Shoulders... CMDS vsesennnn Superelevation Grades... ‘Structures. Vertical Clearance. Horizontal Clearance to Obstructions. Ramps and Terminals... (nter Separations, Borders, and Frontage Reads Rural FReeWayS.enrnnennennn ‘Alignment and Profile Medians Sidestopes.. Frontage Roads. Urban Freeways. : General Design Characters Medians. Depressed Freeways General Characteristics Slopes and Walls. ‘Typical Cross Section, Restricted Cross Sect Walled Cross Section Examples of Depressed Freeways. Elevated Freeways General Characteristics Medians... Ramps and Terminals... Frontage Roads. Clearance to Bui 503 503, 1g Line ‘Typical Cross Section‘Viaduct Freeways without Ramps . es 523 ‘Two-Way Viaduct Freeways with Ramps... 7 . 524 Freeways on Earth Embankment. Examples of Elevated Freeways.. Ground-Level Freeways... General Characteristics. Typical Cross Section... Restricted Cross Section. Example of a Ground-Level Freeway... Combination-Type Freeways... General Characteristics. Profile Contt0l em Cross-Section ConttOl. nn Examples of Combination Type Freeways. Special Freeway Designs... Reverse-Flow Roadways... Dual-Divided Freeways. Freeways with Collector-Distributor Roads ‘Accommodation of Transit and High-Occupaney Vehicle Facilities General Cor BUSS see o Rail Transit, — References... - Chapter 9 Intersections Introduction... Gencral Design Considerations and Objectives ‘Types and Examples of Intersections... General Considerations... ‘Throe-Leg Intersestions. Basic Types of Intersections. ‘Channelized Three-Leg Intersections Four-Leg Intersections. : Basic Types. CChannelized Four-Leg Intersections. Maltileg Intersections .. Modem Roundabouts... Capacity Analysis. Alignment and Profile . ‘Types of Turning Roadways, General or Minimum Edge of Traveled Way DesignsDesign for Specific Conditions (Right-Angle Tums)... Passenger Vehicles. Single Unit Trocks and Cty Transit Buses... Obtique-Angle Tums... Effect of Curb Radi on Turning Paths. Effect of Curb Radi on Pedestrians... ‘Corner Radi Into Local Urban Streets Islands... General Characteristics Channelizing Islands... Divisional Istands Refuge Islands rn Island Size and Designation... Island Delineation and Approach Treatment... Turing Roadways with Corner Islands Right-Angle Tums with Comer Islands. Oblique-Angle Turns with Comer Islands Free-Flow Turing Roadways at Intersections Superelevation for Tuming Roadways at Intersections... ‘General Design Guidelines Superelevation RunofT.. Development of Superclevation at Turing Roodway Terminals General Procedure Turm-Lane Cross-Slope Rollover Superelevation Transition and Gradeline Control ‘Trafic Control Devices. se Intersection Sight Distance. ‘General Considerations... Sight Triangles. Approach Sight Triangles. Departure Sight Triangles. ‘dentification of Sight Obstructions wit Intersection Control Case A— Intersections with No Control Case B—Intersections with Stop Control on the Minor Road Case B1—Left Turn from the Minor Rood . Case B2—Right Tum from the Minor Road... ‘Case B3-—Crossing Maneuver from the Minor Road Case C—Intesections with Yield Contol on the Minor Road. ‘Sight Triangles. 666 Case C1—Crossing Maneuver from the Minor Road 666 Case C2—Left- and Right-Tum Maneuvers wee 611 Case D—Intersections with Traffic Signal Control. see O71 Case E—Intersections with All-Way Stop Control nee 14 ‘Case P—Left Tums from the Major Road ecu ered : on Effect of Skew sviStopping Sight Distance at Intersections for Turning Roadways 678 General Considerations 678 Vertical Control. 678 Horizontal Control 678 Design to Discourage Wrong-Way Entry. 679 General Intersection Types.. 682 General Design Consider 682 Channelization noon 7 686 Speed-Change Lanes at Intersections .....nonr sn 688 Median Openings 689 General Design Considerations. : 689 Control Radii for Minimum Tarning Paths. 690 ‘Shape of Median End. 697 Minimum Length of Median Opening. 697 Median Openings Based on Control Radi for Design Vehicles. e698 Passenger Vehicles 1 698 Single-Unit Trucks or Buses. 699 Semitrailer Combinations. 700 EffVet Of SkeW.rvwnnsn a : pene TOO Above-Minimum Designs for Direct Left Turns 702 Indirect Left Turns and U-turn. 705 General Design Considerations, 705 Indirect Left Turn or Indirect U-Turn—Using Local Streets 707 Indirect Left Turn or Indirect U-Turm—Wide Medians. ne) Location and Design of U-Tum Median Openings.. 1709) Flush or Traversable Medians 12 iary Lanes 73 General Design Considerations 713 Deceleration Length... : Td Storage Length. — m4 Taper.. — 15 Median LeRTum Lanes. 716 ‘Median End Treatment. nnn 722 Offset Left-Turn Lanes 723 Simultaneous Left Turns . 723 Intersection Design Elements with Frontage Roads. 75 Bicycles at Intersections. 728 ‘Wheelchair Ramps at Intersections 78 Lighting at Intersections no DrivewaySeornon = 29 Railroad-Highway Grade Crossings. BI Horizontal Alignment BI Vertical Alignment 731 General. 732 REFETENEES nan 29.Chapter 10 Grade Separations and interchanges Introduction and General Types of Interchange. Warrants for Interchanges and Grade Separations Adeptsbity of Highway Grade Separations and interchanges... ‘Traffic and Operation. Site Condivons.. “Type of Highway and Intersting Fcity.. ‘Access Separations and Control onthe Crossroad a Interchange... Safety Stage Development. economic Factors Initial Costs Maintenance Costs Vehicular Operating Cos Grade Separation Structures. Introduction ‘Types of Separation Structures Overpass versus Underpass Roadways General Design Considerations... Structure Widths ‘Underpass Roadways, Lateral Clearances Vertical Clearance Overpass Roadways Bridge Railing... Lateral Clearances Medians Longitudinal Distance to Attain Grade Separation. Grade Separations without Ramps Interchanges ‘General Consideration — ‘Three-Leg Desiens. Four-Le DeSENS wn Ramps in One Quadrant. Diamond Interchanges. Single Point Urban interchanges Cloverleaf... Directional and SemidirectonalInterchanges. ‘ther Interchange Configuration OffetIoterchanges.. Combination Intrchanges. General Design Consider oo Determination of Interchange Configuration Approaches to the StmctureInterchange Spacing, Uniformity of Interchange Patterns. Route Continuity Overlapping Routes... Signing and Marking. Basic Number of Lanes Coordination of Lane Belance and Basic Number of Lanes “Auxiliary Lanes SS Lane Reductions... ‘Weaving Sections Collector Distributor Roads. e ‘Two-Exit versus Singl-Exit Interchange Desig... ‘Wrong-Way Entrances .. Ramps “Types and Examples. Geverat Ramp Design Considerations Ramp Traveled-Way Widths... Ramp Terminals Single-Lane Free-Flow Terminal, Entrances ‘Single-Lane Free-Flow Terminals, Exits. ‘Other Interchange Design Features Testing for Ease of Operatio.. Pedestrians... Ramp Metering. Grading and Landscape Development Models 849 .-867 867 References:Exhibit Number Ma 12 13 14 1s 16 17 29 240 2 212 243 24 245 2.20 221 LIST OF EXHIBITS Exhibit Caption Page Hierarchy of Movement... 2 Channetization of Trips. 4 Schematic Illustration of a Functionally C 5 Schematic Illustration of a Portion of a Subu 6 Relaionshp of Functionally Clase Systems in Serving Tie Mbity and Land Access n 7 Typical Distribution of Rural Functional Systems... . 10 ‘Typical Distribution of Urban Functional Systems. R Design Vehicle Dimensions. a see IAT Minimum Turing Radii of Design Vehicles. enn 19-20 Minimam Turing Path for Passenger Car (P) Design Vehicle wrancnnnnensienen 20 ‘Minimum Turning Path for Single-Unit (SU) Truck Design Vehicle. rene 22 Minimum Turning Path for Intercity Bus (BUS-12 [BUS-40}) Design Vehicle 23 Minimum Turning Path for Intercity Bus (BUS-14 [BUS-45}) Design Vehicle. 4 Minimumn Turning Path for City Transit Bus (CITY-BUS) Design Vehicle 25 Mini Turing Path for Conventnal School Bus (-BUS-1 [S-BUS-26D Design Vehicle... 26 Minimum Turning Path for Large Schoo! Bus (S-BUS. 12 isBu 40) Design Vehicle nor. 1 Minimum Turning Path for Articulated Bus (A-BUS) Design Vehicle 28 ‘Turing Characteristics of a Typical Tractor-Semitrailer Combination TrUek w.oneue 29 Lengths of Commonly Used Truck Tractors 30 Minimum Turing Path for Intermediate Semiailer(WB-12 [WB-40), Design Vehicle nears 31 Minium Turning Path for Intermediate Semitaler (WB-1S [WB-50) Design Vehicle : 32 Minimum Taming Pats fo Interstate Smiier(WB-19 [WB-€2) Design Vehicle 3 Minimum Turning Path fr Interstate Semitrailer (WB-20 wwe 65 and WB-67)) Design Vehicle. 4 Minimum Turing Path for Double-Traler Combination (WB-20D [WB- 70D Design Vehicle. 35 Minimum Turning Pt fo Tipe‘ Combination (we30T (wo. Design Vehicle = Minimum Turning Path for Tit Double Combination (WB-33D [WB-109D) Design Vehicle “Mininnam Turing Path for Motor Home (MH) Design Vehicle Minium Turing Pt for Passenger Cr and Carper Tier (P77) Design Vehicle Minimum Turing Path for Passenger Car and Boat Trailer (PB) Design Vehicle 40 Minimum Turning Path for Motor Home and Boat Trailer (MH/B) Design Vehicle... 41 Acceleration of Passenger Cars, Level Conditions 4 soaNumber 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 2.38 236 237 34 32 34 35 36 37 38 39 3.10 31 312 313 34 315 316 347 38 319 3.20 321 3-22 323 324 3.25 3.26 Exhibit Caption Deceleration Distances for Passenger Vehicles Approaching Intersections, Median Driver Reaction Time to Expected and Unexpected Information. ‘85th-Percentile Driver Reaction Time to Expected and Unexpected Information eaion between Peak-Hour and Average Daly Trae Volumes fon Rural Arterial. Conesponding Design Speeds in Met and US Customary Units Generalized Speed-Volume-Density Relationships. General Definitions of Levels of Service Guidelines for Selection of Design Levels of Service: Weaving Sections Simple and Muiiple Weaving Sections Estimated Crash Rates by Type of Median Urban and Suburban Areas. Estimated Crash Rates by Type of Median—Rural Areas... Esimaed Crash Rates by Unsignaied and Signalized Access s Desiy—Uia and Suburban Areas ‘Stopping Sight Distance. ‘Stopping Sight Distance on Grades. Decision Sight Distance Elements of Passing Sight Distance for Two-Lane Highways. lements of Safe Pssng Sit Distance for Design of Two-Lane Highways. ‘Total Passing Sight Distance and Its Components—Two-Lane Highways... Passing Sight Distance for Design of Two-Lane Highways. Scaling and Recording Sight Distances on Plans Geometry for Ball-Bank Indicator. . Side Friction Factors for High-Speed Streets and Highways: Side Friction Factors for Low-Speed Streets and Highways... Side Friction Factors Assumed fo Desig.nsemmennnnn Methods of Distributing Superelevation and Side ‘Average Running Speeds Minimum Radius Using Limiting Values of e and ‘Minimum Radii and Superelevation for Low-Speed| Urban Streets Superelevation, Radius, and Design Speed for Low-Speed Urban Street Design. “Method 5 Procedure for Development of the Finalized e Distribution, Design Superelevation Rates for Maximum Superelevation Rate of 4 Percent. Design Superelevation Rates for Maximum Superelevation Rate of 6 Percent. Design Superelevation Rates for Maximum Superelevation Rate of & Percent. Design Superelevation Rates for Maximum Superelevation Rate of 10 Percent. Design Superelevation Rates for Maximum Superelevation Rate of 12 Percent. Lengths of Circular Ares for Different Compound Curve Rai. Minima Rai for Design Supeelevation Rates, Design Spots and Egon," 4%. Minimum Radi for Design Soperelevaton Rate, Design Speci, and Enax7 6%. Page 45 3 32 - 60 0 2B 4 85 93, 9s nz ns 16 119 . 120 13 124 129 134 7 1B8 139 Mn 2143 447 150-151 152 154 15S 156 157 158 159 165 167Exhibit Number 327 3.28 343 344 345 346 3.47 348 3.49 350 351 3-52 353 3.54 355 3.56 BST 358 Exhibit Caption ‘Minimum Radii for Design Superelevation Rates, Design Speeds, and eax = 8% Minimum Rai for Design Soperelevation Rates, Desin Spee and éngx = 10%. Minimum Rai for Design Suprelevation Rates, D Spee and Maximum Relative Gradients Adjustment Factor for Number of Lanes Rotated Superelevation Runoff L, (m) (A) for Horizontal Curves, Runoff Locations that Minimize the Vehicle’s Lateral Motion Limiting Superelevation Rates ‘Transition Spirals Maximum Radius for Use ofa Spiral Curve Transition Desirable Length of Spiral Curve Transition ‘Superclevation Rates Associated with Large Relative Gradients... Tangent Runout Length for Spiral Curve Transition Design .. Diagrammatic Profiles Showing Methods of Atsining Supeetevation for a Curve to the Right. ——— ‘Minimum Lengths of Spiral for Intersection Curves. sn Length of Circular Are for a Compound Intersection Curve When Followed by a Curve of One-Half Radius or Preceded by a Curve of Double Radius. ‘Track Width for Widening of Traveled Way on Curves. Front Overhang for Widening of Traveled Way on Curves. Extra Width Allowance for Difficulty of Driving on Traveled Way on Curves. Widening Components on Open Highway Cxves(Two-Lene Highways, One-Way or Two-Way)... culated and Design Values for Traveled Way Widening on Open Highway Curves (Two-Lane Highways, One-Way ot Two-Way) Adjustments for Traveled Way Widening Values on Open Highway Curves. (Two-Lane Highways, One-Way or Two-Way). Derivation of Turning Roadway Widths on Curves a Intersections Derived Pavement Widths for Tuming Roadways for Different Design Vehicles Design Widths of Pavements for Turning Roadways Range of Usable Shoulder Widths or Equivalent Lateral Clearances Outside of Turing Roadways, Not on Structure Design Controls for Stopping Sight Distance on Horizontal Curves Diagram Ilustrating Components for Determining Horizontal Sight Distance Specd-Distanee Curves fra Type! Henry Truck of 120 kg W [200 for Deceleration on Upgrades... Speed-Distance Curves fr Acceleration ofa Typical Henny Trek of 120 ew [200 Tbmp] on Upgrades and Downgrades. ‘Speed-Distance Curves for a Typical Recreational Vehicle on the Selected Upgrades Crash Involvement Rate of Trucks for Which Running Speeds Arc Reduced below Average Running Speed of All Traffic. Page 169.170 man sara 7 18 180-181 183 34 186 187 189 190 192 194-195 200 202 204 206 207 209, 21-212 213 25 217-218 220 224 225-226 21 234 235 27 238Exhibit Number 359 3-60 361 3-62 3-63 3-64 3-65 3-66 3.67 3-68 3.69 3.70 371 372 3B 3.75 3.16 307 44 410 aa 412 413 414 41s 416 al7 418 419 4.20 421 Exhibit Caption, Page inka! Leng of Gade for Design, Asromed Typical Henry Truck of 120 kgf [200 Ibmp], Entering Speed = 110 kam [70 mph}... wn 242 Foo rte ar cae cee nv - 9m for Typical Recreational Vehicle Climbing Lanes on Two-Lane Highways... Climbing Lane on Freeways and Molilane Highways Passing Lanes Section on Two-Lane Roads... 243 244 250 252 Recommended Lengths of Turnouts Including Taper 254 Forces Acting on a Vehicle in Motion... . monensin 256 Rolling Resistance of Roadway Surfacing Materials 257 Basic Types of Fmergency Escape Ramps. posure 260 Typical Emergency Escape Ramp. 264 Types of Vertical Curves. 266 Parameters Considered in Determining the Length of a Crest Vertical Curve to Provide Sight Distance 268 Design Controls for Crest Vertical Curves—Open Road Conditions. 2m Design Controls for Stopping Sight Distance and for Crest and Sag Vertical Curves... 272 Design Controls for Crest Vertical Curves Based on Passing Sight Distance. 2m Design Controls for Sag Vertical Curves—Open Road Conditions... 215 Design Controls for Sag Vertical Curves ——e 2 ‘Sight Distance at Undercrossings. 278 Alignment and Profile Relationships in Roadway Design 284. ‘Typical Cross Section, Normal Crown... 306 ‘Typical Cross Section, Superelevated a0) Roadway Sections for Divided Highway (Basic Cros Slope Arrangements) 308, ‘Normal Traveled-Way Cross Slope. 310 Graded and Usable Shoulders ee 313 ‘Typical Highway Curbs.. . 321 Designation of Roadside Region . 326 Typical Frontage Road Arrangements. 340 Frontage Roads, regular Pattern. Mi (One-Way Frontage Roads, Entrance and Exit Ramps 342 ‘Two-Way Frontage Roads, Entrance and Exit Ramps 342 Frontage Road in Business Area with Narrow Outer Separation 343 ‘Typical Outer Separations 34d Noise-Abatement Criteria for Various Land Uses. 346 Effects of Depressing the Highway HAT Effects of Elevating the Highway. 348, Typical Two-Lane Tunnel Sections smn 354 Diagrammatic Tunnel Sections ..-.-. patent sa) Entrance to a Freeway Tunnel. —a : 356 Interior ofa Three-Lane One-Way Tunnel... rt 357 Typical Pedestrian Overpasses on Major Highways. 362 286Exhibit Number 42 423 424 425 426 427 4.28 429 430 431 sa 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 5-10 S11 S12 513 S15 S16 S7 Sas S19 61 62 63 65 66 Exhibit Caption Mid-Block Sidewalk Curb Ramp Details. ‘Sidewalk Curb Ramp at Middle of Radius—Discouraged Where Pedestrian ‘andlor Vehicular Volumes Are Moderate to High. Sidewalk Curb Ramp at End of Curb Radius. ‘Sidewalk Curb Ramp at Mid-Block.. ‘Median and Island Openings... Bus Tumouts Midblock Bus Turnout Sawtooth Bus Loading Area. Typical Park-and-Ride Facility Parking Lane Transition at Intersection. ‘Minimum Design Speeds for Local Rural Roads... Design Conrls for Stopping Sight Distance and for Crest and Sag Vertical Curves. Design Controls for Crest Vertical Curves Based on Passing Sight Distance... Maximum Grades for Local Rural Roads Minimum Width of Traveled Way and Shoulders Minimum Clear Roadway Widths and Design Loadings for New tnd Reconstructed Bridges. = Minimum Structural Capacities and Minimum Roadway Widths for Bridges to Remain in Place Types of Culs-de-Sac and Dead-End Streets Alley Tumarounds ‘Actual Cur’ Radius and at Intersections. Minimum Iilumination Levels Potential Road Network Design Controls for Stopping Sight Distance and for Crest and Sag Vertical Curves—Recreational Roads. Design Controls for Passing Sight Distance for Crest Vertical Curves—Recreational Roads oe Grades for Recreational Roads. lective Radius for Right-Tum Movements Maxinnum Minimum-Radius Horizontal Curve for Gravel Surface Tumout Design Wid of Traveled Way and Shoulders Recreational Roads. Design Speeds for Resource Recovery and Local Service Roads. Minimum Design Speeds for Rural Collectors Design Controls for Stopping Sight Distance and for Crest and Sag Vertical Curves. Design Controls for Crest Vertical Curves Based on Passing Sight Distance Maximum Grades for Rural Collectors. Minimum Width of Traveled Way and Shoulders Minimum Roadway Widths and Design Loadings for New and Reconstructed Bridges. P: 364 365 365 366, 366 369 370 372 374 315 381 381 382 wn 382 384 386 386 395 397 401 402 405 407 408. 409 410 412 ana ais a2 2 423 423 425 426 age soaExhibit Number Exhibit Caption Page 6-7 Structural Capacities and Minimum Roadway Widths for Bridges to Remain in Place. = ee ann 68 Maximum Grades for Urban Collectors. 432 7-1 Minimum Sight Distances for Arterials... 44s 7-2 Maximum Grades for Rural Arterials 426 73 Minimum Width of Traveled Way and Usable Shoulder for Rural Arteria8 crores 448 74 Climbing Lane on Two-Lane Rural Arterial 450 7-5 Two-Lane Arterial Cross Section with Ultimate Development toa Four-Lane Arterial... 453 Methods of Attaining Superelevation on Divided Arterial... 461 Typical Medians on Divided Arterial... : 462. Cross Sectional Arrangements on Divided Acterials 464 Cross Sectional Arrangements on Divided Arterials. 465 Maximum Grades for Urban Arterils. an Continuous Two-Way Left-Turn Lane, 416 Parking Tumouts in Downtown District. 479 Arterial Street in Residential Area... 480 Divided Arterial Street with Parking Lanes. 481 Urban Arterial with Dual Left-Turn Lanes. 490 Divided Arterial Street with Two-Way Frontage Road. 495 Bus Stops at Special Locations Adjacent to Certain Arterials.. su 499 Exclusive Bus Lane. : 501 Mexizmim Grades for Rural and Urban Freeways. - 506 ‘Typical Ground-Level Rural Freeway, o 310 Typical Rural Medians sn ‘Typical Cross Section for Depressed Freeways 516 Restricted Cross Sections for Depressed Freeways. 516 86 Cros Sections with Retaining Well on Depressed Freeways without Ranps 518 8-7 Depressed Freeway. — . 519 88 Depressed Freeway. 520 89 Typical Cross Sections for Elevated Freeways on Structures without Ramps. S24 #10 Typ and Rested Cros Seton for Elevated Freeway on Ststre with Frontage Roads... . 525 811 ‘Typical and Restricted Cross Sections for Elevated Freeways on Embankanent 526 812 Viaduct Freeway.. a _ 527 8:13 Two-Level Viaduct Freeway 528 8:14 ‘Typical Cross Sections for Ground.tevel Freeways 529 BAS Restricted Cross Sections for Ground-Level Freeways... 330 816 Profile ControlRolling Terrain Combination-Type Freeway 531 8-17 Profile Control—Flat Terrain Combination-Type Freeway. 532 818 Cross-Section Control—Combination-Type Freeway. SM 819 Combination-Type Freeway. a 2 snsnnenanonenne $38 8-20 Four-Level Cantilevered Freeway ..snnnsnn eee 536)93 9-10 oat 92 93 ona as 9:16 9.17 548 a9 9.20 921 922 923 9.24 925 Exhibit Caption Page ‘Typical Cross Sections for Reverse-Flow Operation... . 337 ‘Typical Reverse Roadway Terminals. ee) Reverse-Flow Freeway... samen, $40, “Typical Dual-Divided Freeway : Dual Divided Freeway with a 4-334 Roadway Arrangement Bus Roadway Located between a Freeway and a Parallel Frontage Road. Bus Stops at Freeway Level. : Bus Stops at Freeway-Level Diamond interchange. Freeway-Level Bus Stop at Cloverleaf Interchange.. . 548 Bus Stops at Street Level on Diamond Interchange. 549. Joint Freeway-Transit Right-of Way .. 551 “Typical Setions with Rail Transit in Freeway Median 952 Example of Transit Station Layout. 333 ‘Depressed Freeway with Rail Rapid Transit in the Median.. 554 Physical and Functional Intersection Area. sn 587 Elements of the Functional Area of an Intersection 857 Channelized High-Type “T” Intersection... sens $89 Three-Leg Rural Intersection, Channelized “I” 559 “P" Intersections 360 ‘Channelized“T" Intersections esi “T" Intersections 562 Channelized “T"Intersetions ne 563 UUnchannetzedFour-LepInersetions, Plan and Flared 566 CChannetized Four-Leg Intersections... 367 Channelized Four-Leg Intersections . 569 Four-Leg Intersections (Channelized High-Type) 370 Four-Leg inersections (Channelized Nligh-Type) 52 Realigning Multi-Leg Intersections 533 Geometric Elements ofa Singl-Lane Modem Roundabout 515 ‘Typical Modern Roundabout on-- 516 Roundabout with Entry Faring in Two Quadrans 318 Realignment Variations at Intersection. : 580 Edge-of-Traveled-Way Designs for Turs at Intersections, 584-587 Edge of Traveled Way for Turns at Intersections... soe 588-591 Minimum Traveled Way (Passenger Vehicles), 594-595 Minimum Traveled Way Design (Single-Unit Trucks and City Transit Buss)... 596-597 Minimum Edgeof-TraveledWay Designs (WB-12 [WB-40] Design Vehicle Path) .onnenennnnn 598-599 Minimum Edye-of Traveled Way Designs ove.ts ov. 0) Design Vehicle Path). 600 Maimm Eige-oF Traveled Vay Desips owes sop a 601-602 Design Vehicle Path. voiExhibit Number 9.24 9.27 9.28 9.29 9.30 931 9.32 9.33 934 9.35 936 937 938 939 9.40 9-1 942 943 9.48 94s 9.46 947 9.49 9-50 951 952 9-53 9.54 98 9-56 957 9.58 Exhibit Caption Minimum Edge ofTrveed-Way Designs (WB-19[WB-62) Design Vehicle Path. Minimum Edge-f-Traveled-Way Designs | (wp-aor (wo-107 Design Vehicle Path) Minimom Ege-of Traveled: Way Designs (WB-33D [WB-109D] Design Vehicle Path. : Bet of Cad Rai on Righ Twig Pt of Various Design Vehicle Effect of Cubed Radi on Rigit “Turing Paths of Various Design Vehicles. Cross Street Width Occupied by Taming Voice for Vasons Angin of Intersection and Curb Radi Effet of Curbed Rai and Parking on Right-Tuming Pats. Variations in Length of Crosswalk with Different Curb Radii and Width of Borders... Comer Setbacks with Different Curb Radi and Widh of Border. General Types and Shapes of Islands and Medians. Alignment for Addition of Divisional Islands at Intersections... Details of Comer Island Designs for Turning Roadways (Urban Location) Details of Come tnd Designs fr Tuning Roadways (Real Cross Section on Approach). Nose Ramping at Approach End of Median or Comer Island. Details of Divisional Island Design, ‘Minimum Turning Roadway Designs with Comer Istands at Urban Locations. ‘Typical Designs for Turing Roadways. Use of Simple and Compound Curves at Free low Turning Roadways Effective Maximum Relative Gradients... svn Development of Superelevation at Tuming Roadway Terminals Development of Superelevation at Turning Roadway Terminals. Development of Superelevation at Turning Roadway Terminals Development of Superelevation at Turning Roadway Terminal Maximum Algebraic Difference in Cross Slope at Turning, Roadway Terminals Intersection Sight Triangles... Length of Sight Triangle LepCase A_No Traffic Control Length of Sight Triangle Leg—Case A—No Traffic Control. ‘Adjustment Factors for Sight Distance Based on Approach Grade, Time Gap for Case B1—~Left Tur from Stop.. Design Intersection Sight Distance—Case B]—Left Turn from Stop. Intersection Sight Distance-—Case B1—Left Tum from Stop Time Gap for Case B2—Right Turn from Stop and Case B3—Crossing Maneuver Design Intersection Sight Distance Case B2 Right Turn fom Stop and Case B3—Crossing Maneuver. os Page 603-604 605-606 607-608 612 613 615-616 617-618 620 620 624 - 626 630 . 631 632 63 635-636 . 8 640-641 643 6a 64s 648 682 655 - 656 ~ 658 660 661 662 664Number 9.59 9-60 9-61 9-62 9-80 9-81 992 9-83, 9.84 9-85 9-86 987 9.88 9.89 Exhibit Caption Page Intersection Sight Distance—Case B2—Right Turn from Stop and Case B3—Crossing Maneuver... Case C1—Crossing Maneuvers fom Yielé-Contoled Aproashes—Leneth ‘of Minor Road Leg and Travel Times... 668 Length of Sight Triangle Leg slong Major Road Case C1 Goose 665 “Maneuver at Yield Controlled Intersections. 669 Length of Sight Triangle Leg along Major Road for Passenger Cars—Case Cl—Crossing Maneuver. 670 Time Gap for Case C2—Left or Right Tum... on Design Inersetion Sight Disiance—Case C2—Left or Right Tarn at Yield Controlled Intersections. on Intersection Sight Distance—Case C2—Yield Controlled Left or Right Tur. 673 ‘Time Gap for Case F—Left Turns from the Major R024... 678 Intersection Sight Distance—Case F—Left Turn from Major Road, 675, Interseotion Sight Distance—Case F Left Turn from Major Road 676 ‘Sight Triangles at Skewed Intersections. on ‘Stopping Sight Distance for Turning Roadways. 678 ‘Two-Lane Crossroad Designs to Discourage Wrong-Way Entry aC Divided Crossroad Designs to Discourage Wrong-Way Entry wu. 681 General Types of Intersections, sonneneinnininnienen, 683 General Types of Intersections. sonnei 684 Guide for Lef-Tum Lanes on Two-Lane Highways 685 Control Radii at Intersections for 90-Degree Left Turns 691-692 eet ee ge ae Radius of 12-m [40 f)eornonsn 693 ‘Minimum Design of Median Openings (P Design Vehicle, Control Radius of 12 m [40 AP) so 694 “Minimum Design of Median Openings (SU Design Vehicle, Contol Radius of 15 m [50 ft). sonnei 64 ‘Minimum Design of Median Openings (WB-12 [WB-40] Design Vehicle, Control Radius of 23 m [75 ft. nnn - Minimum Design of Median Openings (SU Design Vehicle Control 695 Radius of 15 m [50 ft). 695 Minimum Design of Median Openings 22 WB} Desi Vi, ‘Control Radius of 23 m [75 ft) 696 Minimum Design of Mein Openings (WB-12 wn Design Vehicle, Control Radius of 30 m [100 f). 696 Minimum Design of Mein Openings (Effect of Skew) 700 Design Controls for Minimum Median Openings. ao Effect of Skew on Minimum Design for Median Openings Typical Values Based on Control Radius of 15 m [50 ft) 703 Above-Minimum Design of Median Openings (Typical Bullet-Nose Ends) 708 Jughandle-Type Ramp with Crossroad se sens 706 At-Grade Loop (Surface Loop) with Crosssoad 706 sowieExhibit Number 9.90 991 9.92 9.93 9.94 9.95 9.96 9.97 9.98 9.99 9-100 9-101 9-102 9-103 9-104 9-105 101 102 103, 104 105 106 10-7 108 109 10-10 10-11 10-12 10:13 10-14 101s 10-16 10:17 10418 10-19 10.20 10.21 10.22 10-23 al Exhibit Caption Page Speci! Indirect Let-Tum Designs for Ti Leaving Highway with Narrow Median : 707 Indirect Left Tum through a Crossover. 709 Minimum Designs for U-Turns ....0.0 : m Special Indirect U-Turn witb Narow Medians 72 Flush or Traversable Median Lane Markings... 113 Taper Design for Auxiliary Lanes... n7-118 4.2-to 5.4-m[14-to 18-1] Median Width Left-Tum Design .cnnnsnnnanannaee 19-720 Median Left-Turn Design for Median Width in Excess of 5.4 m (18 8) m Parallel and Tapered Offset Left-Turn Lane a = nA Four-Leg Intersection Providing Simultaneous Left Tus 2S Intersections with Frontage Roads — eee mm ‘Cumulative Frequency Distribution of Impact Lengths 730 Railroad-Highway Grade Crossing 72 Case A: Moving Vehicle to Safely Cross or Stop at Railroad Crossing, ns Required Design Sight Distance for Combination of Highway and Train Vehicle Spee; 20. [66-8 Track Crossing» Single Set of Tracks a 90 Degrees. sennsenvnans TBD Case B: Departure of Vehicle from. Sens Position to Cross Single Railroad Track. 738 Interchange Configurations 744 Factors Influencing Length of Access Control along an Interchange Crossroad. 750 Typical Grade Separation Structures with Closed Abutments... secnnnenine 756 ‘Typical Grade Separation Structure with Open-End SpaN .snrnsninnvinnnsnannen 157 Multilevel Grade Separation Structures. = 158, Lateral Clearances for Major Roadway Underpasses. 162 ‘Typical Overpass Structures nen : 165 Flat Terrain, Distance Required to Effect Grade Separation. 768-769 ‘Three-Leg Interchanges with Single Structures. m2 Three-Leg Interchanges with Multiple Structures nn) ‘Three-Leg Interchange (T-Type or Trumpet) 74 Three-Leg Interchange Semidirectional Design. : se TA Directional Three-Leg Interchange of a River Crossing... ses 715 ‘Trumpet Freeway-to-Freeway Interchange e776) Four-Leg Interchanges, Ramps in One Quadrant... _ 7717 Diamond Interchanges, Conventional Arrangements 179 Diamond Interchange Arrangements to Reduce Traffic Conflicts 179 Diamond Interchanges with Additional Structures. 780 Freeway with a Three-Level Diamond Interchange so 781 Existing Four-Leg Interchange with Diamond Stage Construction. 782 X-Pattem Ramp Arrangement or 782 ‘Underpass Single Point Urban Interchange — 784 An SPUI Underpass in Restricted Right-of Way... 784Exhibit Number 10.24 10.25 10.26 10.27 10-28 10.29 1030 10.31 1032 10-33 10-34 10-35 10.36 10.37 10.38 1039 10-40 10-41 10-42 10-43 10-44 10.45 10-46 1047 10-48 10-49 10.50 10-51 10-52 10-53 10s4 10-55 Exhibit Caption Overpass Layout with a Frontage Road and a Separate U-Turn Movement. Underpass SPUI and Overpass SPUI. Fout-Leg Interchange, Full Cloverleaf with Collector Distibutor Roads Cloverleaf Interchange with Collector-Distributor Roads. Schematic of Partial Cloverleaf Ramp Arrangements, Exit and Entrance Turns Four-Leg Interchange (Partial or Two- Quadrant Cloverleaf with Ramps before Main Structure) Four Log Ierchange (Parlor Tvo- Quadrant Clover with Ramps beyond Main Structure). SemiirctInterchanges with Weaving. SemidirectInterchanges with No Weaving. ‘Semicirectional and Directional Interchanges—Multlevel Structures Directional Interchange, Two Semidirect Connections... Four-Level Directional Interchange. Four-Level Directional Interchange. ‘Semidirectional Interchange with Loops. Offset Interchange via Ramp Highway. Four-Leg Interchange, Diamond with a Semidirect Connection. Four-Leg Interchange, Cloverleaf with @ Semidirect Connection. ‘Complex Interchange Arrangement. : Freeway with a Three-Level Cloverleaf Interchange Adaptability of Interchanges on Freeways as Related to Types of Intersecting Facilities. Widening for Divisional Island at Interchanges. Arrangement of Exits Between Successive Interchanges. Interchange Forms to Maintain Route Continuity. Collector-Distributor Road on Major-Minor Roadway Overlap, ‘Schematic of Basic Number of Lanes Typical Examples of Lane Balance. Coordination of Lane Balance and Basie Number of Lanes Altemative Methods of Dropping Auxiliary Lanes... ‘Coordination of Lane Balance and Basic Number of Lanes through Application of Auxiliary Lanes ss Auxiliary Lane Dropped at Two-Lane Exit, Interchange Forms with One and Two Exits. General Types of Ramps. Guide Values for Ramp Design Speed as Related to Highway Design Speed. Ramp Shapes. —— 2 Development of Supeelevation at Free-Flow Ramp Terminals. ‘Typical Gore Area Characteristics ‘Typical Gore Details o Minimum Length of Taper Beyond an Offset Nose... Traveled-Way Narrowing on Entrance Ramps. Page 786 187 789 7. 71 792 793 795 795 796 797 797 1 798 198 99 800 801 801 802 804 806 808, 808 810 an 812 813 sis 816 817 822 824 826 827 831 833 834 835 835 ali10-74 10-75 10-76 10-17 10-78 10-79 10-80 xii Exhibit Caption Page re Area, Single-Lane Exit. 836 Gore Area, Major Fork. 7 son $36 Gore Area, Two-Lane Exit. 837 Entrance Terminal 837 Design Widths for Turning Roadways... — 39 Recommended Minimum Ramp Terminal Spacing, 844 ‘Typical Single-Lane Entrance Ramps... 84s Minimum Acceleration Lengths for Entrance Terminals with Flat Grades of Two Percent or Less. 847 Speed Change Lane Adjustment Factors as a Function of Grade. 843, Exit Ramps—Single Lane nner 850 Minimum Deceertion Leng for Exit “Terminals wit Fat Grades of Two Percent or Les... 851 Layout of Taper-Type Terminals on Curves pee eee eeee ee eee esr Parallel-Type Ramp Terminals on Curves 855 ‘Typical Two-Lane Entrance Ramps. 858. ‘Two-Lane Exit Terminals. 859 Major Forks. 861 Branch Connections so sons 862 Diagram of Freeway Operational Problem and Solution x... ne B64 854Foreword AS highway designers, highway engineers strive to provide for the needs of highway users while maintaining the integrity of the environment. Unique combinations of design requirements that are often conflicting result in unique solutions to the design problems. The guidance supplied by this text, A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, is based on established practices and is supplemented by recent research. This text is also intended to form a comprehensive reference manual for assistance in administrative, planning, and educational efforts pertaining to design formulation. Design values are presented in this document in both metric and U.S. customary units and were developed independently within each system. The relationship between the metric and U.S. ‘customary values is neither an exact (soft) conversion nor a completely rationalized (hard) conversion. The metric values are those that would have been used had the policy been presented exclusively in metric units; the U.S. customary values are those that would have been used if the policy had been presented exclusively in U.S. customary units. Therefore, the user is advised to ‘work entirely in one system and not attempt to convert directly between the two. The fact that new design values are presented herein does not imply that existing streets and highways are unsafe, nor does it mandate the initiation of improvement projects. This publication i not intended as a policy for resurfacing, restoration, or rehabilitation (3R) projects. For projects of this type, where major revisions to horizontal or vertical curvature are not necessary or Practical, existing design values may be retained. Specific site investigations and crash history analysis often indicate that the existing design features are performing in a satisfactory manner. The cost of full reconstruction for these facilities, particularly where major realignment is not needed, will often not be justified. Resurfacing, restoration, and rehabilitation projects enable highway agencies to improve highway safety by selectively upgrading existing highway and roadside features without the cost of full reconstruction. When designing 3R projects, the designer should refer to TRB Special Report 214, Designing Safer Roads: Practices for Resurfacing, Restoration, and Rehabilitation and related publications for guidance. ‘The intent of this policy is to provide guidance to the designer by referencing a recommended range of values for critical dimensions. It is not intended to be a detailed design ‘manual that could supercede the need for the application of sound principles by the knowledgeable design professional. Sufficient flexibility is permitted to encourage independent designs tailored to particular situations. Minimum values are either given or implied by the lower value in a given range of values. The larger values within the ranges will normally be used where the social, economic, and environmental (S.E.E.) impacts are not critical The highway, vehicle, and individual users are all integral parts of transportation safety and efficiency. While this document primarily addresses geometric design issues, a properly equipped and maintained vehicle and reasonable and prudent performance by the user are also necessary for safe and efficient operation of the transportation facility. xiiiEmphasis has been placed on the joint use of transportation corridors by pedestrians, cyclists, and public transit vehicles. Designers should recognize the implications of this sharing of the transportation corridors and are encouraged to consider not only vehicular movement, but also movement of people, distribution of goods, and provision of essential services. A more comprehensive transportation program is thereby emphasized, Cost-effective design is also emphasized. The traditional procedure of comparing highway- user benefits with costs has been expanded to reflect the needs of non-users and the environment. Although adding complexity to the analysis, this broader approach also takes into account both the need for a given project and the relative priorities among various projects. The results of this approach may need to be modified to meet the needs-versus-funds problems that highway administrators face. The goal of cost-effective design is not merely to give priority to the most beneficial individual projects but to provide the most benefits to the highway system of which each project is a part. ‘Most of the technical material that follows is detailed or descriptive design information, n guidelines are included for freeways, arterials, collectors, and local roads, in both urban ‘and rural locations, paralleling the functional classification used in highway planning. The book is organized into functional chapters to stress the relationship between highway design and highway fimction. An explanation of functional classification is included in Chapter 1 These guidelines are intended to provide operational efficiency, comfort, safety, and convenience for the motorist. The design concepts presented herein were also developed with consideration for environmental quality. The effects of the various environmental impacts can and should be mitigated by thoughtful design processes. This principle, coupled with that of aesthetic consistency with the surrounding terrain and urban setting, is intended to produce highways that are safe and efficient for users, acceptable to non-users, and in harmony with the environment. This publication supersedes the 2001 AASHTO publication of the same name. Because the concepts presented could not be completely covered in one book, references to additional literature are given at the end of each chapter. atvCHAPTER 1 HIGHWAY FUNCTIONS SYSTEMS AND CLASSIFICATIONS The class geometric types is necessary for communication among engineers, administrators, and the general public. Different classification schemes have been applied for different purposes in different rural and urban regions. Classification of highways by design types based on the major geometric features (e.g., freeways, conventional streets, and highways) is the most helpful one for highway location and design procedures, Classification by route numbering (e.g., U.S., State, County) is the most helpful for traffic operations. Administrative classification (e.g., National Highway System or Non-National Highway System) is used to denote the levels of government responsible for, and the method of financing, highway facilities. Functional classification, the grouping of highways by the character of service they provide, was developed for transportation planning, purposes. Comprehensive transportation planning, an integral part of total economic and social development, uses functional classification as an important planning tool. The emergence of functional classification as the predominant method of grouping highways is consistent with the policies contained in this publication. fication of highways into different operational systems, functional classes, or THE CONCEPT OF FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION This section introduces the basic concepts needed for understanding the functional classification of highway facilities and systems. Hierarchies of Movements and Components A complete functional design system provides a series of distinct travel movements. The six recognizable stages in most trips inclide main movement, transition, distribution, collection, access, and termination. For example, Exhibit 1-1 shows a hypothetical highway trip using a freeway, where the main movement of vehicles is uninterrupted, high-speed flow. When approaching destinations from the freeway, vehicles reduce speed on freeway ramps, which act as transition roadways. The vehicles then enter moderate-speed arterials (distributor facilities) that bring them nearer to the vicinity of their destination neighborhoods. They next enter collector roads that penetrate neighborhoods. The vehicles finally enter local access roads that provide direct approaches to individual residences or other terminations. At their destinations the vehicles are parked at an appropriate terminal facility Each of the six stages of a typical trip is handled by a separate facility designed specifically for its function. Because the movement hierarchy is based on the total amount of traffic volume, freeway travel is generally highest in the movement hierarchy, followed by distributor arterial travel, which is in turn higher in the movement hierarchy than travel on collectors and local access routes.AASHTO—Geometric Design of Highways and Streets Terina! 5 gi Coleetion > Exhibit 1-1. Hierarchy of Movement Although many trips can be subdivided into all of the six recognizable stages, intermediate facilities are not always needed. The complete hierarchy of circulation facilities relates especially to conditions of low-density suburban development, where traffic flows are cumulative on successive elements of the system. However, it sometimes is desirable to reduce the mumber of components in the chain. For instance, a large single traffic generator may fill one or more lanes of a freeway during certain periods. In this situation, it is expedient to lead traffic directly onto a freeway ramp without introducing arterial facilities that unnecessarily mix already-concentrated traffic flows with additional vehicles. This deletion of intermediate facilities does not eliminate the functional need for the remaining parts of the flow hierarchy or the functional design components, although it may change their physical characters. The order of movement is still identifiable. ‘The failure to recognize and accommodate by suitable design each of the different trip stages, of the movement hierarchy is a prominent cause of highway obsolescence. Conflicts and congestion occur at interfaces between public highways and private traffic-generating facilities when the functional transitions are inadequate. Examples are commercial driveways that lead directly from a relatively high-speed arterial into a parking aisle without intermediate provisions for transition deceleration and arterial distribution or, more seriously, freeway ramps that lead directly into or from large traffic generators such as major shopping centers.Highway Functions Inadequate acceptance capacity of the distributor arterial or internal circulation deficiencies within the traffic absorber may lead to traffic backing up onto the freeway. Successful internal design that provides facilities to accommodate all the intermediate functions between the high- speed freeway and the terminal parking facility will alleviate such a situation, In the case of the freeway leading to a large traffic generator, deceleration from rapid movement on the freeway occurs on the exit ramp. Distribution to various parking areas is then accomplished by primary distribution-type roads or lanes within the parking facility. These roads or lanes supplant the distributor arterial function, Collector-type roads or lanes within the parking facility may then deliver segments of the entering flow to the parking bays. The parking aisle, in leading to individual parking space terminals, then becomes the equivalent of an access street ‘Thus, the principal functions within the hierarchical movement system are recognizable, In addition, each functional category also is related to a range of vehicle speeds. The same principles of design are also relevant to terminal facilities that adjoin distributor arterials or collectors. The functional design of the facility includes each movement stage, with internal circulation in the terminal design to accommodate the order of movement, The need to design for all stages of the movement hierarchy varies with the size of the traffic generator. For relatively small generators, two or more stages may be accommodated on the same internal facility. For larger traffic generators, each movement stage should have a separate functional facility. To determine the mumber of design components needed, the customary volumes of traffic handled by public streets of different functional categories can be compared. The volume range on private internal facilities can be related to the comparable range on public streets. ‘These volumes may not be directly comparable, inasmuch as the physical space available within private facility is smaller and the operational criteria are necessarily quite different. However, the same principles of flow specialization and movement hierarchy can be applied. Some further examples may demonstrate how the principles of movement hierarchy are related to a logical system of classification of traffic generation intensity. At the highest practical level of traffic generation, a single generator fills an entire freeway, and for this condition, intermediate public streets could not be inserted between the generator and the freeway, so the various movement stages should be accommodated internally with appropriate design features. At the next level of traffic generation a single trafic generator could fill a single freeway lane. It is then appropriate to construct a freeway ramp for the exclusive use of the generator without intervening public streets. At still smaller volumes it becomes desirable to combine the traffic from several generators with additional traffic before the flow arrives at a freeway entrance ramp. The road performing this funetion then becomes a collector facility, accumulating these stall flows until a traffic volume that will fil the freeway ramp is reached. Similar principles can be applied at the distributor arterial level of service. If a given traffic generator is of sufficient size, an exclusive intersection driveway for that generator is justified. In other cases an intermediate collector street should combine smaller traffic flows until they reach a volume that warrants an intersection along the distributor. The same theory can be applied with regard to the criteria for direct access to the collector street. A moderately sized traffic generator 3AASHTO—Geometric Design of Highways and Streets usually warrants a direct connection to the collector without an intermediate access street; however, in a district of single-family residences, a local access street should assemble the traffic from a group of residences and lead it into a collector street at a single point of access. In practice, direct access to arterials and collectors should be provided from commercial and residential properties, particularly in established neighborhoods. In short, each element of the functional hierarchy can serve as a collecting facility for the next higher element, but an element should be present only where the intermediate collection is needed to satisfy the spacing needs and traffic volume demands of the next higher facility. By defining the spacing needs and traffic volume demands for a system element, it is possible to determine which cases should use the full system and which cases may bypass intermediate elements. Functional Relations! Functional classification groups streets and highways according to the character of service they are intended to provide. This classification recognizes that individual roads and streets do not serve travel independently. Rather, most travel involves movement through networks of roads and can be categorized relative to such networks in a logical and efficient manner. Thus, functional classification of roads and streets is also consistent with categorization of travel. A schematic illustration of this basic idea is shown in Exhibit 1-2. In Exhibit 1-2A, tines of travel desire are straight lines connecting trip otigins and destinations (circles). The relative ‘widths of the lines indicate the relative amounts of travel desire, The relative sizes of the circles indicate the relative trip-generating and attracting power of the places shown. Because it is impractical to provide direct-line connections for every desire line, trips should be channelized on Indvidoo! Form ¥iltege a Town I {A)Deake Lines of rove 1) Rood Helwork Provided Exhibit 1-2. Channelization of TripsHighway Functions 4 limited road network in the manner shown in Exhibit 1-2B. Heavy travel movements are directly served or nearly so the smaller movements are channeled into somewhat indirect paths. ‘The facilites in Exhibit 1-2 are labeled local access, collector, and arterial, which are terms that describe their functional relationships. In this scheme the functional hierarchy is also seen to be related to the hierarchy of trip distances served by the network. A more complete illustration of a functionally classified rural network is shown in Exhibit 1-3. The arterial highways generally provide direct service between cities and larger towns, which generate and attract a large proportion of the relatively longer trips. Roads of the intermediate functional category (collectors) serve small towns directly, connecting them to the arterial network. Roads of this category collect traffic from the local roads, which serve individual farms and other rural land uses or distribute traffic to these local roads from the arterials, Leseno (O Caies ond Towns village: wae puters Collectors Locals hibit 1-3. Schematic Illustration of a Funetionally Classified Rural Highway Network Although this example has a rural setting, the same basic concepts also apply in urban and suburban areas. A similar hierarchy of systems can be defined; however, because of the high intensity of land use and travel, specific travel-generation centers are more difficult to identify. In urban and suburban areas additional considerations, such as the spacing of intersections, become ‘more important in defining a logical and efficient network. A schematic illustration of a functionally classified suburban street network is shown in Exhibit 1-4.AASHTO—Geometric Design of Highways and Streets exc Gilleoter Strat Ginx Fuble aren Access Needs and Controls The two major considerations in classifying highway and street networks functionally are access and mobility. The conflict between serving through movement and providing access to a dispersed pattern of trip origins and destinations necessitates the differences and gradations in the various functional types. Regulated limitation of access is needed on arterials to enhance their primary function of mobility. Conversely, the primary function of local roads and streets is to provide access (implementation of which causes a limitation of mobility). The extent and degree of access control is thus a significant factor in defining the functional category of a street or highway. Alllied to the idea of traffic categorization is the dual role that the highway and street network plays in providing (1) access to property and (2) travel mobility. Access is a fixed need for every area served by the highway system. Mobility is provided at varying levels of service. Mobility can incorporate several qualitative elements, such as riding comfort and absence of speed changes, but the most basic factor is operating speed or trip travel time. Exhibit 1-2 shows that the concept of traffic categorization leads logically not only to a functional hierarchy of road classes but also to a similar hierarchy of relative travel distances served by these road classes. The hierarchy of travel distances can be related logically to finctional specialization in meeting the property access and travel mobility needs. Local rural facilities emphasize the land access function. Arterials for main movement or distribution 6emphasize the high level of mobility for through movement. Collectors offer approximately balanced service for both functions. This scheme is illustrated conceptually in Exhibit 1-5. Further discussion of the various degrees of access control appropriate to street and highway development is provided in the section on “Access Control and Access Management” in Chapter 2. PROPORTION OF SERVICE Mobility Arterials Collectors Locals 1-5. Relationship of Fun Traffic Mobi jonally Classified Systems in Serving and Land Access FUNCTIONAL SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS. This section contains definitions and characteristics of highway facilities in urban and rural settings based on their funetional classifications. It presents information, in revised form, from the Federal Highway Administration publication Highway Functional Classification: Concepts, Criteria, and Procedures (1). Definitions of Urban and Rural Areas Urban and rural areas have fundamentally different characteristics with regard to density and types of land use, density of street and highway networks, nature of travel patterns, and the way in which these elements are related. Consequently, urban and rural functional systems are classified separately,AASHTO—Geomeiric Design of Highways and Streets _ Urban areas are those places within boundaries set by the responsible State and local officials having a population of 5,000 or more. Urban areas are further subdivided into urbanized areas (population of 50,000 and over) and small urban areas (population between 3,000 and 50,000). For design purposes, the population forecast for the design year should be used. (For legal definition of urban areas, see Section 101 of Title 23, U.S. Code.) Rural areas are those areas outside the boundaries of urban areas. Functional Categories ‘The roads making up the functional systems differ for urban and rural areas. The hierarchy of the functional systems consists of principal arterials (for main movement), minor arterials (distributors), collectors, and local roads and streets; however, in urban areas there are relatively ‘more arterials with further functional subdivisions of the arterial category whereas in rural areas there are relatively more collectors with further functional subdivisions of the collector category. Functional Systems for Rural Areas Rural roads consist of facilities outside of urban areas. The names provided for the recognizable systems are principal arterials (roads), minor arterials (roads), major and minor collectors (roads), and local roads. Rural Principal Arterial System The rural principal arterial system consists of a network of routes with the following service characteristics: 1. Corridor movement with trip length and density suitable for substantial statewide or interstate travel 2. Movements between all, or virtually all, urban areas with populations over 50,000 and a large majority of those with populations over 25,000. 3. Integrated movement without stub connections except where unusual geographic or traffic flow conditions dictate otherwise (e.g., international boundary connections or ‘connections to coastal cities). Im the more densely populated states, this class of highway includes most (but not all) heavily traveled routes that might warrant multilane improvements in the majority of states; the principal arterial system includes most (if not all) existing rural freeways. ‘The principal arterial system is stratified into the following two design types: (1) freeways and (2) other principal arterials.