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Coletânea de Provas FVG - Ingles PDF
Coletânea de Provas FVG - Ingles PDF
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Scientists and Native Americans clash over a 9,300- year- old man with Caucasoid features.
THE DECEASED APPEARED TO BE A MALE Caucasian - that seemed clear from the long, narrow skull
and prom inent nose. He'd been dead for decades; at least , and probably longer. Jam es Chat t er s, an
ant hropologist based in Kennewick, Washingt on, could t ell t hat m uch from j ust a quick exam inat ion of t he
cranium and broken j awbone t he coroner brought him last July. But Chat t ers want ed t o know m ore. So he
went t o t he banks of t he Colum bia River, where t wo college st udent s had com e across t he skull, and
m anaged t o find m ost of t he sk elet on. The arm and leg bones suggest ed t hat t he dead m an cam e from
genetic stock very different from that of the Indians who have lived in that part of the country for centuries.
Chatters figured he had the body of an early settler or trader.
There was one odd not e, t hough. Em bedded in t he m an's pelvis was a spear point . I t was t he kind
used by hunters not hundreds but many thousands of years ago. And when Chatters sent a bit of bone off to
t he Universit y of California, Riverside, for radiocarbon dat ing, t he result s showed t hat t here was indeed
something special about this "settler." His bones were about 9.300 years old.
At first , news report s br eat hlessly called t he find evidence t hat Europeans had reached t he Am ericas
m ore t han 80 cent uries earlier t han anyone had t hought . The t rut h, say scient ist s, is t hat Caucasoid
feat ures, while rare, are not unheard of in t he rem ains of prehist oric Am ericans. They can also be seen in
ancient bones from nort hern Asia. There's no reason, say expert s, t o conclude t his was som e sort of
Neolit hic Christ opher Colum bus. As one of t he oldest and m ost com plet e skelet ons ever found in t he Pacific
Nort hwest , however, it could t ell ant hropologist s an enorm ous am ount about t he lives and et hnic
background of the people who first colonized the Americas.
I t could, t hat is, if scient ist s ever get a chance t o st udy it in det ail. Unless a j udge int ervenes, t he
bones, will be t urned over t o t he local Um at illa I ndian t ribe by t he end of t he m ont h for im m ediat e burial.
Says Um at illa spokesm an Arm and Mint horn: " Our t radit ion says once a body goes int o t he ground, t hat 's
where it st ays." Under t he U.S. Nat ive Am erican Graves Prot ect ion Act of 1990, m useum s and scient ist s
m ust give Nat ive Am erican rem ains back t o t he t ribes t hey cam e from . And t he U.S. Arm y Corps of
Engineers, which has jurisdiction over the banks of the Columbia, is prepared to comply. "It's sort of like the
burning of t he library at Alexandria," says Grover Krant z, an ant hropology professor at Washingt on St at e
University and one of only three scientists to have studied the remains.
It's not hard t o underst and his frust rat ion. Paleoant hropologist s have only a general idea of how hum ans
first cam e t o t he Am ericas. I t happened, m ost believe, around 12,000 y ears ago, when Asians began
crossing a st rip of land t hat connect ed present - day Siberia and Alaska across what is now t he Bering St rait .
Modern Asians and Nat ive Am ericans have enough genet ic and physical sim ilarit ies t o m ake a convincing
case for t he link. But t he det ails of t he m igrat ion, including how m any waves t here were, when t hey
happened and t he rout es by which wanderers subsequent ly m oved east and sout h over t he m illennia, ar e
still largely mysterious.
A thorough examination of these bones would certainly help fill in some of the gaps. Even a cursory look has
told scientists quite a bit about how the dead man once lived. To start with, the spear point in his pelvis isn't
what killed him , at least not right away. He lived long enough for t he bone t o part ially engulf t he point . The
wound m ay have caused a chronic infect ion, t hough, which according t o a pat t ern of scars on sev eral bones
is what finally did him in at about age 50. There is also evidence t hat he had som e sort of crushing inj ury
t hat dam aged his ribs and caused one arm t o at rophy. Chat t ers also found advanced ost eoporosis in an
elbow and minor arthritis in the knees.
But wit hout phot ographs, cast s of t he bones, chem ical assays, DNA t est s, C.T. scans and pr ot ein
com parisons, t hat 's about all anyone will ever know. I t 's conceivable t he t est s could be done before t he
bones are r et urned t o t he Um at illas, but t hat would infuriat e t he I ndians, who t ake t hese m at t ers very
seriously and consider t he t est s t hat have already been perform ed t o be act s of desecr at ion. What really
bot hers t he ant hropologist s is t hat t he skelet on's Caucasoid feat ures suggest he isn't a close relat ive of t he
tribe. Indeed, Washington State's Krantz is considering a lawsuit to get the bones back on that basis.
The Um at illas plan t o fight for t heir legal - and spirit ual - right t o bury t he bones according t o t heir cust om s
and beliefs. Many of them don't buy the Asian- migration theory; their ancestors, they say, have always lived
in t he Pacific Nort hwest . I ronically, Chat t ers had hoped t he skelet on's Caucasoid feat ures would help heal
som e of t he suspicion bet ween whit es and I ndians by showing how superficial racial differences can be.
I nst ead, he has becom e t he focus of host ilit y. He ret urned hom e one night last week t o find an om inous
m essage on his answering m achine - a cont inuous, unint elligible, angry- sounding chant . I t was, he says,
"clearly intended to be not very nice."
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04. According to the experts, the skeleton has great importance because
a) it indicates the presence of Caucasian racial types in prehistoric America.
b) it indicates that whites and Indians once coexisted peacefully in North America.
c) it is unquestionably the oldest one ever found in the Pacific Northwest.
d) t hough possessing Caucasoid feat ures, it present s evidence of a st rong genet ic relat ionship wit h t he
Umatilla tribe.
e) if studied, it could reveal much about the lives and ethnic background of the people who first came to the
Americas.
05. With regard to the skeleton discovered on Umatilla Indian land, which of the following is not true?
a) Despite its advanced age, the complete skeleton was found and is in remarkably good condition.
b) The skeleton shows notably Caucasoid features.
c) It is one of the oldest skeletons ever found in the Pacific Northwest of the United States.
d) The Umatillas and the paleoanthropologists are fighting each other over control of the skeleton.
e) The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers will probably take the side of the Indians.
06. Grover Krant z's st at em ent in paragraph four t hat " I t 's sort of like t he burning of t he library at
Alexandria" could be interpreted as meaning which of the following?
a) Burying the skeleton before studying it would mean a loss of information similar, in a sense, to the loss of
information incurred when the ancient library at Alexandria, Egypt burned.
b) While the skeleton is being fought over, much valuable time is being lost.
c) The burning of t he library at Alexandria, Egypt was a t errible accident ; ret urning t he skelet on t o t he
Indians would be another one.
d) The burning of t he library at Alexandria, Egypt increased host ilit y bet ween Christ ians and Muslim s;
returning the skeleton to the Indians would increase hostility between them and whites.
e) Leaving t he skelet on in t he hands of t he governm ent is a t ragedy as great as t he burning of t he ancient
library at Alexandria, Egypt.
07. Though m ost paleoant hropologist s believe t hat hum ans first cam e t o t he Am ericas by crossing a st rip of
land connecting Siberia and Alaska,
a) they really have no idea of when it could have happened.
b) they are convinced that genetically these people were Caucasian rather than Asian.
c) many of the details of this migration are still unknown.
d) they still have not found evidence to indicate a link between modern Asians and Native Americans.
e) the Umatilla Indians claim that their tribe was one of the first groups to make that migration.
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08. According t o t he inform at ion in paragraph six, a brief exam inat ion of t he dead m an's bones r evealed
that
a) he had been killed by a spear.
b) he was a warrior with about 50 scars all over his body.
c) he had been crushed to death.
d) he had died of a chronic infection.
e) one of his arms had been made into a kind of trophy.
09. Paragraph seven st at es t hat Grov er Krant z of Washingt on St at e Universit y is considering a lawsuit t o
regain possession of the bones. What argument will he use to support his suit?
a) The bones are legally the property of the United States Government.
b) Scientific considerations must take precedence over religious considerations.
c) Ret urning t he bones t o t he I ndians before t hey are fully exam ined would be like burning t he library at
Alexandria, Egypt.
d) The bones should be considered the property of the person who found them.
e) The skeleton's features suggest that the dead man was not a close relative of the Umatilla tribe.
10. I n t he last paragraph, t he st at em ent " Many of t hem don't buy t he Asian- m igrat ion t heory..." m eans
approximately the same as which of the following?
a) Most Umatilla Indians refuse to invest money in theoretical historical research.
b) A large portion of Umatilla Indians don't accept the theory that the first Americans migrated from Asia.
c) U.S. Federal law prohibits the buying or selling of sacred Indian artifacts.
d) Most Umatilla Indians do not understand why Asians migrated to the Americas thousands of years ago.
e) For many Umatilla Indians, the idea of an Asian migration to the Americas is a fact not a theory.
Business Week, Sept. 23, 1996, p. 63
I t is one of t he m ost t roubling quest ions t o linger on from World War I I : Did Swit zerland profit from
t he abandoned bank deposit s - and st olen gold - of Jews m urdered by t he Nazis? On Sept . 10, a key aspect
of t he issue becam e clear er: Brit ain's Foreign Office issued a report confirm ing t hat Ger m any loot ed m ore
than $550 million in gold - now . worth over $6 billion - from German - occupied countries and stashed most
of it in Switzerland.
That could t urn out t o be a night m are for t he Swiss governm ent and banking com m unit y: " The
lat est evidence is m ind- boggling." says World Jewish Congress Secret ary General I srael Singer. The paper
t rail, he says, leads st raight t o Swit zerland, where t op Nazis deposit ed gold and valuables from t hroughout
Europe. "Until a few months ago, all we were going on was hearsay about trains arriving in Switzerland with
looted gold... and now we have the documents to prove it," says Singer.
The Swiss, however, t ook t he Brit ish report in st ride. A brief st at em ent said t he subj ect had been
raised at its regular Wednesday Cabinet meeting on Sept. 11. "but no discussion took place because there is
a basic agr eem ent t hat t here should be [ Swiss governm ent act ion on t he m at t er in t he fut ure." A
spokesperson for t he Sw iss Bankers Assn., Sylvia Mat t ile, said t hat t he London revelat ions concern gold
"which was apparent ly in t he Swiss Nat ional Bank" and not privat ely held banks. A spokesm an for t he
nat ional bank deferred t o a governm ent spokesm an, who says it is " difficult " t o say whet her t he claim s
m ade in London are accurat e. Mat t ile not ed t hat allegat ions concerning abandoned Jewish asset s in Swiss
banks - anot her nagging issue for t he Swiss - were being explored by a com m ission headed by form er U.S.
Federal Reserve Chairman Paul A. Volcker.
Alt hough WJC officials say t hat not all of t he gold involved was robbed from Jews, t he Brit ish repor t
is furt her em ot ionally charged since som e of t he gold m ay well have com e from t he t eet h of Jews who
perished in the gas chambers of Auschwitz. The exact origins of all the gold, however, may never be known.
Much of t he loot ed gold was m elt ed down int o ingot s m arked as com ing from Germ any's prewar gold
reserves.
Also t roubling are t he possible post war act ions of t he Allies. According t o a recent ly declassified
docum ent from t he Nat ional Archives in Washingt on, t he Swiss and t he Allies agreed t o split up som e $280
million of this gold, with $60 million going to Britain, the U.S., and other allies, and $220 million retained by
t he Swiss. Greville Janner, a Labor MP who spearheaded t he cam paign in Brit ain t o get t he docum ent s
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released, argues t hat it would be " im m oral, and I hope, illegal" for Swit zerland t o ret ain t he gold since it
was partly obtained from concentration camp prisoners.
A M YSTERY. Wit h m any of t he pieces of t he puzzle now st art ing t o fall int o place, t he act ual
physical locat ion of t he gold is st ill a m yst ery. Though deposit ed in Swit zerland, som e of t he gold was sold
t o Port ugal, Spain, Rom ania, Sweden, and Turkey, according t o one U.S. docum ent . " We are now,
concentrating our efforts on trying to find out just what happened to the gold," says Singer. But that is a far
from sim ple t ask, a problem t hat has beset t he hunt for Jewish deposit s t hat , Holocaust survivors and
Jewish officials m aint ain, are st ill held in Swiss banks. The Bankers Assn. announced in February t hat it had
locat ed 38.7 m illion Swiss francs in 775 dorm ant account s from t he war period. But Jewish organizat ions
rejected the figure, saying that it was meaningless.
The Volcker committee, representing Jewish organizations and the Swiss banks, is due to convene in
mid- Oct ober t o discuss out st anding claim s. One of it s first t asks will be t o hire audit ors t o carry out an
independent search. " This will becom e a t ranspar ent process which will obt ain t he available inform at ion and
give t he banks t he oppor t unit y t o pay back every Swiss franc as t hey have prom ised," says WJC President
Edgar M. Bronfm an. And t he gold? " I don't t hink t he lat est revelat ions from London will have any effect on
the Volcker commission because it addresses a completely different subject." says Mattile. Perhaps. But they
surely dem onst rat e t hat t he Swiss banking com m unit y has a long way t o go before it shakes off t he
lingering ghosts of World War II.
By Neal Sandler in Jerusalem, John Parry in Geneva and Julie Flynn in London
Business Week, Sept. 23, 1996, p. 63
11. The title of the article, A PAPER TRAIL'S UGLY END?, refers to
a) the Allied confiscation, at the end of the Second World War, of Jewish gold deposited in Switzerland.
b) docum ent s indicat ing t hat m uch of t he Jewish gold deposit ed in Swit zerland was lat er sold t o Port ugal,
Spain, Romania, Sweden, and Turkey.
c) a group of docum ent s confirm ing t hat Swit zerland was t he final dest inat ion of t he m aj orit y of t he gold
stolen by Germany from German- occupied countries during the Second World War.
d) the impassive Swiss bureaucracy that is refusing to return the stolen gold to its rightful owners.
e) the documented brutality of the Nazi Government that killed so many innocent people.
13. According to paragraph four, one of the more upsetting aspects of the Nazi gold in Switzerland is that
a) the Nazis stole it from innocent civilians in conquered countries.
b) many countries are now falsely claiming that this gold belongs to them.
c) Switzerland accepted it and did not ask questions about its origins.
d) for more than 50 years Switzerland has denied that it even existed.
e) some of it very possibly came from the teeth of Jews murdered at Auschwitz.
14. When inform ed of t he accusat ion t hat gold loot ed by t he Nazis had been deposit ed in Swit zerland, t he
Swiss Government
a) did not seem very upset or concerned.
b) denied everything.
c) accused the international Jewish community of spreading lies.
d) promised at once to help international investigators in every way possible.
e) declared that the gold was theirs to keep.
15. According t o paragraph four, it m ay be im possible t o discover t he exact origins of all t he st olen gold
because
a) more than 50 years have passed since the end of the Second World War.
b) most of the original owners were Jews who perished in the death camps.
c) the Swiss Government has no real interest in returning it.
d) a large portion of it was melted down into bars and marked as prewar German Government property.
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e) much of it was mixed up with other gold coming from Germany's prewar reserves.
16. I n paragr aph five, t he st at em ent " Also t roubling are t he possible post war act ions of t he Allies" refers t o
the accusation that after the war
a) the Allies suppressed all information about the stolen gold.
b) t he Allies were m ore concerned wit h prot ect ing Swiss int erest s t han wit h securing j ust ice for Jewish
victims of the Holocaust.
c) the Allies allowed the stolen gold to be sold to foreign countries.
d) the Allies grabbed some of the stolen gold in Switzerland for themselves.
e) all Allied efforts to return the stolen gold to its rightful owners were blocked by the Swiss Government.
17. According to the information in paragraph six, though the stolen gold was deposited in Switzerland,
a) no one seems to know now exactly where it is.
b) Swiss bankers and Jewish officials haven't been able to agree on its exact monetary value.
c) m uch of it was subsequent ly re- deposit ed in Port uguese, Spanish, Rom anian, Swedish, and Turkish
banks.
d) its real location is being kept secret by the Swiss Bankers Assn.
e) Holocaust survivors and Jewish officials are claiming ownership to all of it.
18. The last paragraph mentions a "transparent process," which could best be described as
a) the legal process that will allow Jewish survivors of the Holocaust to go to Switzerland to claim their gold.
b) perm it t ing int ernat ional organizat ions free access t o observe t he Swiss Governm ent as it gives back t he
gold.
c) the open and shameful way in which the Swiss Government confiscated the gold deposited in its country.
d) a rigorous audit that will reveal just how much Nazi money is still deposited in Swiss banks.
e) a rigorous and independent audit t hat will locat e and ident ify, as far as possible, t hose Jewish deposit s
still held in Swiss banks.
19. I n t he last paragraph, when Sylvia Mat t ile says " I don't t hink t he lat est revelat ions from London will
have any effect on the Volcker commission because it addresses a completely different subject," she means,
in effect, that
a) the Volcker commission will not let itself be influenced by foreign political pressure.
b) because t he London report deals wit h gold st olen by t he Germ ans and placed in Swit zerland and t he
Volcker commission is looking into abandoned Jewish assets in Swiss banks, the two have nothing to do with
each other.
c) the London revelations, which accuse the Swiss Government of unethical behavior, have been rejected by
the Volcker commission as a falsification of the facts.
d) the Volcker commission reports to the Swiss Government and not to the British Government.
e) gold deposits and cash deposits are covered by two different sets of laws in Switzerland.
20. I n t he last paragraph, t he st at em ent " ...t he Swiss banking com m unit y has a long way t o go before it
shakes off the lingering ghosts of World War II" means approximately the same as which of the following?
a) I t will be difficult t o forget t hat m any Swiss cit izens died in World War I I , a war financed in part by Swiss
banks.
b) The Swiss banking com m unit y, t o it s et ernal sham e, did not hing t o help Jews persecut ed by Nazis during
World War II.
c) The Swiss banking com m unit y will need t o do m uch t o m ake am ends, clear it s nam e, and rest ore it s
reput at ion wit h respect t o t he Nazi gold it accept ed and t o t he abandoned Jewish bank account s it is st ill
holding.
d) Not caring what the world thinks, the Swiss banking community is determined not to pay back the money
rightfully claimed by Holocaust survivors.
e) The Swiss banking com m unit y is cert ain t hat , t hough it m ay t ake a long t im e, it can prove t hat it did
nothing wrong in accepting stolen gold from the Nazis.
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Gabarito
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TEARS STREAMED DOWN JENNI FER Robey's cheek s as she list ened. When t he speech ended, t he
28- year old povert y act ivist j um ped t o her feet and j oined hundreds in a st anding ovat ion. " I t was like
list ening t o John Kennedy t alk about going t o t he m oon," she gushed. But t his was not , obviously, t he lat e
U.S. president speaking; it was a little- known fellow named John Hatch, the founder of FINCA - a group that
has st art ed 2,700 " village banks" worldwide. And he was t alking not about m oon shot s or civil right s but
about t he im port ance of " m icrocredit " - sm all loans for poor people. To Robey, t he budding m ovem ent t o
m ake credit available t o100 m illion fam ilies by 2005 is no less inspirat ional t han a m arch on Selm a,
Alabam a, m ight have been in t he '60s. " Microcredit is so excit ing," she said as she st ood packed int o a
Washington, D.C., hotel last week. "It's really very cool."
Wit h a zeal once reserved for t he environm ent al or civil- right s m ovem ent , young act ivist s and
middle- aged bureaucrat s alike are t hrowing t hem selves int o an unlikely new fashioning foreign aid. Aim ed
prim arily at wom en, uninsured m icrocredit loans of oft en no m ore t han $100 are m eant t o help t he world's
poor j um p- st art sm all businesses. I t 's an idea t he Clint ons discovered back in Arkansas - one of t he poorest
of t he U.S. st at es - and have helped t ake m ainst ream . Hillary Clint on cochaired t he first - ever " m icrocredit
summit" last week - a kind of Davos for t he downt rodden. Wom en's right s leader Bella Abzug ( what sum m it
would be com plet e wit hout her?) called on som e 2,500 " believers" in at t endance t o " never give up." At t he
closing cerem ony, World Bank president Jam es Wolfensohn - fresh off a j et from m eet ing t he governm ent
and business elit e in Davos it self - draped his arm s around his fellow lum inaries and j oined in a weepy
chorus of "We Shall Overcom e." " I f som et im es we sound like evangelicals, " says Nancy Barry, head of
Wom en's World Banking, " it 's because we are t rying t o change t he world." But som e who've heard t hose
words before worry that microcredit is a great idea in danger of becoming a misused fad.
I t 's no surprise t hat m icrocredit has found so m any ready followers. I t 's cheap. At a t im e when
foreign aid is frowned upon and charit y is a bad word, m icrocredit helps people help t hem selves. And by all
account s, t he borrowers repay t he loans at a rat e of m ore t han 90 percent . The m icrocredit proj ect s - which
oft en organize borrowers int o sm all clubs - use peer pressure t o collect t he loans and double as support
groups. Proponent s say t he loans have even helped curb dom est ic violence, since t he wom en in t he groups
come down hard on abusive husbands (they have more at stake than sisterhood: money).
Not everyone, however, has com plet e fait h in t he m ovem ent . The few vocal crit ics j okingly call
t hem selves " agnost ics." " Credit ," t hey point out , is j ust anot her word for " debt ." What good is a loan t o
weave bask et s if t here is no m arket in which t o sell t hem or no road on which t o t ranspor t t hem ? They fear
t hat loans could push fam ilies deeper int o povert y if social condit ions aren't right . Alt hough high repaym ent
rat es are held up like a banner, Tom Dicht er, a consult ant who evaluat es m icrocredit program s, says t he
dat a ar e st ill vague. While working in west ern Kenya, Dicht er realized t hat som e wom en were going t o t heir
relatives to borrow money or selling off their livestock to pay back the loans.
Som e leaders of t he m ovem ent have warned against hailing m icrocredit as a panacea. Fawzi Al-
Sult an, t he president of t he I nt ernat ional Fund for Agricult ural Developm ent , point s out t hat com m unit y
based m icrocredit doesn't work as well in dispersed African villages. And m icrocredit crusaders have m et
resist ance in I slam ic count ries. The loan program s also need subsidizing for a good five t o 10 years, and
activist s worry t hat com pet it ion for donors will hurt ot her ant i- povert y causes. " People are going t o j um p on
t his bandwagon. I t sounds t oo easy, " Dicht er says, especially aft er t he t hree- day sum m it he calls " part
revival, part sales meeting."
The agnostics, though, are getting drowned out by the evangelists. At the summit, CNN couldn't get enough
of t he hero of m icrocredit : Muham m ad Yum us, whose Gram een Bank in Bangladesh st art ed t he m ovem ent
( I NTERVI EW) . Yunus has been a favorit e not only of t he Clint ons, who befriended him a decade ago, but of
t he Washingt on press corps. The bank's t wo- week st udy sem inars in Bangladesh have quadrupled, but st ill
can't m eet dem and. Jennifer Robey has m ade t wo pilgrim ages t o Gram een and did her college t hesis on t he
bank. She sees credit as a basic hum an right . " They are even paying m arket rat es! " Robey insist s. Who'd
have thought that interest rates would turn on a new generation of activists?
01. In paragraph 1, the sentence "It was like listening to John Kennedy talk about going to the moon" could
most likely be interpreted by which of the following?
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a.) Jennifer Robey feels t hat John Hat ch has charism a equal t o John Kennedy s.
b.) Jennifer Robey felt t hat John Hat ch in his speech showed t he sam e charism a t hat John Kennedy had
once shown.
c.) Jennifer Robey felt t hat t he program for grant ing m icrocredit t o t he poor w as a phenom enal and excit ing
idea.
d.) As a result of John Hat ch's speech, Jennifer Robey ent husiast ically m ade t he decision t o j oin FI NCA.
e.) Jennifer Robey had believed t hat t he m icrocredit m ovem ent was m er ely a fad, t hen was ast onished t o
discover that it had become reality.
02. According to the article, the main recipients of microcredit loans are
a.) Third- World farmers.
b.) women.
c.) small- businessm en s clubs.
d.) African villagers.
e.) landless peasants.
04. According to the article, one of the unexpected aspects of the microcredit- loan movement is that
a.) t hough designed t o alleviat e Third- World povert y, it has so far only drawn m oney away from ot her ant i-
poverty programs.
b.) First- World organizations are more excited about the idea than are Third- World organizations.
c.) t hough applied m ainly in t he Third- World, t he m icrocredit revolut ion began in Arkansas when Bill Clint on
was governor.
d.) though it has been very successful so far, its own leaders are unsure if microcredit can be really effective
in combatting poverty.
e.) t hough it deals wit h such sober issues as credit and int erest rat es, it has m anaged t o really inspire and
excite young activists.
05. I n paragraph 5, when Tom Dicht er says, " People are going t o j um p on t his bandwagon. I t sounds t oo
easy." he means in effect that
a.) many people in the Third World will try to secure microcredit loans due to the easy terms offered.
b.) many more people will join in criticizing the program as it makes an easy target for criticisms.
c.) microcredit offers a popular, workable, and relatively easy solution to Third- World poverty.
d.) he doubt s t hat m icrocredit will be t he easy solut ion t o povert y t hat it appears t o be, and he also worries
that many people will support the movement merely because it is fashionable.
e.) though he has doubts that microcredit will solve all the problems of Third- World poverty, he cannot deny
that it is a popular and forceful idea.
06. Of the following people mentioned in the article, which could probably be considered the most important
in the microcredit movement?
a.) Muhammad Yunus
b.) Fawzi Al- Sultan
c.) John Hatch
d.) Hillary Clinton
e.) Nancy Barry
07. In what way has the microcredit movement purportedly reduced domestic violence?
a.) With more money entering the home, husbands are more satisfied and less likely to mistreat their wives.
b.) Female recipients of microcredit loans have more money and more prestige and thus can count on being
better protected by the law.
c.) The wom en in m icrocredit borrowing clubs are unit ed in prot ect ing t heir fem ale colleagues against
abusive husbands whose mistreatment might hurt a club's profitability.
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d.) To pay back t he loans, husbands and wives m ust unit e and work t oget her har m oniously, t hereby
reducing the incidence of domestic violence.
e.) Before receiving a m icrocredit loan, a couple is invest igat ed t horoughly; if t heir m arriage is perceived as
unstable or violent, the loan is denied.
08. Which of t he following is not st at ed in t he art icle as an advant age offered by m icrocredit in t he fight
against poverty?
a.) It's not charity.
b.) It's virtually corruption- free.
c.) It's inexpensive.
d.) It's enthusiastically embraced by many different groups.
e.) In most cases the loans are paid back.
09. I n paragraph 5, Tom Dicht er's referring t o t he m icrocredit sum m it as " part revival, part sales m eet ing"
probably means that
a.) he felt that the summit not only revived the hope that poverty could be eradicated, but also showed how
the microcredit movement's ideas could be "sold."
b.) t he sum m it unfort unat ely was difuse, wit h " evangelist s" and " agnost ics" fight ing t o " sell" t heir own
particular ideas about microcredit.
c.) t he sum m it was m uch t oo t heoret ical and idealist ic, giving lit t le pract ical advice on how t o " sell" t he
microcredit idea.
d.) he was skept ical about t he sum m it , which appeared t o m ix t he fervor of a religious revival wit h t he
banality of a sales meeting.
e.) t he m icrocredit m ovem ent 's ex pect at ions m ust lead t o concret e result s -- or t he m ovem ent will
ultimately fail.
10. In the last paragraph, the sentence "The agnostics, though, are getting drowned out by the evangelists"
means approximately the same as which of the following?
a.) Those who don't t ruly believe in m icrocredit ( t he " agnost ics" ) are being expelled from t he m ovem ent by
those who really do believe (the "evangelists").
b.) The microcredit movement does not tolerate critics or non- believers.
c.) The microcredit movement's success is converting critics into enthusiastic supporters.
d.) The support ers of m icrocredit are willing t o adm it t hat t heir ideas m ay have som e flaws, whereas t he
critics of microcredit make no such admission.
e.) The proponent s of m icrocredit are so ent husiast ic and so v ociferous t hat t he crit ics of m icrocredit are
being ignored.
Transplant surgeons are oft en unable t o help m any of t heir pat ient s because of a crit ical short age of
organs. Each year, 3,000 pat ient s die while languishing on t ransplant wait ing list s. I t 's a desperat e sit uat ion
that seems to call for desperate measures.
Ent er genet ically engineered pigs. Raised in solit ary confinem ent in ult raclean room s from birt h,
t hese high t ech porcines don't nurse because it 's t oo dirt y. They wouldn't recognize slop if t hey fell in it . For
t he t ransplant indust ry, t hese pigs represent a shining hope. Their organs closely resem ble our own. And
t he pigs have been engineered t o carr y key hum an genes t hat m ake t he organs look nearly hum an t o a
recipient's immune system - and therefore less likely to be rejected.
"A REALLY BAD IDEA." Pig hearts have been kept beating in monkeys for as long as 60 days. With
recent advances in cloning, scient ist s could t heoret ically raise genet ically ident ical pig lit t ers, great ly
reducing t he variables. Pigs are cleaner t han baboons - anot her pot ent ial source of or gans - and using pigs
is less likely t o elicit com plaint s from anim al act ivist s. Pig organs could help save 200,000 lives a year in
America, says John J. Fung, transplantation director at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center.
Recent ly, however, researchers have point ed t o what could be a disast rous drawback t o t he use of
pig organs. Last m ont h, researcher s at London's I nst it ut e of Cancer Research report ed t hat a virus found in
pig cells had crossed over and infect ed hum an cells - an event doct ors had t hought was unlikely. Ot her
groups hav e observed t he sam e t hing. The im plicat ions are om inous: The t ransplant at ion of pig organs int o
hum ans could unleash a new hum an viral epidem ic. " From an infect ious disease st andpoint , t ransplant ing
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anim al organs is a really bad idea," says Jonat han S. Allan, virologist at t he Sout hwest Foundat ion for
Biom edical Research in San Ant onio and a leading crit ic of t he t ransplant of anim al organs int o hum ans, a
process called xenotransplantation.
The bat t le over pig organs pit s t wo groups of doct or s against each ot her - t ransplant surgeons and
virologist s. Surgeons who see t heir pat ient s dying don't worry so m uch about t he long- t erm risks t hat
virologist s find so t errifying. I n Brit ain, t he virologist s' cam p won out : I n January, t he governm ent placed a
moratorium on xenotransplants.
I n t he U.S., t he Food & Drug Adm inist rat ion has given t he $4 billion t ransplant indust ry t he go-
ahead, st ipulat ing st rict m onit oring of t issues, organs, and pat ient s and t he est ablishm ent of nat ionwide
t issue banks. " We're building m ore safet y int o t he approach," says Philip D. Noguchi, direct or of cellular and
gene therapies at the FDA.
Livers, heart s, and ot her int act organs present t he great est risks for t he t ransm ission of anim al
viruses to humans. Such organs can easily spread any viruses they might carry throughout the bloodstream.
Most healt hy people m ight have im m une syst em s powerful enough t o resist t he viruses. But t ransplant
pat ient s are given drugs t o suppr ess t heir im m une syst em s t o prevent rej ect ion of t heir t ransplant ed
organs. That leaves them vulnerable to the animal viruses, which could in turn leap from them to the rest of
us.
YEARS OF TESTI N G. Besides whole organ t ransplant s, researchers are also devising ways t o
transplant live animal tissues and cells to treat some diseases. Theoretically, it's easier to screen the tissues
for the presence of viruses. Doctors in Boston, for example, have inserted fetal pig cells into the brains of 12
Parkinson's disease pat ient s - wit h st art ling success. I n som e cases pat ient s have begun walking again.
Biot ech com panies are rigging up " bioart ificial" livers, circulat ing pat ient s' blood t hrough pig liver cells and
then back into the body.
Meanwhile, researcher s are experim ent ing wit h anim al t issues and cells for use against diabet es,
m ult iple sclerosis, and AI DS. Alt hough likely safer, even t issue and cell im plant s pose unknown risks.
Noguchi em phasizes t hat m ore research is needed. " I t m akes it sort of a crapshoot ," he says. That could
change as scient ist s develop t est s sensit ive enough t o proclaim t issues virus- free - but t hat could t ake
years.
Som e resear chers argue t hat t he FDA m ust push t he indust ry t o build st ronger firewalls bet ween
species by banning som e procedures and dem anding t he m ost rigorous t est ing. Ot herwise, in t he fight
against familiar old diseases, we could end up creating mysterious new ones.
11. The m ain cont roversy surrounding t he use of pig organs for t ransplant s could best be sum m ed up by
which of the following?
a.) Though at first it appeared t o be a breakt hrough in t ransplant surgery, m ost doct ors now argue t hat t he
risk of infection is too great to justify the use of pig organs for transplants.
b.) Pig- organ t ransplant surgery rem ains blocked at t he m om ent due t o t he inabilit y of scient ist s t o resolve
important infectological and ethical concerns.
c.) Genet ically engineered pigs appear t o be one way t o m ake up for t he lack of organs available for
transplants; however, the risk of viral infection is a problem that has yet to be resolved.
d.) Transplant surgeons and virologist s are unable t o decide if im plant ing t issues and cells will be m ore
effective than transplanting whole organs.
e.) Though governm ent s in general are at t em pt ing t o cont rol t his kind of surgery, t he indiscrim inat e use of
pig- organ transplants has greatly increased the risk of viral infection.
12. I n paragraph 1, t he sent ence " I t 's a desperat e sit uat ion t hat seem s t o call for desperat e m easures."
means approximately the same as
a.) The chances of a viral epidem ic result ing from pig t ransplant s are so great t hat m ost virologist s have
called for a ban on that kind of surgery.
b.) Genet ically engineered pigs m ust be raised in an absolut ely st erile environm ent ; ot herwise, t he risk of
infection is significant.
c.) The Food & Drug Adm inist rat ion m ust dem and t hat t he t r ansplant indust ry engage in great er r esearch
and more rigorous testing in the area of pig- organ transplants.
d.) Genetic engineering in pigs has created new virus strains that appear impossible to control.
e.) There ar e not enough hum an organs available for t ransplant s in t he U.S.; t herefore, som e kind of
alternative source must be found.
13. Which of t he following is not given in t he art icle as a reason for t he use of pig organs in t ransplant at ion
surgery?
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14. Which of t he following groups has had t he m ost success in rest rict ing t he pract ice of
xenotransplantation?
a.) American virologists
b.) British virologists
c.) The U.S. Food & Drug Administration
d.) The Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research
e.) The London Institute of Cancer Research
16. Regarding t he risks of using pig organs in t ransplant s, t he at t it ude of m ost t ransplant surgeons could
best be described by which of the following?
a.) It's better to perform life- saving transplants now and worry about epidemics later.
b.) "From an infectious disease standpoint, transplanting animal organs is a really bad idea."
c.) That pig organs save 200,000 lives a year in America justifies the cost and the risk.
d.) It is unlikely that any new virus found in pig organs will cross over and infect human cells.
e.) As t he im plant at ion of pig t issues and cells now provides a safe alt ernat ive t o t he t ransplant at ion of
intact organs, the risks involved in pig- organ transplants need no longer be considered.
17. From t he inform at ion in t he art icle, you can infer t hat which of t he following organizat ions has probably
been the most important in officially stimulating the development of xenotransplantation?
a.) The University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
b.) The Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research
c.) The Philip D. Noguchi Center for Cellular and Gene Therapies
d.) The United States Food & Drug Administration
e.) The London Institute of Cancer Research
18. According t o t he art icle, what is a probable advant age t hat anim al- t issue and - cell im plant at ions have
over intact- animal- organ transplantation?
a.) Animal tissues and cells are much less likely to contain harmful viruses.
b.) Because of it s lower cost , t he use of t issue and cell im plant at ion can cover a larger segm ent of t he
population.
c.) As an anim al does not have t o be killed t o donat e t issues and cells, t his kind of surgery is m or e
acceptable to animal- rights activists.
d.) Because t he body is unlikely t o rej ect t issue or cell im plant s, it 's not necessary t o suppress t he pat ient 's
immune system, thereby reducing the risk of viral transmission.
e.) I t appear s t o be easier t o det ect t he presence of viruses in t issues and cells before t hey are im plant ed,
thereby reducing the risk of infection.
19. I n paragraph 6, Philip D. Noguchi's st at em ent " We're building m ore safet y int o t he approach" m eans
approximately the same as which of the following?
a.) The U.S. Food & Drug Adm inist rat ion is st ipulat ing st rict cont rols in t he developm ent and applicat ion of
animal- organ transplantation and animal- tissue and - cell implantation.
b.) The genetic engineering of donor pigs is being rigorously controlled to avoid contamination.
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c.) Virologist s are now working closely wit h t ransplant surgeons in order t o elim inat e t he possibilit y of pig-
organ viral transmission.
d.) New surgical t echniques are being developed t o reduce t he possibilit y of t he hum an body rej ect ing an
animal- organ transplant.
e.) New drugs are being developed t o reduce t he possibilit y of t he hum an body rej ect ing an anim al- organ
transplant.
20. Paragraph 7 mentions a paradox. That paradox could best be explained by which of the following?
a.) While livers, hearts, and other intact animal organs are those most needed for transplants, they are also
the most likely to transmit viruses.
b.) Those pat ient s m ost in need of pig- organ t ransplant s are oft en t he m ost suscept ible t o viral
transmission.
c.) Drugs used t o prevent a pat ient 's body from rej ect ing an anim al- organ t ransplant unfort unat ely leave
that body more susceptible to viral transmission.
d.) Doct ors can only be sure of t he presence of viruses in anim al organs aft er t hose v iruses have been
transmitted to the body of a transplant recipient.
e.) Most im m une syst em s are pow erful enough t o resist viruses, except t hose viruses t ransm it t ed by
xenotransplantion.
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POOR RON CAREY. HE COULD be a labor hero for cleaning up t he Team st er s Union since becom ing
it s president in 199l. But t hat dist inct ion has eluded him . Carey, 61, is in t he m iddle of abit t er int ernal
power st ruggle as well as a U.S. governm ent invest igat ion int o charges t hat an aide divert ed m or e t han
$100,000 of union funds last year t o Carey's cam paign for re- elect ion. To t hese headaches is added t he
wrat h of m illions of Am encans who wait ed in vain last week t orst rikc- bound UPS t rucks t o t ransport
everyt hing from lobst ers t o Lands' End Tshirt s. " I 'm m ad at t he Team st ers Union," says Paula Lam bert ,
founder of t he Mozzarella Co. in Dallas, Texas, w ho has had t o scram ble for ways t o ship herperishable
specialt y cheeses around t he U.S. Declares Darlene Caralde owner of Bridals by Heaven Scent in Honolulu:
"It's not going to be heaven sent if we don't get our gowns soon. It's going to be a wedding from hell."
For Carey, a form er UPS driver, t he st rike by 185,000 Team st ers over issues ranging from t he
company's pension plan to part- time workers represents a desperate two- front battle. He needs a big win to
m aint ain his polit ical advant age over archrival Jam es Hoffa Jr. son of t he not orious Team st er boss who
disappear ed under m yst erious circum st ances in 1975.Carey edged Hoffa in t he race for t he presidency last
Novem ber, but Hoffa has j um ped on t he found- raising charges t o dem and a new elect ion. " I f Carey loses
t he st rike or is perceived t o have lost , his posit ion vis- à- vis Hoffa is m arkedly weakened," says Marvin
Kosters, a laborexpert at the American Enterprise Institute in Washington.
The Team st er leader has picked a part icularly t ough t im e for a showdown. Even as Carey rallied t he
t roops last w eek it was clear t hat t he Team st er s' finances were in no shape for a lengt hy walkout . Wit h t he
union's m em bership down from 2 m illion a decade ago t o 1.4 m illion t oday, it s st rike fund is t hinner t han a
picket sign. St rikers, som e of whom have been pulling down $50,000 a year , can count on benefit s of only
$55 a week.
But Carey could hardly have found a m ore t em pt ing t arget t han UPS. The giant com pany ( 1996
revenues: $22.4 billion) delivers 80% of all packages shipped by ground in t he U.S., m aking it im possible
for rivals t o pick up m uch of t he businessquickly. I ndeed, as t he st rike wore on last week, Am erica suddenly
awoke t o t hecrucial role of UPS as a hauler of goods wit h a dollar value equal t o an ast onishing 5% of t he
count ry's gross dom est ic product . So widespread was t he pain t hat m aj or ret ailers who rely on UPS for
supplies of fresh m erchandise, urged President Clint on t o int ervene. But t he President refused, saying t he
strike had not yet created a national economic emergency.
Nonet heless, t he high- profile walkout gave Carey a st age on w hich t o at t ack not j ust UPS but t he
rest of corporate America as well for its reliance on part- time workers. Of the 40,000 new jobs that UPS has
filled with union members since 1993, fulIy 80% have been part- time slots that pay an average hourly wage
of $9, vs. $19.95 for full- time positions. (UPS says most part- timers are people such as college students and
housewives who don't want a full- t im e j ob.) " Part - t im ers do t he sam e wor k and should be paid t he sam e
rat es, Carey says. " We're not going t o let big com panies like UPS cont inue t o under m ine good j obs in
America."
Despit e such rhet oric, t hebat t le over t he UPS pension plan st ruck m any observers as a far st icher
issue. UPS pays m ore t han $1billion a year int o 31 Team st er pension funds whose beneficiaries include s
workers at financially weaker com panies. But UPS want s t o pull out of t he plan and set up a fund wit h t he
Team st er s solely for it s own em ployees, which t he com pany say s could add 50% t oit s workers' ret irem ent
benefit s. Not so fast , say t he Team st er s, who want t he cont ribut ions t o cont inue being spread am ong m ore
of it s m em bers and have refused t o aut horize a vot e at UPS on t he com pany's cont ract proposal. "We'r e
convinced t hat Carey's pr im ary concern is t he pension issue," says Jam es Kelly UPS chairm an and chief
executive officer. "Why should our workers bear this burden?"
A m ore cosm ic quest ion loom ed as t he t wo sides broke off t alks last weekend. Did t he Team st er
st rike presage a new m ilit ancy by unions or would it prove t o be j ust one m ore indicat ion of how lim it ed
t heir clout is? Wit h fears of downsizing and layoffs st ill ram pant , unions st aged only 37 walkout s involving
1,000 or m ore workers last year, in cont rast t o 231 m aj or st rikes in1976. " I f t he Team st er s can't deliver [ a
winning set t lem ent ] on t his one," says Charles Craver, a labor expert at t he Geor ge Washingt on Universit y
law school," organized labor is in big trouble. "
Reported by Hilary Hylton/Austin, BarbaraMaddux/New York
and Bruce van Voorst/Washington.
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01. In the first paragraph, why is Paula Lambert mad at the Teamsters Union?
a) As a union m em ber, she had hoped t hat Ron Carey would prove t o be an honest president and t hus was
upset to discover that he might be involved in corruption.
b) Because of the UPS strike she was unable to ship her merchandise to her customers.
c) Because of the UPS strike it was almost impossible for her company to receive its merchandise.
d) Because of the UPS strike her company's drivers refused to deliver her merchandise.
e) Because of the UPS strike it was very difficult for her to find other means of delivering her merchandise.
02. According to the article, if the Teamsters Union has to accept an unfavorable strike settlement, which of
the following will most likely happen to Ron Carey?
a) The Government will bring formal charges against him for the misuse of Teamster pension- fund money.
b) He will be asked to step down as Teamsters Union president.
c) He will be considered the person responsible for breaking the power of the Teamsters Union.
d) He will find himself at a significant disadvantage in relation to James Hoffa Jr.
e) He will have to face James Hoffa Jr. in a new Teamsters Union presidential election.
03. I n t he t hird paragraph, t he sent ence " The Team st er leader has picked a part icularly t ough t im e for a
showdown" means approximately the same as which of the following?
a) Wit h m ost of t he packages in t he U.S. delivered by UPS, t he st rike will be very painful for m ost Am erican
companies.
b) It will be almost impossible for Ron Carey to win a strike settlement favorable to the Teamsters.
c) Teamster finances don't appear healthy enough at the moment to sustain a protracted strike.
d) Ron Carey's bat t le wit h Team st ers Union rival Jam es Hoffa Jr. will m ake his leadership during t he UPS
strike much more difficult.
e) The Governm ent 's invest igat ion of Ron Carey's m isuse of pension funds in his reelect ion cam paign will
put extrain strain on his leadership during the UPS strike.
04. According to the article, why has it probably been so difficult for other package- delivery services to fill in
quickly for UPS during the strike?
a) Most of UPS's longstanding customers simply had no idea the strike would be so protracted and therefore
waited too long to begin searching for substitute companies.
b) Much of the merchandise UPS ships is perishable, and most of the other package- delivery services simply
don't have technology adequate for that kind of transportation.
c) Union t ruck drivers at ot her package- delivery services have been r eluct ant t o work against t heir
colleagues striking at UPS.
d) Most of UPS's longst anding cust om ers, out of loyalt y t o UPS, were reluct ant at first t o look for ot her
package- delivery services.
e) UPS is so big t hat t he ot her package- delivery services sim ply couldn't adapt right away t o st ep in and
pick up UPS's business.
05. You can infer from the information in the article that which of the following is not true about UPS?
a) The monetary value of the goods it hauls is more than 4% of the United States' gross domestic product.
b) It carries more packages by ground shipping than the United States Postal Service does.
c) Since 1993, 80% of the new workers hired by UPS have been union members.
d) It contributes money to Teamster pension funds for non- UPS truck drivers.
e) At present, its importance to American retailers makes it almost irreplaceable.
06. What exactly is the conflict over the UPS- Teamsters Union pension plan?
a) UPS no longer want s t o pay int o a general Team st er pension plan but r at her want s t o set up it s own
exclusive Teamster pension plan.
b) UPS truck drivers, whether part- timers at $9 an hour or full- timers at $19.95 an hour, must both pay the
same amount into their union pension fund, which UPS alleges is unfair.
c) UPS want s t o exclude it s part - t im e workers from it s Team st er pension plan in order t o increase benefit s
to its full- time workers.
d) By prom ising it s t ruck drivers a 50% benefit increase if t hey sign up for a non- union pension plan, UPS
hopes to break the power of the Teamsters Union.
e) Ron Carey has been accused of illegally using m ore t han $100,000 from t he Team st ers Union- UPS
pension fund for his reelection campaign this year.
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07. According to the article, more than 10 years ago labor unions
a) had more part- time members than they do today.
b) staged a greater number of important strikes than they do today.
c) had 2 million members as opposed to 1.4 million today.
d) were in excellent financial health.
e) had more Government support than they do today.
08. The "cosmic question" mentioned in the last paragraph probably refers to which of the following?
a) I n going on st rike against UPS, did t he Team st er s Union cross t he boundar y of what could be considered
fair and right in labor- management relations?
b) Does t he Team st er s Union st rike indicat e new vigor and st rengt h in t he labor union m ovem ent , or will it
turn out to be another example of labor's growing weakness?
c) How are we finally going t o define t he proper r oles of labor and m anagem ent in t he conduct ing of t he
country's economy?
d) Is it right to let one company so fully dominate the market that it has the potential to break a union?
e) Wit h t his st rike, will t he Team st er s Union succeed in reest ablishing it self as t he prim e force in t he labor
movement, or will it lose that position forever?
09. Which of t he following is not a reason, eit her st at ed or im plied in t he art icle, for t he Team st er st rike
against UPS?
a) The Team st ers Union want ed t o abolish t he discrepancy bet ween what UPS pays part - t im ers and full-
timers.
b) Because of it s high visibilit y and im port ance t o t he U.S. econom y, a st rike against UPS would also serv e
as a symbolic strike against American corporations in general.
c) The Team st ers Union want ed UPS t o increase it s paym ent s int o t he union pension fund by as m uch as
50%.
d) Ron Carey , as president of t he Team st ers Union, needed a m aj or labor vict ory in order t o consolidat e his
position within the union itself.
e) The labor m ovem ent in gener al, which had been losing ground for years t o corporat e Am erica, needed t o
win a favorable decision against a major opponent in order to stop declining.
fam ily own j ust over 32% of RHB Capit al, t he ot her m aj or shareholder, wit h 27% , is Malaysian Resources
Corp., a polit ically powerful com pany wit h t ies t o Anwar but no previous experience in finance. Not least ,
Rashid has m arried well: His fat her- in- law is sugar, Coca- Cola, and propert y baron Rober t Kuok, Malaysian-
born and among the world's richest men.
The new group is form idable. RHB Capit al, it s m ain subsidiary, ranks sevent h- largest by m arket
capit alizat ion on t he Kuala Lum pur St ock Exchange. On paper, RHB Bank would have been Malaysia's
second m ost profit able bank last year, wit h profit s of $422 m illion. I t 's t hecount ry's t hird- largest bank, and
it s generous 12% capit al rat io m akes it one of t he best - capit alized in a count ry t hat 's encour aging
consolidation by winnowing out smaller players.
RHB boast s Malaysia's biggest m erchant bank, securit ies arm , and asset - m anagem ent oper at ion,
which has $1.1 billion under m anagem ent . Assum ing Rashid can get t hese various pieces working t oget her ,
t he new financial conglom erat e will be nicely placed in an econom y t hat has averaged growt h of 8,6%
annually for t he past five years and whose st ock m arket is Asia's t hird- largest aft er Tokyo's and Hong
Kong's.
Rashid Hussain Securit ies is already considered by m ost analyst s t o be am ong t he best independent
houses in Sout heast Asia. The com binat ion of insider expert ise and a high r esearch st andard has proved a
winning form ula wit h foreign inst it ut ions, which m ake up m uch of it s client base - t o t he chagrin of foreign
brokers with offices in Kuala Lumpur. Says one such competitor: "We're getting creamed."
CHALLENGES AHEAD. But Rashid has yet t o show t hat he can prosper in a wide open m ar ket . Unt il
recently, Malaysia's financial services industry has been heavily protected. Now, the sector is slowly opening
t o m ore foreign com pet it ion. And as it does, it will be Rashid's r ole t o prove t he wort h of hom egrown firm s.
" I 've been preparing for t hat day," says Hussain, who is fully aware t hat m uch of his com pet it ion com es
from foreign rivals. His five overseas securit ies vent ures - in Singapore, Manila, Jakart a, London, and New
York - while impressive by regional standards, haven't yet paid big dividends.
Som e big challenges now loom for Rashid. He m ust bring t wo very different banks - Kwong Yik
focuses on ret ail banking and DCB on t he com m ercial side - int o a single corporat e cult ure, wringing out
promised cost savings in the bargain. Above all, Rashid has to make his new empire work in a fashion not so
rem iniscent of a one- m an band. Com pet ence or connect ions - it is probably im possible t o sort out t he
relat ive im port ance of t he t wo in Rashid's car eer. But he will have t o draw on his evident ly am ple reserves
of the former attribute now that he has a prime position in Malaysia's fast- moving financial markets.
By Mark L. Clifford
in Kuala Lumpur
11. The first sentence of the article, "A star is born," refers to
a) the merger of DCB Bank and Kwong Yik Bank.
b) the emergence of Abdul Rashid Hussain as Malaysia's top financial services executive.
c) the emergence of the Malaysian financial services sector as the region's dominant player.
d) the forming of RHB Capital.
e) the announcement that Malaysian Finance Minister Anwar Ibrahim is the "heir apparent" to Prime Minister
Mahathir Mohamad.
12. In paragraph two, Wong Mun Keong's statement "He casts a long shadow" most likely refers to which of
the following?
a) The financial empire built by Abdul Rashid Hussain
b) Abdul Rashid Hussain's strong business connections with powerful Malaysian politicians
c) The fear Abdul Rashid Hussain's financial empire inspires in its competitors
d) RHB Bank's extensive financial power
e) Abdul Rashid Hussain and his widespread power and influence
13. You can infer from the information in the article that the term "Malaysia Inc." probably refers to
a) Malaysia's ruling political party, of which Abdul Rashid Hussain is a member.
b) the group of people that can be considered the power elite of Malaysia.
c) the extensive and powerful holding company of which Abdul Rashid Hussain is a major shareholder.
d) former financial czar Daim Zainuddin's financial services empire.
e) the Malaysian Government's policy of encouraging consolidation in the financial services industry.
14. According t o t he art icle, Abdul Rashid Hussain worked as an em ployee in which one of t he following
cities?
a) Singapore
b) Manila
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c) Jakarta
d) London
e) New York
16. Though Abdul Rashid Hussain has achieved excellent results in many areas of business,
a) he has not yet been tested in an unprotected market.
b) his operations outside of Malaysia have yet to turn a profit.
c) RHB Bank has not had the success that he hoped for.
d) he would have achieved nothing without his excellent connections.
e) his alliance with the financially inexperienced Malaysian Resourcs Corp. was a mistake.
17. You can infer from the information in the article that
a) Rashid Hussain Securities is beating foreign competition in Malaysia.
b) Rashid Hussain Securities dominates the Asian market.
c) Rashid Hussain Securities will be seriously weakened if the Malaysian market is opened up.
d) foreign inst it ut ions are beginning t o adopt t he sam e com binat ion of insider expert ise and high research
standards that have made Rashid Hussain Securities so successful.
e) Rashid Hussain Securit ies is one of t he st rongest perform ers on t he Tokyo and Hong Kong st ock
exchanges.
18. I n paragraph seven, " t hat day" in Abdul Rashid Hussain's st at em ent " I 'v e been pr eparing for t hat day"
refers to
a) t he day when his five overseas securit ies vent ures will finally be allowed t o oper at e in unprot ect ed
markets.
b) that day after 14 years of labor when RHB Capital was finally formed.
c) the day when Malaysia will no longer protect its domestic financial services industry.
d) t he day when t he Malaysian Governm ent will begin t o st udy t he rem oval of barriers prot ect ing it s
domestic financial services industry.
e) that day when his financial services empire becomes one of the dominant players in the region.
19. Which challenge does the article indicate as the biggest that Abdul Rashid Hussain must face?
a) I n order t o increase his credibilit y and fort ify his im age, he m ust m ake his five overseas operat ions begin
to pay big dividends.
b) He must find a way for his new company to operate as a team so that the responsibility for its success or
failure does not rest on his shoulders alone.
c) He must learn to operate against foreign and domestic competition in an unprotected market.
d) He must make DCB Bank and Kwong Yik Bank function as a single corporate entity.
e) With RHB Capital now formed, he must find a way to cut costs and increase productivity and profits.
20. The last sentence in the last paragraph of the article most likely means which one of the following?
a) Abdul Rashid Hussain will have t o m ake large use of RHB Capit al's vast m onet ary reserves in order t o
consolidate its position in Malaysia's financial market.
b) For RHB Capit al t o m aint ain it s excellent posit ion, it will have t o rely heavily on a st rong, t eam work-
oriented corporate culture.
c) I n order t o wit hst and t he challenge of foreign com pet it ion, Abdul Rashid Hussain will have t o m ake
extensive use of his excellent ties to Malaysia's Government.
d) To take best advantage of his excellent position in Malaysia's financial markets, Abdul Rashid Hussain will
need to make ample use of his well- known professionalism and ability.
e) I n or der t o m eet new challenges in Malaysia's financial m arket s, Abdul Rashid Hussain's em pire will need
ample infusions of domestic and foreign capital.
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Gabarito
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wall around it self. The im age of vast arm ies of wret ched poor, surging around t he globe and clam oring at
t he bor ders of t he m ore fort unat e nat ions, m ay finally awaken t he world t o t he kind of fut ure t hat t oday's
leaders may be foisting on the next generation.
02. In paragraph two, Adam Smith's expression "vent for surplus" could best be explained as:
a) Markets in developing nations ready to absorb a wealthier nation's excess production.
b) Government incentives that encourage the relocation of economically disadvantaged peoples.
c) The practice by which industrialized nations dump their surplus products on underdeveloped nations.
d) Governm ent confiscat ion of undeveloped lands and t he subsequent expulsion of indigenous inhabit ant s
from those lands.
e) Uninhabit ed or undeveloped lands t hat can safely accept t he excess and econom ically disadvant aged
portion of another country's or region's population.
03. According to the article, the United States' efforts to control illegal immigration:
a) Have been vigorous but essentially a failure.
b) Indicate a reversal of the American people's traditional tolerance of immigrants.
c) Have st im ulat ed sim ilar effort s by ot her First World count ries t o cont rol t heir own illegal im m igrat ion
problems.
d) Are a hypocrit ical react ion t o a problem direct ly relat ed t o Am erican econom ic dom inance and
environmental mismanagement.
e) Have been vigorous but will be successful.
04. The vicious circle in Mexico t hat paragraphs four and five m ent ion could best be described by which of
the following?
a) The 950,000 young Mexicans who ent er t he Mexican labor force each year oblige an alm ost - equal
number of Mexicans to emigrate each year to the United States in search of work.
b) Mexico's serious econom ic problem s force approxim at ely 900,000 people t o leave Mexico each year; t his,
in turn, only serves to worsen Mexico's economic problems.
c) Overpopulat ion in Mexico is causing a food short age t hat Mex ico's fragile econom y sim ply can't resolve;
this shortage obliges hundreds of thousands of Mexicans to emigrate each year to the United states.
d) Overpopulat ion in Mexico is leading t o t he dest ruct ion of valuable cropland, which in t urn m akes it m ore
expensive to feed Mexico's growing population.
e) Wit h t he increasing desert ificat ion of Mexico's agricult ural land, t he Mexican Governm ent is put t ing m ore
and more vulnerable land into production, thus leading to more desertification.
05. Julian Simon's argument in paragraph seven could best be expressed by which of the following?
a) A country needs more people in order to produce more wealth.
b) Haiti's problems are the result of bad government, not overpopulation or environmental damage.
c) With more people, a country has a better chance of finding ways to bring about prosperity.
d) Ecological disasters can destroy a country's most valuable resource: its people.
e) The larger a count ry's populat ion, t he great er it s chances of finding good m en and wom en for
government.
06. I n paragraph eight , Thom as Hom er- Dixon's st at em ent " The poorer t he resource base, t he sm art er you
have to be" means, in effect, that:
a) Third- World count ries oft en creat e cult ures in which being " sm art " and " t aking advant age" ar e r egarded
as virtues.
b) The int elligence and r esourcefulness a societ y needs in order t o achieve a decent st andard of living
increases as the environment is degraded.
c) The poorer a person is, the more intelligent he must be in order to survive.
d) A degraded environment often lowers the general intelligence of a society.
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e) The mass migration of poor people from one country to another is often caused by ecological destruction.
07. Which of the following is not mentioned by the article as a current or potential cause of ecomigration?
a) Climatic change.
b) Economic recession.
c) Overpopulation.
d) Bad government environmental policies.
e) Bad farming practices.
08. According t o t he art icle, which of t he following phenom ena could possibly bring about t he m ost serious
ecomigratory consequences?
a) Continued desertification in Mexico.
b) Overpopulation in the Third World.
c) The failure of wealthy nations to address ecological problems in the Third World.
d) Global warming.
e) Haiti's disastrous political and populational situation coupled with its ruinous farming practices.
09. You can infer from t he inform at ion in t he art icle t hat which of t he following is likely t o cause wealt hier
host- countries to address the problem of ecomigration?
a) Ecomigration can lead to hordes of illegal immigrants taking jobs away from a host- country's citizens.
b) Ecomigration can lead to hordes of illegal immigrants seriously damaging a host- country's environment.
c) Ecom igrat ion can lead t o hordes of illegal im m igrant s put t ing enorm ous st rain on a host - country's
economy, food supply, and social services.
d) Ecomigration can lead to hordes of illegal immigrants destroying a host- country's culture and traditions.
e) As it can be used as a subt erfuge for one nat ion t o invade anot her, ecom igrat ion can seriously j eopardize
a host- country's national security.
11. You can infer from the information in that article that which of the following people is probably the most
optimistic about the future of the environment?
a) Stephen Leatherman
b) Adam Smith
c) Thomas Homer- Dixon
d) Julian Simon
e) Michelle Leighton Schwartz
12. I n paragraph eight , t he phrase " That 's not likely t he case in Hait i..." m ost likely refers t o which of t he
following?
a) Despit e m uch evidence t o t he cont rary, Hait i will probably find solut ions t o it s ecological, populat ional,
and political problems.
b) It will be difficult for Haiti's government to stop the exodus of impoverished Haitians to the United States.
c) The idea t hat t he solut ions developed in richer, m ore dev eloped count ries can easily be applied t o t he
environmental problems of Third- World countries.
d) The idea that the larger a country's population, the greater its chances of solving its problems.
e) The idea that people, not governments, are the source of solutions to a country's problems.
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13. According to the article, when serious economic problems began to appear last July in Southeast Asia:
a) The Indian government was caught by surprise and unable to react effectively.
b) It appeared that India would not be seriously affected.
c) They provoked a 22% drop in India's Sensex 30 Index.
d) They eventually led to the collapse of India's government.
e) Cheap imports from that region began to flood the Indian market.
14. According to the article, at present the greatest threat to India's economy is:
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15. I n paragraph t wo, t he sent ence " To m any in I ndia, t he breakdown looks like a squandered oppor t unit y"
means approximately the same as which of the following?
a) Many I ndians feel t hat aft er t he Sout heast Asian crisis, I ndia's own crisis caused it t o lose t he chance t o
present itself as a model of regional strength and order.
b) Many I ndians feel t hat unt il t he currency crisis happened, Sout heast Asia was on it s way t owards last ing
stability and prosperity.
c) Many I ndians feel t hat aft er t he Sout heast Asian currency crisis, I ndia lost an excellent opport unit y t o
take over markets once dominated by Southeast Asian countries.
d) Many I ndians feel t hat t he Sout heast Asian currency crisis dest royed t he possibilit y of pan- Asian
economic unity.
e) Many Indians feel that the Southeast Asian currency crisis destroyed the possibility of lasting government
stability in India.
16. The author of the article most likely holds the opinion that:
a) I ndia's crisis could have been pr event ed by bet t er indust rial and financial m anagem ent in t he privat e
sector.
b) India's politicians are too tied to outmoded and inefficient industrial and financial policies.
c) India's politicians have been immature and incompetent.
d) Considering t he seriousness of t he Sout heast Asian crisis, I ndia's econom ic crisis was in m any ways
unavoidable.
e) India's major industries are simply unable to compete against foreign industries.
18. You can infer from the information in the article that the year 1991 was important to India for which one
of the following reasons?
a) In that year India reversed its industrial decline.
b) In that year India's governmental institutions made the first steps towards democracy.
c) In that year the Indian market was opened to foreign competition.
d) It was the last year of strong Indian industrial growth.
e) In that year India's government first began to suffer the problems that finally led to the current crisis.
19. I n paragraph eight , t he sent ence " I nfrast ruct ure bot t lenecks com pound t he pr oblem and hinder
investment" means approximately the same as which of the following?
a) Incompetent Indian politicians have worsened India's infrastructure problem and discouraged investment.
b) Disast rous developm ent schem es have m erely worsened I ndia's infrast ruct ure problem and wast ed
investment money.
c) Governm ent corrupt ion, which scares away foreign and dom est ic invest m ent m oney, is t he root cause of
India's infrastructure crisis.
d) The cost of repairing and m aint aining I ndia's crum bling infrast ruct ure is so great t hat neit her t he
government nor the private sector has the will or the means to do it.
e) The crisis in t he I ndian business com m unit y has been worsened by difficult ies in m aint aining, developing,
and investing in the country's infrastructure.
d) The I ndian governm ent will have t o devalue t he rupee by up t o 40% t o st im ulat e export s and offset t he
balance of trade deficit.
e) Many of t he count ry's com m ercial liberalizat ion policies begun early in t his decade will have t o be
reversed.
Gabarito
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bet ween Kennedy and Br ussels have risen 23% , vs. an 18% j um p in all int ernat ional fares, says Topaz
International Ltd., an airfare auditing firm in Portland, Ore.
Not t o worry, alliance support ers say. Wit hout t he ant it rust im m unit y or wit hout full m ergers they
will have every incent ive t o cont inue com pet ing. But t he airlines face a st eep clim b in proving t hat t hese
deals create more benefits than risks.
01. I n paragraph 2, when t he Just ice Dept . official says t hat t he m aj or airlines " obviously will have t o
convince us that the consumer is not worse off," he most likely means that
a) the airlines will have to show the American public how airline alliances will benefit the consumer.
b) t he airlines will have t o show how airline service, safet y, and efficiency will im prove as a result of airline
alliances.
c) t he airlines will have t o guarant ee t he Am erican public t hat t icket prices w ill not rise as a result of airline
alliances.
d) t he airlines will have t o prove t o t he U.S. Just ice Dept . t hat consum ers w ill benefit as a result of airline
alliances.
e) the airlines will have to prove to the U.S. Justice Dept. that consumers will not suffer as a result of airline
alliances.
02. You can infer from the information in the article that alliances among the top U.S. airline companies
a) will be strictly regulated by the U.S. Government.
b) were an unexpected development in the airline industry.
c) will be detrimental only to international business travelers.
d) were the only viable response to an increasingly competitive and regulated market.
e) won't be possible without the enthusiastic participation of the airline pilots' unions.
03. According t o t he inform at ion in t he art icle, what event can be consider ed t o have st art ed t he current
tendency of U.S. airlines to form alliances?
a) The airlines' desire to dominate specific market segments, especially that of business travelers.
b) The announcement that United Airlines derives 8% of its pretax income from alliances.
c) The resumption of the Delta- United negotiations.
d) The alliance between Northwest and Continental.
e) Delta and Sabena's lucrative 23% fare increase between New York and Brussels.
05. You can infer from the information in the article that airline alliances probably
a) will generate higher pretax revenues than mergers will.
b) are more difficult for governments to regulate than mergers are.
c) will concentrate on air traffic between the U.S. and Europe.
d) won't generate the problems with personnel and equipment that mergers often do.
e) are only a passing phase in the airline industry.
06. I n t he fourt h paragr aph from t he end, t he sent ence " Labor m ay be anot her st um bling block" m eans
approximately the same as which one of the following?
a) Labor's weakened position will prevent it from seriously challenging airline alliances.
b) Labor unions may be heading for another disastrous setback if they attempt to fight against the formation
of airline alliances.
c) Airline labor unions fear that salaries may fall as a result of airline alliances.
d) The major U.S. airlines see labor union participation as fundamental in the forming of airline alliances.
e) Labor unions could be instrumental in impeding the forming of airline alliances.
b) That Delta Air Lines would grant them a seat on the board of directors.
c) That if t hey agreed t o support t he alliance, Delt a Air Lines would cert ainly st udy t heir request t o have a
place on the board of directors.
d) That only if t hey agreed t o support t he alliance would Delt a Air Lines grant t hem a seat on t he board of
directors.
e) That Delt a Air Lines would form an alliance first and only t hen consider t heir dem and for a seat on t he
board of directors.
08. Which one of the following men is probably the most enthusiastic about airline alliances?
a) Samuel C. Buttrick
b) Edward P. Faberman
c) Richard T. LaVoy
d) Leo F. Mullin
e) Kevin P. Mitchell
09. I n t he t hird paragraph from t he end, when Kevin P. Mit chell says "We have evidence t hat t he big
carriers are staying out of each others' way," he most likely means that
a) t he m aj or airline com panies are at t em pt ing t o m aint ain a respect ful dist ance from each ot her in order t o
avoid governmental interference.
b) the major airline companies have already decided which airlines will form alliances with which airlines.
c) his organization can show that the major airline companies are engaging in illegal practices.
d) his organizat ion can show t hat t he m aj or airline com panies are at t em pt ing t o cr eat e a m arket based on
mutual trust and on respect for the traveler.
e) his organizat ion can show t hat t he m aj or airline com panies are avoiding ent ering int o com pet it ion wit h
each other.
10. What advant age does t he Delt a- Sabena alliance have t hat proposed alliances am ong t he m aj or U.S.
airlines will not have?
a) Delta and Sabena cannot be prosecuted for monopolistic practices.
b) Delta and Sabena are not required to give full corporate discounts.
c) Delta and Sabena have free access to European destinations.
d) Delta and Sabena can coordinate their respective markets to their own advantage.
e) Delta and Sabena can raise their fares above international standards.
Mort v Goliath
THE ECONOMIST JULY 25TH 1998
BACK in t he early 1990s, prevent ive diplom acy was high fashion. Knowing t hat it is bet t er t o head
off int ernat ional crises t han t o clean up aft er t hem , t he Clint on adm inist rat ion prom ised t o det ect pot ent ial
wars early on; and Unit ed Nat ions people wished grandly for a UN arm y t hat would int ervene at t he first
whiff of t rouble. These days, t he hopes for prevent ion seem forlorn. As Kosovo slid t owards war t his year,
t he world's powers briefly slapped sanct ions on Serbia, but st opped short of sending t roops or bom bs. Now
they are watching the war happen.
This is why Mort Abram owit z m ay m at t er. He is not , adm it t edly, t he kind of fellow who usually pops
up in Lexingt on. He holds no public office. He is not a cult ural icon. He is not t he president 's param our or
prosecut or. But he is t he guiding spirit of t he int ernat ional Crisis Group, a sm all out fit dedicat ed t o t he
preventive efforts that governments and multilateral agencies tend to bungle. You may smile at the Goliath-
sized am bit ion of t his idea. But , j ust possibly, Mr Abram owit z and his group repr esent a new kind of
diplomacy, and a chance that future Bosnias and Kosovos will be handled more robustly.
The Abram owit z group is at t he front of t wo im port ant t rends. The first is t hat hum anit arians of
various kinds are t hinking bigger t han t hey used t o. Hum an- right s wat chdogs began by docum ent ing
t ort ure; now t hey press governm ent s t o im pose sanct ions on t he t or t urer s. Aid organisat ions began by
handing out disast er relief, t hen t hey m oved int o longer- t erm developm ent , hoping t o m ake fut ure m ercy
m issions unnecessary. I n his own way, Mr Abram owit z has m ade t he sam e pilgrim age, from dealing wit h
disast ers t o addressing t heir cause. Twice in t he past , as Am erica's am bassador t o Thailand in 1978- 83 and
t o Turkey during t he Gulf war, Mr Abram owit z has helped t o set up refugee cam ps. Now he want s t o st op
refugee crises from happening in the first place.
The second t rend behind Mr. Abram owit z is t hat governm ent and m ult i- governm ent bureaucracies
are ceding power t o non- governm ent al organisat ions. Environm ent al NGOs dragged governm ent s t o t he
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Earth Summit at Rio, and on to Kyoto last year. A barefoot internet activist has won a Nobel prize for driving
dozens of governm ent s ( t hough not Am erica's) t o sign a ban on landm ines. Hum an- right s groups have
pushed governm ent s t owards t he idea of an int ernat ional crim inal court . Again, Mr Abram owit z reflect s t his
shift . He has spent m ost of his career in governm ent , and t he Clint on t eam offered him five j obs, including
that of special envoy to the Balkans. But he preferred to set up the international Crisis Group, believing that
an outside organisation might prove more influential than a senior government official.
To t est t his t hesis, Mr Abram owit z designed a new kind of NGO. I t is focused ent irely on t he causes
of crises rat her t han t heir sym pt om s; and it is organized like a cross bet ween an aid organisat ion and a
think- t ank. Like an aid agency, t he I nt ernat ional Crisis Group has people in t he field: it has t en analyst s in
t he Balkans, four dot t ed around cent r al Africa, and one each for Cam bodia and Algeria. But , like a t hink-
t ank, t he I CG's only product is ideas. I t s field analyst s produce r eport s on loom ing conflict , wit h
recom m endat ions on how t o head t hem off, t hen t he Washingt on office and t he headquart ers in Brussels
push t hese r eport s under t he noses of officials and j ournalist s. it used t o be t hat NGOs could win at t ent ion
only when war or fam ine st ruck, and t he t elevision cam eras were rolling. This one aim s t o get t r ouble
noticed in time for the worst to be averted.
And, since opening its doors in 1995, it has been modestly successful. Its Balkan team gave warning
t hat Bosnia's 1996 elect ion m ight m isfire, which had t he salut ar y effect of urging Europeans and Am ericans
t o do everyt hing possible t o prevent t his. Since March t his year it has advocat ed a change in Bosnia's
elect ion law, t o require candidat es t o appeal t o m ore t han one et hnic gr oup, and so t o encourage t he
compromising policies necessary to prevent a fresh round of blood- letting.
I t t akes t he I CG t o raise such t roublesom e issues, because t he ot her foreign groups t hat brave t he
world's t rouble spot s are generally biased t owar ds discret ion. The UN agencies hat e t o be rude about a
m em ber st at e, so shrink from denouncing brut alit y or corrupt ion openly. Relief workers fear t o speak out,
lest t he t arget s of t heir crit icism hit back by disrupt ing hum anit arian effort s. Governm ent s long t o declare
places like Cam bodia or Bosnia st able, so t hat t hey can wash t heir hands of t hem . Hence t he need for a
group that makes the interventionist case, to balance those more concerned with exit strategies.
Yet it is t oo m uch t o say t hat t he I CG has been an unqualified success. Mr Abram owit z has spent
m uch of t his year shout ing about loom ing disast er in Kosovo; disast er has arrived anyway. This is not
because he failed to get his message into powerful ears; he is an old friend of most of the top officials in the
State Department, and he has recruited George Mitchell, Mr Clinton's lauded mediator in Ireland, to chair his
organization. The problem is that Mr Abramowitz was heard, and ignored.
There is no m yst ery here. Successful int ervent ion does not win vot es; failed int ervent ion loses
bucket s of t hem . To win argum ent s, rat her t han m erely m ake t hem , Mr Abram owit z's organizat ion needs t o
grow t o t he point where it can t ip t he polit ical equat ion in favor of a bolder foreign policy. I nfluencing
edit orial writ ers, which t he I CG already does, is a good st art . But t he iron rule of lobbying is t hat clout is
m easured by t he power t o sway vot es: and t his power generally consist s of having t he m oney t o buy
t elevision advert isem ent s and finance candidat es. Mr Abram owit z concedes t hat , from t he first , he has
feared t hat philant hropic donors will underwrit e his group's exist ence but not it s success. " We m ay raise
enough m oney only t o fail," he says ruefully. Unless an ar m y of enlight ened donors int ervenes, t his
interventionist's fear may well be vindicated.
11. According t o t he inform at ion in t he art icle, which of t he following is an exam ple of t he change t hat has
occurred in diplomatic thinking between the early years of this decade and now?
a) Learning from t he lessons of t he Balkan wars, West ern governm ent s have now becom e m uch m ore
energetic in pursuing early peace initiatives.
b) Though t he Unit ed Nat ions and t he Clint on adm inist rat ion before had hoped t hey could m aint ain world
peace by early diplomatic or military intervention in trouble spots, now that hope is almost gone.
c) As opposed t o a few years ago, no one in int ernat ional diplom at ic circles now believes t hat governm ent s
have the will or the power to prevent war.
d) Disillusioned by t heir inabilit y t o prevent crises, governm ent s are now relying m ore on NGO's t han on
their own diplomatic corps to effect diplomacy.
e) At first, the U.S. Government thought it could deal with international crises and conflicts single- handedly;
now it is attempting to form partnerships with other Western governments.
12. According to the information in the article, the International Crisis Group
a) has been instrumental in preventing war in Bosnia.
b) helped to set up refugee camps in Turkey.
c) makes a point of being ready to react whenever a crisis erupts.
d) believes more in concrete actions than in ideas.
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13. You can infer from the information in the article that Bosnia's election law
a) if unchanged, may lead to more killing.
b) was written as the result of vigorous lobbying by the International Crisis Group.
c) is deliberately designed to discourage ethnic cooperation.
d) is designed to discourage Bosnians from entering politics.
e) if changed, will lead once more to war in Bosnia.
14. I n paragraph 7, t he phrase " ...ot her foreign groups t hat br ave t he world's t rouble spot s are generally
biased towards discretion" means essentially that
a) foreign groups studying international crises like to keep their findings secret for reasons of security.
b) as opposed t o t he I nt ernat ional Crisis Group, m any foreign hum anit arian organizat ions no longer possess
the credibility or command the respect necessary to carry out their work successfully.
c) as opposed to the International Crisis Group, other humanitarian organizations simply lack the courage to
carry out their work effectively.
d) as opposed t o t he I nt ernat ional Crisis Group, governm ent al organizat ions involved in hum anit arian work
lack the diplomatic skills necessary to carry out their work successfully.
e) as opposed t o t he I nt ernat ional Crisis Group, ot her hum anit arian organizat ions t end t o avoid openly
confronting the governments of countries where they are carrying out their work.
16. Which one of the following best describes George Mitchell's relationship to Mort Abramowitz?
a) He is a top U.S. State Department official and also a close friend of Mort Abramowitz.
b) He helped Mort Abramowitz avert war in Kosovo.
c) He works with Mort Abramowitz as chairman of the International Crisis Group.
d) He worked with Mort Abramowitz to bring peace to Ireland.
e) He is one of t he few Am erican Governm ent officials who list ened t o Mor t Abram owit z about t he com ing
war in Kosovo.
17. Which one of t he following best expresses Mor t Abram owit z's fundam ent al concern about t he fut ure of
the International Crisis Group?
a) He fears t hat t he I nt ernat ional Crisis Group's effort s will be insufficient t o st op wars and ot her crises
before they have grown to big too handle.
b) He fears t hat unless t he I nt ernat ional Crisis Group achieves som e spect acular early successes, it cannot
count on the political support it needs to stay in operation.
c) He fear s t hat t he I nt er nat ional Crisis Group m ay raise enough m oney t o st ay in operat ion but not enough
money to influence voters and, as a consequence, politicians.
d) He fears t hat wit hout m aking direct cash paym ent s t o polit ical candidat es, t he I nt ernat ional Crisis Group
cannot count on success.
e) He fears t hat t he I nt ernat ional Crisis Group m ay be perceived as a lobby inst ead of an hum anit arian
organization and, as a result, lose the support of powerful donors.
18. Which one of the following is most likely the main reason why Mort Abramowitz abandoned his career in
government?
a) He was frustrated by the inability of government to deal effectively with international crises.
b) He felt that he could probably be more effective in humanitarian work outside of government.
c) The Clinton administration offered him no job in which he could carry out his humanitarian work.
d) He knew that humanitarian work, to be truly effective, must not be tied to government.
e) He wanted to deal directly with crises as soon as they occurred.
19. According t o t he inform at ion in t he art icle, which one of t he following best describes t he significance of
Mort Abramowitz?
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20. Wit h respect t o Mort Abram owit z and t he work of t he I nt er nat ional Crisis Group, t he t one of t his art icle
could best be considered one of
a) absolute pessimism.
b) absolute faith in humanitarian movements.
c) disenchantment with humanitarian movements in general.
d) weary cynicism.
e) cautious optimism.
Gabarito
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1. AT 1 P.M., on a dreary Thursday aft ernoon last week, t he fait hful gat hered at t he red brick First Bapt ist
Church in t his Bucks Count y t own for a special prayer service. They were here not t o ask for help achieving
world peace or curing cancer, but rather to seek God's help to smite the Year 2000 computer problem.
2. This was t he second of dozens of prayer gat herings and sem inars scheduled t his year by t he Cent ral
Bucks Evangelical Churches. The group of 16 churches list s as a goal t o educat e t heir parishioners and t o
ask God t o give hum ankind t he knowledge t o solve t he m illennium bug problem , which could cause
com put ers' int ernal clocks and t he chips em bedded in VCR's and t he like t o becom e confused by t he dat e
2000. (Technology experts disagree as to whether the problems will be slightly inconvenient or disastrous.)
3. The dozen people who gat hered last Thursday aft ernoon and t he 25 m ore who cam e t o anot her
Doylest own church t hat evening are asking God t o m ake t heir governm ent leaders give t rut hful inform at ion
about t he Year 2000 problem , t o help foreign count ries solve t heir Year 2000 problem s and t o lessen t he
consequences to the elderly and needy segments of society.
4. Two m inist ers, t he Rev. Bob Travis of t he First Bapt ist Church and t he Rev. Dan Collison of Doylestown
Com m unit y Fellowship, ran t he services. They recom m ended " spirit ual preparat ion," like repent ing for sins
and praying, and " physical preparat ion," like get t ing hard copies of personal and financial records and
stockpiling food and water.
5. " We are m iddle of t he road," Mr. Collison said. " We are not saying t his is t he end of civilizat ion and t o
head for the hills."
6. Neit her m inist er sees t he problem as God's plan of disast er and chaos predict ed in Rev elat ion, or as any
ot her biblical sign. This is " m an m ade" said Mr. Collison, who has a privat e Web sit e design business and
also gives updated Y2K information on the church's Web site (www.dcf.org).
7. Brenda Br asher, an assist ant professor of religion and philosophy at Mount Union College in Alliance,
Ohio, said: " For a variet y of Christ ian groups, t her e has been a growing concern about Y2K, but t he bulk of
Christians do not look at Y2K as fulfilling a Revelation prophecy."
8. Ms. Brasher, who is on t he advisory board of t he Cent er for Millennial St udies at Bost on Universit y
( www.m ille.org) , which is looking int o societ al responses t o t he t urn of t he m illennium , said t hat in recent
m ont hs she had received calls from past ors around t he count ry asking her t o speak t o t heir congregat ions
or tell them more about Y2K that they could share with followers.
9. Barb O'Neill of Yardley, Pa., at t ended last Thursday's service in Doylest own t o pray and t o gat her
information she could take back to her Bucks County church, which had not yet started discussing Y2K.
10. The service opened wit h Mr. Collison announcing t hat " we're here t o pray about Y2K, not t o creat e fear-
m ongering." Then, t hey sang hym ns, clapped t o m usic and prayed, while several Philadelphia t elevision
stations stuck cameras in people's faces.
11. On the wall behind the altar, the date of the service was projected with a message: 330 days left.
01. You can infer from t he inform at ion in t he art icle t hat t he special prayer service m ent ioned in t he first
paragraph
a) was organized t o ask for God's help in solving t he Year 2000 ( Y2K) com put er problem , achieving world
peace, and curing cancer.
b) was the first of many such meetings scheduled this year by the Central Bucks Evangelical Churches.
c) was specifically Christian in religious orientation.
d) took place in the only Baptist church in Bucks County.
e) hopes to expand to include all religions in asking for God's help in solving the Y2K computer problem.
02. Specifically, the parishioners of the Central Bucks Evangelical Churches are praying
a) for God to solve the Y2K computer problem.
b) in the hope that God will save them from any disaster caused by the Y2K computer problem.
c) so t hat God will help t he Unit ed St at es Governm ent solve t he Y2K com put er problem before any disast er
happens.
d) so that they can discover how to solve the Y2K computer problem.
e) for God to reveal to the people of the world a way to solve the Y2K computer problem.
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03. You can infer from the information in the article that
a) t he Cent ral Bucks Evangelical Churches are m ore worried about t he Y2K com put er problem t han
technology experts are.
b) t he Cent r al Bucks Evangelical Churches are using t he Y2K com put er problem t o bring m ore people int o
their religion.
c) technology experts refuse to recognize any connection between the Y2K computer problem and God.
d) while some technology experts think that the Y2K computer problem will be disastrous, the leaders of the
Central Bucks Evangelical Churches don't see it that way.
e) both technology experts and the Central Bucks Evangelical Churches do not trust the U.S. Government to
solve the Y2K computer problem.
04. Which of the following statements about Bob Travers and Dan Collison is obviously false?
a) They both advocate prayer as a means of dealing with the Y2K computer problem.
b) They both view the Y2K computer problem as something unconnected with the Bible.
c) They both feel that allowing personal and financial documents to be stored exclusively in computers could
be a mistake.
d) They both are priests seeking God's help in solving the Y2K computer problem.
e) They both caution against any extreme reaction to the Y2K computer problem.
05. I n paragraph 5, when Mr. Collison says " We are m iddle of t he road," he m ost likely m eans t hat his
church group
a) neither believes that the Y2K computer problem will be a disaster nor that it will prove insignificant.
b) believes that, through prayer, the Y2K computer problem is already halfway to being solved.
c) is not fanatical about religion.
d) is unwilling to take any definite position on the Y2K computer problem.
e) believes t hat t he Y2K com put er pr oblem is, in fact , a religious problem , but one t hat hum ankind can
solve.
06. Which of the following probably reflects the opinion of Bob Travers and Dan Collison?
a) Essentially, the Y2K computer problem is nothing to be worried about.
b) Humankind is the cause of the Y2K computer problem.
c) Solving the Y2K computer problem requires the involvement of all people and all religions.
d) The Cent r al Bucks Evangelical Churches m ust concent rat e ex clusively on helping t he Unit ed St at es solve
the Y2K computer problem.
e) People cannot solve the Y2K computer problem without God's help.
07. I n paragraph 7, when Brenda Brasher says t hat " ...t he bulk of Christ ians do not look at Y2K as fulfilling
a Revelation prophecy," she most likely means that
a) many Christians had hoped that the Y2K computer problem would prove to be a concrete sign from God.
b) through concentrated prayer it may be possible to solve the Y2K computer problem.
c) most Christians do not believe that the Y2K computer problem is Biblical in origin.
d) most practicing Christians feel that the Y2K computer problem was predicted in the Bible.
e) many Christians do not believe that the Book of Revelations predicted the use of computers.
08. According to the information in the article, which of the following is probably the principal function of the
Center for Millennial Studies at Boston University?
a) To study all ways in which the Y2K computer problem may be solved.
b) To determine if the true nature of the Y2K computer problem is religious or not.
c) To counsel religious groups around the country on how to respond to the Y2K computer problem.
d) To discover ways for society to prevent any disaster that might occur in the new millennium.
e) To study ways in which society is dealing with the transition to the new millennium.
09. Which of the following is most probably the reason why Barb O'Neill attended the service in Doylestown?
a) She wanted to pray and to share information about the Y2K computer problem with other Christians.
b) She hoped that, through prayer, she could increase her own knowledge about the Y2K computer problem.
c) She want ed t o pray and t o gain a bet t er underst anding of t he Y2K com put er problem , an underst anding
that she then intended to pass along to her church.
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d) She hoped t hat her church and t he Doylest own church could work t oget her t o solve t he Y2K com put er
problem.
e) She wanted to pray and to discover how, through God, the Y2K computer problem could be solved.
10. You can infer from the context of the last paragraph that
a) the Central Bucks Evangelical Churches will solve the Y2K computer problem in 330 days.
b) 330 days remain until the Year 2000.
c) 330 days have already passed and still the Y2K computer problem has not been solved.
d) a special religious service dealing with the Y2K computer problem will be held in 330 days.
e) a world- wide computer disaster will occur in 330 days.
1. Each day, Olga Serebr yankikova st rides int o Karlovy Vary's Pavlov Sanat orium , st rips down, parks her
am ple fram e on a m ar ble bench, and has an assist ant encase her in hot t herm al m ud. And t hat 's j ust for
st art ers. " This aft ernoon, I 'll have a swim and a m assage. Tonight , we're going t o t he opera," t he Moscow
matron sighs contentedly. "I'm satisfied."
2. She's not alone. For cent uries, t he Czech t ow n of Karlovy Vary ( bet t er known abr oad by it s Germ an
nam e, CarI sbad) has been m ecca for Russian visit ors looking t o st ave off old age. Pet er t he Great sw ore a
dip in t he t herm al springs im proved his sexual pot ency. Tolst oy t ossed back a gallon a day of t he sulphur-
rich wat ers in a bid t o im prove his digest ion. Under com m unism , t rade unions sent m odel workers on all-
expenses- paid j unket s.
3. But only since the fall of the old regime has the spa lived up to its nickname of "Little Russia." In the past
five years, t he annual influx of Russian- speaking visit ors has increased m ore t han fivefold. Of t he 50,000
t ourist s who visit ed last year, around 60% hailed from t he form er Soviet Union. For t he m ost part , t hough,
t hese ar en't t he honest t oilers of Soviet m yt h. These are " New Russians," who one way or anot her am assed
fort unes in hard currency while t heir com pat riot s saw t he ruble buy less and less. Three of Karlovy Vary's
grandest art nouveau hot els are now Russian- cont rolled and cat er alm ost exclusively t o cit izens of t he
erst while Soviet st at es. The Moscow Cit y governm ent even m aint ains a consulat e here for t hose who w ant
to mix business with pleasure.
4. Wit h t he collapse of t he ruble t his sum m er, local t raders are looking forward t o even bigger business.
" The worse t hings get at hom e, t he m ore t hey look for a haven from t he m adness," insist s Bohumil
Prochazka, direct or of t he t own's Pent alog Tour agency, a subsidiary of t he Hot el I m perial, Karlovy Vary's
largest , which cat ers t o Russian- speakers. Prochazka even says he's t hinking of in creasing his com pany's
block bookings on t he weekly shut t le flight s from Moscow t hat bot h Czech Airlines and t he Russian carrier
Aeroflot Airlines began running in early 1998.
5. FAST M ON EY. The ruble disast er also seem s t o be prom pt ing Russian visit ors t o st ock up against t he
fut ure. " They're buying m ore t han ever before m ost ly gold and pearls and garnet s," says Lenka Sulcova,
m anager of a j ewelry em porium opposit e t he Colonnades, a 19t h cent ury neoclassical arcade t hat houses
t he m ost popular t herm al springs. " And t hey always pay cash. Always." For t hose who can afford it , Karlovy
Vary offers another nest egg just as durable: property. The town's daily Russian language expat newspaper,
Karlovyvarskoye Novost i ( Karlovy Vary News) has begun running a full- page " propert y of t he day "
advertisement offering apartments and well- preserved mansions in the wooded hills that surround the town.
Alt hough Czech law forbids foreigners t o purchase real est at e unless t hey do so t hr ough a r egist ered
business, t hat 's a m inor inconvenience for m any of t he paper 's readers. " They can set up a com pany in 48
hours. They can t ransfer m oney from dollar account s in t wo hours," says edit or Jiri Chm elik. " These aren't
the kind of men to let anything get in their way."
6. While local t raders scoff at police denials of big- t im e underworld act ion, few seem worried t heir
hom et own will t urn int o a lat t er- day 1930s Chicago. " l know t hese people ar e here, but crim inal act ivit y in
t he t own it self is m inim al," says Sanit orium No. 5 m anager Jana Jezkova. " You don't have shoot ings here.
You don't see drugs here. You don't see whores on the street."
7. In fact, most of the area's 500 or so full- time Russian inhabitants left their homeland in the first place out
of fear of rising crim e, says longt im e Karlovy Vary resident Maxim Blaha. " I n Russia, if you do well, you're a
t arget for kidnappers, for blackm ailers, for crim inals," says Blaha, a real- est at e businessm an who arrived in
t he early 1990s aft er buying a Sout h Am erican passport and having his freshly m int ed Czech surnam e
insert ed. " The ideal is t o have a lit t le business her e, live here wit h your fam ily, and com m ut e t o Moscow."
After all, he says, despite the recent troubles, that's still where the real money is.
By James Drake in Karlovy Vary
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13. According to the information in the article, the "New Russians" are
a) refugees from the Soviet Union who have decided to stay in Karlovy Vary.
b) Russians who have become rich since the fall of the Soviet Union.
c) ex- Communists who fear to live in Russia because of the high crime rate there.
d) wealthy Russians who have made the decision to leave Russia forever.
e) Russian businessmen who have set up operations in both Russia and Karlovy Vary.
14. According to the information in the article, which one of the following is not offered by Karlovy Vary?
a) Vacation packages for visitors from the Soviet Union.
b) Thermal springs reputed to improve sexual potency.
c) Precious metals and stones.
d) A consulate of the Moscow City government.
e) A safe place for wealthy Russians fleeing crime at home.
16. I n t he cont ext of paragraph 5, when Jiri Chm elik says " These aren't t he kind of m en t o let anyt hing get
in their way," he most likely means that
a) the Russians who come to Karlovy Vary are dangerous criminals.
b) most of the Russians who come to Karlovy Vary are hard- working, successful businessmen.
c) t he Czech aut horit ies in Karlovy Vary are det er m ined t hat real- est at e t r ansact ions t here be carried out
legally.
d) many of the Russians who buy real estate in the Karlovy Vary region will stop at nothing to get what they
want.
e) Russians interested in buying real estate in the Karlovy Vary region almost always find what they want.
17. According t o t he inform at ion in t he art icle, Karlovy Vary police deny t hat m aj or Russian crim inals ar e
living in Karlovy Vary, but
a) Karlovy Vary merchants believe the contrary.
b) Karlovy Vary merchants remain apprehensive about rising crimes rates.
c) Karlovy Vary merchants believe that the police are corrupt.
d) the Karlovy Vary press has openly exposed the presence of Russians gangsters.
e) Czech law does not prohibit the entrance of supposed criminals into the Czech Republic.
18. You can infer from the information in the article that which one of the following is not a common reason
for Russians to go to Karlovy Vary?
a) To escape the rising crime rate in Russia.
b) To set up a criminal activity with ties to Russia.
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20. You can infer from the information in the article that
a) many Karlovy Vary residents view the "New Russians" with distrust.
b) Karlovy Vary is now dominated by "New Russians."
c) the Moscow City government has strong influence over the government of Karlovy Vary.
d) one can make more money in Moscow than in Karlovy Vary.
e) Karlovy Vary receives more Russian visitors than any other city in Eastern Europe.
Gabarito
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1. "DEVELOPMENT", wrote James Wolfensohn, the president of the World Bank, earlier this year, "requires
good governance, m eaning open, t ransparent , account able public inst it ut ions." Over t he past year or t wo of
economic turmoil in Asia¾ turmoil caused, in the view of many, by a lack of governmental accountability¾ Mr
Wolfensohn's prescript ion has becom e a favourit e t hem e in t he corridors of t he World Bank and t he I MF. So
when a governm ent set s about under m ining t he inst it ut ions designed t o hold it in check, it is t im e t o st art
thinking about shutting off the flow of money.
2. Pakist an has been run by such dr eadful gover nm ent s for so long t hat it seem s barely wort h rem arking
on any det eriorat ion. But whereas previous governm ent s wer e chaot ic in t heir awfulness, t his one has
t urned out t o be syst em at ic. Over t he past t wo years Nawaz Sharif, t he prim e m inist er, has been picking off
individuals and inst it ut ions t hat he believes pose any t hreat t o his own power. He has seen off a president
and t he chief of t he arm y st aff, and is now t rying t o push t hrough a const it ut ional am endm ent t hat would
give him sweeping powers t o ignore Pakist an's legislat ure and provincial governm ent s in t he nam e of
Islamisation.
3. The j udiciary at first t ried t o check Mr Sharif, but has given up. When t he chief j ust ice of t he Suprem e
Court , Saj j ad Ali Shah, t ook t he president 's side in an argum ent wit h t he prim e m inist er in 1997, a m ob
from Mr Sharifs part y st orm ed t he Suprem e Court and Mr Sharif sacked Mr Shah. The court s have given Mr
Sharif little trouble since.
4. This year it is t he t urn of t he pr ess. A few m ont hs back, t he Jang Group of newspapers had it s bank
account s frozen and it s newsprint confiscat ed. Now Naj am Set hi, a newspaper publisher and edit or ( and a
form er correspondent of The Econom ist ) , is being held wit hout charge, accused, by governm ent press
releases, of working for bot h t he CI A and I ndian int elligence. The governm ent insist s t hat his arrest has
not hing t o do wit h a cam paign against t he press¾ which m akes it odd, t hen, t hat all copies of his paper, t he
Friday Times, were seized last week, and that its website has been jammed.
5. All t his is unfort unat e for Pakist anis, of course, but should it really m at t er t o t hose who hand out t he
m oney? Yes. Wit hout an independent j udiciary and a free press, t here is lit t le chance of t he account abilit y
and openness that Mr Wolfensohn regards as essential to development.
6. Signs already abound t hat m oney which should have been spent on developm ent is being wast ed. A
schem e t o help poor Pakist anis becom e t axi- drivers has involved t he dist ribut ion of concessional loans at
polit icians' discret ion. Neit her t he grand I slam abad- Lahore highway nor t he unnecessary new airport at
Karachi is justified by economics.
7. Mr Sharif s predecessor, Benazir Bhut t o, has j ust been sent enced in absent ia t o five years in j ail for
corrupt ion. Mr Shah, t he sacked chief j ust ice, had agreed t o hear corrupt ion charges against Mr Sharif, but
was sacked short ly aft erwards. Mr Sharif s fam ily has been t aint ed by a High Court j udgm ent in London
against his fat her and t w o brot hers in March, ordering t hem t o repay $32.5m in loans t aken out from a
Saudi finance house for a paper mill owned by the family. Mr Sethi had written a sharp editorial commenting
on this judgment the week before he was arrested.
8. Before t he end of t he m ont h, t he I MF'S boar d is due t o consider releasing t he next t ranche of a $1.6
billion loan. I t should t hink long and hard about whet her Mr Sharif s Pakist an is really likely t o use t he
m oney well. Of course, t here are m any badly governed count r ies in t he world, but som e of t hem , oft en
t hanks t o pr odding from out side, have been m oving in t he right direct ion. Pakist an under Mr Sharif is
moving in the wrong direction. It seems perverse to give it more cash to speed it on its way.
9. The count er- argum ent t hat carries m ost weight wit h t he Unit ed St at es¾ which has m uch influence in
t hese m at t er s¾ is t hat t he alt ernat ives t o Mr Sharif s governm ent are even nast ier. Afghanist an, over t he
border, is run by t he Taliban, a bunch of fearsom e I slam ic zealot s. Pakist an is a nuclear power. Nobody in
the West wants a nuclear Taliban.
10. This argum ent is favoured by m any unat t ract ive gover nm ent s. I t oft en works. lt got t he sanct ions
t hat had been applied aft er Pakist an's nuclear t est last year lift ed only six m ont hs lat er. I t got Boris Yelt sin
boat loads of m oney: all he had t o do was hold up t he spect r e of t he ult ra- nat ionalist Vladim ir Zhirinovsky,
or t he Com m unist s, or bot h, and anot her cheque was writ t en. The procedur e has t he m erit , som et im es, of
genuinely prevent ing villains from t aking over. I t s flaw, t hough, is t hat it usually prevent s any decent
alternative to the gang in power from emerging.
11. Anyway, t he bogey m an t hreat is even less convincing in Pakist an t han it was in Russia. Pakist anis
show lit t le ent husiasm for Taliban- st yle polit ics. Fundam ent alist part ies got 5% of t he vot e in t he last
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elect ion. They hat e each ot her even m ore t han t hey hat e t he secular elit e, so it would be hard for any one
group t o im pose it s views on t he count ry. And t he furt her Mr Sharif goes in underm ining t he few checks on
his own power, the harder it will be to tell the difference between him and the bogey that might replace him.
Pakistan needs an accountable government; then the money can follow.
THE ECONOMIST MAY 22ND 1999
01. I n Paragraph 1, t he phrase " ...Mr Wolfensohn's prescript ion has becom e a favourit e t hem e in t he
corridors of the World Bank and the IMF." most likely means that
a) t he World Bank and t he I MF feel t hat Jam es Wolfensohn's analysis of t he problem s inherent in
international lending is correct.
b) m em bers of t he World Bank and of t he I MF are in favor of Jam es Wolfensohn's desire t o reduce Third
World lending.
c) m ost em ployees of t he World Bank and t he I MF acknowledge t heir inst it ut ions' role in Asian econom ic
instability over the past few years.
d) t he World Bank and t he I MF are officially st udying how t o im plem ent Jam es Wolfensohn's ideas on
economic development and good government.
e) m em bers of t he World Bank and of t he I MF are showing great int erest in Jam es Wolfensohn's idea t hat
the proper exercise of government authority is fundamental in promoting economic development.
02. According t o t he inform at ion in t he art icle, which one of t he following dist inguishes Nawaz Sharif's
government from the governments of previous Pakistani prime ministers?
a) The gover nm ent s of pr evious Pakist ani prim e m inist ers showed som e im provem ent over t im e, but Nawaz
Sharif's government has only become worse.
b) Nawaz Sharif's government is the most corrupt in the history of Pakistan.
c) Unlike t he leaders of previous Pakist ani governm ent s, Nawaz Sharif is m ore deliberat e, and is t aking
calculated steps to remove any obstacles to his power.
d) Nawaz Sharif's government has wasted most of the aid money loaned to it.
e) Nawaz Sharif's governm ent , unlike previous governm ent s, is irreplaceable because no accept able
alternative to it exists.
03. I n Paragraph 3, t he sent ence " The j udiciary at first t ried t o check Mr Sharif, but has given up." m ost
likely means approximately which of the following?
a) The Pakist ani j udiciary's early at t em pt t o block Nawaz Sharif's illegal act ivit ies ended in failure, and no
further attempt followed.
b) The Pakist ani j udiciary init ially at t em pt ed t o m onit or Nawaz Sharif's act ivit ies but ended by giving him
what he wanted.
c) In the beginning, the Pakistani judiciary opposed Nawaz Sharif but is now working with him as an ally.
d) Aft er repeat edly checking Nawaz Sharif's governm ent for illegal act ivit ies, t he Pakist ani j udiciary has
recently decided to do nothing.
e) The Pakist ani j udiciary has been unable t o find concret e evidence proving t hat Nawaz Sharif's
government is corrupt.
04. You can infer from the information in the article that Najam Sethi was probably arrested because
a) he supports Benazir Bhutto and not Nawaz Sharif.
b) he wrot e an unfavorable edit orial report ing t hat Nawaz Sharif's fat her and t wo brot hers had lost an
important court case in London.
c) he has attacked Nawaz Sharif's government from the beginning ¾ and without cause.
d) he has strong, and suspicious, ties to the CIA and Indian Intelligence.
e) he exposed corrupt ion and wast e in t he const ruct ion of t he I slam abad- Lahore highway and t he new
Karachi airport.
05. The argument mentioned in the first sentence of Paragraph 10 can best be summed up as
a) Give us the money or a worse government will come to power.
b) Give us the money or we will go to war.
c) Without more money our people will starve.
d) Without more money, we won't become truly democratic.
e) Give us the money or our development projects will stop.
06. Which one of the following was not part of Nawaz Sharif's campaign against the press?
a) Najam Sethi was arrested.
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07. Which of t he following is an argum ent being used t o convince t he World Bank and t he I MF t o cont inue
giving money to Nawaz Sharif's government?
a) Without more money, Nawaz Sharif's government will be too weak to stop Indian and Chinese expansion.
b) Wit hout m ore m oney, Nawaz Sharif could lose power, allowing people even worse t han he t o cont rol
Pakistan.
c) Without more money, construction projects necessary to Pakistan will have to stop.
d) Without more money, Nawaz Sharif's government will continue to be corrupt and dictatorial.
e) Without more money, there may be no way to release Pakistani political prisoners from jail.
08. You can assume that the author of the article most likely feels that, at this moment,
a) giving more money to Pakistan will encourage democratic government.
b) Nawaz Sharif's government will fall unless given more money.
c) t is a wise policy not to give more money to Pakistan.
d) giving more money to Pakistan will increase the threat of nuclear war.
e) the Islamic religion is a threat to Pakistan's stability.
09. Which of t he following is not m ent ioned in t he art icle as an aspect of Pakist an's I slam ic fundam ent alist
parties?
a) They hate each other more than they hate Pakistan's non- religious upper class.
b) They are similar to Afghanistan's Taliban.
c) They are unacceptable to the West as an alternative to Nawaz Sharif's government.
d) None of them is strong enough to gain dominance in Pakistan.
e) Though at the moment small, they will soon exert real influence in Pakistani politics.
10. "Rot" in the title "The rot in Pakistan" most likely refers to which one of the following?
a) The Islamic fundamentalism that is destroying democracy and good government.
b) The increasing corruption and authoritarianism of Nawaz Sharif's governemnt.
c) The ignorance and lack of development that keeps Pakistan in the Third World.
d) The decay of Pakistani society caused by easy money from foreign loans.
e) The Islamic fundamentalist hatred eating away at traditional Pakistani society.
" But there are many, many people clamoring for this courtroom, needy people who aren't rich."
10. Just ice Weissberg forced bot h sides t o hold set t lem ent negot iat ions all aft ernoon yest erday, but by 6
P.M. no agreement had been reached, and the two sides were ordered to return again this morning.
11. Bot h Mr. Perelm an and Ms. Duff, an influent ial Dem ocrat who has raised consider able sum s for t he
part y, want full cust ody of Caleigh. Mr. Perelm an's represent at ives say he has given Ms. Duff $30 m illion in
real est at e, j ewelry and cash, plus alim ony of $1.2 m illion. Ms. Duff has said t he value of all Mr. Perelm an
has given her is actually $21 million. He is also paying her temporary child support of $12,000 per month.
12. Ms. Duff would like him t o provide a Manhat t an apart m ent or house for her and Caleigh t hat will
accommodate the 24- hour live- in security he has requested. Last week, an appeals court ruled that Ms. Duff
could not be forced to provide the security Mr. Perelman demanded.
13. The sniping inside and out side t he court room cont inued yest erday. Ms. Duff said during a break in t he
proceedings that she was being unfairly treated by a court system that she charged was being influenced by
her powerful ex- husband.
14. "I have become a kicking bag for some of the most outrageous legal decisions that have come down the
pike," she said. "Yes, I think something is going on."
15. But in court , Adria Hillm an, a lawyer represent ing Mr. Perelm an, paint ed him as t he vict im , saying Ms.
Duff "has made allegations about my client that are absolutely ridiculous and absolutely false."
16. Justice Weissberg made it clear that he had little patience for either side and that he believed there was
only one victim in the dispute.
17. "In one way she is very blessed to have wealthy parents," he said of Caleigh. "But in another way she is
unlucky, because no child should have to be put through this."
The New York Times - Thursday, August 12, 1999
11. According t o t he inform at ion in t he art icle, what m ost recent ly happened t o prevent t he Perelm an- Duff
case from proceeding normally?
a) Julia Heit declared that she had received money from Ronald O. Perelman.
b) Patricia Duff's lawyer made a request to remove herself from the case.
c) Lawyers representing Ronald O. Perelman and Patricia Duff could not reach an agreement.
d) Ronald O. Perelman tried to bribe Patricia Duff's lawyer.
e) Julia Heit fired her lawyer.
12. Which one of the following is most likely the main point of conflict in this court battle between Ronald O.
Perelman and Patricia Duff?
a) Patricia Duff wants Ronald O. Perelman to pay more money for alimony and child support.
b) Ronald O. Perelman insists that Patricia Duff provide her own 24- hour live- in security.
c) Pat ricia Duff is convinced t hat Ronald O. Perelm an has used his enorm ous wealt h t o influence t he court s
against her.
d) Pat ricia Duff cannot find a lawyer capable of represent ing her in a capable and honest m anner against
Ronald O. Perelman.
e) Both Ronald O. Perelman and Patricia Duff want full custody of their daughter Caleigh.
13. In Paragraph 4, "The latest legal casualty in the case..." refers specifically to
a) Caleigh
b) Justice Franklin R. Weissberg
c) Patricia Duff
d) Julia Heit
e) Ronald O. Perelman
14. One declaration that Justice Franklin R. Weissberg has made is that
a) bot h Ronald O. Perelm an and Pat ricia Duff are deliberat ely em ploying legal t act ics designed t o hurt t heir
child.
b) a negotiated settlement between Ronald O. Perelman and Patricia Duff will be the only way to resolve the
custody case.
c) Pat ricia Duff cannot be forced t o pr ovide t he 24- hour live- in securit y t hat Ronald O. Perelm an want s her
to have.
d) Patricia Duff is deliberately keeping the custody case from proceeding.
e) both sides must reach an agreement by 6P.M.
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15. Which of the following is most likely a belief of Justice Franklin R. Weissberg?
a) The Perelman- Duff custody case will be settled soon.
b) The real victim of the Perelman- Duff custody case is Caleigh.
c) The rich have less need of justice than the poor.
d) Ronald O. Perelman has been trying to influence and manipulate the court system.
e) The amount of money that Patricia Duff has received from Ronald O. Perelman is a fair payment.
16. You can infer from the information in the article that Justice Franklin R. Weissberg
a) favors the arguments of Ronald O. Perelman over those of Patricia Duff.
b) will most likely award Patricia Duff custody of Caleigh.
c) feels contempt for rich people in general.
d) is unfairly biased against Patricia Duff.
e) has a low opinion of both Ronald O. Perelman and Patricia Duff.
17. You can infer from the information in the article that one result of this lengthy court case is that
a) there is now a long list of people waiting to use the courtroom.
b) Ronald O.Perelman will have to pay much more money to Patricia Duff than he originally wanted to.
c) trial activity in New York City courts has virtually stopped.
d) Patricia Duff has spent $30 million in legal fees.
e) Patricia Duff and Caleigh will not be safe without 24- hour live- in security.
18. I n Paragraph 14, when Pat ricia Duff says " Yes, I t hink som et hing is going on," she m ost likely m eans
that
a) she is convinced that she will win the custody case.
b) she has made no attempt to delay the custody case and believes that it is proceeding normally.
c) she thinks that her ex- husband is trying to hurt her by hurting their daughter.
d) she believes that the legal system is being manipulated against her.
e) she is convinced that her ex- husband has bribed Justice Franklin R. Weissberg.
19. You can infer from the information in the article that
a) Patricia Duff will probably win full custody of Caleigh.
b) Ronald O. Perelman will probably win full custody of Caleigh.
c) Caleigh will never recover from the harm being done to her.
d) neither Ronald O. Perelman nor Patricia Duff can yet be considered the winner.
e) Ronald O. Perelman cares more about Caleigh than Patricia Duff does.
20. From its tone and content, the article suggests that the Perelman- Duff custody case is an example of
a) how legal manipulations can corrupt the justice system.
b) two parents who care more about themselves than they do about their own child.
c) two essentially decent people corrupted by money and power.
d) a legal system that favors men over women.
e) how all people are victims in a divorce trial.
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01. WASHI NGTON, Feb. 19 Federal prosecut ors are pressing for t he deat h penalt y against a m an charged
with murdering three employees at a Starbucks coffee shop here in July 1997, clearing the way for the city's
first death penalty case in nearly 30 years.
02. I n an out line issued t his week, t he prosecut or s said t hey w ant ed t o pr ess a capit al charge because t he
defendant has a history of violent crime. They said he shows no remorse and poses a continuing threat.
03. Carl D. Cooper, 30, has been charged wit h t he t hree killings in t he affluent Georget own sect ion of t he
cit y. The bodies of Em ory Allen Evans, 25; Mary Cait rin Mahoney, 24; and Aaron David Goodrich, 18, were
found by another Starbucks employee.
04. The case gained nat ional at t ent ion because it happened in one of t he cit y's fashionable neighborhoods,
a 34- square- block area nort hwest of downt own Washingt on known for bars, rest aurant s, bout iques and
narrow resident ial st reet s of expensive t own houses. Georget own is hom e t o m em bers of Congress,
Secret ary of St at e Madeleine K. Albright and ot her m aj or polit ical figures, as well as Georget own Universit y,
but not to a great deal of crime or violence.
05. At t orney General Janet Reno decided t o seek t he deat h penalt y for Mr. Cooper wit h advice from Wilm a
A. Lewis, the United States attorney for the District of Columbia. A death penalty review panel at the Justice
Department concurred.
06. Kennet h L. Wainst ein, assist ant Unit ed St at es at t orney, in a 35- page docum ent , cit ed Mr. Cooper 's
"cont inuing pat t ern of crim inal conduct ," including arm ed robberies dat ing t o 1989 and possession of
firearm s and drugs dat ing t o 1988; laundering of m oney obt ained from robberies; and t hreat s t o m urder
witnesses and law enforcement officers.
07. The case moved to federal court in August with a 48- count indictment against Mr. Cooper, charging him
with crimes from 1993 to 1997. His trial is to start on May 2 in United States District Court in Washington.
08. The last person execut ed in t he cit y was Robert E. Cart er, 28, an unem ployed laborer elect rocut ed on
April 27,1957, for killing an unarmed, off- duty police officer. The last trial in a capital case was in 1972.
09. The cit y repealed t he deat h penalt y in 1980. Resident s v ot ed ov erwhelm ingly in t he 1992 elect ion t o
reject a provision that would have reinstated the death sentence.
10. City officials, many of whom are opposed to the decision to make this a capital case, criticized Ms. Reno
for ignoring t he views of t he cit y's resident s and urged t hat t he cit y be allowed t o handle t he sit uat ion wit h
som e aut onom y. I f Mr. Cooper were prosecut ed under local j urisdict ion, t he m axim um sent ence he could
receive would be life in prison without the possibility of parole.
11. Eleanor Holm es Nort on, t he cit y's delegat e t o Congress, wrot e t o Ms. Lewis: " The Cooper case is
essent ially a local hom icide m at t er wit h federal charges t acked on. I f t he Dist rict had a local prosecut or, she
could not ask for t he deat h penalt y. The applicat ion of t he harshest and m ost cont roversial penalt y in our
law should not depend on whether the U.S. attorney or a locally chosen prosecutor litigates the case. Where
t he local j urisdict ion of t axpaying cit izens is deprived of a local prosecut or, t he U.S. at t orney has a special
obligation to respect local law."
12. Ms. Nort on said in an int erview t hat " serious equal prot ect ion quest ions are raised" when a high- profile
case is chosen for t he deat h penalt y. She said it is dist urbing t hat , wit h about 300 hom icides in t he cit y in a
year, m ost of t hem in poor neighborhoods, federal officials chose t o elevat e a case from t he " m ost
glamorous part of Washington."
13. Mayor Ant hony A. William s said he agreed wit h t he at t orney general on " t he need for harsh penalt ies,
including life in prison without parole." But, he added, "I do not support the death penalty."
14. Ms. Nort on and Am nest y I nt ernat ional USA have drawn com parisons t o a 1995 t riple m urder at a
McDonald's in Sout heast Washingt on. Kennet h J. Marshall pleaded guilt y and received 80 years t o life in
prison.
02. Which of t he following does t he art icle m ent ion as a conflict associat ed wit h t he St arbucks coffee- shop
murders?
a) Though m ost inhabit ant s of Washingt on are against t he deat h penalt y, federal prosecut ors are in favor of
it.
b) Though t he U.S. At t orney General is in favor of t he deat h penalt y, t he U.S. Secret ary of St at e is against
it.
c) If the murder had occurred in another city, it would not have caused such a scandal.
d) If the victims of the killings had been black instead of white, the crime would not have been so important.
e) Though the local Washington prosecutor is in favor of the death penalty, the federal prosecutor is against
it.
04. The person m ost responsible for at t em pt ing t o im pose t he deat h penalt y in t he St arbucks coffee- shop
murders case is
a) Kenneth L. Wainstein
b) Madeleine K. Albright
c) Wilma A. Lewis
d) Janet Reno
e) Eleanor Holmes Norton
05. According t o t he inform at ion in t he art icle, in t he cit y of Washingt on, which of t he following is m ost
likely true?
a) City officials are rarely in agreement with federal officials.
b) City officials know better than federal officials how to deal with violent crime.
c) The federal government may not interfere in the operations of the city government.
d) The federal government is introducing new legislation to reduce the power of the city government.
e) Certain city laws do not agree with certain federal laws.
06. According to the information in the article, which of the following is true about accused murderer Carl D.
Cooper and convicted murderer Kenneth J. Marshall?
a) Both may be executed for murder.
b) Carl D. Cooper may be executed for murder, but Kenneth J. Marshall will not be.
c) Both committed their murders in Georgetown, but only Carl D. Cooper will be tried under federal law.
d) Carl D. Cooper s crim e was m ore m onst rous, and for t hat reason he will be execut ed.
e) Kenneth J. Marshall escaped the death penalty through the help of Amnesty International USA, which was
not the case with Carl D. Cooper.
07. According to the information in the article, what is the significance of Robert E. Carter?
a) He was executed for murder in 1972 in Washington.
b) He electrocuted a Washington police officer in 1957.
c) He was the last person tried for murder in Washington.
d) He was the last person in Washington to die because of the death penalty.
e) He is a symbol of the inability of capital punishment to deter crime.
08. I n Paragraph 10, t he sit uat ion in t he sent ence Cit y officials...urged t hat t he cit y be allowed t o handle
t he sit uat ion wit h som e aut onom y m ost likely refers t o
a) the unpopularity of the death penalty in Washington.
b) Carl D. Cooper s m urder t rial and t he cont roversy surrounding it .
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09. You can infer from t he inform at ion in Paragraph 11 t hat Eleanor Holm es Nort on t hinks t hat t he federal
prosecutors in the Starbucks coffee- shop murders case
a) are wrong in seeking the death penalty.
b) have no respect for poor people.
c) should work in partnership with local Washington prosecutors instead of acting alone.
d) are seeking the death penalty because they are ignorant of local law.
e) would not seek the death penalty if the victims of the crime had been poor.
10. According t o t he inform at ion in t he art icle, if Carl D. Cooper were t ried under local Washingt on law
instead of federal law,
a) his case would probably attract little attention outside of Washington.
b) he would have a better chance of being judged innocent.
c) he would probably receive a light sentence.
d) his chances of receiving a fair trial would be better.
e) the worst sentence he could receive would be life in prison.
farmbelt senators, ran into anti- Castro fury in the House and was left out of the final farm bill. But the same
senat ors hoped t o pass it as a separat e m easur e at t he end of Oct ober and t o t ry t o persuade t he House
again next year. These act ions suggest " a silent seism ic shift " in t hinking t owards Cuba, says Philip Pet ers,
vicepresident of t he Lexingt on I nst it ut e and a for m er St at e Depart m ent official in t he Reagan and Bush
administrations.
08. Any change in the embargo will have to come from Washington. But the trip has done Mr Ryan no harm
in I llinois. Local farm ers feel t hey are being list ened t o, and local Lat inos m ost ly seem t o have approved of
t he t rip ( t he com plaint s cam e from Florida) . There is st ill som e doubt as t o how Cuba would ever pay for all
t hose im port s from I llinois, if t hey appeared; t he regim e is as desperat e for hard currency as ever. But
Illinois is at least standing ready, at the head of the line, for the day when the gates open.
11. According t o t he inform at ion in t he art icle, which of t he following was m ost likely George Ryan s m ain
purpose in visiting Cuba?
a) To secure human- rights reforms.
b) To meet and talk with Fidel Castro.
c) To set up a bi- lateral U.S/Cuba industrial agreement.
d) To research the effects of the American embargo on the Cuban economy.
e) To explore the possibility of initiating commerce between Cuba and the state of Illinois.
12. According t o t he inform at ion in t he art icle, which of t he following is a unique aspect of Geor ge Ryan s
trip to Cuba?
a) He visited Cuba even though it is illegal for Americans to do so.
b) He is the first United States governor to visit that island in four decades.
c) He negotiated a US$1.2- billion trade deal with the Cuban government.
d) He is the first United States governor to speak to Fidel Castro in 40 years.
e) Though he is governor of Illinois, he visited Cuba as a representative of several businesses.
13. One of the first things George Ryan did when he arrived at his hotel in Havana was to
a) rent a car.
b) have a meeting with Fidel Castro.
c) shake the hands of the people around him.
c) criticize the Castro regime.
e) visit a children s hospital.
14. I n Paragr aph 2, when George Ryan says, Maybe t hey can be vot ers one day, Mr President ,
a) he is referring to American democracy under President Clinton.
b) he is indicat ing his support for Fidel Cast ro s dem ocrat ic reform s.
c) he is lamenting the absence of party politics in Cuba.
d) he is calling attention to the corruption in Cuban politics.
e) he is implying that Cuba has no free and democratic elections.
15. According t o t he inform at ion in t he art icle, in which of t he following ways is t he I llinois House of
Representatives unique?
a) It is the first state legislature to send a governor to Cuba.
b) It is the only state legislature that maintains ties with Cuba.
c) It is the first state legislature to ship food and medicine to Cuba.
d) I t is t he first st at e legislat ure officially t o request an end t o t he prohibit ion against shipping food and
medicine to Cuba.
e) It is the only relatively pro- Castro state legislature in the United States.
16. Which of t he following best describes Geor ge Ryan s opinion of t he children s hospit al t hat he visit ed in
Cuba?
a) He t hought it was com parable t o children s hospit als in I llinois.
b) He hoped that one day the children would be well again.
c) He thought that the hospital was a disgrace.
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17. According to the information in the article, American farmers believe that
a) the United States government will soon allow Cuba to buy American agricultural products.
b) American agricultural prices will remain stable if Cuba is allowed to trade with the United States.
c) t hey are losing m oney because of t he Unit ed St at es governm ent s foreign policy.
d) even if allowed t o t rade wit h t he Unit ed St at es, Cuba will never be a significant m arket for Am erican
agricultural products.
e) t he Unit ed St at es gov ernm ent should insist on real dem ocracy in Cuba before allowing t rade wit h t hat
country to take place.
18. I n Paragr aph 7, t he sent ence Mr Ryan is not alone m ost likely m eans t hat George Ryan is not t he only
a) American who has gone to Cuba.
b) governor whose state have lost money because of the American embargo.
c) politician who has criticized Fidel Castro.
d) politician who advocates the end of the American embargo against Cuba.
e) American sending humanitarian aid to Cuba.
19. You can infer from t he inform at ion in t he art icle t hat m any Unit ed St at es senat or s believe t hat t he
American embargo against Cuba
a) has outlived whatever usefulness it once had.
b) is a great barrier against the spread of Communism.
c) will finally bring down Fidel Cast ro s governm ent .
d) should be left as it is.
e) is a symbol of American democracy at work.
20. You can infer from t he inform at ion in t he art icle t hat even if Am erican farm ers could sell t heir product s
to Cuba,
a) it is doubtful that Cubans would want to buy them.
b) there would still be no market for Cuban goods in the United States.
c) the low prices these products would receive would discourage such a business.
d) it is doubtful that Fidel Castro would allow these products to enter the country.
e) it is doubtful that Cuba would have the money to pay for them.
Gabarito
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1. The gold silk blouse and earrings are signs that Li Mei- kuei is finally coming out of mourning. Seven years
ago her husband's bloat ed corpse washed ashore in t he nort hern Taiwanese fishing port of Suao. Capt . Yin
Ching- feng had been t he chief naval officer overseeing Taiwan's purchases of foreign weapons, including six
French Lafay et t e frigat es t hat cost $2.7 billion. At first t he Navy insist ed he had drowned. But an out side
aut opsy showed he was bludgeoned t o deat h. Li, his 49- year- old widow, insist s he was m urdered for
uncovering a corrupt ion ring wit hin t he m ilit ary. But t he Kuom int ang regim e, which was closely t ied t o t he
m ilit ary, never cracked t he case. Ea rlier t his m ont h Chen Shui- bian, t he first opposit ion president in
Taiwan s hist ory, vowed t o reopen t he invest igat ion. " I had given up all hope," says Li, " but now a ray of
light has been shown in.
2. Chen want s t o illum inat e a half cent ury of darkness. Despit e em er ging as one of Asia s few t rue
dem ocracies, Taiwan has been unable t o rid it self of a legacy of corrupt ion. Vot e- buying, insider t rading,
bribes and kickbacks in t he privat e sect or and t he governm ent becam e part of t he fabric of societ y under
t he Kuom int ang, which ruled Taiwan for 50 years. Fed up wit h " black- m oney polit ics," t he Taiwanese vot ed
in March for Chen, who prom ised t o clean up societ y. Chen has launched a m aj or cam paign against polit ical
corrupt ion, t he first in Taiwan, wit h indict m ent s of t wo legislat ors, invest igat ions of several public officials
and the high- profile Yin case. Symbolically, he is taking on the Kuomintang's entire legacy. "Even if this case
shakes t he nat ion t o it s very foundat ions," Chen said in m id- August , "it m ust st ill be solved, no m at t er how
high it may go.'
3. The blam e could reach right t o t he t op. Form er president Lee Teng- hui, t he first nat ive- born president ,
fought for great er dem ocracy. But as he consolidat ed his power against m ainland- born hard- liners, he
cultivated close ties with local factions and shady businessmen. During his tenure the local media uncovered
hundreds of corrupt ion cases. Finance com m it t ees in t he legislat ure becam e dom inat ed by m en wit h
crim inal records. Som e cr usaders want t o include t he ent ire par t y, of which Lee was chairm an, in a wit ch
hunt . Chen Ding- nan, Chen's new Just ice m inist er, seem s r eady t o pur ge everyone. " The Kuom int ang
governm ent ," he says, " was j ust a group of [ crim inal] accom plices t hat included gov ernm ent officials, large
enterprises and gangsters."
4. Taiwan's boist erous press is re- exam ining clues in Capt ain Yin's m urder. Li is convinced t hat her
husband's death was related to the purchase of the French frigates. She says that shortly before his murder,
Yin returned from a trip to France and told her he had learned of some defects with the ships' design. One of
his co- workers in t he m ilit ary's procurem ent depart m ent was lat er convict ed for t aking bribes; ot her
suspect s fled overseas. Milit ary officers warn direly of " chaos" if Chen proceeds wit h t he case. " I f all t hose
involved were prosecut ed, Taiwan's nat ional- securit y forces would be t hrow n int o confusion," one source
close to the naval procurement process told NEWSWEEK.
5. Corrupt lawma kers can no longer hide behind legislative immunity. Taking advantage of a legal loophole,
prosecut ors searched an office used by Liao Hwu- peng, a Kuom int ang legislat or. Liao is suspect ed of
obtaining false st ocks. Last week prosecut ors sear ched anot her office used by Gary Wang, a Kuom int ang
legislat or suspect ed of involvem ent in a $32 m illion land- fraud deal. Prosecut ors indict ed t he m ay or of
sout hern Tainan, a m em ber of Chen's Dem ocrat ic Progr essive Part y, for alleged corrupt ion involving t he
construction of a canal. All three insist they are innocent.
6. Chen m ay feel a sense of personal m ission t o solve t he case of Capt ain Yin. As a leader of t he opposit ion
under the Kuomintang, he was repeatedly exposed to the violence inflicted on its opponents. He has pledged
t o reopen t he case of t he m ot her and daught ers of Lin Yi- hsiung, a fellow opposit ion leader, who were
m urdered in t heir sleep in 1980. Chen's own wife was run down and paralyzed in 1985 anot her unsolved
case. For Chen, solving t he m urder of Yin has sym bolic im port ance. " Perhaps it was t he spirit of Capt ain Yin
Ching- feng in heaven that helped me get into the presidential office," he says. Widow Li may see justice yet.
NEWSWEEK SEPTEMBER 4, 2000
c) was part of a corruption scandal involving more than US$2 billion in bribes.
d) was beaten to death.
e) had proof that senior Taiwanese military officers were involved in corruption.
02. I n Paragraph 2, t he sent ence Chen want s t o illum inat e a half cent ury of darkness m eans m ost
approximately the same as which of the following?
a) Taiwan s current president hopes t o expose 50 years of nat ionwide corrupt ion.
b) Taiwan s current president is int ent on finding t he m urderers of Yin Ching- feng.
c) Taiwan s current president hopes t hat for t he next 50 years Taiwanese polit ics will be open and honest.
d) Taiwan s Just ice m inist er want s t o put , once and for all, Taiwan s corrupt polit icians and businessm en
behind bars.
e) Taiwan s current president has decided t o t ell t he t rut h about t he hypocrisy of Taiwanese societ y.
03. You can infer from t he inform at ion in Paragraph 2 t hat t he expression blackm oney polit ics m ost likely
refers to
a) money used in the illegal presidential campaign of Lee Teng- hui.
b) the corruption and bribery that helped the Kuomintang maintain power for so many years.
c) t he corrupt ion and bribery t hat has t radit ionally been a par t of Taiwan s purchase and sale of m ilit ary
weapons.
d) the desire of most Taiwanese voters to put an end to political corruption.
e) the political agreements that allowed the Kuomintang to share power for 50 years.
04. According to the information in the article, which of the following is true with respect to Chen Shui- bian?
a) He is continuing the anti- corruption campaign started by his predecessor.
b) He is Taiwan s first nat ive- born president.
c) His wife was murdered in her sleep, most
likely by agents of the Kuomintang.
d) He has proof that Yin Ching- feng was m urdered by m em bers of Taiwan s m ilit ary.
e) He is Taiwan s first non- Kuomintang president.
05. Which of t he following is som et hing t hat Liao Hwu- peng, Gary Wang, and t he m ayor of Tainan do not
have in common?
a) They are all suspected of involvement in corruption.
b) Legislative immunity appears unable to protect them.
c) They have not been accused of acts of violence.
d) They are all members of the Kuomintang party.
e) They all claim to be innocent of any crime.
06. According t o t he inform at ion in t he art icle, which of t he following st at em ent s could m ost likely be
applied to Lee Teng- hui?
a) Though not a nat ive- born Taiwanese, in order t o consolidat e his power he was forced t o ally him self wit h
Taiwanese born on the mainland.
b) Though he fought for dem ocracy, his work, ironically, was furt hered by his m em bership in an ant i-
democratic political party.
c) Though elect ed on an ant i- corrupt ion plat form , he allied him self wit h m any corrupt businessm en and
politicians.
d) Though he made a real effort to enforce democratic principles, to do so he relied heavily on corrupt allies.
e) Though he was t he president who really est ablished dem ocr acy in Taiwan, his work was dest royed by
gangsters and criminals.
07. According t o t he inform at ion in t he art icle, what is t he significance of Li Mei- Kuei s gold silk blouse and
earrings?
a) They mean that now she has been permitted to remarry after her husband s deat h.
b) They m ean t hat now she is ret urning t o a norm al life aft er her husband s deat h.
c) They mean that she is entering a new stage of mourning for her dead husband.
d) They indicate that she is ready to forget the murder of her husband.
e) They symbolize her determination to find out how her husband died.
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08. I n t he art icle, Li Mei- kuei cit es which of t he following in support of her t hesis about why her husband
was murdered?
a) Her husband was a victim of the corruption and violence that have long been a part of Taiwanese society.
b) An independent aut opsy showed t hat her husband s drowning was int ent ional rat her t han accident al, as
had been claimed by the government.
c) Just befor e her husband died, he said t hat he had discover ed flaws in t he design of t he ships t hat t he
Taiwanese Navy intended to buy.
d) The fact t he Taiwan s Kuom int ang regim e was closely allied wit h t he m ilit ary m ade a cover- up of her
husband s deat h alm ost inevit able.
e) Her husband had obviously been killed by t he crim inal accom plices of t he Kuom int ang regim e.
09. Which of t he following can you infer from t he art icle as evidence of t he Kuom int ang regim e s t olerance
of corruption?
a) Convicted criminals held important legislative positions throughout the Kuomintang era.
b) The purchase of military equipment inevitably had to be facilitated through bribes and kickbacks.
c) Som e m ilit ary personnel invest igat ing bribery in t he m ilit ary s procurem ent depart m ent had t o leave t he
country.
d) Taiwanese law was set up so that legislators couldn t be pr osecut ed.
e) The car that Chen Shui- bian s wife was driving was involved in a m yst erious accident .
10. The last sent ence of t he art icle, Widow Li m ay see j ust ice yet , can m ost likely be int erpret ed t o m ean
which of the following?
a) Li Miei- kuei may one day see the Kuomintang out of power.
b) Li Mei- kuei m ay one day see her husband s killers punished.
c) Li Mei- kuei may one day see the end of corruption in Taiwan.
d) Li Mei- kuei is still looking for justice.
e) Li Mei- kuei has finally discovered who killed her husband.
Slovakia
The arrest of Vladimir Meciar
BRATISLAVA
1. I t was eit her a blow for j ust ice and an im port ant signal, t o be not ed across post com m unist Cent ral
Europe, that nobody is above the law. Or it was a crude act of vengeance that could polarise and destabilize
Slovakian polit ics. I n any event , t he arrest on April 20t h of independent Slovakia's longest - serving prim e
m inist er, Vladim ir Meciar, was one of t he m ost m om ent ous event s t o have occurred since t he count r y split
from the Czech Republic seven years ago.
2. I n a dawn swoop, m asked com m andos from a special unit t hat is supposed t o st am p out organised crim e
dynam it ed Mr Meciar's back door and t ook him away at gunpoint . Mr Meciar's enem ies, who say he t urned
t he Slovak st at e int o a crim e racket , applauded. Yet t he form er boxer, who ran t he count ry from 1993 unt il
he was oust ed in a general elect ion in 1998, st ill had his old swagger. " Don't be afraid, he shout ed out t o
supporters. "I'm not afraid."
3. The day aft er his arrest , several t housand of his disciples, not ing t hat it was appropriat ely Good Friday,
descended on Brat islava, Slovakia's capit al, t o hurl abuse at t he count ry's reform - m inded prim e m inist er,
Mikulas Dzurinda. He was variously cast igat ed as " t he Pharisee" , " Judas" , " Pont ius Pilat e" and, less
biblically, " you dirt y lit t le gypsy" . Mr Dzurinda will not m ind t he nam es if t he j udges can fulfil t he prom ise,
which helped bond his fourpart y coalit ion when it fought t he elect ion 18 m ont hs ago, t o br ing Mr Meciar t o
justice.
4. The ar chit ect of Slovakia's independence was freed on bail aft er being charged wit h paying illegal
bonuses wort h $350,000 t o his cabinet m inist ers during his t im e in office. I f found guilt y, he could get t en
years behind bars. He m ay also be forced t o give evidence in a case t o do wit h t he kidnapping in 1995 of
t he son of Slovakia's t hen president , Michal Kovac. Governm ent support ers say t hat Mr Kovac's son was
kidnapped by the Slovak secret service on Mr Meciar's orders.
5. Could Mr Meciar's arrest increase his popularit y? Probably not - even t hough opinion polls have already
been giving him m ore support t han any ot her Slovak polit ician: a quart er st ill say t hey would like him t o be
prime minister again. Last year he won 43% of the vote in the presidential election, against a lacklustre ex-
Communist, Rudolf Schuster, the current head of state.
6. But Mr Meciar is also, ironically, Slovakia's m ost disliked public figure. Two- t hirds, according t o t he
opinion polls, cheer ed his arrest . Even if his populist Movem ent for a Dem ocr at ic Slovakia does quit e w ell in
t he general elect ion due in 2002, it is unlikely t o find coalit ion part ners t o let him form a governm ent . Only
the far- right xenophobes of the Slovak Nationalist Party might consider backing him.
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7. St ill, what ever Mr Meciar's fat e, Mr Dzurinda has been worried. His coalit ion is dogged by infight ing. He
has failed t o m erge t he five groups t hat m ake up his own bit of t he coalit ion. Jozef Migas, parliam ent 's
speaker, hit hert o a close ally who heads one of t he coalit ion's four part ies, recent ly shook t he governm ent
by casting a noconfidence vote against Mr Dzurinda in parliament.
8. The cont inuing exodus of t he count ry's Gypsies is also darkening t he m ood. I m proving t heir lot is a
prerequisit e for Slovakia's desired ent r y int o t he European Union. Belgium recent ly followed t he exam ple of
several other EU countries by imposing visas on Slovak visitors, including even those who come regularly to
Brussels to negotiate for Slovakia to join the club.
9. St ill, despit e t he fragilit y of t he governm ent and t he t ensions height ened by Mr Meciar 's arrest , Slovakia
is m oving ahead. Aust er it y m easures have m ade t he gover nm ent unpopular, but t hey are wor king.
Unem ploym ent , st ill 20% , is com ing down. The econom y is set t o grow by around 3% t his year. Foreign
invest m ent is up, wit h US St eel recent ly agreeing t o shell out m ore t han $400m t o r evam p t he count ry's
biggest mill.
10. " The count ry is in bet t er shape t han Greece was when it j oined t he EU," says Grigorij Meseznikov, who
runs a leading t hinkt ank in Brat islava. While a growing num ber of Cent ral Europeans out side Slovakia are
having doubt s about j oining t he EU, som e 70% of Slovaks now say t hey want t o get in. And for t he first
time a slender majority, against Mr Meciar's fierce opposition, say that Slovakia should join NATO too.
THE ECONOMIST APRIL 29TH 2000
THE ARREST OF VLADIMIR MECIAR
11. According t o t he inform at ion in t he art icle wit h respect t o Vladim ir Meciar, which of t he following it em s
is the only one not open to question?
a) The Slovak government, in a blow for justice, showed that even important criminals can be arrested.
b) The Slovak government made an illegal arrest motivated by vengeance.
c) Slovakia s prim e m inist er was arrest ed on charges of corruption.
d) Vladim ir Meciar s arrest was one of t he m ost im port ant event s in t he hist ory of t he Slovak people.
e) The arrest of Vladimir Meciar had been promised as part of a political campaign strategy.
12. You can infer from t he inform at ion in Paragraph 2 t hat t he phrase Yet t he form er boxer st ill had his
old swagger m ost likely m eans t hat
a) even when arrested at gunpoint, Vladimir Meciar was belligerent and ready to fight.
b) Vladimir Meciar intended to bribe his captors and for that reason was unafraid.
c) even when arrested at gunpoint, Vladimir Meciar retained his habitual self- assurance and pride.
d) unaware of any wrong- doing, Vladimir Meciar left his house convinced of his own innocence.
e) as usual, Vladimir Meciar used a public appearance for his own political benefit.
13. You can infer from t he inform at ion in Paragraph 3 t hat , wit h respect t o Vladim ir Meciar s arrest ,
a) Vladim ir Meciar s support ers found sim ilarit ies bet ween his sit uat ion and t hat of Jesus Christ .
b) Vladim ir Meciar s supporters believed that Mikulas Dzurinda was worse than a Jew or a Gypsy.
c) Mikulas Dzurinda and his judges fulfilled their campaign promise.
d) Vladim ir Meciar s support ers claim ed t hat Mikulas Dzurinda was j ust as corrupt as Vladim ir Meciar.
e) Mikulas Dzurinda was not at all bot her ed by t he verbal abuse he r eceived from Vladim ir Meciar s
supporters.
14. According t o t he inform at ion in t he art icle, t he Slovak governm ent has m ade t he form al accusat ion t hat
when Vladimir Meciar wasprime minister, he
a) turned Slovakia into a criminal state.
b) made unlawful gifts of money to government officials.
c) ordered the kidnapping of the son of a Slovak president.
d) used corrupt and illegal means to keep Slovakia out of NATO.
e) illegally appropriated US$350,000 for his own use.
15. According t o t he inform at ion in t he art icle, Slovakia owes, in large part , which of t he following t o
Vladimir Meciar?
a) Its high crime rate
b) Its high unemployment rate
c) Its instability
d) Its independence
e) Its attractiveness to foreign investors
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17. I n Paragraph 7, t he sent ence His coalit ion is dogged by infight ing m ost likely m eans t he sam e as
which of the following?
a) Mikulas Dzurinda s polit ical part y recent ly suffered elect oral problem s.
b) The political organizations supporting Vladimir Meciar are fighting among themselves.
c) Mikulas Dzurinda s governm ent has been severely crit icized by it s opponent s.
d) Enem y polit ical fact ions have ent ered Mikulas Dzurinda s governm ent coalit ion in order t o break it down.
e) The polit ical part ies t hat m ake up Mikulas Dzurinda s gover nm ent have been unable t o resolve t heir
differences peacefully.
18. With respect to Vladimir Meciar, which of the following is not stated or implied in the article?
a) Slovakia achieved it s st at us as a separat e and independent count ry wit h m inim al part icipat ion from
Vladimir Meciar.
b) Vladimir Meciar acted like a gangster when he was the head of Slovakia.
c) A majority of Slovaks were pleased when Vladimir Meciar was arrested.
d) Despite his arrest, Vladimir Meciar could once again become the head of Slovakia.
e) Vladimir Meciar is a Slovak nationalist who wants to keep his country out of NATO.
19. You can infer from t he inform at ion in t he art icle t hat if t he present Slovak governm ent falls, t he m an
likely to be the most immediately affected is
a) Vladimir Meciar
b) Josef Migas
c) Michal Kovac
d) Mikulas Dzurinda
e) Grigorij Meseznikov
20. You can infer from the information in the article that
a) Vladimir Meciar will spend many years in jail.
b) Slovaks in general want to ally themselves with the West.
c) Slovak Gypsies are being unfairly treated in Belgium.
d) at the moment, unemployment in Slovakia has reached acceptable levels.
e) wit h unem ploym ent com ing down, foreign invest m ent should m ake t he Slovak econom y grow by around
3% this year.
Gabarito
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1 . MI NERAL wealt h can be delet erious t o poor count ries' econom ic healt h. Too oft en, nat ural resources
breed corrupt ion and wast e, enriching elit es but leaving ot hers as poor as t hey were before. Think only of
Nigeria or Congo. The World Bank, however, is bet t ing t hat Chad will be an except ion. On June 6t h, it s
board agreed t o finance a sm all share of a $3.7 billion const ruct ion proj ect , t he largest in Africa, t o develop
Chad's oil reserves.
2. The plan is t o build 300 wells in Chad's Doba oil fields and t o connect t hem t o Cam eroon's At lant ic coast
via a 1,070- km ( 665- m ile) pipeline. Most of t he cost will be born by Exxon Mobil ( t he oper at or, wit h 40% of
t he privat e equit y) , Pet ronas, Malaysia's oil com pany ( 35% ) and Chevron ( 25% ) . The Bank and it s privat e-
sect or arm , t he I nt ernat ional Finance Corporat ion, are providing nearly $200m in loans. Far m ore im port ant
than the Bank's financial involvement is the political comfort it brings.
3. The loan is one of t he Bank's m ost cont roversial in years. Crit ics say t he pipeline will harm t he
environm ent , displace indigenous t ribes, worsen Chad's hum an- right s record and fost er corrupt ion. ( The
pipeline will pass t hrough prist ine rainforest in Cam eroon, hom e t o gorillas and pygm ies.) Opponent s recall
other environmental disasters, such as the trans- Amazon highway in Brazil.
4. The Bank claim s t hat exploit ing oil resources is one of t he few developm ent opt ions open t o Chad, wher e
80% of t he people live on less t han a dollar a day, and 90% of t he count ry is desert or sem i- arid. Over t he
proj ect 's 25- year product ion period, Chad will receive $2 billion in revenues, and Cam eroon $500m . I n
effect, the oil project will increase the Chad government's annual revenues by half from 2004.
5. The Bank claim s t hat it has put in place som e of t he m ost st ringent safeguards ev er. Chad has passed
laws st ipulat ing how t he m oney is t o be used. Ten per cent is t o be held in t rust for fut ure generat ions. Of
t he rest , 80% is earm arked for spending on educat ion, healt h, rural developm ent , infrast ruct ure,
environmental and water management, and 5% is to be spent in the oil- producing region.
6. The pet roleum account s are t o be audit ed and published annually, and spending will be m onit ored by an
oversight committee, including representatives from civil society as well as parliament, the judiciary and the
governm ent . To m inim ise t he environm ent al risks, t he pipeline is t o be buried, and t o follow exist ing right s
of way. To com pensat e for lost rainforest , Cam eroon has creat ed t wo new nat ional parks, paid for by t he
project's sponsors.
7. All of t his was enough t o convince t he Bank's board. But , however rigorously t he Bank's safeguards are
imposed, they cannot guarantee the success of its gamble on Chad's using its oil wealth sensibly.
THE ECONOMIST JUNE 10TH 2000
PUNTING ON A PIPELINE
31. The article most likely mentions Nigeria and Congo in order to
a) make it easier for readers to picture Chad in a context of other Central African nations.
b) highlight two countries whose environment suffered because of predatory oil exploration.
c) give a st r ong exam ple of t wo count ries whose m ineral resources, in general, brought m ore econom ic
problems than benefits.
d) give an exam ple of t wo count ries t hat m isused large sum s of m oney loaned by t he World Bank and by
other international financial institutions.
e) highlight t he dangers of loaning m oney t o Third- World nat ions t hat lack t he infrast ruct ure t o use such
money well.
32. According t o t he inform at ion in t he art icle, t he World Bank s part icipat ion in t he Chad oil development
project
a) amounts to $3.7 billion, easily its largest construction- project investment in years.
b) has greater impact for political reasons than for the amount of money the bank is actually loaning.
c) will ensure t hat Chad s per capit a incom e will increase dramatically by the year 2004.
d) was solely the result of political considerations rather than of any expectation for a return on investment.
e) is an exam ple bot h of t he bank s disregard for environm ent al considerat ions and of it s m anipulat ion by
political interests.
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33. The World Bank has countered those who criticize its participation in the Chad oildevelopment project by
stating that
a) developing Chad s oil resources is one of t he only ways possible t o build a st ronger econom y in t hat
country.
b) it s financial share is sm all, but it s polit ical share is large t hus allowing it t o m onit or all of Chad societ y
at low risk to the bank.
c) as the project is greatly concerned with environmental safeguards, rather than with generating a financial
return for the bank, international support in this case will be strong.
d) as Chad is already 90% deser t or sem i- arid, environm ent al risks sim ply are not so im port ant as crit ics
claim them to be.
e) as t he oil- developm ent proj ect is int ernat ional in scope, t he weight of t his int ernat ional part icipat ion will
make it easy to follow economic and environmental guidelines.
34. I n paragraph 5, t he sent ence Ten per cent is t o be held in t rust for fut ure generat ions m ost likely
means approximately the same as which of the following?
a) Ten per cent of t he populat ion of Chad will receive m ost of t he m oney from t he oil proj ect in t he near
future.
b) Chad cit izens m ust t rust t he Chad Governm ent t o reserve at least 10% of t he revenues from t he oil
project.
c) At least 10% of future generations in Chad will receive some part of the oil revenues.
d) Ten per cent of the safeguards enacted by the Chad Government deal with how the oil revenues are to be
saved for future generations.
e) Ten per cent of the revenues from the oildevelopment project will be put into a special fund to be used by
future generations of Chad citizens.
35. You can infer from the information in the article that the World Bank believes that
a) no environmental damage will occur if strong precautions are taken and strict regulations followed.
b) to minimize risks to the environment, the petroleum accounts must be audited and published annually.
c) as Chad is already m ost ly desert , oil- pipeline accident s can be not iced im m ediat ely, t hus elim inat ing any
risk to the environment.
d) even t hough t he Chad oil- developm ent proj ect will follow st rict environm ent al guidelines, a cert ain
amount of rainforest will be destroyed.
e) even t hough t he Chad oil- developm ent proj ect will follow st rict environm ent al guidelines, pygm ies and
gorillas will have to be removed from the rainforest.
36. You can infer that the author of the article probably believes that
a) the oil- development project will inevitably put Chad in the same situation that similar projects put Nigeria
and Congo.
b) t he World Bank s part icipat ion in t he Chad oildevelopm ent proj ect is act ually not so im port ant as it
appears.
c) the 5% of the oil revenues that Chad plans to spend in the oil- producing region will not be enough.
d) if Chad decides to misuse its revenues from the oil- development project, there is really no way to prevent
it.
e) because of it s relat ively sm all part icipat ion in t he Chad oil- developm ent proj ect , t he World Bank is not
really paying attention to the risks involved.
1. I t was a close call. Just a few hours before arm y and police t roops were set t o heavily bom bard arm ed
Albanian insurgents fighting to take control of the northwestern corner of the Balkan state of Macedonia, the
rebels called for a ceasefire. " We t hink it is bet t er t o t alk rat her t han st art a fight bet ween t he t wo peoples,
because blood will be shed and t hen t here will be no room for t alks," Ali Ahm et i, polit ical spokesm an for t he
so- called National Liberation Army declared on television in neighboring Kosovo on Mar. 21.
2. But the troubled Balkans may still be facing another war and that could prove to be a dangerous test for
President George W. Bush and t he 37,000 NATO t roops st at ioned in Kosovo. There s no t elling how long t he
ceasefire will hold, and pressures hav e been building st eadily in t he region. Since lat e last year, arm ed
Albanian insurgent s have been t rying t o dest abilize a 110- kilometer- long st rip of t errit ory running along
Kosovo's bor der wit h Serbia bot h part of Yugoslavia and int o Macedonia. Hundreds of rebels, as w ell as
their weapons, have been streaming over the frontier.
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3. The guerrillas have m ainly at t acked Serb police and t he Macedonian police and arm y, but NATO t r oops
have also com e under fire. U.S. forces have engaged in skirm ishes, and a Germ an soldier was wounded on
Mar. 16. He was one of som e 4,000 t roops t hat NATO has st at ioned in Macedonia t o provide logist ical
support for the force in Kosovo.
4. That 's why on Mar. 19, NATO officials decided t o bolst er pat rols on t he Kosovo border wit h Macedonia.
Lieut enant General Carlo Cabigiosu, com m ander of t he NATO for ce in Kosovo, says he is also sending ar m or
and art illery t roops int o Macedonia t o " provide a robust level of prot ect ion" for NATO logist ical operations
t here. Meanwhile, Greece and Bulgaria are channeling aid t o t he Macedonian arm y, including helicopt er
gunships.
5. Why are diplom at s st ill worried about a possible war? Alt hough t he Albanian insurgent s say t hey want
great er civil right s for t he Albanian- Muslim m inorit y in Macedonia, m any observers believe t here's a bigger
goal. The guerrilla force is dom inat ed by radicals who want independence for Kosovo and it s m erger int o a
greater Albanian state linking Kosovo, northwest Macedonia, and, eventually, Albania.
6 . RAD I CAL H OPES. Som e analyst s say t he insurgent s fear warm ing relat ions bet ween NATO and
Yugoslavia, where dem ocrat ically elect ed President Voj islav Kost unica replaced st rongm an Slobodan
Milosevic last year. As long as Milosevic was in power, Albanian radicals clung t o hopes t hat Kosovo m ight
become independent, despite U. S. opposition.
7. But Kost unica, in cont rast t o Milosevic, is likely t o work wit h t he EU and t he U.S. t o seek a polit ical
solut ion t o t he conflict bet ween Kosovar Albanians and Serbs. Albanian guerrillas launched t heir offensive
precisely t o st ym ie t hat process, analyst s say. " Kost unica's elect ion produced panic am ong
[proindependence] Albanians," notes Michael Radu, a Balkans expert at the Foreign Policy Research Institute
in Philadelphia.
8. Now, what European and U.S. diplom at s fear is t hat t he ceasefire will not hold and t he rebels will t ouch
off a wider war. I f t he fight ing keeps up, pressure will grow on NATO t o play a m ore act ive role. That could
involve a cont roversial decision t o send NATO t roops t o com bat rebels in Macedonia. Washingt on, however,
wants to avoid an escalation.
9. St rangely, NATO t roops could yet find t hem selves increasingly under fire from t he very people t hey w ere
sent t o prot ect et hnic Albanians. That 's t he last t hing t he allies expect ed when t hey cam e t o t he Kosovars'
defense back in 1999.
By Christopher Condon in Budapest, with Renée Cordes in Brussels and Stan Crock in Washington
BusinessWeek / April 2, 2001 IS A NEW WAR BREWING IN THE BALKANS?
37. The first sent ence of t he art icle, I t was a close call, m ost likely m eans approxim at ely t he sam e as
which of the following?
a) Only aft er hours of negot iat ions was it possible for t he arm y and police t roops t o avoid a bat t le wit h t he
Albanian insurgents.
b) The Albanian insurgents called for a ceasefire because they wanted to avoid bloodshed.
c) By asking for a ceasefire, t he Albanian insurgent s narrowly escaped being bom barded by arm y and police
troops.
d) I f a bat t le had t aken place bet ween t he Albanian insurgent s and t he arm y and police t roops, it s difficult
to say what the result would have been.
e) Only a call from Ali Ahmeti, political spokesman for the National Liberation Army, was able to prevent the
army and police troops from bombarding the Albanian insurgents.
38. According t o t he inform at ion in t he art icle, which of t he following is very possibly t he m ain goal of t he
Albanian insurgents?
a) They want freedom for all ethnic Albanian Muslims.
b) They want to form an independent country by uniting Albania, Kosovo, and northwestern Macedonia.
c) I n order t o secure t he civil right s of et hnic Albanian Muslim s, t hey want t o dest abilize t he Albanian area
t hat runs along Kosovo s border wit h Serbia and int o Macedonia.
d) They want to prevent Yugoslavia from joining NATO, which they see as a betrayal of their cause.
e) They hope t hat , by fight ing a prot ract ed and cost ly guerrilla war, t hey can convince t he Unit ed St at es t o
support an independent Kosovo.
39. According t o t he inform at ion in t he art icle, if war breaks out in t he region of Kosovo and nort hwest er n
Macedonia, which of the following men will most likely have the smallest personal participation?
a) George W. Bush
b) Slobodan Milosevic
c) Ali Ahmeti
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d) Carlo Cabigiosu
e) Vojislav Kostunica
4 0. According t o t he inform at ion in t he art icle, what is t he m ain reason why t he Albanian insurgent s fear
Vojislav Kostunica?
a) As t he new st rongm an of Yugoslavia, he has t he capacit y t o wage t ot al war against t he Albanian
insurgents.
b) The fact t hat he was dem ocrat ically elect ed gives him t he legit im acy t o t ake st rong act ion against t he
Albanian insurgents.
c) I f he decides t o bring Yugoslavia int o an alliance wit h NATO, t he Albanian insurgent s will find t hem selves
internationally isolated.
d) As a non- Muslim, he is likely to insist that Kosovo remain under the control of other non- Muslims.
e) I f he finds a peaceful way t o resolve t he problem s bet ween Serbs and Albanians in Kosovo, Kosovo m ay
never become an independent state.
41. According t o t he inform at ion in t he art icle, in what way did t he presence of Slobodan Milosevic
encourage the hopes of Albanian radicals?
a) As long as Slobodan Milosevic was head of Yugoslavia, Albanian radicals believed there was a chance that
Kosovo would gain its independence.
b) Albanian radicals felt t hat Slobodan Milosevic, as President of Yugoslavia, was m uch m ore sym pat het ic t o
their hopes for independence than current - President Vojislav Kostunica is.
c) Albanian radicals believed t hat Slobodan Milosevic, if he could successfully oppose Am erican and
European intervention, would lead to the way to a creation of a new and independent ethnic Albanian state.
d) Albanian radicals believed t hat t he Unit ed St at es would send in t roops t o overt hrow Slobodan Milosevic
and thus allow ethnic Albanians to gain control of the Yugoslavian Government.
e) As long as Slobodan Milosevic was t he st rongm an of Yugoslavia and opposed t o Am erican and European
influence in the Balkans, a free Kosovo coincided with the interests of Yugoslavia.
PAINTING BY NUMBERS
TORONTO
1. When C s younger sist er was having t rouble wit h her m ult iplicat ion t ables, C advised her t o ignore t he
num bers and focus on t he colours. Her sist er was baffled, her m ot her dem anded t o know what she was on
about, and for the first time C realised that not everybody sees numbers as colours.
2. C, who is participating in a study being conducted by Michael Dixon and Philip Merilke at the University of
Wat erloo, in Ont ario, Canada, has what is known as coloured- num ber synaest hesia. For her, every num eral
has a specific hue as well as a specific value. Those colours have been t he sam e t hroughout her life, and
t hey are elicit ed aut om at ically, whet her she t hinks about t hem or not . Scient ist s have long debat ed t he
nat ure of synaest hesia, but t hey agree t hat t his consist ency and " aut om at icit y" of response is what m akes
t he phenom enon different from m erely im agining t hings. And unt il now, t hey have also agreed t hat t he
synaesthetic experience has to be triggered by something external, be it a sound, an image or a taste.
3. Dr Dixon and Dr Merilke, wit h help from Daniel Sm ilek, a graduat e st udent , decided t o t est C's
synaest hesia t o see if it conform ed t o t hose principles. They asked her t o say in general what colour a digit
was (in her world, for instance, "2" is red, "4" is blue and "5" is green) and then to provide very specific red-
green- blue values on a com put er screen for each digit from " 0" t o 9 . I n t en separat e t rials, t he dist inct
colours she selected for each digit hardly varied. Consistency, it seems, is a real feature of her condition.
4. Next , t he researcher s present ed digit s in various colours. Som et im es t he colour of a digit corresponded
exact ly t o t he one she had described in t he first experim ent . More oft en, however, colours were paired wit h
t he " wrong" num bers. When asked t o read out t he colour of t he ink t hat a num ber was print ed in, she
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took in t hose cases when t he num ber was print ed in t he wrong colour significant ly longer t o do so t han
non- synaest het es. This, say t he researchers, is evidence t hat t he colour sensat ion in synaest het es j ust pops
up automatically and completely unbidden.
5. To t est t he t hird point , t hey decided t o draw on C s own m at hem at ical t ricks, as descr ibed t o her sist er.
On a com put er screen, t hey present ed her wit h a problem , such as 5 + 2 = , and followed t hat wit h a pat ch
of colour. Her j ob was t o ident ify t he colour, t hen give t he correct num erical answer. When t he pat ch of
colour at t he end was t he " sam e" colour as t he num ber answer , she found t his easy. But when it differed,
she took much longer.
6. The researchers say t his shows t hat an ext ernal st im ulus, such as an im age of a 7 , is not necessary t o
elicit t he sensat ion of colour. Rat her, t hey writ e in t his week's Nature, act ivat ing t he concept of a digit by
a m ent al calculat ion was sufficient t o induce a colour experience. According t o Mr Sm ilek, t he synaest het ic
experience is som ehow t ied int o m ent al processing of m eaning. But j ust how t he ideas of greenness and
"fiveness" are actually linked in the brain remains a mystery.
43. According to the information in the article, when C gave her sister advice on certain mathematical
problems,
a) her mother thought that she could not see numbers, only colors.
b) her sister was able to use that strange advice to solve the problems.
c) she was indicat ing t hat , t o her, colors were m ore visible t han num bers.
d) she realized that everybody sees colors and numbers in different ways.
e) she soon underst ood t hat seeing num bers as colors wasn t a charact erist ic com m on t o all hum ans.
45. I n t he cont ext of paragraph 3, t he sent ence Consist ency, it seem s, is a real feat ure of her condit ion
means approximately the same as which of the following?
a) The color aspect of C s synaest hesia is apparent ly it s m ost im port ant fact or.
b) C s abilit y t o link, inevit ably and wit h alm ost no variat ion, t he sam e num bers t o t he sam e colors appears
to be an important factor of her synaesthesia.
c) C s synaest hesia has rem ained at a consist ent level t hroughout t he resear ch conduct ed at t he Universit y
of Waterloo; this appears to be an important feature of her condition.
d) Researchers at t he Universit y of Wat erloo have discovered t hat , in cont rast t o her ot her sym pt om s, C s
consistency has proven to be verifiable.
e) I t appears t hat , in C s case, consist ency m eans her abilit y t o link cert ain num bers but not all numbers
to certain colors.
Gabarito
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1. Rat s have evolved a st rong, innat e aversion t o t he sm ells of t heir predat ors. Healt hy rat s even t hose
bred for hundreds of generat ions in t he laborat ory show dist inct anxiet y around feline odors. When t he
am oebic par asit e Toxoplasm a gondii get s int o t heir brains, however, m any of t he rodent s seem t o lose t heir
fear.
2. Zoologist Manuel Berdoy, epidemiologist Joanne Webster, and colleagues at the University of Oxford have
st udied t he life cycle of T. gondii t o t est t he hypot hesis t hat t he parasit e m anipulat es t he behavior of it s
int erm ediat e host , t he rat , t o reach it s ult im at e t arget , t he cat . The researchers infect ed capt ive rat s wit h
oocyst s of t he parasit e and t hen placed t hem in large out door pens cont aining bot h cat and rabbit urine.
Uninfect ed rat s t ended t o shun t he cat - scent ed ar eas, while t he parasit ized rat s becam e subst ant ially less
afraid. Wit h t heir fear of felines dim inished, parasit ized rat s m ay becom e uninhibit ed about approaching
their arch predators, with the predictable result of ending up as dinner.
3. Alt hough all m am m als are suscept ible t o infect ion by T. gondii, t he am oebas can reproduce only wit hin
m em bers of t he cat fam ily. Once T. gondii has bred in t he brain of a cat t hat has ingest ed an infect ed rat ,
t he parasit e's oocyst s ar e expelled wit h t he cat 's feces. Aft er being washed away by rain, t hese oocyst s can
rem ain infect ious in m oist soil for m ore t han a year. They can be ingest ed by beet les and worm s, which are
readily eaten by rats.
4. While t he parasit e affect s rat s' fear of cat s, it appears t o leav e ot her aspect s of rat behavior int act and t o
leave cat behavior completely unchanged, The Oxford researchers believe that T. gondii has evolved to alter
rat behavior in t his specific way and t hat t he reduct ion of fear is not sim ply a side effect of cerebral
malfunction.
("Fatal Attraction in Rats Infected With Toxoplasma gondii," Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B
267, 2000)
Natural History 4/01
FATAL ATTRACTION
31. According t o t he inform at ion in t he art icle, when t he am oebic parasit e Toxoplasm a gondii ( T. gondii)
ent ers a rat s brain,
a) the rat may experience certain behavioral alterations, which may include a greater aversion to cats.
b) the rat experiences a unique behavioral alteration that can lead to greater aggression toward cats.
c) t he rat s aversion t o cat s, along wit h it s physical ability to run away from cats, disappears.
d) t he rat s behavior rem ains t he sam e in every aspect but one: it s norm al desire t o st ay away from cat s
decreases sharply.
e) the rat becomes less afraid of cats while at the same time more willing to defend itself against cats.
32. You can infer from the information in the article that the T. gondii parasite
A. can weaken the reasoning capacity of cats as well as rats, though it is particularly destructive to rats.
B. can infect any mammal, though apparently it particularly needs rats and cats to continue as a species.
C. can attack and weaken the muscles of any mammal, though it must infect rats and cats to reproduce.
D. is a fundam ent al elem ent in t he life cycle of cat s as well as rat s, t hough it causes behavioral changes
only in rats.
E. seems to make any animal that it infects less susceptible to feelings of fear or anxiety.
33. I n paragraph 3, They in They can be ingest ed by beet les and worm s m ost likely refers t o
a) the feces of the amoebic parasite known as T. gondii.
b) the feces left in moist soil by cats infected with T. gondii.
c) oocysts that enter moist soil from the feces of rats infected with T. gondii.
d) T. gondii oocysts that enter moist soil after being deposited on the ground in the feces of cats.
e) T. gondii oocysts that enter moist soil from the bodies of dead rats.
34. According t o t he inform at ion in t he art icle, which of t he following best describes t he r elat ionship linking
rats, cats, and T. gondii?
a) The rat , whose behavior has been alt ered, m ust bit e t he cat in order t o infect it s brain wit h t he T. gondii
parasite.
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b) For T. gondii t o infect t he cat s brain and t hen reproduce, t he parasit e m ust first infect t he rat so t hat t he
rat may be eaten by the cat.
c) For t he cat t o expell T. gondii, it m ust first ingest t he rat s feces in order for it s brain t o be infect ed wit h
the parasite.
d) The rat must first be infected by T. gondii and lose it s aversion t o t he cat in order t o ingest t he cat s feces
and thus pass the parasite´s oocysts into the soil.
e) For T. gondii oocyst s t o pass out of t he cat s br ain and int o it s bloodst ream , t he cat m ust bit e a rat whose
behavior has been altered by the parasite.
35. According t o t he inform at ion in t he art icle, t he Oxford researchers m ost likely believe which of t he
following?
a) By modifying the behavior of beetles, worms, and rats, T. gondii is able to infect cats.
b) By reproducing in a rat s brain, T. gondii makes the rat less afraid of cats.
c) T. gondii m ust be expelled wit h a cat s feces in order to reproduce in beetles, worms, and rats.
d) T. gondii, in certain cases, has evolved to make cats more aggressive against rats.
e) T. gondii has evolved in order to make rats less afraid of cats.
1. Tim e is beginning t o run out for Prim e Minist er Junichiro Koizum i's new adm inist rat ion. Despit e Koizum i's
promises of quick reform, he has not done much to change Japan's stagnating economy since he took office.
The count ry's banking syst em , in part icular, is in need of repair. Aft er a decade wit h lit t le progress on
nonperform ing loans, t he count ry's financial syst em lacks credibilit y. There is st ill disput e over t he quant it y
of bad loans carried by Japanese banks. So bad is t he sit uat ion t hat t he I nt ernat ional Monet ary Fund is
st art ing t o cast a gim let eye on Japanese loan books and want s t o dispat ch a t eam of exam iners t o audit
t hem . Japan's Financial Services Minist er, Hakuo Yanagisawa, has t hrown cold wat er on t he idea. He should
reconsider. The IMF can restore credibility to Japan.
2. Wit h an advanced indust rial econom y, t he Japanese obviously would feel som ewhat st igm at ized if t he
I MF'S SWAT t eam , were t o fly int o Tokyo. The I MF'S specialt y is t roubled developing econom ies such as
I ndonesia and Argent ina, not a $4.5 t rillion econom ic giant such as Japan. But right now, t he m arket s have
pushed t he Nikkei st ock index t o punishing lows because invest ors basically don't believe t he governm ent 's
published figures on t he bad debt m ess. Yanagisawa insist s t hat about $146 billion of nonperform ing loans
at 15 major banks can be written off and disposed of in about three years, without any public funds.
3. However, t he I MF recent ly issued a report t hat 's crit ical of Japan's banking syst em , cast ing plent y of
doubt on t he governm ent 's official bad debt figures. The I MF suspect s t he real problem is far bigger, and
m any privat e analyst s agree wit h it . What 's m ore, t here is an addit ional $700 billion wort h of loans t hat
need attention, according to the government, and some of those loans could turn bad as well.
4. Financial Services Minist er Yanagisawa count er s t hat his audit ors have scoured t he loan books of t he
count ry's m aj or banks and have produced a credible figure. Yanagisawa also fault s t he I MF and privat e
analyst s for grossly overest im at ing t he problem by ext rapolat ing from m acroeconom ic t rends t hat m ay
change in t he fut ure. What 's m ore, he com plains about plugging num bers int o com put er program s t hat use
flawed econom ic assum pt ions. I t 's a fair point . But t o crit icize t he I nt ernat ional Monet ary Fund for hyping
t he bad debt problem and t hen not giving t he Fund enough access t o do a realit y check on t he governm ent
figures is a bit rich. I f t he Japanese want t o dispel t he m elt down rum ors swirling around t he count ry's
banks, they should let the IMF shock troops in to check for themselves.
BusinessWeek / September 17, 2001
36. The first sent ence of t he art icle, Tim e is beginning t o run out for Prim e Minist er Junichiro Koizum i s new
adm inist rat ion, m ost likely m eans approxim at ely the same as which of the following?
a) Junichiro Koizum i s adm inist rat ion will soon be in t rouble if it doesn t find a way t o bring about an
economic recovery in Japan.
b) I f Junichiro Koizum i s adm inist rat ion doesn t soon find a way t o rescue Japanese banks, t he I MF will be
forced to intervene.
c) Junichiro Koizum i s adm inist rat ion has wait ed t oo long t o rescue Japan s econom y, and now t he I MF m ust
step in.
d) I f Junichiro Koizum i s adm inist rat ion does n t bring in t he I MF t o help t he banking syst em , it will soon be
too late.
e) Junichiro Koizumi has waited so long to fix the Japanese economy that a total collapse appears inevitable.
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37. I n paragraph 1, t he sent ence He should reconsider m ost likely m eans approxim at ely t he sam e as
which of the following?
a) Junichiro Koizum i m ust let t he I MF publish t he t rut h about Japan s banking syst em .
b) Hakuo Yanagisawa should verify whet her his inform at ion about Japan s bad debt sit uat ion is accurat e or
not.
c) Though Junichiro Koizum i has had bad relat ions wit h t he I MF up t o now, he should underst and t hat t he
organization is not his adversary.
d) Junichiro Koizum i should order Hakuo Yanagisawa t o let t he I MF audit Japan s loan books.
e) Though Hakuo Yanagisawa has so far been against let t ing t he I MF audit Japan s loan books, it would be
good if he reversed his decision.
38. You can infer from the information in the article that
a) the IMF considers the Japanese economy to be as fragile as the economies of Argentina and Indonesia.
b) Hakuo Yanagisawa believes t hat t he I MF is deliberat ely t rying t o under m ine Japan s financial syst em by
making the bad debt problem look worse than it is.
c) Junichiro Koizum i and Hakuo Yanagisawa have no int erest in solving Japan s banking problem s.
d) an I MF invest igat ion int o Japan s banking problem s would be t o som e ext ent hum iliat ing t o t he Japanese
government.
e) in order t o audit Japan s loan books, t he I MF would first have t o agree not t o publish any em barrassing
information.
40. According to the information in the article, which of the following is an argument that Hakuo Yanagisawa
is using t o count er t hose who at t ack t he governm ent s posit ion on t he bad debt situation?
a) Japan s bad debt problem is due m ore t o foreign exchange fluct uat ions t han t o any inst abilit y in t he
count ry s banking syst em .
b) As Japan has a $4.5 t rillion econom y, t he so- called bad loans will in fact be paid back wit h lit t le use of
public funds.
c) Those who crit icize t he governm ent s num bers have put t heir own num ber s int o com put er program s t hat
rely on faulty economic suppositions.
d) As m acroeconom ic t rends are changing rapidly, even t he Japanese governm ent has over- estimat ed t he
seriousness of the bad debt problem.
e) The Japanese banking syst em has t radit ionally been open, honest , and dynam ic; t herefore, t o m ake
accusations against it now is unfair.
LOOK, NO HANDS
1. The not ion of driverless vehicles is not t ot ally absurd. Aut om at ed vehicles already whisk people around
Paris, London and Vancouver. One snag: they run on rails over predetermined routes. Not having to contend
wit h m anually driven vehicles and pedest rians doing unpredict able t hings, fully aut om at ed rail syst em s are
feasible to build.
2. But aut om at ed road vehicles could work t he sam e way, if t hey had t heir own lanes and som e k ind of
infrast ruct ure for guidance. Trials such as t he well- publicised one in San Diego, California, in 1997 and an
aut om at ed highway planned in Japan suggest t hat t he concept can be m ade t o work. I n t hese cases,
st ret ches of highway have inst rum ent s em bedded in t he surface of t he t arm ac t o guide vehicles via sensors
that pick up and feed the signals from the road to an onboard autopilot.
3. Researchers at t he I nst it ut e of Transport at ion St udies at t he Universit y of California, Berkeley, have
developed a road refer ence and sensing syst em t hat accurat ely det erm ines a vehicle's posit ion and
orient at ion relat ive t o t he lane's cent re line. Perm anent m agnet s cost ing less t han $1 apiece are buried
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about four feet apart beneat h t he cent re of each lane. I nst allat ion cost s are around $6,000 per kilom et re, a
fraction of the cost of building the highway itself. The vehicles are then fitted with six magnetometers, which
allow the onboard system to detect the centre of the lane and to steer along it.
4. The clever t hing about t he Berkeley syst em is t hat because each m agnet is inst alled in t he road in a
binary fashion, with either its north or its south pole point ing upwards, it is possible t o em bed a binary code
int o t he road for indicat ing m ilepost s, t he curvat ure of bends or t he gradient s of hills. Japan's aut om at ed
highway, which is expect ed t o open in 2002- 03, will use a derivat ive of t he Berkeley syst em as part of a
collection of advanced technologies both in the car and on the road.
5. Ult im at ely, t he biggest problem in vehicle aut om at ion will be aligning t he int erest s of local aut horit ies,
the motor industry and electronics manufacturers, as well as the motoring public, which all work on different
t im e scales. When highways are built , t hey are expect ed t o need lit t le m aint enance for t heir first t en year s
or so. Cars are replaced every six or seven years. Elect ronics change, and degrade, on even short er t im e
scales still. Warning: plenty of roadworks ahead.
The Economist Technology Quarterly June 23rd 2001
42. I n paragraph 2, Trials in Trials such as t he well- publicised one in San Diego m ost likely refers t o
a) a legal decision to allow work on automated road vehicles to continue.
b) t he rule t hat local aut horit ies m ust follow st rict guidelines in t he const ruct ion of aut om at ed road v ehicle
systems.
c) a public demonstration of support for automated road vehicle technology.
d) the several successful tests of automated road vehicles that were conducted in San Diego in 1997.
e) tests of automated road vehicle prototypes and technology.
43. You can infer from the information in the article that if the magnets used in the Berkeley road reference
and sensing system were not installed in a binary fashion
a) the driverless vehicle would not receive information about curves, hills, or how many miles have passed.
b) the entire system would automatically shut down.
c) the driverless vehicle would have to rely on a certain amount of manual interference from the passenger.
d) it would be im possible for t he driverless vehicle s onboard pilot ing syst em t o det ect t he cent er of t he
lane.
e) t he onboard pilot ing syst em would probably regist er hills as curves and curves as hills while st ill
measuring distances accurately.
44. For road vehicle aut om at ion t o becom e a r ealit y, which of t he following does t he art icle present as t he
main problem to solve?
a) How can t he m ot or indust ry convince local governm ent aut horit ies t hat aut om at ed road v ehicle
technology is safe as well as feasible?
b) How can aut om obile drivers be per suaded t o give up cont rol of t heir cars when aut om at ed road vehicle
technology becomes a reality?
c) Considering t hat elect r onics t echnology changes so fast , how can road reference and sensing syst em s
avoid rapid obsolescence while remaining costeffective?
d) How can t he elect ronic sensing devices in cars, and t he cars t hem selves, be m ade t o last as long as t he
new automated road technology?
e) How can t he int erest s and schedules of t he driving public, elect ronics m anufact urers, t he m ot or indust ry,
and local authorities be made to work together in harmony?
d) dem onst r at e how driverless vehicles on rail syst em s are at present m or e pract ical t han aut om at ed road
vehicle systems are.
e) show t hat , because t he t echnology for aut om at ed road vehicles now exist s, such t echnology will soon be
common around the world.
Gabarito
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1. BERLI N ( AP) Bert elsm ann want s t o t ake over Napst er I nc., t he pioneering online m usic service, t he
chief executive of the German media giant said in a newspaper interview published Friday.
2. Our solut ion now is t o com plet ely t ake over Napst er. We want t o buy out t he original shareholders,''
Thom as Middelhoff was quot ed as saying in t he Die Welt daily. We have m ade t hem an offer, because w e
believe that our strategy is the right one for the future of the company.''
3. Bert elsm ann j oined ot her m usic com panies in filing lawsuit s against Napst er over copyright
infringem ent s, but t hen it allied wit h t he Redwood Cit y, Calif.- based com pany on a vent ure t o dist ribut e
music legally over the Internet. Bertelsmann has extended about $85 million in loans to Napster.
4. Napst er, t he world's m ost popular song- sharing service unt il it was shut down by court order last
sum m er, plans t o r elaunch as a subscr ipt ion service once it reaches a set t lem ent wit h t he m usic com panies
including Universal, Sony (news/quote) and Warner.
5. I n t he newspaper int erview, Middelhoff said his priorit y was t o buy out vent ure capit alist Hum m er
Winblad Vent ure Part ners and John Fanning, t he uncle of Napst er founder Shawn Fanning. Hum m er Winblad
and John Fanning are locked in a legal bat t le which concerns m ainly t he division of funds from t he sale of
the company.
6. Because of t hese int ernal disput es, Middelhoff said t he negot iat ions t o buy Napst er are at a st andst ill.
April 5, 2002 New York Times (online - By THE ASSOCIATED PRESS Filed at 11:06 a.m. ET)
Bertelsmann in Napster Bid
31. What was Germ an m edia com pany Bert elsm ann s original int ent ion t owards Napst er I nc.?
a) To legally distribute music over the Internet.
b) To become an ally to the California- based company.
c) To buy out the original shareholders.
d) To help Napster reach a settlement with music companies such as Sony.
e) To sue Napster over copyright issues.
33. Which of the following statements can not be inferred from the text:
a) Chief execut ive Thom as Middelhoff believes t hat Bert elsm ann can bet t er help Napst er by buying out t he
com pany s shareholders.
b) Music com panies such as Universal, Sony and Warner will have t o com e t o a set t lem ent wit h Napst er
before a subscription service can be set up.
c) Once relaunched, Napster will no longer provide a free song- swapping service on the Internet.
d) John Fanning is related to the founder of Napster.
e) Napst er founder Shawn Fanning will negot iat e his com pany s sale t o Ber t elsm ann as soon as int ernal
disputes are settled.
communications company.
5. Afghanistan has virtually no land- line
telecommunications, and the initial phase of the
FGV- EAESP VESTIBULAR GRADUAÇÃO AGO- 2002 PROVA DE INGLÊS 12
project is supposed to put into place a primary
telephony network that will substitute for the lack of
fixed- line infrastructure.
6. "Fixed line service is practically non- existent in
Afghanistan. They will use this as they would a fixed
line system," said Mr Jeffery. "It is quicker and
cheaper to build a wireless network than to lay all the
cable for a fixed line service."
7. The venture expects to begin selling handsets in
Kabul following the launch. The Motorola handsets,
including connection fee and one month's access fee,
will cost Dollars 350.
8. The system is only operational in Kabul for the
moment, but AWCC has plans to expand to Herat,
Mazar, Kandahar, and Jelalabad in the coming weeks.
9. While the cost of mobile phones are clearly out of
reach of the majority of Afghans, the venture hopes
that ordinary people will use the telephony services
through public call offices. So far, 23 such offices have
been built in Kabul, according to Mr Jeffery.
10. Internet access would be available through the
network in a few weeks, he said.
Financial Times; Apr 6, 2002 By CHARLES CLOVER
Afghanistan Set For First Mobile Phone Service
42. According to the information in the article,
A. during the seven years of coups, war and
terrorism, wireless telephones were forbidden in
Afghanistan.
B. it is easier to set up a network for wireless
telephones than for fixed telephones.
C. wireless telephones will slowly replace fixed
telephone systems in Afghanistan.
D. the wireless system will be too expensive for
most Afghans, who will have to continue to use
the fixed telephone lines.
E. coups and invasions in Afghanistan have
destroyed all fixed telephone lines, so Afghans
will now have to rely on expensive wireless
telephone systems.
43. Which of the following statements is incorrect:
A. The mobile phones will be too expensive for most
Afghans.
B. Before long, Afghans will have access to the
Internet.
C. Although expansion is predicted, the new
network is limited to Kabul.
D. The lack of fixed- line service has made the
venture very expensive.
E. The new venture has links with the United States
and England.
44. Which of the following difficulties is not
mentioned in the text:
A. Because American and English investors are
involved, the venture had to wait for political and
military problems to be solved.
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Gabarito
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infected.
B. the rate of HIV infection in the European Union,
which is twenty times that of Estonia.
C. the fact that if one out of every 1000 people are
infected with HIV in Estonia, than twenty out of
every 1000 are infected in the European Union.
FGV- EAESP VESTIBULAR GRADUAÇÃO FEV- 2003 PROVA DE INGLÊS 13
D. the rate of new HIV infections in Estonia
compared to that of the European Union.
E. the number of HIV infections per 1000 people in
Europe, especially Italy.
40. Which of these areas has been least affected
by the HIV/AIDS epidemic in recent years?
A. The Ukraine.
B. The Commonwealth of Independent States .
C. The European Union.
D. Eastern Europe.
E. Estonia.
FGV- EAESP VESTIBULAR GRADUAÇÃO FEV- 2003 PROVA DE INGLÊS 14
The Ultimate Job: Security
The war on terror creates a big need for
biometrics
By Brad Stone - NEWSWEEK (online), Sept. 23 issue
1. Kim Browder was certain that she wanted to
pursue a high- tech career. Then the 22- year- old senior
at West Virginia University started learning more
about biometrics, the field of identifying people by their
unique physical characteristics like fingerprints,
retinas and voices. Now Browder is a convert to
technology that could help address the count ry s need
for unim peachable securit y. Aft er Sept em ber 11t h
last year, I j ust t hought , What would be different if
biom et rics were im plem ent ed at t hose airport s? she
says.
2. The biometrics industry is young but growing
quickly: sales are supposed to swell to $900 million in
2005 from $300 million today, according to research
firm IDC. And with the specter of September 11
placing a premium on safeguarding airports and office
buildings, governments and corporations worldwide are
st udying biom et rics. The interest level has gone
t hrough t he roof, says Dam on Wright , spokesm an for
industry heavyweight Identix.
3. Though Identix is headquartered in Minnesota,
West Virginia is making a bid to become the nexus of
the nascent industry. The FBI already maintains its
Automated Fingerprint ID System in the state, which
stores the electronic prints of more than 43 million
people with criminal records. The proximity of the
government has also drawn a half- dozen other
biom et rics com panies t o t he st at e s I - 79 corridor, a
region once better known for its poverty levels.
4. Some in the industry are a little guarded about
short- term prospects. Companies like Identix say that
many prospective buyers are waiting until the
government sets an unofficial standard by choosing
one or a combination of biometrics for its own use.
There are many new technologies to consider, like
one t hat senses people s dist inct odor. But once
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Gabarito
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one month.
37. According to the information in the article,
A. Blue Moons rarely occur in February.
B. full Moons rarely occur in February because
the month is short.
C. March normally has more full Moons than
other months.
D. February is the only month in which a Blue
Moon cannot occur.
E. the invention of the Gregorian calendar
made it possible to predict the occurrence of full
Moons.
38. I n paragraph 3, t he verb t o bet ray is ut ilized in
which one of the following contexts?
A. As the Blue Moon is an optical illusion that
looks like a full Moon but is not , t he viewer s
observat ion is t hus bet rayed.
B. The common belief that a full Moon can
appear only once a m ont h is bet rayed by t he
occurrence of a Blue Moon.
C. The Blue Moon bet ray s t he Gregor ian
calendar s rule t hat a full Moon can occur only
once a month.
D. The Blue Moon bet ray s t radit ional
astronomy because it gives the false impression
that it is common for months to have more than
one full Moon.
E. Blue in Blue Moon com es from t he word
belewe, which in Old English m eans bot h blue
and t o bet ray.
FGV- EAESP VESTIBULAR GRADUAÇÃO AGO- 2003 PROVA DE INGLÊS 12
39. It is most likely that the Blue Moon of March 31,
as described in paragraph 4,
A. will display a blue, lavender, or violent color.
B. will occur, as do all Blue Moons, exactly 29.5
days after a full Moon.
C. will display no special characteristics.
D. will be the first Blue Moon of the year.
E. will occur after a forest fire or volcanic
eruption.
40. Which one of the following is most supported by
information in paragraph 4?
A. The appearance of large concentrations of
soot particles in the Eart h s upper at m osphere
means that a Blue Moon will occur.
B. Large concentrations of soot particles in the
Eart h s upper at m osphere m ake it difficult t o
note whether the Moon is full or not.
C. Soot part icles in t he Eart h s upper
atmosphere determine the Moon s color.
D. Soot part icles in t he Eart h s upper
atmosphere absorb light and thus determine the
speed at which a full Moon s color changes from
blue to lavender to violet.
E. Soot particles of a certain size, concentrated
in t he Eart h s upper at m osphere, can make the
Moon look blue, lavender, or violet.
41. Which of the following best explains the
significance of t he art icle s t it le, Moon Math?
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Gabarito
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Iraq.
D. joint American- I raqi effort t o save I raq s
archaeological patrimony after the 1991
Gulf war.
E. effort to build a world- class archaeological
museum in Baghdad.
THE HOUSE THAT FREDDY BUILT
1. AIfred H. Heineken died in January, 2002,
at age 78, but the influence of "Freddy" at the
company remains pervasive. Heineken CEO
Anthony Ruys can feel it every time he opens
the door to his office it weighs a ton. That's
because Freddy, after being kidnaped in 1983,
ordered that the executive suite be bullet
proofed. Luckily, the Dutch beer baron survived
the three- week ordeal with his humor intact.
"They tortured me," Freddy told Sir Frank Lowe,
chairman of former Heineken ad agency Lowe
& Partners Worldwide. "They made me drink
Carlsberg!"
2. Although he was born into wealth, Freddy
proved early on that he was one tough rich kid.
Heineken was built by his grandfather, Gerard
Adriaan Heineken, who in 1864 bought out a
four- century- old Amsterdam brewery. But by
1942, debt, divorce, and bad management had
deprived the Heineken family of majority control.
By secretly buying up shares, 30- year- old
Freddy regained control in 1954. "I wanted to
prevent strangers from doing strange things
under my name," he said at the time.
3. When it comes to the golden brew, Freddy
was a visionary. He realized that beer can travel
and expanded into countries such as France
and Italy, turning Heineken into Europe's
biggest brewer. "He saw. much earlier than
others that Europe was going to be a continent,"
says Heineken biographer Barbara Smit. In
partnership with distributor Leo van Munching
Sr., Heineken became the leading imported
beer in the U.S. Then, in 1968, Freddy
engineered the takeover of Dutch rival Amstel.
While Heineken remains the flagship brand,
middle- market Amstel and its sister Amstel Light
have carved important niches in places like
Greece and the U.S.
4. A bon vivant who piloted his own plane and
hosted the Dutch royal family aboard his yacht,
Something Cool, Freddy had an adman's
pizzazz. It was he who decided to dress
Heineken in green rather than the customary
brown and tip the "e"s slightly, to give the label
a more friendly look. Yet the Netherlands'
richest man was also famously tightfisted. Nico
Nusmeier, who heads Heineken's operations in
Poland, recalls how the boss cracked jokes and
high- fived workers during a visit to a new
bottling line years ago. "At the same time, he
knew bloody well whether we had over- invested
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Gabarito
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future quarters.
d) Japan will be unable to sustain its current economic recovery.
e) Japan s final- quarter economic performance in 2003 may be an example of temporary rather than
sustained growth.
J
31
| FGV- EAESP | CURSO DE GRADUAÇÃO | AGOSTO/2004 |
Pg. 11
According to the information in the article,
a) China s econom y is growing fast er t han
Japan s and m ay soon dom inat e t he region.
b) without China as a market for its goods,
Japan would lose it s posit ion as t he world s
second- largest economy.
c) Japan and China have signed an exclusive
trade agreement guaranteeing each other
priority in all commercial negotiations.
d) Japan s r ecent growt h, t hough significant , is
based on a limited and possibly risky factor.
e) by concentrating on regional rather than
global expansion, Japan is set to grow at a
steady rate for the next few years.
In paragraph 2, t he t erm classic
Japanese econom ic policy m ost likely
refers to which of the following?
a) The Japanese government has traditionally
encouraged the economy to grow between
5% and 7% a year.
b) Traditionally, Japan has attempted to
strengthen and expand its economy by
selling its products overseas.
c) Historically, Japan has developed a strong
commercial relationship with China as the
key to expanding its economy.
d) Over the years Japan has weakened its
currency in order to support an export- driven
economy.
e) Tradit ionally, Japan s econom ic policy has
been to expand its industrial base to supply
both domestic and foreign demand.
You can infer from the information in the
art icle t hat t he zom bie com panies
mentioned in paragraph 3 are most likely
a) Japanese companies that went bankrupt in
the 1980s but that are still officially listed as
active.
b) t he fact or m ost responsible for Japan s
enormous public as well as private debts.
c) Japanese companies that avoid bankruptcy
by continuously borrowing money from
Japanese banks.
d) Japanese companies that can survive only
by exporting to China.
e) older Japanese companies that attempt to
strangle any new competition.
The author of the article most likely
mentions the Ripplewood Holdings
purchase of Long- Term Credit Bank in order to
show how
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human subjects.
d) Kubanek and her team have discovered
that certain deficiencies in human immune
systems can be remedied by the
application of seaweed chemical
compounds.
e) With their vast knowledge of marine plant
chemical defenses, Kubanek and her team
have begun to manufacture medicine
applicable to both plants and humans.
41
42
43
44
| FGV- EAESP | CURSO DE GRADUAÇÃO | AGOSTO/2004 |
Pg. 15
The author of the article expresses the
possibility that
a) lobophorolide may have no practical
application in repelling human pathogens.
b) seaweed may produce a variety of
chemical compounds, each designed to
repel a specific pathogen or parasite.
c) seaweed chemical defenses may be more
practical and more valuable than plant
chemical defenses.
d) lobophora variegata may be one of the
world s m ost valuable sources of chem ical
defense compounds.
e) the diseases that attack humans could be
defeated if scientists fully understood the
chemical defense systems of seaweed.
GABARITO
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(THE ECONOMIST)
| INGLÊS E INTERP. DE TEXTOS | GRADUAÇÃO | FEV/2005 | PG 15
SILENT DEATH
42 According to the information in the article, what
was st range about Mam or u Takum a s execut ion?
A Japanese officials usually wait a very long time
before executing condemned prisoners, but
they executed Mamoru Takuma in a relatively
short time.
B Though Mamoru Takuma was arrested at the
scene of the crime and confessed to the
murders, he was never actually convicted in
court.
C Japanese officials made a point of using
Mam oru Takum a s execut ion t o win
continued support for the death penalty.
D Instead of receiving a lethal injection or being
put in the electric chair, Mamoru Takuma was
hanged.
E Because Mamoru Takuma was mentally ill, he
should have received life in prison instead of
the death penalty.
43 You can infer from the information in the article
that Forum 90
A is the only organization in Japan actively
opposed to capital punishment.
B want s t o correct but not abolish Japan s capital
punishment system.
C designed and conduct ed Japan s m ost recent
capital punishment survey.
D believes that most Japanese voters are secretly
opposed to capital punishment but are
reluctant to express their opinion.
E believes t hat Japan s m et hod of capital
punishment, in which the prisoner is given
little warning before his execution, constitutes
a kind of psychological torture.
44 You can infer from the information in the article
that even if Forum 90 continues its activities,
A the Japanese capital punishment system will
probably not change, at least in the short term.
B the Japanese people will still demand that the
death penalty be applied to more and more
types of crimes.
C the Japanese people will never understand that
capital punishment is just another form of
murder.
D the Japanese government will still impose a
more rigorous capital punishment system.
E the international community will never
pressure the Japanese government to abolish
the death penalty.
45 You can infer that the author of the article most
likely believes t hat Japan s capit al punishm ent syst em
is
A adequately designed for the needs and
aspirations of Japanese society as a whole.
B a monstrous anachronism that should not
exist in a country that likes to consider itself
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modern.
C a natural expression of the will of the Japanese
people and thus should not be criticized by
Westerners.
D administered without real transparency and
has characteristics that are unfair and poorly
planned.
E an example of a government institution that
will never be changed, even if the majority of
Japanese turn against it.
GABARITO
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adult years.
B the standard variation in normal caloric
intake of non- obese adults in developed
countries.
C the excess caloric intake that results in adult
obesity.
D the caloric intake that maintains a stable
weight level during adulthood.
E the minimum number of calories that an
adult must eat in order to avoid losing
weight.
PAINFUL MEMORIES
1 STALIN'S ghost must have smirked at the
dilemma facing the three Baltic presidents.
Should t hey accept Pr esident Vladim ir Put in s
invitation to join the 60th anniversary
celebrations, in Moscow on May 9th, of the Soviet
vict ory in t he Great Pat riot ic War against
Hitler even though it cleared the way for the
Soviet Union to occupy and oppress the Baltics for
the next 45 years? Or should they stay away and
risk accusations that they were soft on Nazi
Germany, for which many of their citizens
fought?
2 After hesitating for almost five months, President
Vaira Vike- Freiberga of Latvia broke ranks this
week to say she would go. Presidents Arrold
Ruutel of Estonia and Valdas Adamkus of
Lithuania said they would think a bit more, and
sounded miffed by the Latvian move.
Conservatives will accuse Mrs Vike- Freiberga of
naively agreeing to celebrate not so much the
defeat of Hitler as the triumph of Soviet power
under Stalin. But she has calculated that the
diplomatic cost of staying away would be higher.
A no- show would let Russia claim that Latvia and
t he ot her Balt ic count ries were Russophobes
who upset east- west relations and stood apart
from European values.
3 The Baltics know that Russia will seize any
chance to drive wedges between them and the rest
of Europe. It resents their independence, almost
15 years after they escaped from the Soviet Union.
It thinks that they and the other ex- communist
countries that joined the European Union in May
are scheming to make the EU more anti- Russian.
4 Mrs Vike- Freiberga is snubbing Russia's offer to
sign a border treaty as a reward for her
attendance. The important thing, she says, is that
| INGLÊS E INTERP. DE TEXTOS | GRADUAÇÃO | AGO/2005 |
PG 11
the Baltic side of history should be heard. She has
published a declaration in which she blames
Stalin equally with Hitler for causing the 1939- 45
war, by agreeing secretly to divide Europe. And
she calls on Russia t o express it s regr et for t he
Soviet subj ugat ion of central and eastern
Europe.
5 Some hope. Russia insists that the Soviet Union
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