ALR WAR BOSNIA UN sain EKO) soa ha TIM RIPLEYCover Picrunes: Front, Top Left The first close air support missions over Sarajevo of Deliberate Force on 30 August were carried out by USAF Fairchild A-IOA, Warthogs. ofthe ignst Fighter Squadron (FS) Massachusetts Air National’ Guard. The Warthogs wore met by atelloy of beat sooking surface-to-air missiles alter they Tesponded to a call for help from French UN'troops when they came under heavy Serb fire (US4P Top Centr: G04 Squadron, British Army Air Comps 195 with four Westland Lyne AH Mic? to provide mobility. for UN. troops establishing a ceasetize agreement. After the hostage crisis of May 1995, the squadron was attached to the newly established UN Rapid Reaction Force {RRF) providing mobility for senior Top Right: Aviano airpower on display over Venice. By July 1993, Aviano AB boasted three squadrons of attack aircra’t ready to provido close air support for UNPROFOR. hey included USAF Fairchild A-10A Warthogs, of the 510th Fighter Squadron (FS), USAF Lockheed Mactin F-16 Fighting Falcons, of the 2:rd FS and USMC McDonnell Douglas F/A-18Ds, of Marine All Weather Fighter Attack Squadron (VMFA(AW)) 533. 1Us8F7000) Main Photo Hornot Strike - USS Americ, The thr McDonnell Douglas F/A-18C Hornet ‘Squadrons embarked on the USS America Navy Strike Fighter Squadroas (VFA) 82 nd 86, and Marine’ Fighter, Attack quadron (VMFA) 251 ~ began air strikes ver Bosnia from 10 September, delivering Some 30 laser guided bombs and firin three AGM-84 Stand-Off Land Attac Missiles (SLAMS) against Serb throughout Bosnia, rim tpl targets Ovinzar The British Royal Air Force's No 47 dron maintained a singl> Lockheed tin C. Mic1P Hercules at Zagreb, and equipped with state fems aad armour. over hit by British Hereuios were of-the-art defence systems a Only two British aircraft were fire at Sarajevo. (n Sarajevo's ‘unpredictabl the Hit weather was notoriously o, testing pilots and aircraft 10 for tonight. US aid air drops were planned in much the same ways as air Surikes. They had TOTs (time on target flew in precision formations and we conducted in conditions of great secrecy to protect them from hostile actionpower TIM RIPLEYCRebITS Over the past four years the author has received much assistance from UN tnd NATO personnel deployed to support operations in Uhelformer Yugoslavia, in paritlar | would ike to thank the lowing Geneva: Ron Redman, UNHCR, Sarajevo: Lt Gen Sir Michael oso, Lt Col Tim Spicer: Me Andy Burridge, ‘Thant Myint), BH Command; Col Jean-Claude Feve, French ‘Air Force, Sarajevo ‘Airport: Major Jorge de la Reta. Argentine Air Foren: Capt Andi Lewis, 40 Regiment, RA. Zagreb: Lt Col Jan Reuterdaht, RSAF, Wing Cdr RAF Chris Morflvw, Mr Joo! Warren, G3 Air Ops, Ploso: Capt Fred Hanson, NORMOVCON; hn Houghton RAF, NATO Janel Schroeder, Paul Risley, Chris Gunness: Simo’ Vastainens ‘Andrea Angeli, Mark Thompson, Paul Risley, UNPROFOR Division of Information; Lt Col Peter Crossman and Lt Col Walt Natyneevk, Canadian Army: LtCol Jan-Dirk Van Merveldt and Li Gol Simon Barry British Army; Rick Morgan, USN. Split: Maj Davi Falke and Li Gol Barry Hewgood, BRITFOR PiG: 17 Henk Giesbers, RNLAF, Air Ops Split: Maj Nick Caplin, Capt Dave Grill, Go Sqn AAG; das NAS; Det ALAT Split’ Mostar: Lt Nicolas de sant Roman Barrell, SPABAT. Mt Taman: Sat Dave Cochrane and SPI, 8 Coy. 1 Db. Ploce: Brig Robin Brim. Lt Col John Groenhalgh, AAC, Lt Col Roger Brunt, R ANGLIAN, Major Gerry Bartlet, PWRR, Major Nark Profley, R.C, 24 Airmobile Brigade. Wing Cmdr lan MeKloskie, RAF, SH. Tuzla: Col Goren Arlefak: Nordbat 2. British Army Ma) Pete Grfiths and Maj Pam Hugget, URLE Media Production Cell: WOIl Kevin Dodd and GAR fines Gray, BOT. BOCML Reger Vincent and Julian Ghz Sines. Butch MOD: Matin Zia, ASOUTHE Mal Stove Hoadley, USAF: Lt Col Janice Wit, USAF. francesco Vel Capt yim Mitchell, USN: TSqt Keith Reid, USAF; LTC Dave Haas, UR AIRSOUTH,& TAFE Nol Gon Hal Homburg, USAF: Brig Gen Dave Sawyer, USAF, Capt Ken Calise, USN: Capt Ed Fab USN; Brig Gen Serge Cocault and Brig Gen Gal Guevel, French Ait Force: Gp Capt Richard Thomas, RAF; Col He Lufwaffer. Special Thanks to Col G. Di Chilo and Sat ‘Aviano: Capt Tracy O'Grady-Wlah Sgt Devon Fisher; A/C Dean ENE: HE deny West, sitan #8: Gat Wilbur Weight, S95th FS: LTC Don Watkins, Copyright © 1996 Tim Ripley Fint pbs inthe UK in 1996. by Alife Publishing Lid rish Library Cataloging in Pbliation Data “Acatalogue record for this book {Sela rom he rsh Litrry ISBN 1 s53108146, All rights reserved. No pat of his book maybe reproduced transmited in any form or by an means electron or mechanical Incaling photocopying. recording ory n) ifort storage {nd eval syste, hoa permission om the Publisher niin, Typeset by Livesey Ld, Shrewsbury Pane a Hong Kone Airlife Publishing Ltd 101 Longden Road, Shrewsbury SY3 9EB, England cape mae NES oes ta Ges we 9 Gee Sap tars eee nk, Ge Ue Go gad el a Ee aN lee ET Dee Ras, A se A IS aap aa a once te en ee Man, LH Pear Mem oS BA so A et Ge al Cale Gp Cae Bay cet ipa JO Pen Bn Pe Sie ny ahd ne BS deen et AON Shee ma y Seren AP Mie Bae ce a lg anc of fo eee fle re te sa Hy, So9 Rober Febery. ett, Ca Mie ier Coon. oe near Mean oe SS ae Be et eg ete scat aes Ya Se ‘The Media Rat Pack: Paul Harris; Bob Morrison: Joremy Flack: ‘Alan Pizzy: Andy Clark and CBS TV Teams in Split and Sarsjev Ray Canale: Leo Serva: Mike Ford: Nicole 2eucel GlitBeale Rupert Pengelley and David Miller IDR: MU IDSM: Douglas Barre, Forbes Match. Andrew Winn, Flight International: Bob fall and Pal [R/Pointer, Pout Be Streatley: David Mo Farnell Photographie: Barry Wheeler. Air Pictorial: Rodorick do Norman; Alen Burney, Aircraft illustrated: World lr Power Journal. jon Lake, Dave Donald, Tim Senlox Ron Hewson; Peter ‘March and Brian Stickiand, USAFB/RAFYD, Pau Jackson; Sarah Waddington, Peter Donaldson, John Osmond and lan Parker, Defence Helicopter: Darko Tirastovec; John Tolland, RMA e Stuait Gordon. And Finally: Liz Campbell, HM Civil vice: Martin Edmonds and Pauline Elliott, Laneas NOTES 1. Aircraft manufacturers’ names. Over the course of the past four ‘Years a number of corporate mergers have occurred in the aviation Industry leading to some changes in company names. As a point ‘of style have used the latest corporate identity for aircraft sill in production, that is Lockheed Martin F-16C Fighting Falcon, but fotained the name of the old company name for aircraft no longer in production using the name in use at time of manufacture, that is Grumman £14 Tomcat. ign progressed it became increasingly common for unit Identities to be merged to stand-up a aquadion-sized detachment fora deployment. Sten the rexpo me Wing or base fo supply the necessary ranpov {ora detachment. For that reason, it was very rare for a single squadron itself to provide all the manpower or aircrat for a dittachment, so squadron/unit designations must be tested with Some cautionere Sean eo See ee |. Feeding the Enclaves, Spring 1993 eeFOREWORD | frst met Tim Ripley in the spring of 1995 in Vicenza, Haly, headquarters for NATO's Fifth Allied Tactical Air Force's Combined Air Oporations Centre [CAOC), where he had. come to interview me and others for a story on NATO ait ‘operations in support ofthe continuing operations in Bosnia, At the time, NATO was flying in Bosnia to uphold several United Nations Safety Council resolutions, such as the "No Fly Zone’ and in support of the UN Protection Forces. For reasons best explained by others, military officers don't particularly relish interviews by unknown reporters, but in Tim Ripley I found a fresh, energetic approach to doing a plece on the contributions of airpower to a thomy and immensely complex military and political operation. While that was good news, even better was the fact that he told the story accurstely and clearly, embellished only by wonderful photos of coalition aircraft and airmen who flew them. Later that summer alrpower proved pivotal in the mast significant development ofthe tragie Bosnia conflict. Following the inhuman and totally senseless shelling of the Sarajevo market where 38 civilians were killed, the limits of tolerance wore surpassed and forthe fist time, NATO aie power was able to be employad: unconstrained by UN restrictions. Within two wooks the future of Bosnia was reshaped and allowed diplomats ta skilfully seize the opportunty to negotiate 4 peaceful solution. Forthe first time the use of air had brought about a significant political result without the need for & edicated ground component to bring force to bear on Mathet Earth. The air “campaign” was made to look relatively easy it wasn’t It was superiy led by the air commander. Lt General Mike Ryan and his boss, Admiral Leightoa Smith, 1 was Closely co-ordinated with the ground commander {n Sarajevo, Lt General Rupert Smith, a man of great wisdom and courage. T was peviloged to exercise stewardship of the GAOC and was, therefore, th director of the day-to-day at operations with the tremendous help of a marvellous and highly talented international staff of motivated and tireless professionals: During te operation calod Deliherate Force, NATO ow 2.515 misions. dropped 1,020 bombs on 838 ‘impoints, all carefully selected by the commander to avold collateral damage and loss of lif. The aim was to encourage the Bosnian Serbs to find peace a bettor prospect then having their military capability systematically destroyed, and to do so without harm at the finges of the operation. This was accomplished by good leadership, good planning and superb execution by some of tie world’s finest and most professional aviators. Every bomb was accounted for and not one Sviator'® ie was lost, hough one plane was shot down on the frst day of the operation. For us inthe CAOG the ‘operation ended only whon the captured aircrew was released and returned to a heroie welcome in Prance, So this book is about many things ~ Bosnia, freedom, and the right to live in peace. It is also about airplanes and ‘courageous airmen who flew to make it so. As T'write this Lam in an airplane over Bosnia en route to a peccofil Sarajevo “"justa year ago such a fight would but have been a dream. Hil M, Homburg Major General, USAI Tune, 1996 Major General Hal Hornburg USA, as director of the 3th Allied fuctical Air Force's (5 ATAF) Combined Air Operations Ganire (GAOC) at Bal Molin AB, Vicenza Mesly, had day to day control of all NATO air activity over the former Yugoslavia irom November 1804 until iheend of Gperation Deny Flight om 20 December ids. He then continued to serve in the same capacity as part of NATO's implementation Force {iFOR), During the Gift War he commanded the USAP's only McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle Wing in Saudi ArabiaINTRODUCTION In the summer and autumn of 1992 1 made two brief visits to the Bosnian capital to cover the United Nations High Ci {or Refugors (UNHCR) airlift of humanitarian ed On my fst visit in July the batle for Sarajevo was only three months old. In spite tthe heavy house-to-house fighting of a Kind not seen in Europe Since World War Two, the UN soldiers in the city and allied airmen upheld an unbounded enthusiasm for their mission. Canada's Major General Lewis MacKenzie was. still the Commander ofthe UN's Sector Sari ma rubbed afro Bis troops, who came frm more than 9 doen nations ey were going fo make.a difference, or s0 they thought. Mors than ae foes had conebuted irra fo make tho ari seibie and room was at a premium at Zagreb's Ples airport, in tia, hich had become the operation's main ad loading hb ‘Barely threo months later 1 again flew into Sarajevo but the situation had been transformed. The optimist of the summer had m Alenia G222 been shattered by the shooting dowa of an tal iter 17 mils to the west of Sarajovo a month ealier, Only five countries ~ Britain, Caneda, France, Germany and the United States ~ were prepared to put thoiralrraft at Hak to kick start the ridge back into life ithe frst week of Octobs iow cloud and bloody fighling around Sarajevo ay {he loom af those taking pat inthe admission diplomatic efforts, culminating in the August London Peace Conference, to bring the war to an end created 8 mood of diopression among ON’ personnel in Bom. With winter {pproaching there was a real threat of millions of people dving in those grim Balkan winter conditions. An Inguiry tnt the loss of the Italian aircraft was unable to-pin-point the owner of the hoatseeking surface-to-air missle (SAM) that blasted it from the sky. However, UN officers and allied airmen concluded that, as the aircraft went down over Croat and Muslim held ter infamous Sorbs wore unlikely to be the culprits. "The fact Supposed beneficiaries of the international id effort wero turnin ‘onthe UN sas a big bow. Many of the UN and allied a ‘wondered what Kind of war they were getting involve Senior US commander atthe tiie depressingly concluded that Sarajevo was a city full of people who want to kill each other stom alr involvement would hot be aver bY Christmas: this was going tobe along war. The Bosnian War a oe aati ae semrer ee ee hod th rt sot et Downe ee a et stn se eta fa lee the place Fira rach g mpc ule UP ani ae suf ioe Rao pone ec Ba of igs ba Neen ot ae acon Herbert and Coote onan i apo settee greene i Balad Fe ee ee win speroximntly vi de Tahara ea opel realy eo nfs ot and clin ctl pt ooh a launched @ bloody offensive to create a Greater Serbia, joined to the neighbouring Republic of Sorbia: the Bosnian Serbs claimed they only wantex ht of solf-determination on the same basis fas the Croats and Muslims. What is cloar. however is that all the warring factions set about killing cach other with great fenthuslasm as soon the war got underway in April 1992, Bosnia collapsed into the chaos of a brutal fnternal conflict, in which tons of thousands of people were to dio and hundreds of thousands of others were made homeless over the next three years, The war was a conflict of shifting alliances that confused en the most learned students ofthe Balkan history. Initially the fuslim-led Army of Bosnie-flerzegovina (ABiH) was locked in battle with the Bosnian Serb Army (BSA), backed oecasionally by sloments of the old Yugoslav Federal Army GNA), Croatians livin ‘Bosnia formed their ovn militia, the Croatian Delonce Counell {HV} eich lid ai with the ABI and were gm oecsons Supported by regular troops from Croatia proper. By 1993 the {Croats wore at sar with the Bosnians and some Muslims in north. west Bosnia changed sides to fight with the Serbs against the Sarajevo government, In early 1904 the Croats and Muslims had patched up their differences and again started joint operations Igainst tho Serbs. After the success of the Croatian effensives inst the Serb-held Krajina and western Slavonia rogions, the ‘foatian Army (HV) pushed into Bosnia to engage Bosnian Seeb troops International Response {As the violent conflict in the former Yugoslavia bogan to dominate {ntetnetional television reports inthe spring and summer of 1992, ‘world leaders started fo come to terme with thet response. None ed good Miltary intervention on the side of lislim government of the Republic of in Sarafevo, was not taken seriously in Western capitals This would have entailed, in effect, declaring wr the Sori ad Having toyombaik on «major Lan Campaign to reestablish BiH authority over the toretory of the KRepubile There was no stomach fora Westem-led war against the Serbs in the Balkans “The UN ‘had already launched a peace-keeping operation in Croatia, in March 1992, to police the ceasefire between newly {independent Croatia and Serb forces: During the spring and Summer of 1003, the United Nations. Protection force (UNPROFOR) was steadily being drawn into the conflict in neighbouring Bosnia, culminating in General MacKenaie'’s efforts {o Gpen Sarajevo aitport for ald Mighis. A number of ait forces then made aiferaf available to the UNHCR wo fy aid ito the city. ‘After the London Conference the UN mission was expanded to include escorting aid convoys throughout Bosnia. At the same fime North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) mombers Teal grt th lance providing itary aeitance othe at hist only supplying personnel and equipment to st UNPROFOR's HosnlacHersegovina Command. (BHC) Headquarters. This decision opened the way for the use of Airpower under alliance control (support UNPROFOR troops on {i ground i Bossa, NATO andthe Western European Onion , however, had been providing ships. maritime patrol ra snd aero sary wating aera aan races of ihe UN arms embargo against the former Yugoslavia since July a, but thes activites had no forma Tink to tho UN orem I, In 1992 the decisions made by Western to limit military involvement in Bosnia, namely for humanitarian ald and so-called nt" measures to contain the conflict, set the genda for UN and NATO ait operations over the next three Western airpower would not be used for the benefit of one war faction against the other, but to protect UN troops or damp down major outbreaks of fighting, Asign in the BHC Headquarters in Toot euidAlr should be used to move the raad locks on the road to peace ~not destroy the goddam road Tim Ripley Tancas February 1996 7CHAPTER 1 OPENING THE AIRBRIDGE TO SARAJEVO, JULY-SEPTEMBER 1992 Sarajevo alrport lies to the west of the city, nesting in a large ‘alloy: In 1802 to the west of the runway was the Bosnian ‘held Village of Butmie The Bosnian held suburb of Dobrinja, with its Eoncrete apartment blocks, was to the east ofthe airport terminal complex. fo the north, right undemeath the glide path, was the Serb stronghold of lldea, Sext-held high ground was tothe south and east ofthe runway. Dominating the sisport is Mount lgman, Hsing high above Butmir, which is the ‘vital ground: fn the Sarah feign and would be fought ova wih got Innit tvibath the Boman Serb Army (BSA) and the predominately ulin Army of Bonnlacerangovina (ABI) for ie nex three ears. The aifpart would become ono ofthe mast important places Of real estate in Bosnia and the focus of UN and NATO ait ‘operations in May’ 1992 Sarajovo aixport was firmly in the hands of the Yoweri Fedora red forts GNA). ho were eapporting the [BSA troops fighting ABIH forces around the city. UNPROFOM bad finally planed ote th hearers fri rota peace ‘eping operation in Sarajevo but the heavy fighting, which began ‘month eater, had compelled the imergational fore to fle to ihe safety ofthe Serbian capital Belgrade. In une UNPROFO negotiated. a deal withthe BSA and ABIH leadership to take Control of the airport for a humanitarian allt of food and ‘medicine to begin, ‘This original agreement was to become the basis for the tin of th aleprtoor, ah net the and lf yar: twas hen the only justfiation for the UN fo stay in the city at all given the unvillingness of the warring factions to respect any peace agreement or ceasefire Mitterand arrives Thanks largely to the determination of Canada's Major General Lewis Mackenzie, who had been appointed commander of UNPROFOR' newly created ‘Sector Sarajevo" a fow dave earlier, the airport received its first flight on 28 June in the shape of French President Francois Mittrand, His dramatic areival by French Armée de l'Air Asrospatiale SA-332 Super Puma helicopter caught General Mackenzie by surprise, but the mo attontlon surrounding the visit seemied to deter the warrin inctions om intrfrring with the UN operetion to open the ati “at Teast forthe present ‘A Fronch Arshee de T'Air Lockheed Martin C-130H Hercules landed during th following evening to Kickstart the ailit. Over the next three days more French Hercules and C.160 Transall alrlifters arrived carrying the personnel and needed to get Saaown airport batted facilis back no force of 125 French Marine infantrymen were also flown in to provide security until a battalioa of Canadian mechanised {Infantry enuld make the journey overland from Croatia ‘Gn 3 July the UNHCR airlit officially started, although aid fights ad boon landing occasionally over the past couple of days With the Canadian and French troops in place, along vith the French Armée de Air airport operation's toam handling the unloading, ar (reffic control and other services, the pace of activity stated to speed up. At fst ft was under ten aircraft pet tations offered to provide aircraft the schedule {ake around 20 fights por day. Croatian ports ‘the capital Zagreb and Split on the Adriatic, im nubs for theta efor! The USAF, howeven, Sperated out of Rhesn-Main AB, nea Prankirt in Germany ’Srerah would shuile into Sarajevo with pallets of aid, which would be ofloaded sn undar 13 minutes by forklite operated from the joint French unloading and Norwegian movement Cantal team, then fly oat to re-load before making the hop back {nto Sarsjove, Thor was ony one sal unloading aren avilable at Sarjove vith nom for onky’ thre large alreaf atthe ment, 50 the flow of sreralt into the siport had fo be tightly controlled to Prevent backlogs. No pilot wanted to spend move time than bsolutely necessary on the ground 30 it was not to difiealt to Snore le trafic discipline of the mltinational force of rca assembled forthe operation. The Air Operations Gell (AOC) at UNHCR Headquarters n Genova covordiated the efforts of 4 at foros taking prt in tho ali providing Might stots and other 3 of the summer airlift aircraft arrived from the air Canada, Denmark, France. Germany, at Arabia, Spain Sweden, Turkey and the United States of America. Aircraft from UNPROFOR's own fleet of chartered airlifters also regularly made the dangerous journey to Sarajevo. ‘There were more aircraft stacked up in ing to fy in than we could handle,” declared General Mackenzie, Taking fire he viel een’ th he wurting aren open the slg th epg Yen he haat station preva in Serr drt th ero 08 a nl at of ine ef it big couple al iced slsstlcd nar palm eetaene PASEO ge, ey pr ing ag unde ght cit ante erg or othe Melons Agni Ca wa ese os solder re, eat Mihm H een digit fare wre Hes Maing Caps comin auch tod f Sark GS Se Sullos and sould ag Exsjvo, Mow nations withdrew thot pony protected air dnd the burden of the operation would fall on five NATO sir forces, which had airlifers eguipped with self defence systems, ‘when te asi re-opened in October.onautica Militare Italiana Alonia transport, similar to th's example shown at Split inthe summer of 1905, was Fost to hostile fire on 3 September 1992, After this tragic incident the Italians fargely limited their air involvement to flights in the relative safety of Split and Zagreb that supported Ttalian elements of the European Community Monitorin, Mission, the Europear Union administration in Mostar and 4 variety of humanitarian aid projects. In September 1995, Italian alrmen joined their NATO Colleagues in Operation Deliberate Force ale strikes. (Tin pl This panorama graphically illustrates hov expoted the utfouding area st Sarajevo i i sport was to hostile fire. French . Suspected firing points and rtaliat ta am mcoming’ shots, but flight crews of aircraft were virtually defencelass in their cockpits. (na7EnooROM | SARAJEVOThe seige of Sarajevo 1992 as seen from a French SPOT satellite. i erosire Body armour, side arms and helmets w the main fashion items for Saryjevo bound fircrews in the summer of approach to ith smoke rising to the east hiLarge Antonov An-12 aitlifters were chattered by the United Nations Protection Foree (UNPROFOR) in summer of 19 move heavy cargoes around its mi area in the former Yugoslavia and they flew many sorties into the Bosnian before belng repla Hyushin 1768 (ri fie)French Armée de I’Air cargo handlin, jeams at Sarajevo could unload C-130/6.160 in under 10 minutes. Many o heir forklifts were donatec by British Canadian and US air forces. man Luftwaffe was quick to get involved in the UNHCR operation and uck with it through to the end. The ransport. Wings fltransportgeschwader) 61, 62 and €3 all shared this burden over “hree anda half years, flying C.160D ‘TraThe Force Aerienne Belge’s 20 Squadron joined the UNHCR airlift at Zagreb for the Hest two months of the mission before being withdrawn home. (Tin hip Aeronautica Militare Italiana Dassault Falcon 50, of 31 Stormo, made the dangerous journey into Sarajevo during july 1992 to enable European Union tliplomats to attempt to broker a series of futile censelires i Rp 17CHAPTER 2 MayBE AIRLINES: THE SARAJEVO AIRBRIDGE, OCTOBER 1992 — ‘Maybe Airlines’ was the unofficial name for the fleet of intemnational aleraft that few UNHCR humanitarian ald Into be the plane comes, maybe not, maybe it lands, maybe not, maybe it gets stot at, may be noi” was ts motto, by the UN peacekeepers, aid workers diplomats and Journalists who relied an the sirbridge to take thom Into the heart Of the Bosnian conflict The tame was no slur en the airmen who bridge but a comment on the precarious nature of art open inthe middle oa batlfied, ridge to Sarajevo in October 1992, the op: (vs alrportsetled imo a routine of sorts: No oo could, however rely on the airport being open. The ‘weather arount the airport was terble, th fog hanging over the Valleys around Sarajevo and low cloud drifting down from Mount igman, Every cape of work erat would be rot at andthe altpori closed down for varying periods of time. Eventualy the Aiport would re-open and Bubiness resume. Users had to be prepared for the unexpectod Airbridge Building the sirridge each day was th jb of the UNHCR. Air ations Cell (AOC) a the organisation’ Geneva headquarter, ah of seconded ia core worked ‘with veteran ald Storkors to bud the daly fight scbdle that ought any yp of humanitarian aid to Saraievo, Even on days when Sarajevo tpt was lod th AE al id te pat ogo th scale juan case te threat level dropped orth weather cleared. Getic the a wa the espn national 2 aly an at Pleso wp, at Zagreb, The JAOC contained representatives of the Brlgh Royal Air Force, Royal Canadian Alr Fores, French Are de Air, German Luftwaffe ard United States Air Force. In early 1193 this nerve conte relocated to Ancona from Zagreb after most of the participating nations decided to move away {rom the Groatian capita. I as not unl early 1999 that al th a forces involved im the operation based their aircraft at Ancona, the French had been operating frem Split andthe USAF was based at Rhein-Main AB, in’ Gormany-Each al force usually provided one or two areraft por day to fy missions into Sarajeva. On occasions Sther air foregs oF atd organisations sent aircraft to join the Speration for short periods, sich as the Royal Swedish Air Force ahd the British Overseas Development Agency, who would be eg it the YAO set ying out of Pleso was he UNPROFOR fleet of white painted hartor irctf Thore wre regu taskod tof into Salen ‘with personnel or equipment fo he UN arson inthe city and Sccasionally aid shipments. UNPROFOR made good use of Tivushin .7® heavy lik, multtpurpose Antonov An-£o transports and Yakovlev Yak-a0 VIP -aiterafe They wore flown by former Soviet Air Force pilots, who lear their wade landing at Kabul alrport in Afghanis 18 JANUARY 1996 ih layup 9 slot nt Srajoo woe aval fo In ound flights. Not surprisingly there were no overnight parking facilites Placas on alert were avulable on ¢ Ret oes Het sorved basis. Thore were, however, strict rules governing who Could fly on the aircraft bocause of the terms of the orginal agreement with the warring factions over the use of Sarajevo very passenger and cargo was searched to ensure that no unauthodsed weapons or contraband were crviod. Av Surjev airport Serb and Bosnian liaison officers sere present durin tunfogdings to make certain no unauthorised cargots were cari Gn the one hand this prevented either side claiming tho UN was helping the other. But, on the other hard, it gave the warring factions the ability to laterupt the ailit when Hey fet like I The Serb woul berasionaly “ofan to uaanto te aly af id aircra after NATO airstrikes against them, while the Boshian favernment refused to pormit aid to Saryjovo in February 1993 because of Western refusal to bomb the Serbs attacking the Ure tnd yoga alert pve the SRG randg el ol ar the ore ose iy amber ny bop te ani angle 2003 ar oo es pl Ite Ineroning the Fee oF he tala rah in Sapte sane, en rr al iy fara operons irene win Ws raed cones rede af thon of tn shh een wre as nats sl AG a eee a ON aps minor fpSarajevo airport tow French. Armée was manned by . ‘Yo now ‘one of the most dangerous places on earth!" (tm Rie)The Royal Swedish Air Force, of F7 Squadroa, re-joined the UNHCR in'1993 for a number of months Lockheed Martin C-1308/H Hi equipped with selfdefence 5 flow's number of the casu missions to take outView from the cockpit. Aircraft vulnerability to small arms fire when {aking-off or landing at Sarajevo, The Serb held suburb of Idea was right under the flight path and it was very easy for lisgruntl fo take out their frustration on the UNHCR ain militia men in Butmir also know to take pots aireraft in attemp down the ailit and hence put up the price of food fon the black markartered East European Ilyushin 1-765 proved popular with both UNPROFOR and Bid agencies such as the UNHCR and Britain's Overseas De Those tw November 1984. im Ripley Senior UN military commanders internat plomats and aid. workers (wo Yakovlev Yak-40 VIP aircraft. im fipey)CHAPTER 3 FEEDING THE ENCLAVES, SPRING 1993 ‘To starving Bosnians in be ed towns along the Drina River in eastern Bosnia, they w i the ‘planes from God’. Cut off for Food was short, electricity non-existent, Hwan and melnution was rampant, Seb frees refused to allow aid convoys or UN peacekeepers through into the enclaves. Newly cies President Bi Caton order the USAF to srt giz droping supple tothe enclaves to stave off «humantaran disaster: UNPROFOR commenders and’ ald workers in Bosnia were initially very sceptical ebout American claims that they Could oliver the aid in the cuantitios required to the enclaves, bras the operation got underway this aftude changed, in February 1093 the USAF 436th Aishit Wing af Rhein—Main ‘AB, near Frankfurt, was give the task of conducting the airdrop ‘hase of Operation Provide Promise, asthe US contribution of Ui Eperations tn the former Yugoslavia was code named. The burden te operation fell on the 37th Ait Squadron (AS) with thls 19 woteran Lockhood Martin C-1308 Hercules, This was soon boosted by tho aval of eenforcoments fom stateside active duty ani slong with Ait Force Reserve ard Alt National Guard element Dut to the threat from Bosalan Serb fighters and anti-aircraft systems, all the airdrop missions were fo be flown at night at medium altitudes, which made Wt very challenging for the aircrews to got their cargoes ito the small drop zones around the fnclaves. His meant that maw drops could not be used because there was only room in the sky sbove the small drop zones for a Single aircraft at a time, so'the air drop form ‘pproach the nelaves i ine aor ornaion with acral Separated by strict timing, In the darkness of Bosnia thre woul litem ert ay alr stg a thy and colfided in mid alr Ifthe sargoos missed the drop 2 was a’ danger tht innocent cietians away from the! dro ould be hit by the heavy metel bases af the food pellets For that Feason trop zones outside towns were selected and the locations Were radioed to aid workers or UN Military Observers in the tnclaves so that collection of the cargoes could be arranged. Starting on 28 February. the Americans sent nightly formations ‘ver eastern Bosnia to drop thoir aid cargos. Att it was only three aire, then six and then nine ata time, as the USAF crews shined experience and confidence General Morillon calls While the USAF was geting the airdrop operation int high gear at Rhoin-Main, a cise was unfolding ia the enclave of Secrention ‘there the UNPROFOR commands French Lisutonant General Hilippe Morton was belng eld stage tort eal oss coimptnder US Spoil Fore fces in seams aad Geng Morilion Kept in’ comtact win the Joint Task force Prove Promise Hosdquaros in Napts by susie ra, th posted details of drop zones around the town to the USAF crews KthineNain nf te flow of al tte enclave iro. eter Moron aranged's conse sli wouted ve be ayecenod erin Ammer comm low rounded abe precated {C.as and French Army Aviation (ALAT) Adrospatiale SA-330B. Pinas Hew tothe UN Reid Tati atbse fn nonioes Boss fom 28 Divulji Barracks at Split on the Adriatic coast in preparation for their mission into the enclave. In mid-March the French and ish helicopters tried to make It into Srebrenica but the Serbs eon the landing zone, it would be a month before the air evacaation effort could get fully underway after UN Canadian troops moved into the enclave to. up tho ht socalled ay av. rig March a th drop fon gathered momentum, the French and German jvernments sont aircraft to Rhein-Main to help inthe aid efor. Jfhrwe German and one or two French C100: Transalls were to be based af hein-Main for over a year. fying daily missions as part ofthe US led airdrop formations. Over the summer of 1099 nd Into'the autumn, six USAF C-130, along with a French and German aircraft, would make night forays into Bosnian a delivering aid to enclaves throughout Bosnia that were unable to reel regular at convoys. Considerable ef as Put Sta Improving the packaging of aid pallets to reduce the danger to people on the ground in Bosnia, USAF and US Army cargo riggers developed th so-called fr Wall Aerial Distribution System (TRIAD). which was basically « cardboard box containing US military MIRE ration packs, The box was pushed out ofthe back of &.C-130 and broke up in flight creating a feluster food bomb” effect below. In August 1995 this system wwas-used to drop food to the Muslimsheld eastern sector of Mostar city. Journalists hr tho city reported the sky was raining food Delta Squadron As wintor approached in at 1993, the Uae States government decided to'tgniicenty top-up is eontabution te Operation Frovide Prombe. A second composte C10 Hercules ssa, Gibuod the 3nth Aint Squadegy trovisionahlast) bas Suadron, was formed at RueinMain tallow hing aera pet SiN fo drop afd tp the encloves and tout aerah to Re tee aejve every day. th brought the sano eres free Rhelo-Main to soi 44 icra drawn fem the SAC AS, ook ASG, augmented by sctive duty sical Rout the SE7R ANTI ‘Vinee ere component the er summer of oe the peed for sr dropping to enclaves was Sinica reduced thanks ta guneral Sees te Teel tihng ought Sos teen ofthe Coates ‘war in early 1994 saw the opening up a number of enclaves, such I'Migia that ha een Best By Coon and Set oepe: te castors Boia aid convoys wee able to recto enclave ons fogular basis she the UN incoasol ts ogy prownce in Coa S¥brenbes and Lops, Delis Squads Jos hod all sere Brome by une ate Hing the st of tscitdep mietons er Jie Tae al nro ssn as fen 9) the 3 RS stone ith a Gorman C100D"te Bia on 10 Aust bathe iene rated ety Ser anteicra atlery tig aed ate ae drop iSif enlats wer permanently pt on bl Ben some #9 Satfop soe had buen flows bythe Beech Coenen Cs Sure odolver 18608 mete ohnes of a iowa Goneed Si Milne Rye UN cgmmnder i Besta dng 19d Keryon inughed at ardopping atl wer ie eres ian Kept many thousands of people afive in the enclaves through two has boon highly successful caach pallet had its own parachute which slowed the pallet dows and kept it on use forthe small drop zones. 30a. eee DOPUSTITE_DA, POMOC SPUSeschwader 63, jer Bosnia The badge of Lufttrans which to part in a from March 139: Delta Squadron Badge. Worn by crews of the aéth Airlift Squadron (Pravisional), Which was formed in January 1904 when The badge of Lufttransportgeschwader 61, which took part in airdrops over Bosnia From Mareh 1903, (rn fp ang Air Natianal Guard personnel and ets allowed an Of the airdrop effort in winter months of early ‘The 47th Airlift Squadron (AS) provided on Provide PromiseCasualties from Srebrenica were evacuated to Tuzla by British Royal Nery Westland Hc.a Sea King, of 43 Squadron, and Fronch "Army. Aviation. (ALAT) spatiale SAX90B Puma helicopters, of LAT Split. This was the first major operation for the white-painted British tnd French helicopters? which arived at Spit on the Adriatic coast in iate*t052 "to. Support UNPROFOR Germans arrive. Amid much publicity jerman Luftwaffe deployed three C-t60Ds to Rhein-Main on 1 March 1993.US Navy Grumman F-144 Tomeats and MeDoniell Douglas F/A-18C flying from the USS John F Ken then the USSUS Navy Attack Squadron (VA) 96 on the USS Theadore Roasovet wore also ready Testue operation had to bo mounted in the face of opposition. Tin Rp Northrop Grumman £-2C Hawkeyes of US Navy Carrier Airbor ‘i the USS from aircraft while they were ever easternCHAPTER 4 DENY FLIGHT BEGINS, SPRING 1993 During early Serb offensives in Croatia and Bosnia ground attack craft and helicopter gunships of the Federal Yagosiay armed forces (JNA] flew dally missions to neutralise pockets of testanse then Sebropulics war deca in Rea an the ing region of Cronin he spring of 1099, the [NA transfered ‘number far units tothe to sow Hat's vied lores: Hines ontind as usual with both alr forces combining to carry oat itn pen le a resistance fn northern and western Bosnia during te following “The indiscriminate nature of many ofthese air ares, involv civilian casuatis forced action fom the UN Security Councth ‘tho ordered a ban on all iigets ver Boamia tm October 1992. bacon those auhorbed by UNPROFOR: NATO's Alton Early ‘Waring Force (VAEWF) Boeing EA AWACS, along with Frend ‘Armee de Pair Aes and British Royal Ate Foree E'3Ds, began ondhcting surveillance of Bosnian airspace gn 16 October to fhonitor compliance with the nosy zane The AWACS bad been Se patrol in the region since july supporting NATO and WEU Shige ne Ada tha ere nnn the ON arms embargo Mtst the former Yugoslavia “Not surprisingly, the warring factions in Bosnia showed total disregard forthe ban and continued to Aly thelr military aircraft ‘The ON ban was not going to get inthe way ofthe war plans. Tho use of afr suppert by Serb forces during the attack on Srebrenica in March, 1993 finally snapped the patience of Western powers, who pushed the UN to start enforcing te nov zane Gin z'Apel 109 the st NATO com air pale (CABS) of on'Dony Flight ware launched over Bosnia to drive ageraft from the skies, NATO's sth Allied Tactical Ait {s'ATAP) was given the mission of conducting the poration. I set up # Cambined Air Operation Conte (CAGC) at Ne headquarters st Dal Molin AB, near Vicenza, Taly, to ¢o- brdinate al alied alr activity over the Balkan. rtish, Dutch, French, Turkish and CS fighters, based in tal orion srialt carer In the Adnati, flew around ihe clack CAl Sver Bosnia looking for uneuthorsed sir activity AWACS alreralt fying over the Aratc or Hungory dotacted the violators and Figs te aformaton tothe ERDE: who wou Ho ok the ators to invest CAP stations Air refuelling was essential to make the operation work. The fighters only carried limited fuel and they needed to top up their tanks over the Adriatle before crossing the Croatian coast t0 go “foet dey" over Bosnia. They would then spend around an hour on CAP, Miying around Bosnia looking for trade, before returning to the tanker fe Adriatic fo take on more fuel. A further hour on CAP would follow before they then headed for home. During the first months of Deny Flight. a pair of fighters each ‘maintained two CAP stations over Bosnia for 24 hous a day. A constant stream of fighters was always coming or going to ensure fully fuelled and armed NATO fighters were over Bosnia. The prefenes of heavily armed fighters overhead seamed to have the lesired effect on the Bosnian Serb air force, who kept their ground fattack aircraft on the ground at Banja Luka air base. However, the Krajina Serb air force kept flying at Udbina in western Croatia but they did not venture into Bosnian airspace. ROE NATO fighter pilots sil saw alot of helicopter and light aircraft activity ae all the warring factions ried to fy fo arms and move eople around Bosnia, Dive to the political sensitivities of these iehts the UN and NATO decided that Deny F i erly engage and shoot down any aecrat Wht ware actualy Cartyingout combat operations ~ dropping bombs, fring guns or rect here waa hg fear that ebcopor carrying wounded {ivillans would be shot down by NATO fighters, creating very bad media headlines. The US government was also afraid that NATO ‘would shoot down a Bosnian or Croat helicopter. In spite af the no Tiy zone being imposed to stop the Serbs using their combat aitcaf the Botmians and Croats were als regularly breaching the ban; Liaison officers were exchanged between NATO and UNPROFOR to allow speedy exchange of ight scheduling Jnformaion conceraing To avoid mistakes, very ght Tues of engagement (ROE) ware put in place by 3 ATA. Thus, Eefore an ellance fighter pilot could intercept of engage a no-Ny Zone violator, a three or Your star general NATO officer at EROC had to agroe. Cructally there was no ‘duel key" wth the UN Concerning airengagements, I the ROE requirements were met thon NATO aircraft could go into action against violators without the permission of UN ground commanders and this in fact happened in February £904 when Krajina Serb strike aircraft Yenfured into Bosnia to attack Bosnian arms factories near Novi Travaik, Four USAP Lockheed Martin F-16C Fighting Falcone Intereepied the sx Serb jets and shot four of them dovrn. I took nly three minutes forthe CAOC to giv permission forthe igiters to engage thelr argets twas a ar pero engagement, The diffi vi was SSE ESI at dr at Yom er 1 Ait te Ree AS ata mag mons en rua NA pared tn serail of ecu eet on lol th aan coy ste Ae his Se to ahr cra ge els of ple tse Racor at bere os ear ita as pes aig un NAT fe il te ogee A way eat gon wating ine tal hcg halon es era oa hence ep Sein oe er ae anLockheed Martin F-16A\B Fighting Falcons of the Royal Netherlands Air Force's 215th Squadron were among the first wave of NATO aircraft to deploy to Villatranca AB, Kaly, for Operation Deny Flight in April 1993. Six F-16(Rs of 306th ‘Squadron wore also sent to laly to provide N&TO'with a photographic reconndiss capability, eshrcc ca ce)Turkish Top Gun. ‘The Turk Hava Kuvvetleri was one ‘of the best Turkish uniter The 14g Filo (squadron) was quipped with home-prodiced Lackhoed Marlin F-16C Fighting Falcon figh join Operation Deny Flight. ram re Panavia Tornado vadron, took part 19 April ‘onwards, im fipey)CHAPTER 5 SarE Havens: NATO BEGINS CLOSE AIR SUPPORT FOR UN, SUMMER 1993 during the summer of 1993 after the dramatic events of the id ai ana. ro Actually engaged in carrying ou direct attacks on UNPROFO! ez unten eel we HEIs mer ni oy ce PAPAS ce dl et Tt USAF Lockheed Martin EC-130E Airborne Batlehchd Coma Mount Igman July 1098 sa the intensity of fighting dramatically increase in Bosnia'Wwih'e Serb offensive agalast Meunt gman U6 the south of 48 Sarajevo, Groat and Muslim forces were locked in bloody battles in central Bosnia and around Mostar, UNDROFOR troops foutd themselves stuck inthe middle ofthis confet with Ite means of Influencing events, French troops came under Serb tank five 1a Saraovo atid Spanish troops based at Jblanica were shelled by oats. NATO started to use its now capability to provide what was termed as ‘air presence’ for UN troops under threat, with strike aircraft flying dver the incident area fo deter the warring factions irom causing wouble ‘Warring faction commanders had no way of knowing that it could be hours before the UN Secretary-General could be Sentactd to give his npproval forthe ara tengag thee targets. Tho presence of pair of fully armed Fatzchie A108 igs way ually intimiating eno o rsa the problem, Serb successes on Mount jowever, provided the advance was threatening government's only route Into Sarajevo via their tinnel under the'al;port runway. The US ern hei fo ro wierd rhs oa bs to reverse thelr gains on Mount lgman and so begat i ‘Sarajevo airstrike ultimatum exisis. On sued an ultimatum to the Serbs to pull back. NATO rea made theit resent fll over Sarafovo tnd within diye tho Serbs backed jown and a French UN force took control cha demiltarised zone fon Mount igman. Calling in CAS ‘Towards the end of August UNPROFOR incroasingly began to tely'on air support to provide te troops with muscle things Tooked tike geting nasty: USAF A‘IOAS fugrod Mostar on 3) ‘August to detr the Croas and Serbs fom sheling te ety sole a Spanish UN convoy was trappod in the Musin casters secon, Just over a ook Intel US Navy AcoE Intruders wor called fa Kelp British troops when their baso at Vite camo’ under Grose fire In both cases the NATO air presence ad the ested wie the UN troops vere let alone with no ordnance Haag a be a on targt “Iwo onthe later a UN Nordic bttalion patrol was trapped in the middle of a threcsidod baitlo betwoea Crosts, Sepbe ana Muslims, near the northern Bosnian town of Bustanske, The Sidi cpmander ated for NATO al support and wih minutes, Warthogs were buzzing the valley Coating plonty noise, Three UN soldiers held hostage wore released unharsned tnd the Norte troops could return te Ease ‘As winter approsched Bosnia remained in the grip of bitter fighting: Inematlonal poaco efforts had yet to come 16 cnytng while UNPROFOR troops and NATO airpower seemed to be Having a marginal efot oh tie stationDeadly feline. A British Royal Air Foree SEPECAT Jaguar GR MA on close ait suppose at Gia dol Cole aly ready to'scramble to support UN troops under attack. Tim ip) b 49USS America brought with her 22 MeDonnell Douglas F/A-18C Hormets from Navy Strike Fighter Squadrens #2.and 86 hon she took over Adriatic duty from the USS Theodore Roosevelt in late AugustCarvior Air Wing 1 badge. The Air Wing Controlled all the aircraft embarked on the USS America. tm fipey) Fairchild A-10A Warthogs, of the 510th Fighter Squadron (FS), were soon in demand by UNPROFOR commanders to over fly hot spots and intimidate the warring factions “into. letting. the BeaceKéopers got on with their fob of Stiivering humabitarian aid: wsarnce _—_- es a puiknten ice a et mentorA-18D Hornets of cr eontol TD (ake advantage of Hi impressive day anCHAPTER 6 Suprort MISSIONS While NATO's fighters and strike aircraft were at the cuttin of the alliance aizpower, a major force of support altcr ‘deployed to keep them in the ait, edge Tankers Fundamental to the sth Allied Tactical Air Force (5 ATAF) Concept of operations was air-to-air refuelling (AAR). Almost tvory alzcralt that flow over Bosnia made use of AAR in some {orm because ofthe lack of forward bases for NATO aireraft within the former Yugoslavia. Refuelling tracks wore established over the Adatic Sea, where tankers circled waiting for NATO fighters to come out froin thle pattols over Bosnia to take on fuel. Fortunately the weather over {ie Adriatic was usually far better than that in-land makin taking-on fuel relatively easy. There were some moments Bacio, Including & Fyne Arges de air Dana 20000 ingesting « Bosing KC-135 refuelling drogue into its engine during a nightlime refuelling Fortunately the pilot was rescued ter ejecting over the Adriatic ‘A major problem for 5 ATAP planners was the incompatability between the USAF's boom and the European/US Navy probe- rogue refuelling systems, This reduced the flexibility of the NATO tanker flo a factor which was made worse because the KC-135, tho main American and Prench tanker, could only be Converted to one of the other system on the ground. The MeDonnel! Douglas KC-10A Extender, which boasted both systems, was only made available to 8 ATAF on two occasions ~ June 1903 and later in the vear for Operation Deliborate Force. ‘Tho arrival ofthe aircraft in-hatre wasa major force-multiplir AWACS ‘Aerial surveillance of Bosnia was the job of the NATO Aisborne riz Warning Fores (NAEWE),ssisted bythe British ad French ‘Ar Fores: Every alted areal that entered Bosnian airspace wat itacked by the Boving E-2 Sentry Atrborme Warning and Control som (AWACS) to ensure thor did not fy ino esc other and huld be kept aware of any hostile threat ‘Using the callsign SMagh he NAEME E-2As, British E-2Ds and Fronch'E-3ks woro on tation 2a hours day In orbits over the ‘AGfatic“and Hangar, using thelr powerful dare to Took fo ‘Nolatone of tha ney zone they wor then able to vector NATO Tightors to investigate. US Navy Northrop Grumman E-2¢ Hive! AWAGS aff also Helpod ott thie efor when ‘Atmorican cartirs were supporting Operation Deny Flight ‘Tho Beas and Eds also acted ay a communications relay between NAT fighters and the 3 ATAF Combined Air Operations Contre (CAOG) af Viewnea, passing back authority to imvestigate fly zone violators Warnings about hostle rier ‘city fom electronic intelligence (ELINT) gathering arrat was ato passed to NATO fighters via the AACS, ‘lain France, Germany and the United States also shared the jo of maintaining an ont of ELINT alrerah quer the Adriatic to Hetoct hostile shrfacerto-air miseilo (SAI) radar activity ittoughout the formar Yagosav ‘ish Royal Air Force BAv Nimrod RMk.2s, French Armée de Air 100 Gabriels and Douglas De-#.Sarigues, German Marinefleger DassaultBreguet ‘Peace Peck” Atlantica, US Navy Lockheed Martin EP-3E Arete I, US Air Force Bootg RC-135 Rivet Joints and Lockheed Martin U-2Rs were alveays on station ‘and played a key role in protecting NATO aircraft from SAMs. Embargo NATO and the WEU warships wore sent to the Adtitic in July to monitor the UN arms embargo against the former Yugoslavia but within months they hed begun to enforce the embargo, along with ‘economic sanctions against Serbia and Montenegro. These efforts ‘wore merged into Operation Sharp Guard in June 199, To support the embargo operations, maritimo patrol aircraft (MPA) were deployed totaly to patrol the Adriatic and Fonian Seas looking for ‘embargo busting shipping. US Navy Lockhood Martin P-3Cs Ortons land Aviazione per la Marine Militare Dassault Breguet Atlanties feme base at Signeta om Sc, were regulary anne by RAE Nimrods, Canadian CP-140 Auroras, Spanish, Dutch and Portuguese Onions, French and German Atlantis, also helped out from the Halian Atlantic base at Eas on Sardinia From the summer of 1903 the MPA flew armed submarine torpedoes because of the threat from Submarines to the Sharp Guard forces. To provide Serb surface forces the Aeronautica Militae Ttaliana ‘Tornados armed with Kormoren anti-ship 1 Gi serambled in May 1904 Wt sh'and Dutch ships arfsting @ Serbian- c, With the arrival of the Tornados Yor homo and the oil tanker shead the ‘was impounded. CSAR ‘The prospect of having to bale out over Bosnia either as a result of heaile fre or mechanical problems, was not something that filled any NATO pilot with any confidence, so combat soarch and Tescue (CAR) assets were Kept on constant alert in italy or on Ships in the Adriatic. USAF Special Operations Forces Sikorsky Mal’ Pave Low Ill helicopters and their associated Lockheed Martin HG-130 Combat Shadow Il tankers were based at Brindist {hn southern Italy along with French Armée de 'Air Aérospatiale SAS308 Pumas. The land-based asets took turns on alert with US arine Corps tnitson assault ships or US Navy SEALs based on direraft caries. This CSAR effort was overseen by 5 ATAF's Combined Rescue Co-ordination Centr at Vicenza. Movers Moving senior commanders and time critical cargoes quickly around the Balkan theatre of operations was an important Consideration for NATO and UNPROFOR. The Spanish Alr Force provided 5 ATAF with a CASA C.212 aircraft with which to do {his task and UNPROFOR had its own fleet of Yakovlov Yak-40 for the same job. Usually senior officers and diplomats could call 1n the services of thelr respec wp fortes to provide VIP transport around the theatre, Fiying into Sarajevo, however, was & iMerent matter and most security conscious ViPs would jump ship, at Split oF Ancona, to fly into the city on board a ‘Maybe ‘Alrlines” C-130 or C.160. Not only did the UNHCR-assigned aircraft boast better self-defence systems but they also had more experienced crews and did not attract unusual attention on the fexposed tarmac at Sarajevo, 37Aeronautica Militare Italiana Panavia Tornado, of 36 Stormo, were scrambled from Gioia del Colle in May 1994 t provide top cover for NATO ships in the Adriatic atfer the Serb Navy came out from pport to challenge the UN esnbarnella-based Sikorsky SH-93E Sea tallions, of the US Navy's Helicopter Combat Support Squadron (HC) 4 provided key logistic suppor for US Navy and allied ships operating in the Adriat lar occurrence fanker humour at Sigonella NKAWTG is Without F Mildenhall-based Wing (ARW) and its 1g Squadron (ARS) tive support for all fhments to Ttaly and of Operation Deny tanker talk Tor ‘Nobody Kic Tanker Gas’ The 100th Air Refuelling 351st Air Refuellin provided admi Kateside b France in sup} Flight 7m mile) 64 ce 351 ARS | DEPLOYED | WKAWTG 121 nw F a ea ya Tanker artwork on a Bo Stratotanker, of the 17 Wing, (ARW) Penns Guard at Pisa, Italy Air Refueling ia Air NationalBritish Royal Air Force VC10 K. Mk.2s, of No 101 Squadron, deployed to Sigonella in April 1093 to support the British Deny Flight contingent but were replaced two months later by No 216 Squadron Lockheed Tristar K: Mkts. tim int) Close circuit television was used to monitor air refuellings on board British Royal Air Force VC10 k. Mk. 2 tankers,maritim khee Martia P-aC Orion iadrons spent six 1 Sigonslla fo support perations in the month detachments he NATO embargo British Royal Air Force VC10 C. Mk,1 transports of No 10 Squadron. mai milk runs” carrying supplies and personnel to RAF and Royal Navy Getachments in Italy and the British Army at Split in Croatia, (in hpThis Lockheed Martin VP-3A Orion served as the “Admiral’s Barge’ or VIP alrraft for the US Navy Admiral serving as NATO's Allied Force Southern European (AFSOUTH) commander. It was home based at Sigonella. (7m Rips A rare photograph of a US Navy Lockheed Martin'3C Orion, of Patrol Squadron WP) 26, armed with AGN-B9 Maverick nary 1984, These red on Orions at n Sigonella, in th hella especially for operations in the Aarti. (U5 by fCCHAPTER 7 BLUE Sworp IN ACTION: NATO AiR STRIKES IN 1994 In January 1904 the UN mission in the former Yugoslavia was at a low ebb with its commanders disillusioned by the unwieldy dual oy arrangements forthe control of NATO ais strkes and the warring factions regulary tisating its soldiers with contempt. The Situation was (ranslormed with the atrival in Sarajevo on 24 January of British Lleutesant General Sir Michael Rose as commander of the UN's Bosnia Herzegovina Command (BHC). He Set about re-invigorating the UN effort in Bosnia and was quickly Coplroted wih maj lng, when a mnatar all ed fSerajevo market on’5 February killing 68 Bosnian civilians. It fhas never been discovered who fired the mortar: it could have been a Serb torror attack oF Bosnian Army attempt to generate od felvisign coverage fa Ameria. Senior UN commanders ought both sides were pos ‘NATO feaders in Brussals tho Serbs ordering them to rmove all thei h from Sarajevo by-20 February or face massive air st Rose strucka deal with the Serbs giv their arillery and tanks in so called ‘weapons Collection points’ within the exclusion zone under’ UN fray, the sth Allied Tactical Air Force (5 ATAF) stepped up the tempo ofits operations to propare for the alt strikes they \Wore ordered, Photographie reconnaissance aircraft cris-crossed Sarajevo looking for Serb gun positions, tanks, ammunition damp, barracks andl command pots, NATO wie roparing a ‘masalve strike to knock-our the Serb forces besieging ine cy. USAF MeDonnell Doughes -15E Strike Eagles and other reinforcements vere sent to Italy fo give 5 ATAF a strong laser Guided bomb delivery capability and in-theatre NATO strike Slrcrat also started to sport precision guided munitions. “This brinkmanship played dividends and the Bosnian Serb leadership soon got the message that thay hed better back down. ‘The arrival of Russian UN troops significantly reduced tension and the Serbs pulled back thir artillery. While Sarajevo may now Have boon quiet, this didnot mean that Bighting had subsided in tie rest of the country and on numerous occasions over the coming months NATO jets were ealled in to calm the situation yphen LNPROFOR troops Same under fire fom the warring factions. thom Gorazade ‘A major battle developed in the eastern enclave of Gorazde duri ihe first week of ‘April a Seth troops pushed back Bosnian defenders from the heights above the town, A small team of ‘unarmed UN Military Observers (UNMOs) in the town had been twinforced, on Geneial Roses orders, by a squad of British SAS Commandos, tained as forward sir controllers (FACS). On 10 April they came under fire while patrolling the frontline and retjuested NATO close air support (CAS) or ‘Blue Sword) asi was code-named by UNPROFOR. By now the responsibility to authorise CAS had been delegaied to the UN Sectetary-Gencral’s Spocial Reprosontative in the former Yugoslavia, Me Yasushi Akashi. He rapidly agreed with General Rose that action was needed to protect the SAS soldier. A USAF EC-30E Airbome Battlefield Command and Control Centre (ABCCC) aircraft organised the request for CAS, handing over a pair of USAF Uoetheed Martin E100 Fighting Falcons fo ite FACS who dliructed them to their targets The Serbs held back briefly but the fol heir onslaught. An EC-130E wer the enclave to deter ikes were called for and two US “Marine Corps MeDonnell Dovglas #/A-toas Homes attacked ‘The situation remained tense and NATO aircraft continued to patrol the town. Torsible wea her prevented photo reconnaissance Sra getting good pictures of what was gong on. This prom ‘was made worst on 13 Apel when a French Aeronautique Navure 70 Dassault-Broguet Etendard IVP was hit by 4 SA:7 heat-secking Surface to ar missile (SAM). managed to safely and back on its GareotA'Bullsh Royal Navy BAe'Sea Hier HRS.4 didnot survive a similar hit the following day and the pilot soon found himself‘ guest of the Bosnians. Bad wnather prevented USAF Falrchild. A-10A Warthogs finding Serb guns firing on tho SAS later in the day. Genoral Rose now ordered the SAS out of town and French Army Aviation (ALAT) Aérospatiale SA330B Pumas dodged across Serb held territory to bring out the British soldiers and downed pilot. NATO leaders now lost patience with the Serbs and ordered’ beavy w iusion zone to bo set up or widespread alr strikes would be launched against the Serbs Surrounding Gorazde. This again led to ‘he Serbs backing doven and a 500-ttrong contingent of UN troops were allowed into Gorazde to police the new zone Sarajevo summer ‘Around Sarsjovo the UN and the wari factions wore locked into a sories of confontatons tao wore eating aut of cote ‘The Bosntans and Serbs played cat and mouse ith the UN vo tnsure tha other wae bled Yor the bratdow's of the procarous Fbosesahlished by Gapora Rowe round th cy Hossan rope Bred mortars at tho Uncontrolled alzpart is tke hope thet the Serbs would got the blame for closing down the UNHICR airlift ‘he SiSn in ed oseak te rer end tanks rom the ‘respons control pots nd engage the Bostians: When ths Ser Temoved two armoured vehicles ad ant-airerat gun on 5 August, ‘Goneral Roso ordered a punitive astride alee they rehased 6 return the weapons. A'US Air National Cuard A-10A thon pumped 600 round of Som eannan fv ina abandoned Serb Enna demonstration of NATO's Brepawer: A sara ste ccrured on 22 September, after Freker GN armed veils sta struck by Sep antitank fr, witht RAF SEPECAT faguat hitting Serb tank witha 4.00018 bomb the Serbs promtly ‘eased by losing Sarajevo sipon until? Geter Udbina Tho Bihac enclave in north western Bosnia now became the main Aash-potnt ate te Bosnia Amys sh Carpe sage a major offensive out of the town. Bosnian Serb forces engaged In a lange Gounteratteck withthe co-operation of Kina Setorees cross the border in Croatia. During November, Krajina Serb air force strike aircraft from Udbine staged hivandsrun raids across the border to bomb Bihec. NATO fightor wee vectored to intercept but they could not catch the Serb planes before they could get back across the border, which was oly a couple of minutes Aiving Ung atey ne UN geicly ard to NATO plan to sto a Uidbina'o deter furer Serb ar strikes, and 5 ATAP putin train fans to destroy Uabina’s runways and air detenees. On 21 November a 90 sirerat strong NATO strike package took off to attack Uabina and used laser guided bombs, Mavetick missles, Ghuster, bombs and iron bembs to inf iet heavy damage on Udbina’s facilites. The attacks were very accurate and the Serb aircraft based there played no further pa tn the rss for many months to come Over Bosnia, tension remained high with a Royal Navy Sea Harrier almost belng hit by a Serb SAM on 22 November. in response, 8 ATAF began to. protect its photographic Feconneineanos patrols with heavy suppressiog of enemy ait gistence (SEAU) Toren, Ske Fags sknod with laser guided hhombs, USAF General Bynamies EF-111A Raven jammers, USMC Grumtian EA.66 Prowlets and Hornets armed with AGMEB High Speed AnticRadlation Misiles (HARM) were seni over Bosnia waltng for Sero SAM activity. Ox 23 November the Serbs fell into the Uap and switched on thelr SAM radars near Bihac. The NATO package pounced, fring three HARMs in return. Later in the dayNATO re site that ren active and fired were in a less agar mood. Th took the hint and hres mc missile batter started to release the UN hostages and allow aid convoys to mov The Se ATO was about to launch its much through thelr territory to the enclaves. With the winter snov peralded widespread alr strikes and started to retaliate against arriving the warring factions had largely stopped fighting and th UNPROFOR Loge Hou UN tad tothe ranma at Headly agreed toa ceasefire unt the spring Banja Luka to deter NATO air attacks and 300 UN troops taken fon reaching s political solution to the hostage in aveapons collection points around Around OR were not fookin Bihac the Serbs press their attack, culminating In General Rose threatening to bomb their tanks firing into the town on 25 November. A-oestrong aircraft strike pai around Homets and Strike Eagles was launched from Avia French Armée de I'Air Dassault Mirage inaly, to put the tanks out of action. The fring ceased before the 2000K-2 strike aircraft, of 4e Escadre de aireraft could attack and General Rose called off the strike asge (BC), played ant role in, 'UNPROFOR now decided to do-oscalate the crisis and roquested the NATO" & on Udbina in ATO keep ils aircraft out of Bosnien airspace until the Serbs November 1994Capt Bob (now Major) “Wilbur” Wright, USAF, engaged and shot dawn theoe Serb aircraft ‘over Bosnia on 28 Zebraary 1994, while on a Deny Flight combat air patrol in 4 555th Fighter Squadron (FS) Lockheed Martin F-16C Fighting Falcon. Tis wing man was Capt Seat O'Grad, British Royal Air Force SEPECAT Jaguar GR. Mk.1As saw action on two occasions in i994 attacking a Serb armoured vehicl around Sarajevo in the summer and hittin Udbina airbase as part of the major NATO air strike in November. On both these Occasions 1.00018 iron bombs were used ‘ith great accuracy in Ra‘Donnell Do 42nd F-15E Strike ‘Squadron 1008A Spanish Bjercito del Aire CASA C. of Ale (squadron) 37, was bit and badiy Samaged by a Serb heat seeking surfaces air missile in March 1994 while lying over Wt managed to land safl British Royal Air Force Panevia Tornado 3 fighters maintained constant combat air ols over Bosnia during 1994, operating del Colle in southern Italy. A air of Tornado F.3s had contact Serb SA-2 surface-to-air missiles (SAMs) in Noveraber. fim Ripley)oneh gente peel Mia TAG of tee pemary ae Chee 75French Army Aviation (ALAT) helicopter lots braved hostile fire and othe Frustration at the hands of all warring factions to Ay ald and easualy evacuation Iisione throughout war-torn Bosnia. Twe French Pumas rescued. British. SAS Commandos from besviged Gorazde in April 1994. (tn il Japanese diplomat Yasushi Akashi, who as Special Representative of the United Nations Secretary-General ir the former Yugoslavia had the ultimate say over the use of NATO altpower. tim Ripe 76Mission accomplished. A _ USAF McDonnell Douglas F-15E Svike Eagle, of 492nd Fighter Squadron (FS), returns {0 Aviano AB, Italy after the Udbina strike with Its bomb racks empty. The eight Strike Eagles that took part inthe raid used S01 GBU-I2 laser gulded tombs to blast raters in the Serb aifbase’srunvvays, Udbina bound. USMC MeDoanell Douglas F/A-18D Homets, of Marine All Weal Fighter Attack Squadron (VMIPAIAW)) 33: opened the strike on the Setb airbase by firing laser guided AGM-63 Maverick missiles and AGM-aa High Speed Anti Radiation Missiles (HARMS) to take down the air defences around the targetSarajevo airport was consiant! closed during the year as fighting the Bosnian capital Mared inte lifes To provide extra capability the Br Royal Air Force SEPECAT. Jaguar Mk.1As flew in pairs during the reconnaissance missions, with one aircraft fitted with a LOROP pod and the other using a BAe F126 wide area general survey od. (Te Rites 80vent insigina worn on French Armée de I'Air SEPECAT Jaguar As, of Escadron de Chasse 3/11, based at istrana Malye May 1908, (rin The seagull insignia worn on French Armée de | Air Dassault Mirage PICRs, of Excadron de Reconnaissance 2/33, based at Istrana, Italy, May 1994 Ti pe The arms of Alsace insig French Armée de T'Air Dai FIGTS of Escadvon de Chass at Istana, Italy, May 1094 The cat’s face insigina worn on French Armée de l’Air SEPECAT Jaguar As, of Escadron de Chasse 3/11, based at Istrana, aly. May T908. (rn Ripley a1CHAPTER 8 UN Rapip REACTION FORCE IS FORMED, SPRING/SUMMER 1995 ‘Tho spring of 1995 saw fighting break out again on a lange sale ‘The Hosnian Army hed scored local successes against the Serbs north of Tuzla aiid on Mount Viessic near Zonica, The Serbs responded by escalating the conflict around Sergjovo and taking back many of theie tanks and artillery from the UN sceapon collection points. On 8. Apri a USAF Lockhood Martin C-180E reales approaching Sarajevo airport was racked by machine fm fio, While the alrcrat vas able to take off safely the UNHCR Elosed the airlift down and it would not reopen for sbx months ‘The new UN commander in Bosnia, Lieutenant General Rupert Smith, again called in NATO jets to buzz the city in the hope of the situation. This time the Serbs called the UN's bluft and kept on fighting. ‘Goneral Smith upped the ante and ordered NATO to bomb Serb ammunition dumps near ther self-styled capital Pale on 25 May. USAF Lockheed Martin F6C Fighting Falcons and Spanish Ejorcito del Aire MeDonnell Douglas EF-18A+ Hornets hit the target with laser guided bombs, raising a massive mushroom cloud over the city, The Serbs did not back down, shelling Tuzla and Killing 75 civilians. More NATO. aircraft attacked the Pale ammunition dumps. This time the Serbs docided to take 300 UN hostage and th fnilitary installations. Wi Sinith to cool it. The Bat ‘ocided to create'a heavily armed Rapid Reaction Force (RF) t0 ve UNPROFOR more Nesihilityto deal with any of the warring factions that might ty to interfere with its operations. 1 would {ake time forthe RRF to get In place 20 the UN seould have to cope Wwith its in-place forces "until the cavalry arzived’. The Britich ‘decided to give UNPROFOR its own artillery regiment and the RAF Flr oe few upto 1 sors a day ino Spit bring {nthe guns ina wel INicommanders entered delicate negotiations to get their hostages back from the Serls. The USAF almost provided thom with an additional guest when an F-16 was shot down by an SA-6 Tadar guided surface-to-air missile (SAM) over western Bosnia. ‘The pilot, Captain Scott O'Grady, evaded capture for six days before allied aircraft picked up his radio tranemissions and a rescue mission vvas launched. A large package of NATO ai rotected the rescue force of US Marine Corps helicopte frunched from the USS Kearsargo. The taro Bell AHIW Super Cobras and two Sikorsky CH53E Sea Stallions found O'Grady nd managed to lift him 10 safety after dodging SA-7 heatseeking SAMS aver Krajina, si esha French wore Snalsing plans 1 move the two rigade strong Rapid Reaction Force into Bosnia va Croatian ports and airports; However, they faced strong opposition front the Groats who did not want “he RRF to obstruct theit planned ffonsive against the Serb-held Krajioa, While the Bosnians thought the RRF would be used to cover a UN withdrawl, leaving thom at the mercy of the Serbs and Croats, the Croats demand Tnassive foes for the use of thelr facilities and the Bosnians dolayed permission forthe R&F to cross into thei territory 82 er med by Palo $V chained to rn gaveramgatssrdored Gengral rag ranch Governments then ‘Those delays meant that when Serb ferces started to launch a aajor offensive against the Muslin enclave of Srebrenica in war July tho UN was badly placed to do anything about it. At the Sth Allied Tactical Air Force (5 ATAF] in Vicenza. NATO alr Commanders wre expecting trouble and each ay they put up a Strike package over the Adriatic roady to fntervene, On 1 Jul NATO lets thade sweeps over the town as Serb tanks advanced. ‘Two Royal Netherlands Air Force F-1BAr atacked hitting a Serb tank, bunker and command post. ‘The outnumbered Dutch troops wore only just able to exteact themselves from the tap and make thle way to UN base outside the town. The 24,000 Muslims inthe tows were now a the mercy of Serbs and many thousands are believed to have been tassacred, ThoUsands of others fed to Tuzla, where the UNHCR Pressed to Ukrainian Ais Force Mil Mio Heavy lit helicopters ito servic to flyin humanitarian ld forthe ref ‘On 3 July the USAF was finaly able to begin Operation Quick Liftto lyin personnel ofthe British Armi’s 24 Airmobile Brigade {o Split took a month to Ay inthe 1.700 strong addition to the RR. with Lockheed C-141 Starlihers and C-5 Golaxys fying some 650 missions from RAF Brize Norton in the UK "The RRF set up # new heliport at the Croatian port of Ploce reacly for the arrival of additional, helicootrs. The French Army ‘Aviation’ (ALAT) Je Regiment d'Helicopter de Combat brought ight Atrospatiale Gazelle attack and seven AGrospatile SA3300 Puma transport helicopters. While the aviation component of the British alrmoblle brigade was made up of) Regiment Army Air Gonps with nine Westland Lynx AHL7, nine Lynx AHL and nine Gezelos, andthe RAF Support Helicapter Force with six Boelng Chinook HC22s and six Puma HC. UaUl the launch of Operation Deliberate Force at the end of August tie Bosnian government refused to allow green painted RRE helicopters toy into thelr airspace. The only UN helicopters that could Ay tn Bosnia were ite white” painted ones. ‘Croatian troops launched Operation Storm to drive the Serbs foom the Krajine region on 4 August and on the same day Krajina Serb radar illuminated US Navy jets, who responded by firing AGM-8 High Speed Antradiation inlssles at the site In the ‘wake of the Croatian offenafve some 150,000 Serb refugees fed Into omnia, oading fo th UNHCR omaniing an fh of wid from its Ancona depot to Belgrade by chartered lyushia 176s, Fonds in northern Bosnia, however, Were 0 clogged with refugees thatthe aid could not got through by trick. The RAF therefore deployed two Chinooks to the main UN base at Pleso Camp, ‘ulaide Zagreb, to fy ald to Banjo Luka ‘Aiter the debacle at Srebrenica aad the UN-organised evacuation of Zepa, the British, French and the Ameriean fovomnments resolved to protect the remaining UN safe areas with ‘nidesprend arses and round units of the RAK. NATO and fanners put the finishing touches To contingency plans to std back af th Bosnian Sorbs Ail hat wan roquitd wax Another autrage to trigger the response. Iwoukd not take Tong or Ihecrisisto reach a climax. *USAF General Dynamics EF-111A Raven jamming aircraft, of the 429th Electronic Eombat" Squadron (ECS), spent much of 1995'at Aviano AB, aly, providing jamming protection for Operation Deny Fiight patrols over Bosnia because of th ded surface ‘After the UN Rapid Reaction Force (RRF) moved its artillery on to Mount Igman at the end of July 1998 to protect the convoy routes into Sarajevo, British, Norwegian land French helicopters had to daily dadge fire from Bosnian and Serb troops to support the UN force, &\ number of heicopters were hit and had to limp to safety at the UN helicopter landing site at isola. (rin me 83Ricitt ano Orvosre Westland Lynx AH.Mk.9s, of the British Army's 3 Regiment, Arm) Air Corps provided battlefield mobility for the Infantzy of 24 Airmobile Brigade after it deployed to Ploce Dockyard Camp in ‘August 1995, Like the French counterparts, the British helicopter crews were not able to-enter Bosnian ‘ir space until after the start of Operation Deliberate Force. In October 1995 the British government announced 24 Airmobile Brigade would be withdrawing tothe UK, (in ply Ukrainian Air Forco Mil Mi26 heavy lit helicoptors assigned to UN Poace Force (UNDE) deploved to Spit ane Tusa in fly fo tony aid to sekages from the felon UN ‘Safe are’ of Sebrenica After Serb defeats in Sopiombor and October the Mi-aes rowed to Zagrob to ly a to So refugees round Banj Luka, tn iyOrrosire ano Buzow: 664 Squadron, Army Air Comps, arived in Bosnia from Britain in January’ 1995 with four Westland Lynx AH.Mk.7s to provide mobility for UN troops establishing a Ai crisis 1995, the squadron W attached to th Rapid Reactio mobility for s surveillanceThe involvement of Spanish Ejercito Aire McDonnell. Daw A-1BA+ Hornets, of Ala (Wing) 12: in the May 19 air strikes on the Serb ammunition dumps ale, was the first combat missions by @ Spaniards since the civil war in the 1930s. The Spaniards first deployed to Aviano AB, Italy, in late November 1994, with eight Hornets of Ala 15 and two Lockheed Martin KC-130H, of Ala of the Ala 15 contingent Spain in the spring of 1998 exce small Hornet contingent enemy alt de AGM:b8 High Speed. Anti-Radiation Missiles (HARM). (hi tipte) 88USMC McDonnell Dougla Hornets, of Marine All Weather Fig Attack Squadron (VMFA(AW)) 533, took part in all the major air operations of th Eummor of 1995: the air raids on Pale in May. the rescue of downed USAF Capt Scott O'Grady in June and Oper Deliberate Fores. 1m fier)A British Royal Navy Westland Sea King HC.4, of 845 Squadron, carrying a 105mm howitzer to a firing position during a UN Rapid Reaction Force training exercise in July 1995 at Tomislavgrad, western Bosnia. To provide humanitarian aid to Serb refuges from the Croatian offensive in the Krajina region, two ‘white-painted British Royal Air Force Boeing Chinook HC.Mk 2 support helicopters, of 7 Squadron, were flown out to Pleso airport, nar Zagreb in ‘August to begin aeifting supplies to Banja Luke, Not surprisingly the cid operation ended as soon a NATO started its air Strikes against the Bosnian Serbs later inval Navy 801 Squadron, HS Mlustrious, was the fistCHAPTER 9 OPERATION DELIBERATE FORCE, AUTUMN 1995 Sarajevo rocked with explosions and the night was litup with decoy flares dropped by NATO strike aircraft. Operation Deliberate orce atl beatin. The wager forthe uileshing at NATO airpower was a morta attack Gi'a Sarajevo market which Killed 38 dvilians on 28 August 1905, Tho UN announced that the round had been fred from Bosnian Serb positions. This then pened the way for the ‘disproportionate’ use of sizpower by {ATO in Tine withthe new-found resolve of Britan, France and the United States to dafend the remaining UN safe ars" ‘Within 24 hours the commander of UN Peace Forces in the x Yugoslavia, French Leutenant General Bemnard Janvier, and NATO's Allied Forces South European (AFSOUTH) commander made a ‘dual key" decision to execute their Contingency response, Oporation Deliberate For the sth Aliled Tactical Alr Faree (5 ATAF) at Vicenza, in icky confit deta othe ott arazound aca wi INPROFOR Headquarters in Saajeva aitd the Operations of the UN Rapid Reaction Force (RRF) outside the city at Kisejok. The operation would begin no earlier than O200h2 on 50 Atgust. In Naly and on alrraf carriers tn the Adviati, allied airmen and ground crews were already preparing forthe cial fit she. Dead-Eye South East To clear tho way forthe main strike force, US Navy McDonnell Douglas FA-18C Homets aid Crumman EA‘OB Prowlors Tnunehed from the aircraft carrier USS Theodore ftoosevell shed in Se Inte ir dfenc rst LADS) around Sarajevo under the code-name ‘Dead-Eyo South East. They hit Fada sites, command posts, communications towers und suface™ tomate missile (SAM) sles ity lor garded bombs and. AGATS® High Spoed AntiRadiation Missiles (HARM) that homed in on sfanals-USAE Loethood hatin BG-130H Compass Callan General Dynamics EFA1ILA Reven jamming aircal Sopported the raid Uy binding Ser communications and radar. ‘An hour later the fre af Eve stnke packages wore sont into action over the city and attacked ammunitiog dumps, barracks, Siliery positions end ether ky military targets for tie remade? tthe day Tho rus, by packages of ip f0'00 se aicroft ata {ies were caried out prevonipatey with lasor guided bombs to fchiove maximum actofacy and msgoran collate damege, RA arilory'on Mount gman joined in the assault and kept the reasure on the Serbs in between airstrikes. USAF Lockheed atin EC'130E Airborne Bitieheld Command and Control Gentre (ABCCC) aircraft were inthe ai throughout the operation tort ps th ink between afr and ground forcesThe ABCC also Played a key role in covordiniting the ir ibpund strike pack and often re-tasked them in the air to secondary targets if the first wave of anattack force ropored thy hd desroyed the primary iets {ATO sulorad it only combat loss ofthe operation when a ronch Arm do ais Dassault hima 2000K-2 was hit by 9 Seb SAM wile ombing Pale The two clew were quickly captured by tho Serbs and held stage ul DecamberThfee rescue misions Involving US Navy and USAF Special Operation Forces helicopters wore lauached bu! the Fenchmen bal aleady” boon aptared by the Bosnian Serbs. rt Aliust three more oike packages wore sent into action fe the opoation wax pu on hale the am wa fo aoe It Sorte would agree to UN and NATO demands for tat fo pull inck utr heats weopone fro around Serajvo. 92 Bombing resumes Tho Bosnian Serb commander, General Ratko iin ad SAT sted i lle a gpraton a hy fn'3 September With most targets in the Sarajevo region now Smoking ruins, 8 ATAF began to expand the scope of is operations hitting bridges, TADS sitee ammusi Bian pots nd aneks fre utc tly ladic, refused to im dumps, Up to soven strike packages were flown cally by day and night. Each package was a multenational effor: mixing alrerat with different capabilities to achieve the objectives At all times ‘AWACS, datence ' thelr to support the ikea ‘Tankers were kept in tracks over the Adrialic to refvel the Airborne armada around the clock. Germen and Italian Panavia ‘Torados now joined the operations, with the Aeronautica Mlltare Hatton aireratt fiving bombing missions and the Liat condacting SEAD and! photognphie roconnalssance fer, close ar eupport (CAS), suppression of enemy [AD} and photographie roconaagcanes steal wale raf and UN trope onthe ground. ‘On'a September, the operation was significantly expanded when TADS targets in north west Bosnia around Banja Lake wore Attacked with stand-off weapons, such as GBU-13 2.00016 glide homb and AGM8s Stand-ON Land Attack Missiles (SLAMS) which could be launched from outside the firing envelopes of long range Ser SA SAM The following day ths Nav fed 13 Tomahawk Land Attack Missiles (TLANs) against more targots around Banja Laka, Serb artillery neat Tuala now opened fre on EA Noni oops based eat ie ih They reewod Blue Sword’ oF close sr support. to silence the guns and three Mights oF US Arie Corps Hes rom the USS ‘Ainerice wre s008 fverhead. They silenced the guns and twe command posts wit temo, Xl by 5 ATAR is high tempo of operations was maintained by 5 ATAF over the next three days but the target list was slowly becoming ‘xhated dv fo tho hen. damage nficted to date. By 18 September bad weather was increasingly restricting operations ‘botause good weather was needed for most laser guided weapons to'be fully ettective. The next day the UN and NATO put theit bffensive operations on hold alter General Mladic sigdalled he ‘was ready to agree to ull back his heavy weapons from Sarjevo, ‘open road and air routes into the city, and agree a ceasefire around the Bosnian capital. Ops continue On 18 September a French Armée de Ait Lockheed Mastin C- "altel fda Saar ig teogen the UNTER age aitera sx month stand down Te Batt, Canadian, Conan a US sited ter operations rom Ancone the following day NATO fighters provided close escort to the allies, Wis dada fully tgtleal be Sanh? approschgs to miniise ihe pportunity for none to fire upont them. General Janvier and ‘Rial Sth es ato Saree on 20 Septem ta sori the Stuntion and dedared Dlibrte Force bad nt te ojetives so ihgeasinpion af asthe ie carventy nt nossa "Tis wat no te end of NATO sir opecatons over Bosnia since fighting continued inthe west of the founty where the Bosnians Sh Clas had launched a ajr ofenaive: The Ser mtiond thetrairforee at Banja Luka belp turn tke Uge bul S AIAP tre NATO fights into he ae oer the oy Heavy SEAD patols were on hand to prote the aed from Seb SaUS Marine Corps EA-6B Prowlers on patrol over westem Bosnia ‘The mbardment of the Serbs dramatically altered the and near Sarajevo were illuminated by Serb radars on 4 October. strategic balance in Bosnia, since the Serbs found their advantag They responded by firing HARM missiles at the threats. Amore in heavy woa munications and air power had been serious situation developed four days later near Tuzla when the neutralised. Within days of Deliberate Force being concluded the Serbs fired a multi-barvelled rocket launcher at Bosnian troops. Croats and Bosnians drove the Serbs from la © of western UN Nordic troops were caught in the cross-fire and one Bosnia. The combination of Deliberate Force and their defeats in peacekeeper was killed. Blue Sword’ was again called into action the west forced the Bosnian Serb leadership to sign up to the But the NATO jets could not find thelt tar nightfall Dayton Peace accords in November, thus opening the way for the approuched. Almajor strike against the Sec positions was deployment of NATO's Peace Implementation Force (IFOR) srganised for the following day and they were blasted ivith laser police the new peace guided bom ‘During the 17 days of Deliberate Force, NATO aircraft ow some 2818 sre of wiih 1.72 woe claw ae support or tefl Sen teeerreae aienaeneneell air interdiction Involving the droppin A further 783 Douglas EF-18A~ Hornets, of 12 and-15 SEAD sorties were tasked agoinst Serb air defences, Some 708 (riggs) Ale few just under'8 100" sort precision guided munitions were used with a high degree of Suring Deliberate Force using 1,0001b iceuracy and just over 300 ‘ion’ or dump" bombs were also used. GBU-16 laser guided bombs to blast Serb ‘Thore were 5@ HARM missles fired and more than 10,000 rounds Ree ae ete clink Seed Antt of cannon ammunition fired by USAF Lockheed Martin AC-130H Radiation Missiles to protect allied aircraft Spoct gunships and Fairchild A-10A Warthogs foam hostile surface-Co-eir missile (SAM) threats: USAF NCD)ano AB's two Lockheed Martin F-16C shting Falcon squadrons, the 510 and 555th Fighter Squadrons (FS), bore the brunt of the allied strike effort during Deliberate Force to fly moze than 350, sorties, using only laser guided bomb: designated by their on-board LANTIRN‘To stop the Bosnian Serb air force taking to the air after Deliberate Force NATO fighters, including British Royal Air Fore Panavia Tornados flown by No 111 Squadron, mounted intense combat air Datos ova‘nonh-wos Basia, the See ‘when the NATO jets wore overboad The target designation of laser guided ‘bombs was carried out by the Brisk Royal Air Forces BAe Harrier GR7s, SEPECAT Jaguar GR Mies, of No 54 Squadron, equipped wiih the thermal Imaging tifborne laser designation (TIALD) pods were deployed to Haly in August 1905. A air of Harriers were usually accompanied By single Jaguar, which would find the taigets and then gulde the Harriers bombs unl they impacted (GPRO! HQ RAF Sn Command) 97Orrosire Pace: Royal Netherlands Air Force Lockheed Martin F-16A Fighting Falcons, of 322 and fre in the thick of the Deliberate Force flying 198 _ * Fnteltigence. rn Hornet Stike - USS America. The three McDonnell Douglas F/A-18C Hornet Squadrons embarked on the USS Amer Navy Strike Fighter Squadsons (VFA) 82 fand_86, and Marine Fighter Attack 5: in airstrikes fer, delivering mmbs and firing and-Off Land Atta t Serb targetsVOGOSCA ANMUNITION PLANT ™!To jam Serb air defence radio communica Hons systems three Lockheed Martin EC-130H Compass Call jamming aireraR, of the 43rd Electronic Combat Squadron {Rcs), were doploved to. Aviano AB, Rely or Deliberate Force. They orbited outsid Signals to bllnd Serb fighter and surface-t Throughout Deliberate Fo! s MeDoninell Douglas KC-0A Extender, 0 ite sth. Air Refuelling Squadron (ARS) Adriatic, passing f Sand allied aircraft. because at tankers possessed both boom a Fefuelling systems they could pass fuel to ery poration, making them a highly flexib bset_ Often Booing KC-135 Stratotankers would pass fuel tothe Extenders, to allow them 16 pass on fuel to fighters that had Incompatible refuelling systems with veteran Boeing tanke eof aircraft taking part in the 101Photographic rec oeJoint strike packages involving aircraft from all the NATO nations paricipating in Operation Deliberate Force were the norm Hero a French Armée de I'air Dassault Mirage 2000D, of 3 Escadre de Chasse (HC is working with a Royal Netherlands Air Force 323 Squadron Lockheed Martin FGA Fighting Falcon. (fe ips) 104CHAPTER 10 NATO TAKES OVER, DECEMBER 1995 On 20 December 1995, NATO's Peace Implementation (IFOR) took Over responsibly froin the UN for keeping the peace i Bosna. Hersogovina and s0 bring to the end Operation Deny Flight and ther UN associated ae operations. The UNHCR aril to Sarajevo Continued through to the following January but almost 1,000 days Sf continuous ait support for UNPROFOR wore at an ond. Tho Sth ‘Allied Tactical Air Force (5 ATAF) itaclf became the air component of IFOR and continued iis patrols but the rules of the {game wore now very different. 'NATO flew just over 100,000 sorties up until December 1995, of which 29,021 were combat air patrols enforcing the no-By zone, 4nd 27,077 were close air support and air strike sorties. Some 20,156 were support missions by tankers, electronic warfare AWACS'and reconnaissance sorties and there were an additional 21,164 taining sorties eariod out over Italy ‘ihe UNPROFOR mission and it operations were the subject of intense : international media and some politicians, who were very quick to ‘tise and second guess the Commanders on the spot. Civen that Until August 1995 Wostern political leaders had refused to Sanction ¢ military solution to force the warring parties to the nogotiating fable, UNPROFOR and NATO wore only allowed to Pursue limited military, politcal and humanitarian objectives fwith very Limited resources. Events ofthe early summer of 1903 Indicated that a radical reassessment of Western policy was needed. Ni let London, Paris and Washington agreed to conduct locisive military operations to force a peace, "Aispower was a key component in all UN and NATO operations in the former Yugoslavia. The 12,051 UNHCR aid atlift into Sarajevo kept the poople of the city alive Uhtough threo terrible Yeats ofseige and the 2,828 airdrop missions fed the enclaves for {bro winters, UNPROFOR's own ‘white’ a force Nev thousands of sorties into Sarajevo bringing aid and supplies for its Bareekeapers- Along with the UNHCR assigned aircraft INPROFOR' aircraft and helicopters evacuated countless wounded UN soldiers and Bosnian civilians to safety outside the ‘war zone. Intemational diplomats relied on the UN and UNHCR rerat in thelr numerous attempts to broker 8 peace deal. During three and half years of war, the presence overheed of NATO strike Scrat detored attacks on UN sid convoys and peacekeepers on Countless occasions. These operations atracted life attention but UN soldiers knew the presence of NATO bombers was very {ntimidating to Bosnian Warlords. Also the combat air patrols of Deny Flight and ait strike on Udbina effectively kept the Bosnian tnd Krajina Serb air forces out of the war except for minor pin- prick hitand:run atacks of litle consequence ‘When NATO sizpower seas finally unleashed it too proved to be a decision Tactor fn forcing the searing factions to come to the hegotiating table and be read to talkin good faith. Thev Knew the Punishing air stikes would resume i they reneged on these new Jgreements. Things were now very differnt fromthe early days of the conflict when the warring factions regulary treated UN or European Union negotiators with open contempt. The political will fo employ airpovrer was the key to ste successful uae in the Tour-year-long bloody Bosnian confit ‘The success of Operation Deliberate Force opened the way’ for the deployment of ‘ATO's Implementation Force (IFOR), and the arrival of 20,000 US ground troops at ‘Tula altbase in north-east Bosnia, (Rin Ripley 105Operation Joint Endeavor, the deployment of IFOR to Bosnia saw the first major operational use of the USAF’s new McDonnell Douglas C-17A Globemaster I aislifter The aircraft carried thousands of US troops and hundreds of heavy armoured vehicles from bases in Germany to'Tuzla, in Bosnia. (Tim Ripley)APPENDIX A NATO/UN CHAIN OF COMMAND AUGUST/SEPTEMBER 1995 UNITED NATIONS UN Headquarters, New York NATO 5 NATO Headquarters Brussels, Belgium y Supreme Headguarirs Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) Mon, Belgian ‘Allied Forces Southern Europe (AFSOUTH), Naples, Italy Zagreb, Croatia ‘Admiral Leighton Smith (US Navy) ‘Lieutenant General Bernard Janvier (French Army) Allied Air Forces Southern Europe (AIRSOUTH) United Nations Protection Force Naples, tal (UNPROFOR) Lieutenant General Mike Ryan (USAF) ~ i Sth Allied Tactical Air Force (5 ATAF) Dal Molin AB, Vicenza, aly Lieutenant General Andrea Fornasiero (italian Air Force) Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzogovina Lieutenant General Rupert Smith Gritish Army) UN Rapid Reaction Force Operatfons Stal (RRFOS) Klein Bois Hersgoving for General David Penmefather corks Royal Marines 5 ATAF Combined Air Operations Gontre (CAOC) . Bal Molin AB, Vicenza al - Director Major General Hal Hornburg (USAF) Note: On 1 April 1995 the UN mandate in Croatia was revised and UNPROFOR ceased to be the generic term for all UN troops in the former Yugoslavia and the torm UN P ‘ces (UNPF) was adapted , The old UN Bosnia-Herzegovina Command (BHC) adapted the title UNPROFOR, while UN in Croatia became the United Nations Restoration Operation in Crostia (UNCRO) and the oper Macedonia became the United Nations Preventative Deployment Force (UNPREDEP}.APPENDIX B UN/UNHCR/NATO air OPERATION STAFFS, AUGUST 1995 UNDE Headquarters GR bench Monitoring Close AirSuppon Co-rdination Centre (hiocc) Air Liaison Offices (ALO) Belgrade, Serbia Skopje, Macedonia USPROFOR sand ‘Air Operations Comman Gene (AOC) ‘The Residency, Sarajevo BH i a UNPROFOR Rear Headquarters Divuljt Barracks, Split, Croatia ‘we Tuzla Kiseljak ’ Lee be a err Direct Command ——p Det ALAT. Liaison > Ploce Dockyard Camp, Croatia 108 Heli Ops, Split —> Helicopter Forward Operating Locations 4 ‘Gornji Vakut UNHCR Headquarters Genova, Switzerland Air Operations Cell (AOC) Ancona-Falconara Airport, Italy Joint Air Operations Cell §AOC) Sarajevo Alrport Saraeve Airy Heli Units Divulji Barracks, Spit Croatia gota HEBERT, coun SEE stant petiBASE CANADA. Ancona Sigonella FRANCE Corvia Istrana Istres, ‘Avord, Vicenza Exreus mnella/Elmas | uIr 405, 407 415'Sqns BC/5 EC2/3 ECV EC2/a3 EC3/11 ERVSS EDS6. EETIS4 ESI it-Divuli Det ALAT. TRiseljak RHG/ARHOMD Ploce Ancona Brindisi Mont de Marsan GE Sigonella/Elmas Nordholz ‘Ancona Piacenza J ITALY Gheai Gioia del Colle Pisa RNC. Erz/e1 EH? BO rca MFG2 Eres BG32 AGEL 6 Stormo 46 Stormo 40 Brigata 51 Stormo APPENDIX C UN/NATO air ORDER OF BATTLE, AUGUST-SEPTEMBER 1995 NUMBER AIRCRAFT 1 ecas0 2 cca4o Mirage 20000 ‘Mirage 2000K-2 Mirage 20000 Mage Fc “135R ESF Sentry C1600 Nord 262 bes Atlantic Puma Gazelle Gazelle Puma CA1S0HV-30 Puy Mirage IV Atlantic MPA ‘Atlantic SIGINT Cason ‘Tornado ECR ‘Tornado IDS ‘Tornado IDS ‘Tornado IDS. G22 E130 AMX NATO AIRBORNE EARLY WARNING FORCE Gelionkirken/Trapani/Proviza NETHERLANDS Sigonelle ‘320/321 Sqn? Villafranca 322 Sqn 306 Sqn NORWAY Tuala 720 Sqn EA Sentry 6a. “16A(R) 4 Arapahos BASE UNIT NUMBER AIRCRAFT PORTUGUAL nella sorsqn PAP SPAIN ‘Aviano 3i1Sqn 2 G30 WhsAla 8 ER ABAS Sigonella 2218qn' 2 PSB Vicenza 37 Sqn 1 GASA212 TURKEY Ghedi rorSqn 18 F46C. UKRAINE Split 2 Mi6, ‘Zagreb-Pleso 3 Mierv UNITED NATIONS PEACE FORCES (civil contract aircraft) Pleso Zagreb Skopje UNITED KINGDOM Sodalcale sn, En it ae Naik 216 San San Senelln Kinfoss wing Bratica di Mare 51'Sqn ‘cone 37 Sin sr Fi HMS Invcible 800 Sqn asia 819 San Ploce ise, 53 SRoglaAc splicpivul 661 San AAC rovaier 848 San Zagreb-Pleso RAP SHE (Gefurned UK end Aug 93) 176. Tass Yai-40 Bell 212 Bell 208 Bell 212 Bell 208 Harrier GR7 Jaguar GRAB Tomado F:3 anberra PR ‘Tristar ESD Sentry Nimrod MR.2P Nimrod R2P Hercules HcaP Sea Harrier F/A.2 Sea King HAS.6 Soa King AEW.MK.2 Chinook HE2 Puma He Lynx AH? ty AHS Staking tics Chinook HE2 109APPENDIX C (continued) BASE vir NUMBER AIRCRAFT UNITED STATES Aviano 7490th (Provisional) Wing Bist Fighter Wing oath FS. FASE VEMATAW).533, F/AseD (replaced by VFMA-224 15/9/95) 510th FS, 24. P-16C 555th FS, 24 F168 oath FG 12 Q/A-10a aand ACCS 4 BCSOE. ABCoC 43rd EC 3 BCAS0H Compass Call Sam ECs 6 EAA 2ard FS 8 Fl6CHTS ECoy S02nd Amn Ba 16 CH-47D VAQ-a0/141/209 "2-5 EA-GB VMAQ-1/3 23 EASB (EA.6Bs rotated through Aviano on a daily basis) Ancona 37th AS Det 2 CASE Sigonella -_VP-6/NP-62 @ PaK Pisa gist ARS. 6 KC-i35R (Det 2, 100th aRWw) Istros 7i2nd ARS(to31/8) 6 KC-135R ‘99th ARS(from 1/9) (Det 3, 100th ARW) Bari HC-4 bet 2 CHsaE Brindisi 21st SOS/20th SOS 7 MH-53) 7th Sos/imt SOs? 4 -HC-130P oth SOs 4 AC130H Rota/Souda Bay VQ-2 5 BPE USNRTDYD¢ = 2 Pa. Mildenhall 55th WingDot 7 -RC-135 35st AR @ KCI Faleford/Cypeus th RW Det, 3/4 U2R Capodinichino” 6th Wing? 2° Ca Genoa ‘9th ARS 5 KC10a (Det 10, 100m ARW) A 37th Airlift Squadron (AS) Lockheed Martin G-1308 Hercules at Sargevo airport in'Novorber tone, snowing et the ton now ‘gunship’ grey paint scheme. To the Fight of the nose itis just possible to see the eter in the unloading sres caused by a'Bosnien Army 120mm mortar found two ‘months earlier UN soldiers were confident this was nota stay roundly 110 BASE uNir USS Theodore Roosevelt Est Vets Veer VME Na12 vawise Yaar Hg Vze Vo bet D (departed adsatic 12388) Osainedce veace Vairarass Ne Vets Vaz Vag Heat Sz Vee a (arived Adriatic 8888) Camp Able § try, Skopfi, Macedonia rast Ava Regt AIRCRAFT FASB H/SHL00F/H SB ESA Baa F/A8C. F/ATHC F/AIBC EC-2¢ EAGB H/SH-6OF/H. S38 ESSA UH-60A, Note: Maritime patrol aircraft (MPA) cro tasked for short i deploymer (usual ly two weeks) in suppor of Operation Sharp Guard, the NATO/WEU embargo enforcement operation simed at the former Yugoslavia, US and Canadian MBA are on longer deployments,APPENDIX D NATO/UN air Losses 1992-95 3.9.92. Alopla 6.222. 48 Brigata, Aeronautica Militare Italiana, seeking SAM 17 miles west of Sarajevo. 4 crow 26,9.99. Northrop Grumman E-2C Hawkeye. VAW-124, USS ‘Theodore Roosevelt, USN. Non-combat loss in Adriatic. 5 crew Killed. 12.4.93. Dassault Mirage 2000C. 50 EC, French Armée de I'Air. Non-ombat loss during aisto-ie refueling over Adriatic. Plot 11.8.93, Lockheed Martin F-16C, 23rd FS, USAF Non-combat loss ‘over Adriatic, due to mechanical failure, Pilot rescued. 12.2.94, Grumman F-14 Tomeat F-14B, VF-103, USS Saratoga, USN. Non-combat loss over Adriatic after mid-air collision with MeDonnell Douglas F/A-18C Hornet, also from USS Saratoga, Crew rescued, Hornet diverted safely to Italy. 16.2.94. Lockheed Martin F-16C. 526th FS, USAF. Non-combat loss at Portoroa, Slovenia, due engine failure. Pilot rescued, 1.4.94. Sea Harrier FRS.1. 801 Sqn. HMS Ark Royal, British Royal Navy. Shot down by Bosnian Serb heat-seeking SAM over Gotazde, Pliot rescued. 24,4,94. McDonnell Douglas F/A-18C. VFA-83, USS Saratoga, USN: Non-combat loss over Adriatic. Pilot killed. 15.12.94, Sea Harrier FRS.2, 800 Squadron, HMS Invincible, British Royal Navy. Non-combat loss over Adriatic. Pilot rescued. 1.2.95, llyushin 176, Bel-Air charter operator. Non-combat loss at Sarajovo alrport during landing in high wind. Crew rescued. 26.1.9. Lockheed Martin F-16C Fighting Falcon. 510th FS, USAF Non-combat loss over Adriatie. Pilot Kiled 2.6.5. Lockheed Martin F-10C. 512th FS, USAF. Shot down by Bosnian Serb SA-6 SAM over western Bosnia. Pilot rescued aft six days in Serb toritory 21.695, SEPECAT Jaguar GR.1. 58 Squadron, British RAF, Non- ombat loss over Admatie due to engine failure. Pilot rescued. 14.0.95. Wostland Lynx AH.MK7. 3 Regiment, Army Air Corps, Bria Army Noncombat loss over ‘Adtiatie. Fou killed and on 0.9.95. Dassault Mirage 2000K.2. 2/36 EC, Fronch Armée de Air. Shot down by Bosnian Serb heatsooking SAM over Pale. Crew captured but Feleased on 20.12.95, 0.8.95. Lockheed Martin U-2R. 9th RW, USAF, Non-combat loss ‘RAP Painford, Uk. Pilot Killed 1.12.95. Aérospatiale SA 342 Gazelle, Det ALAT, non-combst loss in Croatia. Crow rescued APPENDIX E OPERATION DELIBERATE FORCE: ORDNANCE EXPENDITURE ype Namber Expended Employing Aircraft Precision Munitions LASER GUIDED BOMBS ERT Tsonnby 903 F106, FASE /ATHCDER-¢Ae eati2 00) 18 FSC ESE: FA IBCIDIEE toh sJaguar (FR) Sou: t6 (tons Hs ae ER oat THaier GR age) env eto 3 (Resorts 4 Mirage 2000 ELECTRO-OPTICAL/AINFRA-RED GUIDED MISSILE aces aM 10 ease GUsr8 2,000) 3 ease eh Maverick AAOAFIA-186 Tomahawk Land Attack Missiles 3 USS Normandy Non-Precision Munitions BOMBS Bas sto.) us E1oA/A-104 various Mk 83 {too} & Eea/Sen Huse rious M3 2 or) 2 Fisarcmens CBUaF luster bombs 3 OTHER MUNITIONS Str cannon 10988 AoA in cone 8 Seiden {og canton 0 AERO Esintockes FA aoaa K@NeaD ARM. Ey AReBeeorra-easicD unGLOSSARY AAG: Army Air Corps (British Army) ABOCC: Airborne Battlefield Command and Control Centre ‘ABILN/Armija: Army of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Muslim) ‘ACCS: Airborne Command and Control Squadron (USAF) ‘Aeronautica Militare Italiana: Nalian Air Force ‘Aéronautique Navale: French Naval Aviat ‘AG: Air Group (USAF/ANG) AGAutaanrnggewadr (Gorman Ai Force wig siz reconnaissance unt) ALAT: Aviation Legere delArmée de Tere (French Army wiation) AQG: Air Operations Cal (UNHCR) pe ‘AOGC: Air ins Control Centre ‘Armée de Air: French Alt Foree ‘ARS: Air Refuelling Squadron (USAF) ‘Aviazone per la Marine Milftare (Italian Navy Aviation) ‘pen: Avilign (US Ary) AW: Aiclit Wing (USAF) AWACS: Airborne Warning and Control System BU Bosni- Herzegovina (UN/NATO tenn) BIH: Republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina (Muslim) BHC: Bosnia—Herzegovina Command (UN) (Became UNPROFOR "April 1995), Br: Battalion BSA: Bosnian Serb Army CAOC: Combined Air Operations Centre (NATO) CAS: Close air support (CSAR: Combat search and rescue Det: Detachment EB: Escadre de Bombardment (French Air Force wing-sized ‘stratogic bomber/reece unit) EC: Escadre de Chasse (French Air Force wing-sized fightor/bomber unit) ECMM: European Community Monitoring Mission EGS: Electronic Combat Squadron (USAI EDA: Escate de Detection Attopote (Pench Air Force AWACS unit) EET: Escadron Electronique Tactique (French Air Force electronic ‘warfare squadron) EE: Escadron Electronique (French Air Force electronic warfare sil Boca d’elicopters (French Ai Force helicopter squad with CSAR role) a aan Ejereito dol Aire: Spanish Air Force ELINT Electronic intelligence ERV: Escadre de Ravitalloment (French Air Force tanker unit) Eseadron® French squadron sized uni ET Epa de Tenor french Al Force wingszedwanspor ‘nit EU European Union 5.ATAF, bth Allied Tactical Ai Force (NATO) Fit Flight FG: Fighter Group (USAR) Force Aorionne Belge: Belgian Ai Force FS: Fighter Squadcon (USAF) Ry: Former Repel of Yugoslavia : Fighter Wing (USAI BU; Carded bomb unt HARM High Speed Anti-Radiation Missile HG:US Navy Helicopter Combat Support Squadron, HMLA: US Marine Helicopter Atack Squadron, Light HME US Marine Helicopter Squadron, Hesvy ‘Squadron, Medium HS: US Navy Helicopter Antisubmarine Squadron HV: Hrvatska Vojska (Croatian Army) HVO: Hrvatsko Vijece Oabrane (Croatian Defence Council, Creat ‘iliia in Bosni) TADS: Integrated aie defence system IFOR: Implementation Force (NATO) TAOC: Joint Alr Operations Call (UNHCR) JAP: joint Action Plan (US diplomatic plan) 10: Jgtbomberaescovadar nrman Kir Force wings amber tn JNArJugoslavenska Narodna Armij (Federal Yugoslav armed forces) Eafe Goran Ale Frey - iG tatrangpetgschwader (Geman Air Force winged transport unt ‘Marinefliogor: German Naval Aviation Maybe Airlines: UNHCR/UNPROFOR airbridge to Sarajevo ‘MFG: Marine! zoschwader (German Navy wing-sized unit) MRE: Moals Ready to Eat (US military rations) NAEWF: NATO Aisborne Early Warning Foree NATO: Non Alan Treaty Oration PRU: Photographic Reconnaissance Unit (RAF) Rog: Regiment IC; Regiment d'Helicopters de Combat (French Army Aviation) RHCM:Regiment d'Helicopters de Commandement et de ‘Manoeuvre (French Army Aviation) RRF: Rapid Reaction Force (UN) RW: Reconnaissance Wing (USAF) Sas Sucre mindy SHE: Support Helicopter Force (SHE) SEAD: Suppression of enemy sr defence Skah, Sand atl aac mal al Operations Squadron San: Squdron Stormo: allan Air Force wingsized unit TAG tactical a cont party TDY: Temporary duty [US military term) TRIAD: Te: Wall Aerial Distribution System Turk Hava Kuvvetler: Turkish Air Force UN: United Nations UNGRO: United Nations Confidence Restoring Operation(succeeded UNPROFOR in Croatia on 1/4/05) UNHCR: United Netions igh Commissioner for Refagees UNMO: United Nations Military Observer UNPF: United Nations Peace Forces (succeeded UNPROFOR on VApal 195) UNPHOFOR: United Nations Protection Force USAB: United States Air Force USS: United States Ship VA"US Navy Attack Squedron VAG US New Tactical Electronic Warfare Squadron LAW: US Navy Carrier Aitborne Early Warning Sqaadron VP: US Navy Fighter Squadron VEA: US Navy Strike Fighter Squadron VMAQ: US Marine Tactical Eleetronie Warfare VEMAAW)-US Marine All-Weather Fi VEMA-Us Marine Fighter Attack Sauadron VEA: US Navy Strike Fighter Squadron Vb: US Navy Patrl Squadron VS: US Navy Antisubmarine Squadron VQ, US Navy Fleet Reconnaissanes Squadron Wing: Air force unite containing one or more squadrons.ISBN 1785310-814-6 Airlife Publishing Ltd. ol ll | | B1853"108143 101 Longden Road, Shrewsbury SY3 9EB