im BG See. 10.18: 10.18.1 BG 10.18.2 st Sec. 10.18, Prob. 10.64 391 Inan 8-f-wide rectangular channel (n = 0.015) water flows at 300 cfs. A low dam (broad-crested weir) laced in the channel raises the water to a depth of 8.0 ft. Analyze the water-surface profile upstream from ‘the dam back to uniform depth if the channel slope is (a) 0.0006, (6) 0.0009, and (c) 0.006. ‘Yes independent of slope. Eq. 10.23: y, = (a°is)" = ((300/8)'/32.2}"" = 3.52 ft (@ With 5, = 0.0006: Eq. 10.84: 300 = (1.486/0.015)8y_[8y9/(8 + 2y)1**0.0006" By trial and error or by equation solver per Sample Prob. 10.1, yp = 8.03 ft Fig. 10.20: yy = 8.03 > », = 3.52, so the slope is Mild. Insertion of a dam cannot lower the water surface below Jp, to y = impossible. << ©) With 5, = 0.0009: Repeating the procedure of Part (a), by tral or by equation solver, yp = 6.81 ft Fig, 10.20: yy = 6.81 > y, = 3.52, s0 the slope is Mild. 0 ft, so this situation is y = 8.0 ft caused by the dam is > Yo > Ye. Therefore, per Fig. 10.20: Upstream of the dam is a long 1M, profile with the depth gradually decreasing upstream to yp = 6.81 ft. As damming action has ocurred (Sec. 10.13), depth y, = 3.52 ft occurs om the dam. (©. With 5 = 0.006: Repeating the procedure of Part (a), by trial or by equation solver, yy = 3.29 ft Fig. 10.20: yp 129 < y, = 3.52, so the slope is Steep. y = 8.0 ft caused by the dam is > ¥_ > Yo. Therefore, per Fig. 10.20: Upstream of the dam is an S, profile, preceded by a hydraulic jump. Upstream ofthe jump is straight supercritical uniform flow with depth yy = 3.29, ‘The Hydraulic Jump — Exercises (3) A hydraulic jump occurs in a 20-ft-wide rectangular channel carrying 250 cfs on a slope of 0.005. The depth after the jump is 4.0 ft. (a) What must be the depth before the jump? (b) What are the losses of ‘energy and power in the jump? (@ Neglecting the frictional effect and weight component (small slope), @ = 250/20 = 12.50 cfs/ft; Eq. 10.466 with y. = 4.0 ft: yy = 4.072)(-1 + \T+ Ox 125022 4.0) = 0535 < ©) Fa, 10.47; hy = [0535 + (1/29)(12.5070.5357] - [4.0 + (12912-50147) = 4868 < Eq. 5.40: Power loss = 62.4(250)4.86/550 = 137.8 hp A hydraulic jump occurs in a 5.m-wide rectangular channel carrying 8 m'/s on a slope of 0.006. The depth after the jump is 1.75 m. (a) What must be the depth before the jump? (b) What are the losses of energy ‘and power in the jump? (@) q = 815 = 1.600 m/s per m; Eq. 10.460 with yp = 1.75 m: y= (175 )(-1 + {E> @ x LOPVORI x LS) = 0.1564 m4 () V = QA = dy; Eq, 10.47: hy, = [0.1564-+ (1/25)(1.600/0.1564)?] - [1.75 + (1/28)(1.600/1.75F] = 3.70m < Eq. 5.41: Power loss = 9810(8)3.70/1000 = 290kW 4392 sec. 10.18, Prob. 10.67 10.18.3 BG Sec. 10.18: 10.65 N 10.66 10.67 The hydraulic jump may be used as a crude flowmeter. Suppose that in a horizontal rectangular channel 6 St wide the observed depths before and after a hydraulic jump are 0.80 and 3.60 ft, respectively. Find the vate of flow and the head loss. From Bq. 10.45: q = VSE2OBO SGU *SOVE = 14.28 cfsift; Q = ba = 6(1428) = 85.7 cfs < (An alternative, but less convenient, solution for Q uses Eq. 10.42.) V, = 14.28/0.80 = 17.85 fps, Vil2g = 4.95 ft; V, = 14.28/3.60 = 3.97 fps, V3/2g = 0.244 ft A, = By ~ E, = O80 + 495) - 3.60 + 0244) = 1906 4 ‘The Hydraulic Jump — Problems 10.65~10.72 Derive Eq. (10.48) in the manner suggested in Sec. 10.18. Eq. 10.47: hy = Ey - Ey = yy ~ y+ V3 ~ Vive: writing V = aly this becomes: . na 1), a(x - vt) | 4? 0 - Wor * hy Ow + ZI -S)- ot aaa | an gs neers aap 02,00) “ slot ot 28 vine 2 be Also, Eq. 10.45 states that: q%/g = ¥,y,(0; + ¥,/2; Substituting to eliminate q7/g: Ina rectangular channel 10 ft wide with a flow of 200 ofs the depth is 1 ft. Ifa hydraulic jump is Produced, (a) what will be the depth immediately after it? (0) What will be the los of energy? @ Given: Q = 200 cfs, b = 10 ft, y, = 1.00 ft; ©. g = 200/10 = 20 cfs/ft Eq. 10.46a: yy = (1.00/2)(-1 + [1 + @ x 209/G22 x 1.00)}") -451t « (®) ¥, = 20/1.00 = 2000 fps, Vi2g = 2042 x 32.2) = 621 fi; V, = 20/4.51 = 4.44 fps, Ving = 0.305 ft Eq, 10.47; hy = E, ~ Ey = (1.00 + 621) - (451 + 0.305) = 2.40 feb (®) Alt: Eq. 10.48: fy = (4.51 ~ 1.00)/{4(1.00)4.51] = 2.40 ft-Ib/Ib (or ft) 4 Ina rectangular channel 4 m wide with a flow of 7.65 m'fs the depth is 0.4 m. If a hydraulic jump is Produced, (a) what wil be the depth immediately after it? (b) What will be the loss of energy? (@ Given: Q = 7.65 m/s, b = 4m, y, = 0.4 m; <. g = 7.65/4 = 1.9125 m/s per m Eq, 10.460: y, = (0472)(-1 + [1 + @ x 1912530.81 x 0.4))"7) = 1180m < @) V, = 1912504 = 4.78 mis, Vide = 4.782/2 x 9.81) = 1.165 m; V, = 19125/1.180 = 1.621 m/s, V3 Rg = 0.1339 m Eq. 10.47: h, = By ~ Ey = (04 + 1.165) ~ (1.180 + 0.1339) = 0251 NaN < (©) Alt: Eq. 10.48: h, = (1.180 — 0.4)°/[4(0.4)1.180] = 0.251 N-m/N (or J/N orm) 4f° me. Sec. 10.18, Prob. 10.69 393 Repeat Prob. 10.66 for the case where the channel bed slopes at 10°. For this slope, jump length = 4y,. ‘Assume friction force = 400 lb/ft of width. Also find the horsepower loss. Prob. 10.66: Rectangular channel, b = 10 ft, Q = 200 qfs, y = 1 ft. Ifa hydraulic jump is Produced, (a) what will be the depth after it? (@) What will be the loss of energy? Note (per Secs. 10.1 and 10.2) that Lis measured along, the channel bed and depth is measured vertically. q = Qlb = 200/10 = 2efs/t. V= aly WoT (@) Impulse-momentum equation 6.7a parallel to the Lay bel poof hae! wa — fi ee Fy ~ Fy + Wsind ~ 400 = pa(¥, ~ V4) where F, = (yy/2\y,00810") = 30.7 Ibvft, F, = yyfeos10°72 = 30.7y2 lb/ft, and W = O5(1 + y;,)o0s 10°(4y,)624 = 1229y,(1 + y:) Thus 30.7(1-y2) + 122.99,(1 +y,)sin 10" - 400 = 1.93820[@0/y,) ~ 20Y/e0s 10° ‘This is a cubic equation in y,. By trial and error or by equation solver, y, = 6.95 ft 4 Note to instructor: In Chow's Open Channel Hydraulics, McGraw-Hill, 1959, a procedure for jumps in sloping channels is given in Sec. 15-16. By that method yy = 6.3 ft. () Vy = Qllby,c0s10°) = 200/(10 x 6.95c0s10°) = 2.92 fps; similarly, = 203 fps Eq. 10.47: h, = [1 + 203%2g)) - [6.95 + 297/2g)] = 740-708 = 0325 Eq. 5.40: Power loss = rQh,/550 = 62.4(200)0.325/550 = 7.38 hp < Repeat Prob. 10.67 for the case where the channel bed slopes at 10°. For this slope, jump length ~ 4),. ‘Assume friction force = 6 KNim of width. Also find the power (KW) loss. Prob. 10.67: Rectangular channel, b = 4 m, Q = 7.65 mls, y = 0.4 m. Ifa hydraulic jump is ‘produced, (a) what will be the depth after it? (b) what will be the loss of energy? Note (per Secs. 10.1 and 10.2) that Z is measured along the channel bed and depth is measured verticaly. 9 = Ob = 7.6518 = 1.913 mis perm. V= aly (@) Impulse-momentum equation 6.7a parallel to the bed, per meter of channel width: F, ~ Fy + Win ~ 6000 = pa(¥, - ¥;) where F, = (yy/2)0,00810°) = 773 Nim, F, = yyzcos10°/2 = 4830y} N/m, and W = 0.5(0.4 + y,)cos 10° (4y,)9810 = 19 320y,(0.4 + y,) ‘Thus 773 ~ 4830y? + 19320304 + y,sin10" ~ 6000 = 1000(1.913)4(1y,) ~ 1/0.4Ye0s10° This is a cubic equation in y.. By trial and error or by equation solver, y, = 0.918m ‘Note to instructor: In Chow's Open Channel Hydraulics, McGraw-Hill, 1959, a procedure for jumps in sloping channels is given in Sec. 15-16. By that method y, = 6.3 f () Eq. 10.47: h, = (04 + (1.913/0.4c0s10°}?/2g] - [0.918 + (1.913/0.918c0810"¥/2¢] = 0455 m Eq. 5.41: Power loss = 7Qh,/1000 = 9810(7.65)0.455/1000 = 342 kW 4394 sec. 10.18, Prob. 10.72 10.70 mo m°” SI The tidal bore, which carries the tide into the estuary of a large river, isan example of an abrupt translatory wave, or moving hydraulic jump. Suppose such a bore rises to a height of 13 ft above the normat low-tide river depth of 10 t.. The speed of travel of the bore upstream is 13 mph. Find the velocity Of the undisturbed river. Does this represent subcritical or supercritical flow? [Note: The theory developed in Sec. 10.18 is based on the hydraulic jump in a fixed position. In the case of a moving jump, all Kinematic terms must be considered relative to the moving wave as a frame of reference.] d= OA; y = 10 + 13 = 23 f; Eq. 10.45; 47/322 = @3)1023 + 102 = 3795; from which q = 349.6 cfs/ft, and V, = 349.6/10 = 34.96 fps (relative to the jump) Velocity of jump = 13(44/30) = 19.07 fps ‘The jump is moving upstream at a velocity of 19.07 fps while the river is moving into the jump at 34.96 fps.” Therefore, the river is moving downstream at (34.96 ~ 19.07) = 15.89 fps. < Vypg = 15.89((2 x 32.2) = 392 ft < y/2 = 5 ft; From Sec. 10.10: The flow is subcritical. A hydraulic jump occurs in a triangular flume having side slopes at 1:1. The flow rate is 18 cfs and the depth before the jump is 1.2 ft. Find the depth after the jump and the power loss in the jump. Divide Eq. 10.42 by 7 and substitute ¥, = QIA,: Q'IgA, + aA, = Q'ledy + had For triangular section &, = y/3, A = y*s y, = 1.2 ft, Q = 18 cfs (given) Thus 187/[32.20.27)] + (1.2/3)(1.2F = 187622y2) + 0,9)0, or 22.7 = 302)y2 + y35 by trial and error or by equation solver, y, = 2.64f Eq. 10.47: hy = [1.2 + (2sXI8/1.27P} - (2.64 + (1/29)(18/2.647)] = 0.883 ft Eq. 5.40: Power loss = 62.4(18)0.883/550 = 1.803 hp << A hydraulic jump occurs in a triangular flume having side slopes at 1:1. The flow rate is 0.45 m’s and the depth before the jump is 0.30 m. Find the depth after the jump and the power loss in the jump. Divide Eq. 10.42 by y and substitute V, = Q/A,: Q'Igd, + had, = QleAy + had For triangular section A, = 3, A = y% y, = 0.3 m, Q = 0.45 ms (given) Thus 0.457/19.810.3))] + (0.3/310.3 = 0.454(9.81y2) + O/0,F ‘or 0.715 = 0.0619/y2 + y}; by trial and error or by equation solver, y; = 0.858m 4 Eq. 10.47: hz = (0.3 + (1/29)(0.45/0.3")) - (0.858 + (1/23x0.45/0.858°))] = Eq, 5.41: Power loss = 9810(0.45)0.697/1000 = 3.08 KW < 697 mSec. 10.19, Prob. 10.73 395 See. 10.19: Location of Hydraulic Jump ~ Problems 10.73-10.74 10.73 BG A wide and shallow rectangular channel with bed slope Sp = 0.0004 and roughness n = 0.022 carries a steady flow of 65 cfsft of width. Ifa sluice gate (Fig. 11.34) is adjusted as to produce a ‘minimum depth of 1.6 ft in the channel, determine whether a ‘Irydraulic jump will form downstream, and if so, find (using one reach) the distance from the gate to the jump. (@) Fees tow (y, = Ca) Figure 11.340 Given: q = 65 efs/ft, n = 0.022, S, = 0.0004, and the channel is "wide and shallow" so that R, Eq. 10.80 for unit width: 65 = (1.486/0.022)(1y,)(9,)°(0.0004)""; yy = 10.22 ft Eq, 10.23: y, = (65/32.2)" = 5.08 ft. yp > y,, 80 (per Fig. 10.20) the channel slope is Mild. ‘Alternatively, from Eq. 10.30 or 31: S, = 0.004 11, «. Sp < S, and (Sec. 10.10) the bed slope is Mild, {y = 1.6 ft caused by the gate is < y, < yg. ‘Therefore, per Fig. 10.20: Downstream of the sluice gate is an Ms profile, which must be followed by a hydraulic jump to enable the flow to return to normal depth. Sec. 10.18: The channel slope (0.0004) is much less than 3° (or $= 0.0524), so the weight component in the jump may be neglected. Eq. 10.466 with y, = yy = 10.20: y, = 2.093 ft For the distance along the M, profile from y = 1.6 fo yy: Sa y=R Vergy ig Ey + Ving R v f fps ft t ft fps @ 16 40.6 25.63 21.227 1.846 35.84 @ 203 att 14.98 101 Eq, 10.384: $= ((0.022 x35.84)/(1.486 x 1.846) = 0.1243 Eq. 10.39: Ax = (E,- EMS ~S,) = 27.227 - 17.071)/(0.1243 - 0.0004) = +820 <396 se im °* 10.19, Prob. 10.74 Solve for and sketch the water surface profile in a very long 10-ft-wide rectangular open channel of rough brickwork (n = 0.017) when the flow rate is 400 ofs. ‘The bed slope is 0.020, and a S-f-high streamlined Iuump is at the downstream end. Locate all hydraulic jumps, treating any gradually varied flow as a single reach. How does the water surface elevation vary between key points? » 1.486, 10y5 1 Bq, 10.84: 400 = F270) (ress 0.020! By trial and error or equation solver: yy = 2.36 ft Ary, S0 depth on the hump =y, =3.68f. 4 Ey * Egg = 33.68) = 5.51 ft Immediately upstream (Station 1), E, = Eni * Az = 5.51 + 5.00 = 10.51 ft 1 io] : wires, y, = 10288 % Eq. B.9: The other two roots are y, = 1.677 ft and —1.442 ft Fig. 10.20: ‘There is no way for yy = 2.36 ft far upstream to drop to 1.677 ft. <. y= 10.28 4 Fig. 10.20: y; = 10.28 > yo = 2.36 ft. So we have an S; profile immediately u/s of the hump Immed. d/s of hump: Water surface change = y, - (Az +y,) = 10.279 - (5 + 3.676) = 1.603 ft drop Urs (upstream), the surface rises from yg to S, via a hydraulic jump. = 3.68 Eq. 10.17: 10.51 = y+ ‘At jump entrance (Station J1), yn = yo = 2.368. ‘At jump exit (Station 32), Eq. 10.460: yp = sal. 1+ 8407 Sec. 10.18: Jump length = 5(5.41) = 27.1 f salt 4 Water surface rise across jump = yq — LS) — yn = 5.41 ~ 27.1(0.020) -2.36= 2.51 For GVF S, profile between J2 and Station (1): say P A R=APV=OIA Ving E 5.4130 20.8260 54.130 2.5992 7.3896 0.8479 6.2609 (1) 10.2794 30.5589 102.794 3.3638 3.8913 0.2351 10.5146 Mean 2.9815 _ 5.64045 Eq. 10.38: 5 = 0.000 970 6.26 - 10.51 T.000FTO - 0.020 Joon... Eq. 10.39: Ax = S423 4‘Sec. 10.20, Prob. 10.76 397 Far ws a 2 ® Hump Eft 6.82 6.82 6.26 10.51 551 yf 2.36 2.36 Sal 10.28 3.68 Bed elev, ft $21 4.67 0.0 0.00 ws. elev, ft 157 10.08 10.28 8.68 < S, depth increase (52 to 1) = 10.2795 — 5.4130 = 4.8665 Bed drop (J2 to 1) = LS, = 233.53(0.020) = 4.6706. Difference = 0.1959 ft ‘The water surface rises in elevation by 0.1959 ft from J210 (I). 251 ft rise: 0.1959 ft rise- Sec. 10.20: Velocity of Gravity Waves — Exercise (1) 10.20.1 BG A thin rod is placed vertically in a stream which is 4 ft deep, and the resulting small disturbance wave ‘makes an angle of about 60° with the axis of the stream. Find the approximate velocity of the stream. Eq, 10.49: ¢ = (32.2%4)"* = 11.35 fps; Eq. 10.51: sing = sin6o? = 11.35/¥ ss V = 1135}sin60° = 13.10 fps 4 Sec. 10.20: Velocity of Gravity Waves — Problems 10.75—10.76 10.75 BG At a point in a shallow lake, the wave from a passing boat is observed to rise 0.5 ft above the undisturbed water surface. The observed speed of the wave is 8 mph. Find the approximate depth of the lake at this Point. Compute it three ways and comment on them, c= 8 mph = 8(44/30) fps = 11.73 fps; Ay = 0.5 ft. Using Eq. 10.49 three ways: @ cP = 137.7 = gy + 0.5)(y + 025)ly (quadratic); y = 3.49 ft or 0.0358 ft y = 0.0358 cannot cause Ay = 0.5 ft. Soy=349f. 4 @) 377 = gy +05; y= 37H << (i) 1377 = gy y= 42BH y = 3.49 ftis accurate; the other two values are approximations with errors of 8% and 23% respectively, ‘on the high side.398 sec. 10.21, Prob. 10.77 10.76 si See. 10.21: 10.21.1 st See. 10.21: 10.77 At a point in a shallow lake, the wave from a passing boat is observed to rise 300 mm above the undisturbed water surface. The observed speed of the wave is 16 km/h. Find the approximate depth of the lake at this point. Compute it three ways and comment on them. € = 16 kph = 16(1000/3600) m/s = 4.44 m/s; Ay = 0.30 m. Using Eq. 10.49 three ways: 2 = 19.75 = ay + 0.3) + 0.15)y (quadratic); y = 1.534 m or 0.0293 m. ‘y = 0.0293 m cannot cause Ay (i) 1975 = 9 +03); y= 174m 1, so flow is supercritical. Bq. 10.52: Ay = 13.6°02(322 x 45) = 1.540 ft Because of (supercritical) wave action, maximum water depth at inside wall = yp and maximum water depth at outside wall = ( + 43). Required difference in wall elevations = Ay = 1.540fSec. 10.22, Prob. 10.77 399 Sec. 10.22: Transitions — Exercises (2) fm BG Water flows at 180 cfs from a trapezoidal channel (> = 10 f, side slopes = 2.5 H:1V) into a rectangular channel with the same bed width. Ifthe upstream depth is 3.5 ft and the transition is abrupt (k, = 04), find the downstream depth 180 _ (dy, + 2.592 32a” —10+5y, By trials or equation solver, yy = 1.838 ft. -. y, = 3.50 ff is subcritical. Eq. 10.23 (for rectangular channel): yj = (18%/32.2)" = 2.16 ft Trapezoidal: A, = [10 + (2.5)3.513.5 = 65.6 ft; rectangular: A, = 10y, ¥, = QUA, = 180/65.6 = 2.74 fps; ¥, = QIA, = 180/(10y,) = 189, ‘Using Eq. 10.53 and assuming contracting flow (V, > ¥,): ; 278 a Wi 218 = By thy ie, 35+ 2 24, 2 9, - Fin Bt hye hey 35 232.2) % 2632.2) 2432.2) 2(32.2), from which 3.66 = y, + 0.217¥; and substituting for V, = 18/y,: 3.66 = y, + 7.04y;; By trial and error or by polynomial or equation solver, y = 2.18 ft (subcritical) or 2.68 ft (subcritical) or =1.203 ft (meaningless). ‘As the water depth drops from y, = 3.50 ft, it will reach y, = 2.68 ft before reaching y, = 2.18 ft. *- The downstream water depth will remain at y, = 2.68 ft 4 Using Eq. 10.33 (for trapezoidal channel):400 sec. 10.22, Prob. 10.77 im st A rectangular, 3.m-wide channel is connected t0 a trapezoidal channel (b = I m, side slopes = 1.5H:1¥) by a warped transition. When 7.5 ms of water is lowing, the depth in the upstream channel is 1.5m. (a) Find yy (0) Is the low through the transition expanding or contracting? Upstream rectangular: A, = 3(1.5) = 4.5 mi? ; downstream trapezoidal: A, = (1 + 1.5)3)¥2 ¥, = QA, = 7.5/4.5 = 1.667 mis; y= [(7.57399/9.81]" = 0,860 m; Vy = QIA, = 75/0 + 15yQ)] From Eq. 10.33 with A = y, + 1.Sy2 and B = 1 +3y,, by trials or equation solver: y2 = 1.099 m @ Assume flow through transition is contracting (Ay < Ay, %_ > ¥,). We note that A; = Ay, i.e, (1+1.5y,) = 4.5 when L5y?+y,-45 = 0, i.e. yy = 1431 m or ~2.10 m Gmpossibie), Ay < Ay when 0 < yy < 1.431 m and when V, > V; = 1.667 m/s. ‘Table 10.4 for contracting flow through warped transition: f, = 0.1 ' 166P . Using Bq, 10.53: By = By * ly $* 268" 2@8n °° { 2081) seer) ad bing for Yi is: 1.686 = 9, SIS rvet

, ¥, < V). Table 104: & = 03 ‘Ay> Ay when jp > LABL m and when Vy < Vj = 1.667 ms. Ext he +— 2 +03] 4 )”™* 2@8n *°"2e8n ~ 2680, snd baiting for Vy ise: 1.88 = + 2M vied > 1451 m Using Eq. 10.53: E, By tral and error or by equation solver, yy = 1.518 m (suberit) (0.726 m and ~1.158 m are invalid} fey = (+ 1S x 1518)1518 = 497m? Ay = 497 > A, © 45, so the flow i expanding, our assumption is valid Results: (@ Flow can contract, with subcritical y» = 0.869 m; (i Flow can expand, with subcritical y, = 1.518m ‘Which of these two occurs depends on (y,)2 which is unknown.Sec. 10.22, Prob. 10.78 401 See. 10.22: ‘Transitions — Problems 10.78-10.80 10.78 Refer to Fig. 10.32. A rectangular channel changes in width from 5 to 7.5 ft. Measurements indicate that ¥1 = 3.00 ft and Q = 62 fs. Determine the depth yp by (a) neglecting head loss; @) considering the head {oss 10 be given as shown on the figure. 2 we nos Enorgytine (28 1 Eq. 10.23: yg, = [(62/5)/32.2]" = 1.684 ft, yoy = 1.285 ft Yy = 3.00 ft is subcritical. V, = QUA, = 62/(3 x 5) = 4.13 fps; Vy = 62/T.5y, = 8.27ly, fps @ hh, = 0, 2. B= Ey ie, 30 + 4.132 x 32.2) = y, + B22 x 32.2) ‘By trial and error or by polynomial or equation solver, Ya = 3.16 ft (Suberi) oF 0.635 fe (supercrt) or ~0.529 fe (impossible. ‘Assuming the flow does not change from subert to supercrit inthe transition, yp = 3.16 (®) Fig. 10.32 and assuming expanding flow: E, = E, + h, = E, + 0.3(ViRg ~ V3Ps) ¥1 + Vile = y, + Vile + 0.3(ViRe - Vine) ive, y, + O.7VjlRg = y, + O.1V;i2e i.e. 3.0 + 0.186 = 3.186 = y, + 0.743/y3; by trial and error or by polynomial or equation solver, Jz = 3.11 ft (suberit) or 0.529 ft (supercrit) or —0.452 ft (impossible). Check: A, = 5(3) = 15 fi?; A, = 7.53.11) = 23.3 fr? or 7.5(0.529) = 3.92 ft? (not expanding). So flow is expanding, with y, = 3.11%402 sec. 10.22, Prob. 10.79 [EA rectanguar chanel changes in vith from 1.5 m t0 2.0m with the wedge-shaped transition shown in Fig. 10.32. Given that y, = 0.75 m and Q = 1.5 mls, find the depth y, by (a) neglecting head loss and ©) using a toss coefficient k, of 0.4. (c) Does the head loss increase or decrease the flow expansion? Figure 10.32 st Eq, 10.23: ya = ((1.5/1.359/9.81]" = 0.501 m, yq = 0.386 m 1 = 0.75 mis subcritical. V, = QA, = 15/(1.35 x 0.75) = 1.481 m/s; V, = 152y, = 0.75/y, m/s (@) hy = 0, . B= By, ie, 0.75 + 148172 x 9.81) = y, + (0.75/y, 72 x 9.81) By T & E or by polynomial or equation solver, Ya = 0.819 m (subcritical) or 0.210 m (supercritical) or ~0.1669 m (impossible). ‘As we know of nothing to cause supercritical flow, yy = (©) Table 10.4 for wedge transition with k, = 0.4: the flow expands, s0 V, > Vz Per Fig. 10.32: E, = By + OA(VjP2g ~ Vile); y,+Vilg = y+ Vile +04Vi- VRE 9, + O6VEg = y, + O6VIRg; 0.75 + 0.0671 = 0817 = y, + 0.01720H7 By tial and error or by polynomial or equation solver, 89m 4 Ja = 0.790 m (subcritical) or 0.1621 m (supercritical) or ~0.1345 m (impossible). Check: A, + 1350.75) = 1.013 m?; A, = 2(0-790) = 1.579 ni? (expanded) or 20.1621) = 0.324 mm? (contracting, invalid). y= 0.790m 4 (©. Expansion (a) without head loss = AJA, = 2(0.819)/(1.35x0.75) = 1.618 Expansion (6) with head loss = 2(0.790)(1.35 x0.75) = 1.560, so head loss reduces expansion 4mo Sec. 10.22, Prob. 10.80 403 Flow from a trapezoidal channel (20-ft bed width, 1:1 side slopes) enters a 20-fi-wide rectangular channel via a cylinder- ‘quadrant transition (Fig. P10.80). (a) If the upstream depth is 4 ft when the flow rate is 530 cfs, find the resulting downstream depth. (b) Ifthe flow increases t0 550 cfs, causing the upstream depth to increase to 4.1 ft, does the downstream depth increase or decrease? By how much? y @ A, = 20+ 1y,)y, = 20+4)4 = 96 fi; A, = 20y, y, «2 . 530 530 _ 265 1A 98 2, tHeomacing tow Ue We Table 10.4 for contracting flow through cylinder-quadrant transiti Using Eq. 10.53: E, = E+ hy, ie., 40 + 552%N2g = y, + Ving + 0.2(V32g - 5.52728) 457 = yy + 0.01863V2. Substituting for Vy: 4.57 = y, + 13.0992 By tril and error or by polynomial or equation solver, y = 3.4994 ft or 2.54 ft or ~1.472 ft 4 = 4.00 fr, so both yp alternates are contractions. ‘As the water depth drops from 4.00 f, it will reach y, = 3.50 ft before reaching y = 2.54 ft. ‘The downstream water depth will remain at y, =3.50ft 4 © Q = 550 cfs, y, = 4.1 ft. Repeating the procedure of part (a), 4.68 = y, + 14.09/y7 From which yz = 3.5743 ft or 2.61 ft or 1.509 ft (impossible). ‘Again, both y, alternatives are contractions. ‘The downstream water depth will remain atthe higher, yp = 3.5743 ft Downstream depth change = 3.5743 ~ 3.4994 = 0.0750 ft increase 5.52 fps; Vp Figure P10.80 e.,404 sec. 10.23, Prob. 10.80 Sec, 10.23: Hydraulics of Culverts — Exercise (1) mo SI Repeat Sample Prob. 10.13 for the situation where the culvert must be 100 m long. ‘Sample Prob. 10.13: Sq = 0.003, Q = 4.3 m'/s, maximum headwater = 3.6 m above invert. Neglect velocity of approach, assume square-edged inlet with k, = 0.5, Cy = 0.65, and free discharge at outlet. What size of corrugated pipe (n = 0.025) is needed? Sec. 10.23: Assume headwater depth/D > 1.2 so that entrance is submerged, per Fig. 10.33. <1 assume that D < headwater depth/1.2 = 3.6 m/1.2 = 3.0m Given discharge is free (not submerged), s0 flow is per Fig. 10.33b or 10.33c. Assume the full flow of Fig. 10.335: V = QIA = 4.3/[xD%/4] = 547/D?; R, = Did Fig. 10.335: 4h = 01-9) + @~ 2) = y, ~ Y2 + Sol = 3.6 - D + 0.003(100) = 3.9 - D Eq. 10.56: ay = (95 « 29-810.025 7100 , | _547° 5 + 179\1528 CES) omy? 20.80" D® Dt Equating these two expressions for Ah and simplifying: 39 = D+ ( By trial and error or by equation solver: D = 1.409 m ‘Thus the first assumption (D < 3.0 m, To check assumption 2, find the dy which just flows full with uniform flow: Eq. 10.80: 4.3 = (1/0.025)(ndg/4)(dJ4y° 0.003"; dy = 1.994 m D < dg, so the culvert flows full, we do have the assumed flow of Fig. 10.336. The assumptions and results are valid, D = 1.409 m. Standard sizes are 1.35 and 1.50 m. ¢. UseD = 150m 4 . submerged entrance) is OK.Sec. 10.23, Prob. 10.81 405 Sec. 10.23: Hydraulics of Culverts — Problems 10.81-10.84 f°" What isthe capacity of a 5-ft by St concrete box culvert (n = 0.013) with a rounded entrance (k, = 0.05, C, = 0.95) ifthe culvert slope is 0.004, the length is 180 ft, and the headwater level is 7 ft above the cilvert invert? Assume (a) free outlet conditions, (2) taitwater elevation 1 ft above top of box at outlet, and (©) taitwater elevation 2 ft above top of box at outlet. Neglect headwater and tailwater velocity heads. (@) Find capacity with free outlet Sec. 10.23: Headwater/D = 7/5 = 1.4 > 1.2, so conditions are those of Fig. 10.33b or 10.33c. ‘Assume Case (0) of Fig. 10.33. R= A/P = S'(4x5) = 1.25 Ah = 0, yD + - 2) =, ~%2 + Syl. Bquating this to 4h in Eq. 10.56: 7 = 5 + 0.004(180) = [0.05 + 29.2(0.0134180/1.254° + 1]¥7)(2 x32.2) = 0.0265¥* from which V = 10.12 fps, Q = AV = 54(10.12) = 253 ofs Now find the depth yp which occurs with normal/uniform flow at this Q: Eq. 10.80: 253 = (1.486/0.013)5y[5y9I(5 + 2y,)70.004"" solver per Sample Prob. 10.1, yy = 4.983 ft By trial and error or by equ Yo < D = 5 ft, so the culvert does not flow full; free discharge at the outlet is given; therefore the ‘Proceeding assumption and computations are not valid, and the flow conditions must be Case (c). Case (c) of Fig. 10.33, Bq. 10.57: Q = GAy2gh = 0.95(5*W2G2-27 -2.5) = 404 cfs < () Find capacity when tailwater elevation is 1 ft above top of box at outlet. Sec. 10.23: Headwater/D = 7/5 = 1.4 > 1.2, so conditions are per Fig. 10.334, with yy = 6 ft. Using the same equations as Part (a) (neglecting headwater and tailwater velocity heads): 7 ~ 6 + 0.004(180) = 0.0265V? from which V = 8.05 fps, Q = 5%8.05) = 201 cfs < (©) TW elevation 2 ft above top of box at outlet. Conditions are again per Fig. 10.33a, but with y; = 7 ft. 7 ~ 7 + 0.004(180) = 0.026597 F5.20 Using the same equations as Part ( from which V = 5.21 fps, so @ 130.2 cf406 sec. 10.23, Prob. 10.82 f° Repeat Prob. 10.81(a) for the cases where the culvert slope is (a) 0.03 and (b) 0.07. Prob. 10.81(a): Find the capacity of a 5:ft by St box culvert (n = 0.013) 180 ft long with a rounded entrance (k, = 0.05, Cy ~ 0.95). The headwater is 7 ft above invert, and the outlet discharge is free; neglect headwater and taitwater velocity heads. (@) Find capacity when Sy = Sec. 10.23: Headwater/D = 7/5 = 1.4 > 1.2, so conditions are per Fig. 10.338 or 10.33c. Assume Case (6) of Fig. 10.33. R= AIP = 54 x5) = 1.24 ft. Sh = ~y¥) + & - a) = - 2 + Sob. Equating this to Ah in Eq. 10.56: 7 = 5 + 0.03(180) = [005 + 29.2(0.013%180/1.25 + t]¥*1@2 x32.2) = .0265v7 from which V = 16.70 fps, Q = AV = $%(6:70) = 417 cfs .03 [Now find the depth yp which occurs with normal/uniform flow at this Q: Eq. 10.84: 417 = (1.486/0.013)5yp[5yp/(5 +2y,)F70.03" By trial and error or by equation solver per Sample Prob. 10.1, Yo = Yo < D = 5 ft, so the culvert does not flow full and Case (b) cannot occur. Case (c) must occur, i.e., ‘with entrance control: Eq. 10.57: Q = 0.95(9W2G2Z2\7 25) = 404 cfs < (®) Find capacity when Sy = 0.07. Conditions are again those of Fig. 10.330 or 10.33¢. Following the same procedure as in Part (a): 7 - 5 + 0.07(180) = 0.0265¥? from which V = 23.5 fps, Q = 586 cfs, yo = Yq < D = 5 fi, so the culvert does not flow full and Case (b) cannot occur, Case (¢) must occur, i.e., with entrance control: As for Part (a): Q@ = 404efs 4 33 ft. 12 fema Sec. 10.23, Prob. 10.83 407 A culvert under a road must carry 4.5 ms. (a) Ifthe culvert length is 32 m, the slope is 0.004, and the maximum permissible headwater level above the culvert invert is 3.8 m, what size of corrugated-pipe culvert (n = 0.025) would you select? The outlet will discharge freely. Neglect velocity of approach. Assume Square-edged entrance with k, = 0.5, Cy = 0.63. (0) Repeat for a culvert length of 110 m. (@) Find diameter D when L = 32 m. Sec. 10.23: Assume D < 3.0 m, so that headwater/D > 3.8/3 = 1.267 and the conditions are those of Fig. 10.330 or 10.33¢. ‘Assume Case (b), Fig. 10.33. V = QJA = 45/(nD%/4) = 5.73)D%; R= D/A 4h =O, - 9) + @% -%) = % ~ Ya + Sols Bquating this to Ah in Eq. 10.56: 5 + 29-81)0.025%32) , y]_5.73° oy? 20.81)" e,, 393 - D = [15 + (2.49/D%))1.673/D* 38 - D + 0.004032) By trial and error or by equation solver per Sample Prob. 10.1, D 1.206 m Now find the diameter dy which jus lows fll with nommal/uniform flow: Bq, 10.8b: 45 = (10.025) nd}ad/4*0.004" from which, by tril and ertor, dy = 1.922 m, dy > D, so the culvert does flow full; free discharge at outlet is given; ‘Therefore the above assumptions and results are valid; use standard D = 135m 4 (6) Find diameter D when L = 110m Using the same procedures as Part (a) 5 @9.810.0257110 573 38 - D + 0.004(110) = jos + @2810.025"110 , y|_5.73° _ way? 2¢9.81)D* 424 - D = (15 + (856)D%)1.673/D4 By trial and error or by equation solver per Sample Prob. 10.1, D = 1.421 m ‘As in Part (a), the diameter which just flows full with normal/uniform flow is dy = 1.922 m. 4, > D, so the culvert does flow full; free discharge at outlet is given; therefore the above assumptions and analysis are valid. Standard sizes are 1.35 and 1.50m. UseD = 150m 4BG 10.23, Prob. 10.84 A 120-f-long corrugated metal pipe (n = 0.022) of 30-in diameter is tested in a laboratory. The headwater is maintained at a level which is 5 ft above the pipe invert at entrance, and the outlet cannot be submerged. Assume a square-edged entrance with k, = 0.5, C, = 0.68, and neglect headwater and tailwater velocity heads. Compute values of Q for Sp values of 0.0, 0.01, 0.03, and 0.08, As the slope is increased, at what slope does the flow change to condition (c) of Fig. 10.33? Given: conditions of Fig. 10.336 prevail when yy > D. Sec, 10.23: Headwater/D = 5/2.5 = 2 > 1.2, so conditions are those of Fig. 10.33b or 10.33c. For Case (b) of Fig. 10.33: R = D/é = 2.5/4 = 0.625 ft Ah o= Oy - + Ge - aH — 2 + Sok Equating this to Ah in Eq. 10.56: 5 - 2.5 + 1208, i.e., 25 +1208, = 0.0726v* Oy ‘The change in conditions, from Case (b) to Case (c), occurs when yy = D = 25 f ‘Then, using Eq. 10.76: Vey = (1.486/0.022) 0.6255," ise, Vaan = 49-48975 Vau)* = 24385, Substituting this into Eq. (1): 2.5 + 1205, = 0.0726(24385); $, = 0.0839 So when $, > 0.0439 orifice flow (Condition 10.33¢) occurs. For the required slopes: [0.5 +29.2¢0.0223%12090.625* « 1]¥7@2 x32.2) Slope Sp Condition Eq V fps Qefs 0.0 Fig. 10.330 ® 5.87 28.8 0.01 Fig. 10.330 ay 74 35.0 0.03 Fig, 10.330 ay 9.17 45.0 (0.0439) Fig. 10.336 0) (10.35) 60.8) 0.08 Fig. 10.33¢ 10.57" 10.57 51.9 “With C, = 0.68, h = 5 - Di = 3.75 ft e