SINGAPORE STANDARD CP 25 : 1999 (ICS 13.320;91.120) CODE OF PRACTICE FOR Emergency voice communication system in buildings All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this Singapore Standard may be reproduced or utilised in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilming, without permission in writing from PSB at the address below: Singapore Productivity and Standards Board 1 Science Park Drive Singapore 118221 ISBN 9971-67-690-7CP 25: 1999 EE This Singapore Standard having been approved by the Electrical Industry Practice Committee was endorsed by the Standards Council on 28 January 1999. First published, 1983 First revision, 1999 The Electrical Industry Practice Committee appointed by the Standard Council consists of the following members: Name Organisation Chairman : Mr Soh Siew Cheong Standards Council Secretary: MrDennis Chew Singapore Produetivity and Standards Board Members: Dr David Chia Cheng Song Association of Consulting Engineers, Singapore Mr Foo Kong Deen Singapore Electrical Trades Association Mr Goh Kok Chan Port of Singapore Authority Mr Ho Fui Chan Housing & Development Board Er. NP Karthigayan Institution of Engineers Singapore Mr Koh Chai Kee Singapore Telecom Dr Lock Kai Sang ‘National University of Singapore Mr Samuel Ong Singapore Electrical Contractors Association Mr Tan Sing Ong Jurong Town Corporation Mr Tay Tien Seng Singapore Mass Rapid Transit Assoc Prof Teo Cheng Yu Nanyang Technological University Mr Wan Fook Sing Singapore Contractors Association Limited Mr Yeo Yek Seng Public Utilities Board The Technical Committee on Code of Practice for Emergency Voice Communication System In Buildings appointed by the Electrical Industry Practice Committee and responsible for the preparation of this standard consists of representatives from the following organisations: Name Organisation Chairman : Mr Pang Toh Kang Public Works Department Deputy Chairman : Major Choy Marn Koon Singapore Civil Defence Force Secretary : Mr Dennis Chew ‘Singapore Productivity and Standards Board Members Mr Ashvinkumar s/o Kantilal Singapore Institute of Architects Mr Chan Yoke Lock Institute of Engineers Singapore Mr Koh Chai Kee Singapore Telecommunications Ltd Mr Koh Chan Tia Singapore Confederation of Industries Mr Koh Keng Chuah Housing & Development Board Mr Ken Tan See Pian Association of Consulting Engineers, SingaporeContents Foreword CODE OF PRACTICE Scope Definitions General requirements Fire command centre One-way voice communication system Control console Recording system 1 2 3 4 5 6 Two-way voice communication system 7 8 8 Installation and power supplies = A (0. Maintenance andtesting ANNEXES A Operational requirement of systems —_—__ B Mode of operation and response of personnel, C Sample messages toeoenvvoaa 12 18 14 15CP 25: 1999 ——_— es Foreword This Code of Practice was prepared by the Technical Committee on the Code of Practice for Emergency Voice Communication System In Buildings under the direction of the Electrical Industry Practice Committee. It is a revision of Singapore Standard CP 25 : 1982. This Code of Practice was revised to keep abreast of the progress of voice communication technology in building and to align the requirements with the new generation of highrise buildings constructed in the recent years, NOTE 1. Singapore Standards are subject to periodic review to keep abreast of technological changes and new technical developments. The revisions of Singapore Standards are announced through the issue of either amendment slips or revised editions. 2. Compliance with a Singapore Standard does not exempt users from legal obligations.CP 25: 1999 ee Code of practice for emergency voice communication system in buildings 1 Scope This code applies to the planning, design, installation, maintenance and testing of emergency voice ‘communication systems in buildings and sets out the requirements for the basic system. Recommended procedures for the use of the system and other information of an advisory nature are given in the appendices. NOTE ~ The titles of the publications referred to in this standard are listed at the end of the standard, 2 Definitions For the purpose of this code the following definitions shall apply:- 24 Alarm sounding devices Devices such as bells, sirens, horns etc., meant to.emit a loud sound to alert the building ocoupants of an emergency. 2.2 Areas of refuge Adjoining areas in the building which are fire separated from one another either horizontally or vertically by walls or floors having fire resistance rating of at least two hours; and between any two such areas supplemental means of escape, such as protected corridor, staircase, balcony, bridge, tunnel, ete. is provided, 2.3 Audible signal Soft sound produced by devices such as buzzers, chimes, electronic sound generators, ringing bells, etc. to alert the security or operating personnel. 2.4 Central alarm and control console ‘A console or cabinet in which all the operational facilities for the emergency voice communication system, the fire alarm indicator board, lifts position indicator board and status indicator board for the essential building services are accommodated. See also “Control Console”. 2.5 Control console ‘A console or cabinet in which only the operational facilities of the emergency voice communication system is housed. See also “Central Alarm And Control Console". 2.6 Fire alarm indicator board The main control board or panel of the fire alarm system on which are mounted the basic control and indicator facilities. Alternatively, the board or panel may be replaced by a video display on a computer monitor.CP 25: 1999 —— ee 2.7 Fire command centre A special room within the building from where major emergency situations are controlled and monitored and where the supporting equipment is provided to assist in that function. 2.8 Lifts position indicator board A board or panel on which are mounted indicator lamps which show the positions of all the lifts in the building. Altematively, the board or panel may be replaced by a video display on a computer monitor. 2.9 Repeater panel A duplicate panel with only indicators and not the other associated equipment. Alternatively, the board or panel may be replaced by a video display on a computer monitor. 240 Party-line A built-in facility in an internal telephone system whereby cross conversation can be carried out between the master handset at the control centre and any one or more of the remote handsets, and also among the remote handsets at the same time. See also "Private-line’. 2.11 Private-tine A built-in facility in an intemal telephone system whereby private conversation between the master handset at the control centre and any one remote handset can be effected through the selector switches. See also "Party-line’ 2.12 Mimic panel A plan or elevation drawing/view of the floorisite layout mounted on a panel usually with light indicators placed geographically on the floorisite layout to reflect the dynamic status of the device/equipment. Alternatively, the panel may be replaced by a video display on a computer monitor. 2.13 Sprinkler indicator board The main indicator board or panel of the sprinkler installation to indicate the zone in which the sprinkler system has been activated. Altematively, the board or panel may be replaced by a video display on a computer monitor. 2.14 Status indicator board A board or panel which provides indications of the normal/abnormal and on/off conditions of the equipment monitored. Alternatively, the board or panel may be replaced by a video display on a computer monitor. 2.15 Visual indication Visible indication in the form of illuminated lamp and/or a video display on a computer monitor of a computerised building security and management system to show the condition of a system or equipment. 3 General requirements 3.1 When a voice communication system is required by the Relevant Authority to be provided in a building, it shall consist of a one-way voice communication system and a two-way voice communication system both centrally controlled and monitored from a fire command centre within the building,CP 25 : 1999 a 3.2 The one-way voice communication system shall be in the form of a network of loudspeakers installed at strategic positions of the building and shall be connected to a microphone and amplifier system at the fire command centre. 3.3 The two-way voice communication system shall be in the form of a network of telephone handsets located at designated areas of the building and shall be connected to the master handset at the fire command centre. 4 Fire command centre 4.1 The fire command centre shall be located adjacent to the fire lif lobby at the designated level of the building (i.e. the lobby of the building on the entrance level or immediately adjacent thereto) or at any other location as may be designated by the Relevant Authority. 4.2 The fire command centre shall be separated from the rest of the building by @ two-hour fire-rated enclosure and shall be wholly constructed of non-combustible materials. In addition, the enclosure shall be of sound resistance construction having a sound attenuation of 50 d8. The fire command centre shall be no less than 4 m x 4 m in size. The door to the fire command centre shall be a two-hour fire-rated door. A vision panel not exceeding 150 mm by 300 mm may be incorporated in the door provided it is glazed with wired glass having not less than one hour fire resistance rating, NOTE — If the door is not facing the main public area, a vision panel as stated above may be fitted on the wall facing the main public area. 4.3 The fire command centre shall be provided with the following facilities: (2) the control console of the voice communication system; (b) a fire alarm sounding device; () a mimic or repeater panel of the automatic fire alarm and sprinkler indicator boards or the boards themselves; (4) _amimic panel of the lif's position indicator board; (e) _ atelephone connected directly to the external exchange; () _ aswitch to isolate background music when required. 4.4 The fire command centre shall be adequately illuminated to a minimum level of 100 Lux and attiticial lighting shall be on circuits that are separated from the general lighting and power circuits and shall be connected to an emergency lighting power source which shall automatically function upon failure of the normal mains supply and maintain adequate illumination for at least four hours. 5 One-way voice communication system 5.1 The one-way voice communication system shall consist of microphone input, selector switches, amplifiers and loudspeakers to perform the functions specified. 5.2 Loudspeakers operated from the fire command centre shall be of sufficient number and appropriate design to provide effective voice communication to the following areas: (a) habitable rooms; (b) basement areas;CP 25: 1999 Renee () escape staircases; (2) __ staircase lobbies and lft lobbies forming parts of the means of escape; (©) the main entrance lobby; (f) corridors leading to exits; (9) service areas where people may be working; (h) areas of refuge; @ assembling areas; @ lift cars; and (k) any other locations as may be required by the Relevant Authority. 5.3 The minimum sound level in the area covered shall be at least 10 dBA above the ambient noise level. It shall be not less than 65 dBA and not more than 105 dBA. 5.4 _ Loudspeakers shall be grouped so that they can be controlled by zone, floor area and escape staircases, both selectively and collectively from the control console at the fire command centre. 5.5 Loudspeaker circuits shall be provided with approved means to disconnect the circuit automatically from the amplifier in the event of a short circuit and cause a visual indication at the control console to indicate the defective circuit. 5.6 The microphone shall be a noise cancelling, dynamic microphone specifically designed for close talking operation and shall effectively discriminate against sounds originating more than 150 mm away. It shall have a uniform frequency response from 200 to 5 000 Hz. 5.7 The amplifiers used shall be of solid state design and shall permit operation in open output circuit without damage to the final stage. A transistorised protective circuit shall be provided enabling the amplifier to restore itself to full operation within one mill-second after a short circuit or overload condition has been removed. A defective amplifier shall be indicated by a visual indication at the control console. 5.8 The system shall be electrically supervised to indicate malfunctions of loudspeaker circuits and components such as microphones and amplifiers. 6 Two-way voice communication system 6.1 The two-way voice communication system shall be independent of all other communication ‘systems within the building and it shall consist of a master handset, selector switches at the control console and remote handsets installed at various designated locations. 6.2 Remote handsets shall be uniformly located on each storey either in fire lft lobby or a specially designed area. Additional handsets shall be provided at the following areas: (2) fire fighting related mechanical equipment rooms; (b) _air-handling control rooms; (c) lift machine rooms;CP 25: 1999 ann eeeeeeeeeeememememeemmeeee ee (@) — iiftcars; and (2) any other locations as may be required by the Relevant Authority, NOTE — In general, at least one handset shall be located on each storey. When a storey is divided into two or ‘more fire-isolated zones used as areas of refuge for one another, each zone shall be provided with a handset. The criteria to be considered in determining the position of each handset shall be such that, wherever possible, the handset is near the protected staircase or near the central position of the zone covered by it and as remote as possible from any alarm sounding device. 6.3 Handsets shall be securely mounted and recessed into the wall, with a glass fronted panel, at 1500 mm above the floor. The glass fronted panel shall be clearly marked with the word *EMERGENCY" and identified as to its storey. The word shall be in red lettering of at least 12 mm high, 6.4 The two-way voice communication system shall have party-line and private-line facilities. 6.5 Under party-line, the fire command centre shall have the facilities to break in or terminate communication between or among handsets. 6.6 The raising of any handset from its cradle at any location shall cause a distinct audible signal and flashing visual indication at the control console, indicating the storey or zone where the handset is located. ‘The raising of the master handset at the control console shall silence the audible signal and replace the flashing visual indication by a continuous visual indication. Any other handsets which may be raised under this condition shall receive a "busy" tone at the handsets and cause a flashing visual indication at the control console, 6.7 The handsets shall be in red and of durable high impact construction. The system equipment shall be totally solid state. The amplifier shall have similar characteristics as that of the amplifiers of the one-way voice communication system. It shall have an output power sufficient to operate simultaneously all the components in the system. 6.8 The system shall be electrically supervised to indicate malfunctions in components and in each circuit, 7 Control console 7.1 The control console at the fire command centre shall house all the facilities associated with the voice communication system to enable the system to be systematically operated and monitored from a centralised point. In particular, the following facilities shall be provided: (2) __ for one-way voice communication system () microphone and its associated “press-to-talk* button; (ii) selector switches for individual speaker circuits and a common switch to operate all speaker circuits; (ii) individual fault indicator for each speaker circuit (iv) fault indicator/indicators for amplifiers, microphone and associated line connections. (b) for two-way voice communication system () master handset;CP 25 : 1999 nnn Snorer eee (ii) selector switches for individual remote handsets for private-line connection and a ‘common button to enable communication with all remote handsets simultaneously; (ii) *Callin’“On-ine* visual indicator for each remote handset and a common audible signal for all handset (iv) individual fault indicator for each handset; (v) common fault indicator for two-way voice communication system. () for auxiliary functions () a switch to silence the fire alarm sounding device in the fire command centre; (i) switch to silence all the fire alarm sounding devices in the building when the loudspeakers are in use, but only after the fire alarm sounding devices have operated and initially for not less than one minute; (i) flashing visual indication to indicate when the switch in item (c)(i) above is operated; (v) a switch to activate all alarm sounding devices in the building. NOTE — The other status indicators as described in items (c), (d) and (e) of Clause 4.3 can also be incorporated Into the control console to form a central alarm and control console, otherwise, such status indicators should be placed immediately adjacent to the control console, 7.2 When required by the Relevant Authority, one or more of the following remote control facilities shall also be accommodated in the same control console: (2) manual means to shut down the building air-handling systems; (b) manual means to operate equipment for smoke control, including designated parts of the air- handling systems, pressurisation fans, smoke vents, smoke dampers etc.; (c) manual means to close all required fire doors and smoke doors, which are normally held open by magnetic door-holders; (¢) manual means to retum all lifts to the designated level; (e) manual means to stop al escalators; () manual means to start the emergency generator, (9) manual means to operate the fire pumps for wet rising mains, sprinklers etc.; (rh) manual means to turn off the supply to all the neon signs in the building. 7.3. In general, all fault indicators shall be in amber, while the other status indicators shall be either red or green. Where filament lamps are used, they shall be twin metal filament type with bayonet cap or else two individual lamps shall be used for each indicator, and the voltage applied shall not exceed 80% of the nominal operating voltage of the lamp. 10CP 25 : 1999 ——— 8 Recording system 8.1 A tape recording device using cassettes of not less than 120 minutes duration shall be provided at the central alarm and control console to record simultaneously all alarm signals, voice traffic over the loudspeakers on one track and voice traffic over the two-way voice communication system on the other track. 8.2__The tape recording device shall be automatically actuated when any of the alarm sounding device in the building is activated, 8.3 The time lapse of the cassette shall be indicated by a running time meter that shall be actuated ‘whenever the cassette is operating. 8.4 When the tape recording device is operating, a continuous visual signal shall be actuated. At the conclusion of the operating period of the cassette, the signal shall become flashing to indicate a replacement of the cassette. 8.5 — The removal of the cassette shall be indicated by a flashing visual signal which shall be cancelled when the cassette is replaced. 8.6 The tape recording device shall be locked in the console to be accessible to authorised persons only. 8.7 Atleast two spare cassettes shall be kept.at the central alarm and control console for use by authorised persons only. 9 Installation and power supplies 9.1 Allcables used for the emergency voice communication system shall be of such material and so installed that fire will not disrupt the operation of the system for at least one hour. 9.2 Mineral-insulated metal-sheathed cable or fire-resistant cable complying with SS 299 shall be securely fixed to the most substantial and fire-resistant parts of the building structure. High temperature seals shall be used at all joints and terminations. 9.3 Wiring from the fire command centre to each zone/location shall be independent of all others so that failure of one circuit will not affect any other. In addition, in a multiplexing or addressable system, wiring between the main panel in the Fire Command Centre and the sub-panel shall be of at least dual redundanoy arrangement. 9.4 Standby batteries shall be provided to power the emergency voice communication system in case of failure of the normal power supply. The batteries shall be kept fully charged by a permanently connected charger. The capacity of the batteries shall be sufficient to operate the whole system for not less than four hours. In the case where an emergency generator is provided, the battery capacity may be reduced to half. NOTE ~ The same standby power supply can also be used to operate the emergency lighting atthe fire command contre. "CP 25: 1999 ee ______———— 9.5 The batteries shall be kept in a separate cool, dry and well-ventilated location as close as Possible to the control console. They shall be Kept in a lock cabinet or a container that can be opened only by the use of tools. Such cabinet or container shall be accessible for inspection. The interior of the cabinet or container shall be protected against corrosion. NOTE ~ For more details on the type of standby batteries to be used, reference can be made to SS CP 19. 10 Maintenance and testing 10.1 Amonthly test of the emergency voice communication system shall be carried out during normal working hours. The test shall include the following operations:- (2) a message shall be transmitted over all the loudspeakers using the microphone at the fire command centre; {b) a message shall be relayed from one remote handset on each zone/location to the fire command centre confirming that the loudspeakers in the zone/location have operated satisfactorily; (©) the message transmitted in (b) shall be acknowledged from the master handset at the fire command centre and recorded in a log book; (d) the recording system shalll be operated for the full duration of the test. NOTE ~ Testing and maintenance of battery systems shall be carried out in accordance with SS CP 19. 10.2 _A.combined monthly test shall be made of the fire alarm and emergency voice communication systems under simulated fire emergency conditions. The test shall include the following operations:- (2) all visual and audible indicating devices at the fire command centre shall be checked; () all controls, including alarm signal silencing and alarm signal transferring devices, shall be checked; (©) the alarm sounding devices throughout the building shall be tested using the switches on the console of the fire command centre; (4) all loudspeakers shall be checked by actuating them selectively and collectively from the fire ‘command centre; (e) the handsets shall be checked by transmitting calls between the remote handsets throughout the building and the master handset at the fire command centre on both a party-line and private- line basis; () building services which have remote control facility at the fire command centre shall be checked; (g) the recording system shall be checked. 10.3 All defects observed during the foregoing testing procedures shall be recorded in the log book and shall be rectified immediately. 12CP 25 : 1999 Annex A Operational requirement of systems A One-way voice communication system A.A The manual operation of any zone selector switch at the control console shall permit public address announcements to be given to that zone when the "press-to-talk* button on the microphone is depressed. A.A.2 The manual operation of an “all-call” switch shall permit public address announcements to be given throughout the building when the "press-to-talk" button on the microphone is depressed regardless of whether individual selector switches have been operated or not. AA.3 The depression of the "press-to-talk button on the microphone shall shut down all background music systems, if provided, Releasing the “press-to-talk" button shall not restart the background music systems. It shall be necessary to manually restart them. A.2 Two-way voice communication system A.2.1 The raising of any remote handset from its cradle shall:- (a) visually indicate at the control console the location of that handset by means of a flashing visual indication; (b) sound a distinct audible signal at the control console; and () produce an audible tone in that handset to indicate that the system is functioning until such time that the master handset at the control console is raised from its cradle, then the tone shall disappear and messages may be received. 2.2. The raising of the master handset at the control console shall- (a) silence the audible signal; (b) replace the flashing visual indication with a continuous visual indication; (©) __ permit two-way communication with one or any number of remote handsets; and (4) shut down all background music systems, where provided. Replacing the handset shall not restart the background music systems. It shall be necessary to manually restart them. A.2.3. if during the course of a conversation between the master handset and a remote handset, one ‘or more additional remote handsets are raised, then this condition shall be indicated by a flashing visual indication at the control console, These additional handsets shall receive a “busy" tone and shall be able to listen to or join in the conversation after the fire command centre has activated the corresponding selector switch. A.2.4 Should the operator at the control console wish to engage a private conversation with a particular remote handset, the operator shall be able to select the handset in question by depressing the corresponding selector switch. 13CP 25: 1999 a Annex B Mode of operation and response of personnel B.1 General The mode of operation of the voice communication and fire alarm systems and the response of personnel in the event of a fire may vary according to the nature of the occupancy. A fire evacuation plan should be drawn up and exercises should be regularly conducted to familiarise the personnel as well as the occupants with the emergency procedures. B.2 Recommended procedure In the event of an alarm originating from the fire alarm system , the following basic procedure is, recommended: (2) The respective storey/zone wardens, who are usually resident tenants of the storey/zone specially appointed to the responsibiliy, should stand by and await instructions from the fire command centre. (0) The chief warden should ascertain the alarm originating storey/zone from the fire alarm panel and use the one-way voice communication system to call the particular storey/zone or perhaps some other storeys/zones for reports from the wardens. After one minute has lapsed, the chief warden should switch off the alarm sounding devices. (c) On receipt of information from the alarmed storey/zone, the chief warden should assess the situation and initiate all necessary actions, e.g.: (i) if no unusual circumstances are discovered, all called wardens will standby until dismissed by chief warden; (i) if evacuation of a storey or storeys are necessary, the chief warden issues the appropriate orders to do so; (ii) if communication with wardens on storeys/zones other than those previously alerted is necessary, the chief warden conveys the message through the one-way communication system to the appropriate storeys/zones to summon the wardens to their stations; (iv) in all cases, the chief warden should await the arrival of the Fire Service and advise them of the situation on their arrival. From then on, operation of the system shall be taken over by the Fire Service. 14CP 25: 1999 eae Annex C Sample messages SEQUENCE OF MESSAGES USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH VOICE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM FOR 1ST PHASE EVACUATION SIMULATED FIRE LOCATION: 31ST STOREY FIRE COMMAND CENTRE (FCC) TO 31ST STOREY (BY ONE-WAY SYSTEM) “Attention please, will the Fire Warden on the 31st Storey report the cause of the alarm." (REPEAT) FCC TO ALL STOREYS (BY ONE-WAY SYSTEM) “Ladies and Gentlemen, your attention please. An alarm has been activated at 31st storey. We are investigating the cause, please remain calm and standby near the speakers for further instructions." (REPEAT) FIRE WARDEN (31ST STOREY) TO FCC (BY TWO-WAY SYSTEM) “A ire has occurred on this storey." FIRE WARDEN (31ST STOREY) TO FCC (BY TWO-WAY SYSTEM) "The fire is spreading. Evacuation is necessary." FCCTO 29TH, SOTH, 31ST, 32ND & 33RD STOREY (BY ONE-WAY SYSTEM) “Ladies and Gentlemen, your attention please. There is an emergency situation on the 31st storey. Will all occupants please evacuate now, using the nearest staircase. Do not use lifts.” (REPEAT) 15CP 25: 1999 a EVACUATION SIGNAL Following the above announcement, fire wardens on 29th, 30th, 31st, 32nd and 33rd storey will lead the ‘occupants on their respective storeys down the staircase to the Aembly Area. The fire wardens will report clearance through the two-way voice communication system before leaving their respective storeys for the Assembly Area. FIRE WARDENS OF 28TH, 30TH, 31ST, 32ND & 33RD FLOOR TO FCC (BY TWO-WAY SYSTEM) —— storey is cleared." FCC TO ALL OTHER STOREYS (BY ONE-WAY SYSTEM) “Ladies and Gentlemen, your attention, please. The Fire Service has been informed of the emergency situation and is on its way. (REPEAT) The Fire Service attends to the fire situation and brings it under control, FCC TO ALL OTHER STOREYS (BY ONE-WAY SYSTEM) “Ladies and Gentlemen, your attention, please. The emergency situation in the building is now under control. You may resume your normal duties." (REPEAT) 16cP 2 1999 NN en eae Standards referred to: SS 299: - Fire resistant cables Part 1: 1998 Performance requirements for cables required to maintain Circuit integrity under fire conditions SSCP 19: 1991 Code of practice for the installation and maintenance of emergency lighting and power supply systems in build 7CP 25: 1999 Le THE SINGAPORE PRODUCTIVITY AND STANDARDS BOARD ihe Singapore Productivity and Standards Board (PSB) is a statutory board established in April 1996, iyith the integration of the functions of the National Productivity Board (NPB) and the Singapore Inetitute of Standards and Industrial Research (SISIR) and the takeover of the small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) development function from the Economic Development Board (EDB). It is governed by a board of dissetora Comprising representatives from government, employers, trade unions and academia, Mile NPB's activities focused on training, productivity consultancy and promotion, SISIR’s work Sentered on technology, quality, standards and industrial research. With the formation of PSB, synergy is derived by putting the “soft” and “hard” aspects of productivity with the same organisation so thet PSB ic greater than the sum of NPB and SISIR. PSB's mission is to raise the productivity and enhance Singapore's competitiveness and economic growth. The Board's vision isto be a leading player with a global perspective in matters related to productivity and standards. Sraine, Preparation, publication and promulgation of Singapore Standards, and promotion of their adoption. Standard are inthe form of specications for materials and products, codes of practice, methods of testing, Prades ature, etc. The standards are drawn up by the various Technical Committees appointed by the Boake! Standards Committees (for product standards), the Practice Committees (for codes of practice) or the srangargs Committee (for both product standards and codes of practice), the final approval body being the Standards Council, To ensure adequate representation of all viewpoints in the preparation of standards, all Committees appointed consist of representatives from various interest groups which include Government agencies, Professional bodies, tertiary institutions and consumer, trade and manufacturing organisations PSB operates a number of national certification schemes. rane Board isthe owner of the Certification Mark shown in Figure 1. 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