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    9 views8 pages

    CCIP 8 Deflection Calculations

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    cristina
    design

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    aL MRR [Lame aetcR IVa U (MUL [a1 a 0 foleol< (a 8. Deflection calculations R Webster cing, rissuste © Brooker atng céng, Mics, Mistucte Methods for checking deflection This chapter deserbes the use of Euracode 2” to check deflection by calulation, The alternative method for complying with the code requirements is t0.use the deemed-to-satisty span-to-etfective-depth ratios, which are ‘appropriate and economic forthe vast marty of designs. Further guidance on the spanto-effective-cepth method i given in Chapters 3,4 and 7, originally published as Seams’, Slabs? and Flat slabs. However, there are tuations where direct calculation of deflection is necessary, as listed below 1 When an estimate of the defection is required |B When deflection limits of span/2S0 for quasi-permanent actions (see reference S for Eurocode terminclogy) er span/S00 for partition andlor cladding loads are not appropn 1 When the design requires a particularly shallow member, direct caeulation ovide a more economic solution of deflection may px fect on deflection of eary striking of formwor rary loading euring consti Overview In the past structures tendee to be stiff with atively short spans As technology and practice have advanced, more flexible structures have resulted ‘There are a numberof reasons fr this, inelucing 1 The increase in reinforcement strength leading to ess reinforcement being (ULS) and resulting in higher sevice requied fo the ultimate li stresses in the reinforcement. Increases in concrete strength resulting from the need to improve beth durability and construction time, and leading to concrete that is move st and with higher service stresses. Meron e Curated There are numerous factors Other factors include: eee ee eae ee a eee ee ee ed Se ee ee reer ets eee ee enc ee : ae a a + Stiffening by other elements oes + Elastic modulus reese aati A greater understanding of structural Behaviour and the abilty to analyse that behaviour quickly by computer ‘The requirement to produce economic designs for slabs whose thicknesses ate typically determined by the serviceability limit state (SLs) and which constitute 80% to 90% of the superstructure costs, Cent requirements for longer spans and greater operational feibility from thei structures Factors affecting deflection ‘An accurate assessment of delecton can only be achieved if consideration i given tothe factors that affect it The more important factors ate discusse in deta below. Tensile strength ‘The tensile svength of concrete is an important property because the sab wil crack when the tensile stress inthe extreme ‘ire is ‘exceeded, Eurcde 2 the concrete tensile stength fo. value (whichis appropiate or defection calculations) ard increases {asthe compressive strength increases. This isan advancement wien ‘compared with 88 8110 where the tensile srengt sFxed for all, concrete strengths ‘The cegree of restraint to shrinkage movements wil influence the effective tensile strength ofthe concrete A layout of walls with high restraint wil decease the effective tensile strength. Typical examples ‘of wall layouts are given in Figure 1. Fara low restraint layout the following expression may be use for the concrete tensile strength fans © (15 = HOOO) on > fon where wo = Mean flexural tensile stength of ceinforced concrete Jn = Mean tense svength of concrete Figure 1 “ypc lor ayouts Iris often recommended that the design value of the concrete tensile strength for alow restraint layout is taken asthe average Of fn 8. fn 10 allow for unintentional restraint. For high restraint Joyshould be used, Creep ‘Creeps the tme-dependant increase in compressive strain in 9 concrete element under constant compressive stress. Creep is usally considered inthe design by meodiyng the elastic modulus using a creep coefficient, g which depends onthe age at loading, sizeof the member and ambient corto, in particular lative humility. Eurocode 2 gives advice an the cleulation of creep coetficents in detain Annex 8. also advses onthe appropiate relative humidity touse in Figure 31 ‘The cement strength class is required in the assessment of creep, however, at the design stage itis often not clear which class shoulé be used. Generally, Clas & should be assumed. Where the ground granulated blastfumace sag (ggbs) content exceeds 35% of the cement combination or where fy ash (pfa) exceeds 20% of the cement combination, lass N may be assumed. Where gabs exceeds (65% of where pa exceeds 35% Class S may be assumed Elastic modulus The elastic modulus of concrete is influenced by aggregate type workmanship and curing conditions. The effective elastic modulus under sustained loading willbe reduced ove: time due to the effect cof creep. These factors mean that some judgement is required to determine an appropriate elastic maduius Eurocode 2 glues recommended values forthe 28-day secant modulus, (in Table 3.1) ‘and makes recomimendations for acjustments to these values t0| account for diferent types of aggregate. The long-term elastic modulus should be taken as 9) Untovoursbelayout of ertrining wal (high restraint) Deflection calculations fay =Ealll +9) where Eay = 28cday tangent mods = 105 En @ ~ Creep factor. (Note that with Fuocode 2, @elates toa 28-day Short-term elastic modus whereas atu! creep factor would be associated with the madls atthe age of loading) ‘The assessment ofthe long-term Evalue can be cared out more accurately ater the contractor has been appointed because they should be ale to identity the concrete supple (and hence the type of aggregates) ‘and aso the construction sequence (and hence the age at fist loading) Loading sequence The leading sequence and timing maybe cial in determining the deflection ofa suspended sab because i wil influence the point at which the sla wl crack if a al) and is used to caeulate the creep factors for the sab A loading sequence is shown in Figure 2, which Shows thet in the ary stages relatively high loads are imposed vile Casting the slab above, The loading sequence may vary, depending on the constuction method ‘Smaller loads ace imposed when further slabs are cast above. The loads ‘are then increased permanentty by the application ofthe floor finishes ‘and erection of the partitions. Finally, the variable actions are applied to the structure and, fo the purpose of defection calculation, the ‘quasi-permanent combination shoulé be used. (See Chapter 1, ‘originally published as Introduction to Eurocodes® for further information on combinations of actions) However, iti ikely that the _quasi-permanent combination willbe exceeded during the lifetime ‘of the bullding and, forthe purpose af determining whether the slab might have cracked, the frequent combination may be critical Figure 2 Loading history fora sla Commercial pressures often lead to @ requirement to stke the formork 5 s00n as posible and move on to subsequent floors, with the minimum (of propping Tests on flat slabs have demonstrated that as much as 70% ofthe leads from a newly cst oor (ormvork, wet concrete constuction loads} may be cared by the suspended floor below’. It can generally be assumed that early striking of formwork will not greatly affect the Cefection after isting the cladding andor partitions. This is because the Cefection affecting partitions wil be smaller ifthe slab becomes ‘racked before, rather than after, the installation of the cladding and/or partion Cracking Deflection of concrete sections is closely linked to the extent of cracking andthe degree to which cracking capacity is exceeded. The point at which cracking occurs is determined by the moments induced in the slab andthe tenie strength ofthe concrete, which increases with age Oiten the erical situation is when the slab s struc, or when the load ofthe slab above is applied. Once the slab has cracked its sttiness i permanent reduced Ie is therefore necessary to find the critical loading stage at which cracking fist occurs This crtical loading stage coresponds with the ‘minimum value of K, where: k= fen] (wyos) were LW. =The serviceability loading applied upto that stage for ~The concrete tensile strength at that stage ‘Where the frequent cambinatian isthe cca load stage, then the degree of cracking (t) calculate forthe frequent combination shuld also be used forthe quasi-permanent combination, but not for z 7 Loading sequence 3 Slab seack Flor fines aplee 4 1b Insabsbovecat —f—Pretoneeeces © Padsisbadove est g_—_—Quasupermaent varie aetans 2 4 red stow cat Frequent arabe actions uration (doy) o Reece at) any ofthe eater load stages. ¥, however, an earler stage proves critical, the £ value at that stage shouldbe caried forward to all subsequent stages Further information can be found in the best practice guide Early strking and improved backpropping* Shrinkage curvature Stinkage depends on the watercement rato relative humidity and the sie and shape ofthe member. The effect, of shrinkage in an asymmetrical reinforced section sto incuce » curvature that can lead to significant deflection in shallow members. This effect should be considered inthe Geflection calculations Methods for calculating deflections Wo methods for calculating deflection are presentec ow, ane these are based on the advice in TRS. Deflections i concrete slabs and bears orous method he rigorous method fr calculating celections isthe most appropriate method for determining a realistic estimate of deflection. However, itis only su Use with computer software. The Concrete Ce produced a rumber of spreadsheets that use ths methed to cary out defection calculations fora variety of slabs and beams. These offer a costelfectve wey to carty ‘out detailed celecton calculations, and they include the ability to consider the effect of eaty age loacing ofthe concrete Figure 3 illustrates the principles of the method and shaws how the factors affecting defection are considered in the rigorous deflection calculations Finite element analysis may also be used to obtain estimates of defection In this case the principles in Figue 3 shoule be applied if credible results are to be obtained Panel 1 Determining long term elastic modulus of elasticity Caealate long-term elastic modulus, from a Me “) Ex =Exdi49) W, = Serviceabiity load at stage 0 @ = Creep coefficient at relevant loading time and curation Figure 3 ‘Outline of rigorous method for calculating deflection Repeat at 1/20 points forall three loading stages Collate input data 1 Element dimensions and enforcement deta and asangemens fom the timate it ate design 1 Loading sequence eg String te formvork + Casting the for above Erection ofthe partion andlor dadaing + Appleton of fishes The sequence wil vay fom projet to project. 1 Concete properties (se Table) ‘ean compressive tenth i) Mean ensiestrength Un ot fo Flstic mods fag) = 105 1 Citcalarangement of actions (orepeat he ean for exch angers to dere he ical eae) \ Assess whether the element has flexural cracking 1 eternine the cal lo stage at which cracking fst oc (See ‘Cracking’ on age 3) 1 Calelte the following properties + Creep coeficients g (Rorex8 of Eurocode 2 or Figure 4) Lang term elastic modules fy (0 Pane 1) fective moduls rato, a, Fem. a, = B/ ‘etal as depth Tor oncracked contion x, (ee Panel 2) Second memento ae or crac [gee Pe 2} Caledate cacking moment Ma rore Me=foglh=), using appropiate value fr fn 1 oes the mement atthe cl aa stage exceed te racking momen? jes the elements cacted tall subsequen stages [= 1—05{M4)2 [€= 0 for uncracked situation) Use thse eral value of fn and & fr subsequen stages Wo, the element i not cack any sage \ Determine the curvature of the slab 1 ihn the sabi acd caste he laning propre the ad stage being contre sng apropt ales eon Cane "Neutral aes depth or cates section x onl 2) Second momen of ea for raced conn (ee ael2) alate the fea curate 1 Me Meo sent Et 1 Cleat the canatie due to srinkge stan ia (se Panel 2) mc cate the total curate, The = T+ Me \ Repeat te calculations a quant inten (sy st 1/20 pits) and integrate ‘vce to obten the overall defection | If defection affecting cing andlor partitions s required, repeat caluations for frequent combination and for oading at tine of instalation of pattions snr claceing Esimate deflections 15 Over detection (quas-permanent combination) 1 Delection affecting parttionsilading (Frequent combination eefection less ctlecion at time of instalation) 8. Deflection calculations Table 1 Concrete properties Ee ee eee 26 8 © 8 Se fem = (fox + 8) MPa 8 am «(03 fa! 50/60 or212 Wf) > CSN60) MPa 221256 27T 280 302321351407 Fn’ (03 fy C5050 oF 108 fn) +01 > CSC" Mo 277 308 327339351368 396450 Fy «(2 10P om 300 HS 323 «8831357373 Fas «(105 es) cn HS HO 29 MS 350 358370381 ao EM ds RH = 50% marian 746-7053 Gk 6S} SSR_S 56 segoCEM ds BH ~ 80% moon 416 394381372364 353298 tao CM das NBA = 50% rarmsion SM 51249442 a7] 5k 8 go CEM dass NAH = 80% meron 303 2852S 28ST D712 segaCEM ds RH ~50% mooman 418387387 377368 MO. 298 ao CM da SH = 9% maroon 246 230212621016 ele) maotan 2538 SSS TS 10 toy 1 fon ay be used he shingles an ys ar here castruon avin keno scaurt Panel 2 Useful Expres ns fora rectangular section Zt (a ~ WM Ad+ dvds) A, ~ fees of tension enforcement bh (a= A + Aa) ee of compression reforceant Bea) Hea DlAe ath ale 09] ts apr = fle tala I= 26laee HAs DP (assole ipo = Bonen eer A = Over depth of section & = Modular ratio Sy = Aldmxd Af 8) Ale =Ad =a bem) = a ldan dH 1) Auda)! MO-Deat Figure 4 Method for determining erep coefficient (243) ne 60 50 40 30 20 19 0 109300 su TWO sw TiODTato "hp Go So aa ao ZO 10 0 108300 Sop Fon sop TI To Fed tom) Hea oo 2} ie cndos = 50% 8) outside coins - = 0% ey se aw te Nena cons — exas0 Soe age fcc ttn led er feotae = Gene Gores travel po betwen ines & ane be save pt te = She fren sookniceny seus texurer= 1 sce Simplified method feat A simplified method for calculating defection is presented in Figure 5. Its feasible to cary out these calculations by hand, and they could be Used to roughly very deflection results from computer software, or Used where a computer isnot avaiable “The major simplification i thatthe effects of early age lacing are not considered explicit rather an allowance is made for the effet when calculating the cracking moment. implies creep factors ae used and efection from the curvature ofthe slab is approximated using 2 factor. Figure 6 Values for K for various bending moment diagrams ug—9u Figure S Simplified method for calculating deflection PP]E estereausfentoremert (00 Ps) IF ( = wattay = ons r “Gedate Heme Moy eto anecperanens aoe ‘bert ectin fe msgan ofa pert force) [Gian cone pepe Jon nd Ene Fam eT “Ge cep concent, yt wang ether Fre for Aen (nwhich ese wok fin le). r 1 Gate ong term east meds a Far 2 Gada etre mods rate oom 2 coop (tl Elk where eat racing moment M, Home Me = a (oe te fcr 03 hae ben nodes int thir mathoe eesuse the oaing sequence ecred) ve Ne Section runcached Section scree eo eerste x alee cegth to nesta efor caciee ‘andtan x and cleat recond aren 08 ‘Cece cont x Mer Now Clattefentanatue Lo 5 MOE (4-9) MO ‘ co ‘ k-0706 0-8) fee =k tars Dring eninge san Eco Dosed on nationals, se Tble2 uy = Nominal uvestaned eying shenkage se Tle (TAO teh rte fr longtrm defection se Tbe 4 T ‘Cleats carte dee srage sane Parl) Calalatetoatewvatue = he ati esate gn peonanens defacion fo Boy = KL? Tap hte can be abtanes rm Fg and tesa k lone Stand K-=0333

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