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4g Tutorial PDF
4g Tutorial PDF
sppe12083@gmail.com
RAN System Engineer
Outline
• Beyond HSPA+
• LTE: motivation and expectations
• E-UTRAN overview & initial performance evaluation
• OFDMA and SC-FDMA fundamentals
• LTE physical layer
• LTE transmission procedures
DL: 14.4 Mbps DL: 28 Mbps DL: 42 Mbps DL: 84 Mbps DL: 100+ Mbps
UL: 5.76Mbps UL: 11 Mbps UL: 11 Mbps UL: 23 Mbps UL: 23+ Mbps
UTRAN Rel-99
WCDMA HSDPA/HSUPA HSPA+ (HSPA Evolution)
E-UTRAN deployment
LTE specification & service LTE-A
process ~ 2007Q4 enhancement
• Expectation:
– Detailed requirements captured
in 3GPP TR 25.913
– NGMN formally released requirements
on next generation RAN in late 2006**
*source: www.gsacom.com
“ mobile broadband evolution: roadmap from HSPA to LTE” UMTS forum White paper
**http://www.ngmn.org/nc/de/downloads/techdownloads.html
All rights reserved @ 2009
LTE - background
• Motivation:
– Based on HSPA success story(274*
commercial HSPA networks worldwide)
• Expectation:
– Detailed requirements captured
in 3GPP TR 25.913
– NGMN formally released requirements
on next generation RAN in late 2006**
*source: www.gsacom.com
“ mobile broadband evolution: roadmap from HSPA to LTE” UMTS forum White paper
**http://www.ngmn.org/nc/de/downloads/techdownloads.html
All rights reserved @ 2009
LTE feature overview
• Flexible and expandable spectrum bandwidth
FDD Pair
uplink downlink
5 MHz
20 MHz
active RBs
Frequency range UMTS FDD bands and TDD bands defined in 36.101(v860) Table 5.5.1
UE Category Maximum number of DL-SCH Maximum number of bits of Total number of Maximum number of
transport block bits received a DL-SCH transport soft supported layers for
within a TTI block received within channel spatial multiplexing
a TTI bits in DL
Table 4.1-2: Uplink physical layer parameter values set by the field ue-Category
UE Maximum number of bits of an Support for
Cate UL-SCH transport block 64QAM in
gory transmitted within a TTI UL
Category 1 5160 No
Category 2 25456 No
Peak rate
Category 3 51024 75Mbps No
Category 4 51024 No
Category 5 75376 Yes
UE Category 1 2 3 4 5
RF bandwidth 20 MHz
Modulation QPSK,
UL QPSK, 16QAM 16QAM,
64QAM
• Time-frequency scheduling
UE #1
UE #2
Su rier
ca
b- s
r
po
BS 2
w
er
de
ns
ity
sub-
ier
MS 22
carr
Pow MS 21
er d
BS 1 e nsity
MS 31
MS 12 MS 11
y
sit n
de
wer
Po
MS 32
ca ub-
er
s
rri
S1
S1
S1
S1
X2
X2
radio
SRB0 SRB1 SRB2 DRB1 DRB2
bearers
logical
channels PCCH BCCH CCCH DCCH 1 DCCH 2 DTCH 1 DTCH 2
transport
PCH BCH RACH DL-SCH UL-SCH
channels
physical
PBCH PRACH PDSCH PUSCH
channels
•Logical Channels
Define what type of information is transmitted over the air, e.g. traffic channels,
control channels, system broadcast, etc.
•Transport Channels – no per-user dedicated channels!
Define how is something transmitted over the air, e.g. what are encoding, interleaving
options used to transmit data
•Physical Channels
Define where is something transmitted over the air, e.g. first N symbols in the DL
frame
IP
U
u
u -u
P- TP P-
S
GT
NA
u T
G G
P- P DP P
T UD
C
G UD U
C
RR
RR
P
UD
CP
CP
IP IP IP
AP
PD
PD
S1 S L2 L2 L2
TP NA
C
Y
C
Y HY
RL PH
RL
SC IP PH P
AP
AC S1
AC
r2 TP
ye P-GW
M
M
L1
La SC S-GW
L1
IP
E
E
Y
LT
LT
PH
L2
Y
PH
eNodeB
UE MME
S5/S8
E-UTRAN radio bearer S1 bearer bearer
EPS bearer
MME/
UE eNodeB
NAS 24.301 NAS
eNodeB
36.331
RRC RRC S1AP 36.413 S1AP
X2AP 36.423 X2AP
36.323
PDCP PDCP
SCTP 36.412 SCTP
36.322 36.422
RLC RLC
IP IP
36.321
MAC MAC L2 L2
36.211~36.214
PHY PHY L1 L1
LTE-Uu S1-MME/X2-C
UE PDN/S-GW
eNodeB
eNodeB
Application
IP IP
36.323 29.274
PDCP PDCP GTP-u GTP-u
36.322
RLC RLC UDP UDP
36.321 IP IP
MAC MAC
L2 L2
36.211~36.214
PHY PHY L1 L1
LTE-Uu S1-U/X2-u
PDCP
MAC
PDCCH
L1 PHY CQI manager
adaptation
“An overview of downlink radio resource management for LTE”, Klaus Ingemann Pedersen, et al, IEEE communication magazine, 2009 July
MME/SGW
Mobility difference between UTRAN and E-UTRAN
UTRAN E-UTRAN
HO decision Location area (CS core) Not relevant since no CS connections
Call
Admission Routing area Tracking area
Source
target SHO No SHO
eNodeB
eNodeB
Cell_FACH, Cell_PCH,URA_PCH No similar RRC states
UE E-UTRAN
paging
UE E-UTRAN
ion gr ant paging
ss g
smi l in
ran ed u
t a t k sch Radom Access procedure
da pli n Connection
L u
D K& ort RRC Connection Request establishment
AC r ep
s
st atu RRC Connection Setup
el
nn o n RRC Connection Setup Complete
cha missi Radio bearer
& a ns
A CK a tr Security procedures establishment
at
U Ld RRC Connection Reconfiguration
RRC Connection Reconfiguration Complete
PS data
Tx
via S1 interface
scheduling
data modulator
coding
UE HARQ Multiplexing
per user
PS data
Tx
via S1 interface
scheduling
data modulator
coding
UE HARQ Multiplexing
Occupying different radio per user
resources across TTIs
adapts to time-varying
radio channel condition!
Average: 10 active
users with 3Mbps
Top 5%, loaded throughput per user
Average
Source: www.lstiforum.org
All rights reserved @ 2009
Macro Cellular network: peak rate Vs average rate
• Unlike circuit-switched network design, live network throughput
is not fixed any more, being dependent on many environmental
factors such as CQI,Tx buffer status,etc.
• In macro cellular network, network average throughput falls
behind peak rate by 10x.
• Cellular booster for Mobile broadband
HSPA cell throughput Tput (Mbps) G-factor (dB)
– Ubiquitous coverage
– High capacity & data rate 8 25
– Low cost 15
4
>> “FemtoCell” – Home eNodeB!
10
2
2
0 -3
EPC
App Server
Camped-state
(idle)
…
f f
π⋅f
sin( )
Δf
No Inter-Carrier
Interference!
− 2Δf − Δf 0 Δf 2Δf
frequency domain
1
Tu =
Δf
Time domain
“+1” f1 Modulated
subcarriers
x (t ) = ∑x
k =0
k (t ) = ∑a
k =0
k e j 2 π k Δ ft
k =0 k =0
e j 2πf0t a0
a0 x0 (t ) a1 X0
a0 , a1 ,..., a N c −1
j 2πf1t X1
e
…
a0 , a1 ,..., a N c −1 S/P
x(t )
…
S/P a1 x1 (t ) + a Nc −1 IFFT P/S
e j 2xπf Nc−1t (t )
…
…
a Nc −1 Nc−1 XN-1
0
directed path:
reflected path:
τ
directed path:
reflected path:
τ
a0
a1 add an OFDM symbol
…
IFFT P/S Cyclic
Tu+Tcp
a Nc −1 Tu Prefix
5 MHz Bandwidth
FFT
Sub-carriers
Pulse
Guard Intervals RF Tx DAC
shaping
Symbols
…
Frequency
…
Time Timing and
RF Rx ADC
frequency Sync
de- QAM CP
Binary output data de-coding Equalizer P/S FFT S/P
interleaving de-mapping removal
“Digital communications: fundamentals and applications” by Bernard Sklar, Prentice Hall, 1998. ISBN: 0-13-212713-x
“OFDM for Wireless Multimedia Communications” by Richard van Nee & Ramjee Prasad, Artech house,2000, ISBN: 0-89006-530-6
3GPP TR 25892-600 feasibility study for OFDM in UTRAN
All rights reserved @ 2009
OFDM fundamentals – frequency domain
equalizer
MRC filter:
*
w(τ ) = h (−τ )
Zero Forcing: h(τ ) ⊗ w(τ ) = 1
ε = E{ sˆ(t ) − s(t ) }
2
MMSE:
transmitter Channel model receiver
n(t )
S (t ) r (t ) ~
s (t )
h(τ ) + w(τ )
W0
rn R0 Ŝ0
⊗
D D D
r (t ) sˆ(t )
W0 W1 WL-1 DFT WN −1 IDFT
ŝn RN −1 Sˆ N −1
+ ⊗
Time domain frequency domain
1 resource block:
180 kHz = 12 subcarriers
f
1 slot = 0.5 ms PDCCH
PDSCH
“Adaptive Frequency-Domain Equalization and Diversity Combining for Broadband Wireless Communications,” M. V. Clark,
IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 16, no. 8, Oct. 1998
“Linear Time and Frequency Domain Turbo Equalization,” M. Tüchler et al., Proc. IEEE 53rd Veh. Technol. Conf. (VTC), vol. 2,
May 2001
All rights reserved @ 2009
“Block Channel Equalization in the Frequency Domain,” F. Pancaldi et al., IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 53, no. 3, Mar. 2005
SC-FDMA – multiple access with FDE
Pulse
RF Tx DAC
FDMA: shaping
user multiplexing in frequency domain
Single Carrier:
sequential transmission of the symbols
over a single frequency carrier
Timing and
RF Rx ADC
frequency Sync
Binary output data
Terminal A
data stream
DFT Pulse
OFDM
Shaping f
0
Terminal B
0
data stream Pulse
DFT OFDM f
Shaping
Terminal A
data stream
DFT Pulse
OFDM
Shaping f
0
Terminal B
0
data stream Pulse
DFT OFDM f
Shaping
Adopted by
LTE uplink!
Also called DFT-
Spread OFDM!
… … … …
Localized FDMA: Distributed FDMA:
frequency domain:
OFDM symbol
SC-FDMA symbol *
t f
time domain frequency domain
reference signals
signals from
other channels
frequency
time
1 radio frame = 10 ms
*An alternative slot structure for MBMS is 6 OFDM symbols per slot where extended CP is in use.
Synchronization signal
10ms frame
10ms frame
PCFICH-to-resource-element mapping
depends on cell identity so as to avoid
• PHICH: inter-cell interference.
Orthogonal code
1 bit 3x 3 bits Q
BPSK mod
repetition scrambling
Orthogonal code
1 sub-frame = 1 ms
CCH candidate 10
CCH candidate 1
CCH candidate 3
CCH candidate 4
CCH candidate 5
CCH candidate 6
CCH candidate 7
CCH candidate 9
CCH candidate 2
CCH candidate 8
Control channel
candidate set
Control Channel Element 0 Or search space
Control Channel Element 1
Control Channel Element 2
Control Channel Element 3
Control Channel Element 4
Control Channel Element 5
Scrambling
QPSK
Interleaving
Cell specific
Cyclic shift
RM+HARQ RM+HARQ
control information
frequency
Antenna 0 Antenna 1
LTE SFBC (space frequency block coding): LTE CDD (cyclic delay diversity):
eNodeB transmitter eNodeB transmitter
a0 a0
a1 a1
a2 OFDM
a2 OFDM
a3 modulation a3 modulation
…
…
− a0*
UE UE
a0
a1* a1e j 2πΔf ⋅Δt
− a3* OFDM
a2 e j 2πΔf ⋅2 Δt
OFDM
modulation modulation
a2* a3e j 2πΔf ⋅3Δt
…
…
All rights reserved @ 2009
LTE Multiple antenna scheme
• Downlink SU-MIMO
– Transmission of different data streams simultaneously over multiple antennas
– Codebook based pre-coding: signal is “pre-coded” at eNodeB before transmission
while optimum pre-coding matrix is selected from pre-defined codebook based on
r
UE feedback. r
S γ
– Open-loop mode possible for high speed S1 r1
Pre- H SIC
coding receiver
S2 r2
eNodeB UE
PMI, RI, CQI
• Uplink MU-MIMO: collaborative MIMO
– Simultaneous transmission from 2UEs on
same time-frequency resource
– Each UE with one Tx antenna
– Uplink reference signals are coordinated
between UEs
62 Central
Sub-carriers
⎧ − j πun63
( n +1)
μ = 25 ( 2)
=0
⎪ e
N ID
• PSS structure n = 0,1,...,30
d u (n) = ⎨ πu ( n +1)( n + 2 ) μ = 29 ( 2)
N ID =1
−j
⎪⎩e 63
n = 31,32,...,61 μ = 34 ( 2)
N ID =2
x 0pss 62 sub-carriers excluding DC carrier
C0 C0
+ + + +
S1m (1) SSC2 S 0m ( 0 ) SSC2 slot 0 … slot 10
1 slot = 0.5 ms =
7 OFDM symbols
1 radio frame = 10 ms
(size M) modulator
data symbols
Instantaneous
bandwidth
0 (M sub-carriers)
0
…..
downlink
total uplink
data transmission system bandwidth
f
downlink
data transmission
1 ms sub-frame
standalone
uplink control
reference reference
ACK/NACK CQI
signal signal
…..
…..
1 ms sub-frame 1 ms sub-frame
ACK/NACK bit
Length-12 phase
rotated sequence
IFFT IFFT IFFT IFFT
RS RS RS RS RS
DFTS-OFDM
CQI/PMI
modulation
RS
ACK/NACK
Turbo Rate
UL-SCH coding matching RI
PUSCH data
Conv Rate baseband
CQI,/PMI coding matching MUX DFT IFFT
modulation
Block Rate
RI coding matching
ACK/NACK Block
QPSK
coding
FEC
RM+HARQ
Scrambling
Modulation
UE-specific,
bit-level
scrambling To DFTS-OFDM and map to
assigned frequency resorurce
10 ms frame
near user Other users CP Preamble Sequence Guard time Other users
timing
• PRACH format options uncertainty
preamble format RA window (ms) Tcp length (ms) Tseq length (ms) Typical usage
Tx
Rx
Tp2
Rx Ta2
Tx
equalizer Detect
Sub-carrier equalizer Detect
OFDMA: DFT
…
…
…
…
de-mapping
equalizer Detect
Sub-carrier
SC-FDMA: DFT equalizer IDFT detect
…
…
…
de-mapping
“3G evolution, HSPA and LTE for mobile broadband(2nd edition)”, ISBN: 978-0-12-374538-5, page.118,
“Polyphase codes with good periodic correlation properties”, J.D.C.Chu, IEEE trans on Informaiton theory, ,vol.18, pp.531-532, July 1972
“Phase shift pulse codes with good periodic correlation properties”, R.Frank,S.Zadoff and R.Heimiller, IEEE Trans on Information Theory, Vol 8, pp 381-382, Oct 1962.
Measurement reporting
Handover
decision
Handover request
Admission
control
Handover request Ack
RRC Connection Reconfiguration
Detach from Deliver packets
old cell to target eNodeB
Data forwarding
buffer packets
From source eNodeB
RRC Connection Reconfiguration complete
Path switch procedure
UE context release
Flush buffer
Release resource