9.2 Polynomials of Matrices ‘Consider a polynomial f()) ~ ag +--+ ayt + ag over a field K. Recall (Section 2.8) that if 4 is any square matrix, then we define L(A) = a,A" +--+ aA + aol sic tym a yt att) ema wares tat [! 3). ma [2 Bs S(t) 3+5 and — gt) P—Sr—-2 wn pyaevevs- [8 )6[3 ot} [ 3]-[2 4] 7 woes [2 [8 B13 1-8 I hs snmstet “no nen gli Pon 7 sums teyadsomvenan recy aa nba @ (F484) =f) +24) DNA) = UA) (ACA) = sA)xt 4) Gy F(A) = aA) (Observe that (v) tells ws that any two polynomials in A commute Matricns and linear Qnoratore cxanricea a4 [3] ta i i ayaa [4 ‘As expected fr the Cayley Manito theorem, Ai a af A); hain, [x s}+[2s 3] 4]-[o 9] [Now suppose and # are similar matrices, say 8 = P-"AP, where P is invertible. We show that and B have the stm characteristic polynomial. Using of ~ PAP, we have ‘Ay(0) = dete — B) = deu(r — PAP) = dente — PAP) = deslP-" (ul — A)Ph = det?) deel ~ A) dP) Using the fet that determinants ae scalars an commute and that det(P-) de(P)~ 1, we fll oan glo) = del ~ 4) = A4(0) Thus, we have proved the flowing theorem. [He-n9-9) 1-0 Ma)=4 64-77La cum 94 Fe i meni 3 | 33 wekene(0-1439-1 tne ig ons toe auf afea aeefp Sen ase fh des as Ay tant Aay =H. Also, Ml = 27 +2 4066-0 17, According, Mi)? 182 3-17 Remar: The cocficients ofthe characteristic polynomial A(?) ofthe Square matrix A ar, with kematng signs, a8 follows: St), S=Antdmtdy, $= det(A) We note that cach 5, is the sum of all principal minors of 4 of order. ‘The next theorem, whose proof lis beyond the scope ofthis text, tolls us that this result struc in generalcwummens tat [2 Hatem [ JJantn [f] m0 mfLsf-Liles = 9-8 Bs and eae lincany independent and hence form a basis of RS. Accontingly, di diagonalizabe.Punbermote, let P be the matrix whose columns ar the eigenvectors 6 and. That st i} | zd “Then A is similar to the diagonal matrix ere ‘Ascapectcd the diagonal cements | and i Dare the igenalics corresponding respectively, tthe eigenvectors and, which are the columns of P. In paticlr, 4 has the factorization some [8 | ‘Accordingly, ef hyp opph ay pis as #~|-a allo 2s6][2 4] [170 26 Morover, pps fl) =~ 52 +346; bees, (1) = Sand fd) =2. Then ro-mor'-Ls ie alk Ls 4] Last, we obtain a “postive square rot” of. Specially, using vorae'-( eI RE sc neva ene slew ‘That is, P~ is obtained by interchanging the diagonal elements « and d of P, taking the negatives of the rnondiagonal elements 6 and c, and dividing each element by the determinant [P P [3 i} ands and V4 =2, we obtain the matric welDamnit as The daomin apne eamintoa [$3] (Teemu ee wd), Mtoe veo AQ) = P= B= 10= (S42) 2) SEA) = (99042) = 0. The rote y= Sand Jy = —2 are the igameace of A G) @ Wefind an cigemvcctor», of belonging tthe cigcmvalu 2) = 5. Subtract 2 = S down the diagonal of Zine mane [-} 2) ecm mn tena pace tO 1 2}fx)_ fo) -xtav-0 3 -s|[y}- lo) % ar-g 0 Tle syseen han only one fe viable, The, s aomsero sblion, Sor example, m= (2,1), ix a eigenvector that spans the eigenspace of y = 5 We find an eigenvector vy ofA belonging to the cicavalus 2a ~ 2, Subwact 2 (or ad 2) down the Aiggnal oft cain the mati 5 form the solton ofthe "To *)csecteommmsyum §12-2 we aape [$2] ettohmepwas gen §612%°2 we seapn The sysom bes only coe inkpendoat sohfion, That, 2 momso sokiion, any »,=(—1,3), i an cigevector tha spans the cigenapac of Jy ~~ 2 (4) Lot P be the matrix whose columns are the eigeewoetors and e. Then ehh we ely ‘Accordingly, D~ P-“4P isthe diagonal matrix whose diagonal enres are the comesponding sigenalues thats, o-rwe-[ 4A 32-8 3) foannite7 contr somain t= [} t] weve (B= S4368 Bla IS+16 16 APB 16H (4 Accordingly, is he only cigs ofSubtct 14 down th digs of tain he mati u-[} “Te spc has ony one independent solution; or example, x = 1.y = 1. Thus, = (1,1) nd its muliples ae the only cigsmveciors of B. Accoringly, Bis nt diagoalizabl, because thre docs not exist a basis consisting of igen of 5 or xy | sate nomogensus tm $Y ames 28 cin te mac [3 3] te ot) 9-90 a = 9 t ‘A() = # + 1 isthe characteristic polynomial of A. We consider two cases: (@) 4 is 2 matrix over the ral field R. Then AV) has no (al) root Thus, 4 has no cigenvalucs and no Cienvectors, and 90 4 is not diagonalizable. (©) is a matin over the complex kd C. Then Ae) = (¢—0(¢-9 has two 00 F and 1. Ths, Aas 160 igcavalics # and —i, and hence, 4 Is two indspendent eigenvectors. Accordingly there exis a ‘nonsingular marx P oer the complex fick! € foe which rarle S| = [2 Beet rma tk nl a oh AP 2 First we find the characteristic polynomial A() of A. We have WA)=245=7, |=10-4=6 A) =F 7+ 6=¢-H-1) ‘Accondngly, 2, = 6 and 4, | are the cigenvacs of A. (2) Subwacting 3, = 6 down the diagonal of 4 yicks the max -4e—2y=0 and the homogencous system 3578) or ae(@) Subang Jy ~1 done te diagonal of 4 yield the ma roa 13] mimeo ten 1-0 (ie cand eqton ops ot eae I i 8 mie of te at equton) Ano econ i aT ‘Ae expced foe Teor 91, ma ogi. Noaisg od ils erncral ve 05-208) and = @NE,I/V) Fin, ht eh mati whe olan ean repel. Than Uv5 2/5 » 6 0 a i | ‘As espace he dans! exes of 4 athe egenaescarspondng the caamm o . The prosdure in the above Faample 9.9 is formalized i tho following algorit, which fads an conhogonal matrix such that PAP 1s agonal. ‘Auconrrum 92: (Orogomal Diagorlizaton Algorithm) The inpu it ral symmetric mais A ‘Stop 1. Find the characteristic polynomial Ale) of 4. ‘Step 2. Find the eigenvales of A, which are dh rots of AC), ‘Stop 3. For cach cigenvalus 2 ofA in Step 2, find an orthogonal basso its cigenpace ‘Stop 4. Normalize ll eigvesio in Step 3, which then forms an orthonormal basis oF RY ‘Stop S. Let Phe the matrix whose columns af the normlzod eigenvectors in Step 4. oa) =2? to Patan whe |? oyun p= | WSs as vr [ wire P Lys Ws. Lat = [uf Then mats Pcomespnd othe flowing linear ethoganalsbsiution x = PY ofthe aiahles tly interme ofthe varable rund 2 req any % ‘his ssi ngs) vel he dings quadrai form gl) ~ 6+ xmweus 13 Comite mac | H he ae ih ne = [2] 945612, deA)m 27} 835, andwo AY) — 21204 38— 6-H) = 34K 11, de) 24} 6=30, andso Ag(0)— FIM 30—@-5)e0-6) econ the chartriate plynail of the pra Au AaldAa(0) ~ (1-3) 6-7)[BAMPLE 914 Find the christie plyoomal AQ) athe mininal polymim) of he Mk deg 5.0 0.0) a3 [f dja-m = seaee ‘Then Af) ie the prac f the characterization polyoma () A) Of Ay Ay Ay, rpc. ‘one can sow tt MO= (2, A= (= 2K, == 7 Thos, AG) = (1-2) 7) [As expect de (0) = 5] he minimal plyomls (ml) m9!) te agonal Woks A Aa 4s, pete, ae eg 9 the ‘tract polyols ta m= 0-2, mi 20-7), maled ut) egal othe nt common mite my), mm Tas, = 27-7. 1 RS Polynomials of Matrices, Characteristic Polynomials va taf! 2] ind (A), where @) fO=F 347, M)=F oD (ak a)-E eh : RR 4 wea wo [3 BLS BES A- [Nhs 4 83 00 ff. 9 #4071 | ‘i ec ik A asc ge 2 sho #-[J 3he c= [3 3] as ia sb wanda wa a @ 4-[ 9.3. Find the characteristic polynomial (of cach ofthe flowing matrices: 123 162 @ 4=]3 0 4f,o a= |-3 2 0 eas. 034Us the arma fe) =P WUE Ge ae Aa i where dy he core a a in te 3x3 med bl omarion A {a6 A 3)=-13, batt A 38, aad lA 30 as Al) =F 6? — 351-38 Oo eyaterte tu-[f Sfe-a mee |b Je * Patdntia=h ad i=tena-e 1, ay-Ps?-wse 9A. Hinde hac nomi) fe of te lowing ti @4= 19 06 51 Blo oss af) mt a(S Ts, MO An (Du ld =F 64312904 28) (0) Beane ie ianpur, AG) = (¢— HCE) S(t 8 ‘9.8. Find the characteristic polynomial A(e) of cach ofthe fllowing Hear operators: () FRE RE dofind by Flisy) = Ge 159, 2B). (0) DEV + ¥ delined by DLJ) =F fa, where Vis the space of functions with basis S= {aintcost) ‘The racist polynomial Ao na opera i cpl the characte pom any anne : es Were (0) Find the ri 4 reposting the fen operaor D rave othe haus S. We have 50 A) PA Mm a9 ‘Terre, Al =P wa) l=? 946. Show that a marx 4 and its transpose A" hae the same characteristic polynomial, By the wagon operation, (0) Then ee ene ES) FMB Ee, HM Cae Hat AAA ad FB Fa =I) + aA) By defnon wht ote tea = Beer, where rtahstontabe Bah. a= (NU) (0) By detintion, AF — hay 4 ay ay a 90 A) ha ha hag = ago ba al) AF) By ih AAA) = RHA) = CA = Fe. Prove the Cayley-Hamion Theorem 92: Every mars sa rot of charactertc polynomial Ai) Let Abe an arity nse mais ad tA) be is casters polyoma, AC) =A] = ba gba bag ow et) dena the eli ajpin f th marx A. The cements of Me colar of the ‘mai fw ence are pyro in of Joe at exceeding nT. Ths, Bl) Bh EB thre he, ar nears mabicos over K which ae independent of By the fender propery of th ‘asa mt (Tare 89), (4) 8) = WAV we ANB AEB) ME a EE haa moving the pres and equating comeing power ff ih Bee alg yg le oy By AB, =a Mating te above egusons by 4°, 5 J pect, yells FB Ad Ag AM a AON coy My AB mad, AB ‘Aang te above mateo yes Oo the ef-s ancl (4) onthe igh hand ie ha i, On ta eo tad bad Therefore, AA) —, which she Cayley Hamlin horeEigenvalues and Eigenvectors of 2:2 Matices vase [3 (@) Find all eigenvalues and comesponding cigenvoxtrs. () Find matiess P and D such that is nonsingular and D =P AP is diagonal () Fr find the charac plyamialA) of Alo =P way eo =F va 2H) “Teron 1 = 50 A) atte sigma fA We find comespndig sme (‘Stns 2 wnt aon of sn te ic M = A —21, verte arene emg pm HA = kd he server nrapeg to 2 We be wo [h A], coropatione YY rayne The sem baton oe ie vil, nd» = (41) snore tion Ts, = (41) 8

0. (See Fig. 1) (@) Stow that 9 = (K1) and wy = (1,2) ar eigenvectors of. (©) Show that Lis dagonaizable, and ind a diagonal representation D. 9) = (1st 9, (1,149) abate of 1 repute by the gona man Mine st (4) Me veto = (ie om hn y= ano i eft ey that i 1) = e,-Thas ‘sa epentr of Z belonging othe eigen 1 "Ine velo iy (1s-J) I perpen the line yb and Benes, eles nis oyv: at, (ey) =m Thy tam genvecar OL elangig foe egrwake 2, 1(©) Mee = (eyo) ata oF R? coinng of eigen of Z, Tha 1s Sagoi, with he cool meein D- |! Sf nie ate Eigenvalues and Eigenvectoes ew gaatecs|2 52). 112 (©) Find a maximum st of tncarty independent eigenvectors of A. (©) 18 Giagoatizabe? If yes, find such that = 4s diagonal (6) Fit find he carci: ply A) oF 4 We hae W)=A4S42= 11 and faa 2-24 548-45 ) in cgmvales of $3 z a tu-fh fem anf tea aff tee Mews A)? a ae MP a8 Amin el Hm eng, 1,4, 1, 48, 48, Tey ont spies Ve “Th 13 ea oof AG). Ae, 13 fa fcr nd 8+ 1S tr, Hes, = 3) 019) = 3) 3) =P) Acco, 1 Van! 1S ae eigsmalc of 4 (©) Find neat independent eigenvectors for ech isn of 4 (©) Subvat 23d the diagonal of 4 oun the max [Ht ] corning 149-100 iia 1,0) and = (1,01) aetna indent solos (i) Sort = 5 down th diagonal of 4 bin he mtn at arty 20 “ Ma] 202), commpontige 2) eo ne 11s. iy &=0 yo ‘Only 2 vibe Hew = (1,21) stton fm} = (C10), (10.1), (1,22) 48 @ mania tf Hcy inpendot aby iret eigenalue of 4. Tas, the tee vectors ar Hincaly indepen.6 6 2 (6) Fin find he carci polynomial A) of We have =O, (B= =16, By =—4, By =O, By=—8, 8 B= — sod 2.48, Hop Poem 9.14 fate mac lr 2th ‘Therefore, Ai) =P — 1214 16 (e294 4). Thus, Ay =2 amd 2, — 4 ae dhe eigen tales of (0) Find ass he siespace of ach eigevaeo3, (Seimei) ~2 down the diagonal o 8 bitin roar ao yao ° aa ]) 7 1], comemondingwo tr ayte-0 oe FPN O 6 oo 60 * ‘The syaeo has only one independent schon; for expe, ¢= 1, y=1, #0, Ts = (11,0) fr bs rh igempac oy 2 (i) Subac 2, =A or a8) down oe diagonal of 8 wots rod Bee yh eno Me} 11), comspontingto Tk 54 20 oe 666 Corer ‘The sem has only one independent soho: for example, x—0, y 2 (N] fame 2 bse ore eisnnece fy ‘Ths §~ ays} Sea marinas fiery independent isnt of (6) Because sat ost two leary independent egcavectors Ht smart dagna mari ht is smo diagoalae 9.26, Find th algebvaic and geometric multiplicities of the eigenvalue 2y = 2 ofthe matrix in Problem 9:13, "The alchnic malic of = 22, became 12 appen: wth exponent 2n AQ). Howes, the ‘ometne mulpliy of Jy 2 became dim, — (whee, fs the emmac of 2). 9.7. Let TR?» RP be defined by Teay2) = (204 y— 25, 2H IY de, hy =). Find igenvalucs of 7: and finda basis ofeach eigenspace. IT dlagonaizable? Io, nd te basso 1 that diyonalizes 7, and ind ts diagonal represenaton D. Fist ind he mati dh opel 7 lative tthe wal sis by wring own th eft ‘fx ju ry an en fd he character pyro 4 (and 7). We bave we wi 4 faa Jt wm [P44 ray ist ‘Thetetre,A() =P 4? + 5t—2 = (¢~ 1942}, sm yo A~ 1 and = 2 ree eigavals 4am 1) We na fn nearly independent gees frei imal of A(Stace 11 dows he goa 4 ota ema wl 2 3 coromintngte 4722-0 iis Hey and fie vale. and ther eto inca epedent igcmsectors longing (= 1 oe example (0,10) ami'e = (20,1) ae to sch lemons (6) Sabonce 2 don the dagen! 4 bam (ny fe vara, Hee w = (12,1) #8 sn. Tha 7 dag, became ithe th indponletcigcvcios Spiel, hosing Stern = (010, 200, (12,0) 6x bass is presi bythe apna mas = dag 2) 18. Prove the following fora linear operator (rts) T= (4) The scalar O isan eigenvalue of F if and only if 7 i singula, (0) 162s an eigenvalue of 7, where Tis invertible, thon 2! isan eigenvalue of 7 (©) Weta that ran cigeval of 7 fam ony ithe aver» Osh tht Ts) = Oot fl oly 7 saga (©) Recs i inert ning en, by (2) 28. y definition of an eigen, the exits» # Och that 7) — Ae Appling #Y bo sds, we on eT dear and TMona ty ‘Tortora eigenalae of 7 (9.19, Let be an cigenvale ofa incr operator 7: —» Y, and let consis of al the eigenen belonging to 2 (called the eigenspace of 2) Prove that Eis «subspace of V. Thats, prove G2) Me By then ku By for any sear A.) Ua, ey, then w+ We By (0) ozs w By we have Te) = Then la) = KP) = As) = b), and 0 a € {We vw the mo yer OV a an “eigenvector” of Ain one or Fo hea bop of) (0) Asoc Bi, we have Fi) = Land 140) = de Th Teh pares Te) dat te det sy made wt 96 8 19.20. Prove Theorem 946; he ftlowing are equivalent () The wear 2 is am eigenval of 4 i) The matrix 21 — Ais singer (i) ‘Te salar 2 sa 1001 of the characteristic polynomial A(t) of 4 ‘he sear Jum eigenvalue ofA a nly if thre eid x nose vcr» sch tha dom}o @ Uy-dv= 0 or (A= 0 or AF- 4 sig ash ace, ie oa of A) ~~ AAs, w isin th egrspce By of iam ny fhe above elas had Hone, sain of (224) O, 9.24. Prove Theorem 9.8% Suppose 1th... Fe nonzero eigenvectors of T belonging to distin fips 2 yoo Them =e ae Hiner impedes,9.22, 923, Suppose he tore twas La 2. Be imal tf Yin fr which he theorem tes We Rave s> 1 bene ny #0. Als, by the minimally cee, ty. .%, a Het {Stependint. Tho, ta Uoerconbleton of 7-9 Bye bane to a, 0 (tere soe a #0) Apiing Te (1) and sig Heat OF yee Tea) = Tas Hayy 4 Fa) alo) 4a,Tlo) +679) @ an cigs fF belonging oH we hae 1) =p Sitting i (2) ye Aye) dim adys ta eo Matipying (1) by 2 ls dan = ahi tanlin + o ‘Sein th ght bad sides of) and (4) ea 0 cach te, sbi (3) fom () yes 2, — Fan Fy Ades Ho lay Dy — o Boca 1% a8 Healy indepen, the concen () mt al be zc. Tht 2104-2). wh -44)=0, a4) However, the 3 me dint Hence Jy — 3) £0 fr j>1. Hence, ap =O, =0,-.9,=0. This contacts the fet hal sme, 7 0. tot i proved. ‘Prove Thoorem 9.9, Suppose A() = (# aj)(¢~ ay)...(t~ a) the characteristic polynomial foam square matrix 4, and suppose the m rots are dsine’ The is simi the diagonal matic D daa) Leto: (mz) eiprnetr conesponding Wo he ipales, Then them igemectrs «are lies ipsdon (Thre 8 and hence om als of A Acorn, 4s glib (ec tsar oa dagoal mane 2 andthe dingo lems of Dare the peas Prove Theorem 9.107 The geometic mutipicity ofan eigenvalue J of T does mot exesed it lbraic muliplicity ‘Seppe the geome malpicty of 2b. The it sgempace contin Tint independent soot Ena ht (aba ef Fa. peta). We he Fo) Tet, oy Ts) Fo) =a tba tha toh To) ay to Fapa Fa Ton)aun too bane am a rien = [24] te mao 7th shove ss whe A= na came Ms ack digo, he carci pyar (2) ofthe bck 3, mt dvi the charters pyc of A nd ems of . Tha tease wlpiey of # for Ps a st red Diagonalizing Real Symmetiic Matrices and Quadratie Forms, 9.28, vasa [2] Hd nia mish = Pdinfin hearse yi A) 4 We have A) =P alae)? -6— 16-8042) ‘Tha igen of = and 1 =—2. We et od coer ect "att own be age obama

K is 2 quadratic form if ‘ines form fon Y. F141 £0 aK, then the incr form f cam be ond fo the quate fm y by the following, polar form of £49) = dla + 0) aw) — a) Now suppose fis reprseaed by 2 symeuic mauix A [a], amd 141 #0. Leting X — |x) denote olur vector of warble, q cathe represented nthe frm 4)“ f06.0) =X Tages ~ Baa Las “The sb formal epson inthe variable sho alld dai frm. Namely, whan the falowing second deton DEFINITION BB: A guadracform q in vaiables x. +. &polymomial such that every term ta degree to tha, yok) = Sant Ey (0) for some symmetric a Using 141-40, the gundatic Form qin Definition B tennis a syrumctic matrix A = ay where cand a ~ ag = dy Thus, Definitions A and Bar esetaly the same he mae reposcnation of gis diagonal, then 4 has the diagonal represcmation| GX) = XTAK = ayy) Hoth to et ‘Tt i the qundntc polynomial representing 4 wil contain no “cross produc” terms, Moreover, by “Theorem 124, every surat frm has sch a representation (when I 10) XAMPLE2.3Lotbe the dot product on R*, Recall tha isa symmetric bilinear form on R". We note that f i also positive definite. That is, for any w — (;) #0 in R™, Sin) = bh tonal 0 Section 12.5 and Chapter 13 tell us how to diagonalize areal quodratc form q or, equivalently, areal symmetric max 4 by means ofan orthogonal tasition matrix PIP is merely nonsingular, then can be represented in diagonal form with only 1's and 1's as nonzero coefliienis. Namely, we have the following corollary. COROLLARY 12.6: Any real quadratic form g has © unique representation inthe form Wei tayeeake) 0 BBiinear Forms BBA Let w= (sits) and v= (arn): Express fin mati notation, where S09) = Bey, — Devs + Stay, + Teams — Bes +e — 6eys Let A= fay), whore ay is the coefficient of x, Then ron -sar-wurosf ? a]f] oF lh 42.2. Let A be an mx matrix over K. Show that tho mapping f defined by /(X,Y) = NVAY is a bilinear form on K*. For amy a,b € K and any X75 € *, Ha, + 1%, Y) = (ak, + G)TAY = (aXT + oXF AY aX AY + ANTAY = af 9) +0780) Hence, is Hiner in the fst variable. Also, IW, a, 6%) = X7A(OY, +BY) = aXTAN + ANTAY, = af ON) + OFT) Hence, fis incr inthe scond variable and sofia tities frm 1323. LeAf be the bilinear form on RE dined by fllsita), Oral =25y1 = Seve bore (@) Find he matrix off inthe bass (ay = (1,0), ae = (1D) (©) Find the matrix B off the basis (2) = (2.1), e9 = (1y-D)e (©) Bn be ngs ma fun the Bn 4} he tenis (9) ad ey ta . (2) Set A= [ah where ag =F 4) Tis ils =f(t0), (0) =2-0-0=2, ay =fll.t), (4,0) =2-04 0-2 ea /MUO, (L=2—3—O=— 1, a= PANY, (US| = 2-344 rent [2 “A emit int 0) Set = bg wre By = 1409) Tis ts by.) BY)=8-644—6 By =sM(L 1) MeN, (Wao BML yar tasan8 a= [$$] eminent (6) Wing sd mt fl Fg = 2e ty Th wb al ~reefb SIE aL) Prove Tore 121 Let ¥ be an adimensonl veto pace ver K Let (0, ta ofthe dal space P* Thon {fb ees 9) = blah). s,s BV) Let fay} tno a (6) sepon fn) ap We dam tha f= Pei St) = (aah sb} be any ) isa basis oF B(Y), whet fis defined by ow that {4} pan {V).Let BF) and ) be We hve (4, bem) = Day file) = Deyhlelyla) = Taba 1) sp BY). Net, spose Fly <0. Ten foe Om) = (Say fie) =e The ast sep flows a above Thus, (} independent, and Rees i has of 8), n= Min) routed. Hence, Prove Theorem 122. Let P be the changeof bass matrix from a bass 1 a basi Le Abe ‘he matrix eprsemtingabilicar form i he bas S. Then > PTAP bs the marx repeating Jinthe base Fae Php tis mai om 0 he ly = ya a omer WP To 19) = ale = fg Pay hae wan ay chien of AP th mati af a eb‘SymmotileBinoar Forms, Quadratic Forms 126. sez. Find the symamctc mati that cotesponds wo each ofthe fellowing quadeac foams: (2) aleys2) =32 they FB e+, ©) dlsy2) =P bar Dye ©) anys) = BP 97 7 ‘Te symneic man A= a hat represents yo) hs the gona ay ye the ‘feet of he mae erm an he noniagenaemnes ySnd each il Bl of te coetet ‘tthe coset te Ths, wesc dle by “The hid mai 4s logon base the guna sg thas," rset Find the quite form g() that conesponds 1 each ofthe following symmetric mates: pats or : jo e[3 é jhe 4448 7 O89. $8 91 ‘geet tsps mei a Mad i f=, eg eke eres 9 aeaeiere eooy=atarm boll 2] isan seni] SP Bey Aap 89? = Sy 4 87 [As eget the coon $ ofthe snare term and te colic othe square term » are ‘he dhagoeal clement of Aan the scton 6 oft rompraat lem #)¥4 the tm of the nomagonal cements 3 an of A (or wie the woropalceiem bane ‘ymmaek (©) caine i teeaqute mai, thee ae tne kms, ay 4,994 474: The ya) 40 ~ 107-67 41 169 - teins) A Hye 4 1 Hgts 9h ere we we theft hat the cooks te square te (2922) ae ha epsetve ‘agonal cements 4-6, 921, and he eee he rae prod! Wm thes fe hancgonal cleans and by ("tic by, Dame by =~) (6) aise Cis ours ma, tee a four unknowns Hees, ety) = 2k 1h Rg gy 14 Bs + Nay + rea-[3 ; ;| ty Aleit 21 ind» mga ti ah at = PAP gal i i), omwaa fom hk ei =H Lares wots B ; so] ig ga pk ply ow pets Rese By 381, nd “Rae By 2, fy” to and then apply the eerepndg cola aprons “cla Cy hy MC) Cy" ad meplace C, by -26, +C," tod odin 1 310] ante [0-2 0 400 5112 ooo wn 2 ante asp of Pi in he ight oF Ts, st r 1 oo 1] amitten = Pcar=|o 2 0 2, oO, Note D tas p—2 postive ani m1 negative dingo lemons ‘Th, the sgmare of 4 is Sela) pew 2 tt Bustfy Algorithm 12.1 which diagonalizes (ander congruence) a symmetric max Cone the bok max M = [41 The agit applies eter of elementary ow operations the sortrponding cola operant he a of whi thet Ti can Dremaipying by 4 sequence of slemetary rar, sy, BE, md pommalying 4 y the poss af Th when hago ei, he agonal mai 2G tae palo Debye BABE AE OUD, where = Bob (he thc har the lr ony apis the lemcnary row opntiom to thee man Jon the Fit ie of MTs, when te agit eds, the mari one Mase oF Meal Be BB = Be BoB =O soning Owe get diagonal o 4 under conren . Prove Theorem 124: Lt be a sytnmitc bli ar firm ow V over K (where 1+ 1/0) Thon V has bai in which Ji represented by diagonal matrix ‘Algo 12.1 shows every symmre atx over Keng 1 yom at. Thi it pale Toe amet ha has dana erst Let be the quai form asuciated with the symmetric bilinear form f. Verify the polar enty a0) ~ fet 9) ~ au) — aCe) (Assume that 11 #0.) ale) a) Fle WA Fo) 09) Fun) 4 F109) + Foun +09) Foe) fl 10141 0, we amie by 2 1 cana the gud ey 2) = afte)3222. 4243, 4244. ‘Consider the quaatc form gy) = 32 4 219 ~ y* andthe linear substation Eos yodete (2) Rowse g(x,y) in mex mation, and Grd he matrix A representing gy) (©) Rew the linear substitution using matrix notation, and inthe matrix P camresponding 9 the subttatio, (6) Finds) sing det substiacon, (@) Find gs) sing matix notation 09 tecaeo)=toi[? !][s}me-[h m BB mr eb Barn ond (X) = 7, where X = 58) = Mo 398 1246-398 40) BAF HP 6 98) 4 2102 — Sah 32) (A24 ae 4) 8? — S04 20? T eennorrerd EE UE bf phew [As expect the rests in prs (6) and) ae eq Consider any diggonal max diag...) over K. Show that for any nono scalars Kyu Ay CK,A ts comgruct to & diagonal maitx D with diagonal entics a), 4 intent, show tht (@) IF =, thn we cam choose D v0 that its diagonal entes are ony 1's and O's (©) IF = R, then we ean choose D so that its diagonal eis are only 1S, 1's, and 0s Yet Pig A) Ten, 8 rege, = PAP ag) nl) Sas) = do. oad) (0) ter P= dit, weve = [UY Men 4 a te opie rm © tar aati = {A(R Ca 40 Prove Thoorem 12.5: Let /be a symmeti isc form on ¥ over R. Then thre exis basis ‘of Vin which fs reprevented bya diagonal matrix Every ther diagonal mattis representation OFF has the same number p of postive cmcs and he ume number w of cpa cates ‘By Peorem 12: there it a ba ao} FF 8 wich f eprom ya ago! mati wit sy, pontine and wnegative ct Now spe (mw) tae as of Fo which ‘spree bya agonal wat with postive and w mepaive res. We eat atone Without oso {erly that the postive cuts nach mic eppew fin. Heese rank) ~ ptm wm fics to roe tha p=et U beth near san ofp at We the near pan a ie Th fo) > foe evry nae CU. and fe) 20 fe eveey momo 0. Meme UM = 0), Note tat int” pant di Ths, im( + W) = aU + dl — di 0) = (n=) —0= edi 17) < im Fn: henos, BB nor < pt Sima,» < pnd here Pm, sector Remark: The above theorem and proof depend only cm he concep of poy. Thus, the ore is rue Fo any Subsld A of We wal eld sch asthe rainal cl Q. Positive Definite Real Quadratic Forms 412.45. Prone that the following definitions of a posive definite quad fr 4 are equivalent: (The diagonal enrcs ane all postive in any diagonal representation of (©) a(P) > 0, for any nonzero vector Yin RY Suppon 9) = ay-+ opt +--+ gy all he cote a postive, them cary) > ‘whenever 70- Thus a) imps (Canty suppose (a) nt! at upp Some ago yy <0 Legg (Orly 0) beth vector whowe enter ate al Descept I'm the Hh enn ‘Then le) ~ a no pote, nd) mot Woe. Tha) mis (a). Aseria) a () te 12.46. Determine whether cach ofthe allowing quadratic forms 4 i postive definite: a) =P 429 dee ye + 73? aE be bet ett Diggonaie (any engrcne) the symeete mae A coespondin 1 (Apply operations “Replace A by 2 + Ay" and Roplae Cb 2G; C,"aad en “Replace ‘yy By 4 aml “Replace Cy by C4 Cy Tone gh [: 23h 2 4-B24 ‘The dagona representation of g ony contain pote eae, 12,1, the diagonal has, g is ee CAENMEL A 0) Wehwe “Three neve ery -2 on the dg rprseetion of 4 Th, ot psive definite, 22.47. Show tha (x,») = as? | ay 4 iptv definite i and only if. > @ and the discriminant Dow dae <0, Supp» = (69) £0. Then eters £0.09 £0; yy £0. Let = x/y Then ao) = Pla + Maly) Hel = POP 4he be) However, the following epi: Ai) =a psi fr evry vale of. Gi) fa FBC Her abowe he Fa (i) 420 md D=8— be <03248. ‘us gs pov define end oly sf > O and 2 <0. emark:D <0 he sme a det) > 0, ste ee sme mu creping te Determine whether oF not cach ofthe following quadratic forms gi postive definite: ©) ale) =F 4747.0) ey) =F 4 BA SAO) ale) “SEL DV Compute he iin D = 6 — ar, thn te Pri 1217 (0) D~ 1628-12. Because g~ 1 > Onl D< Oe i postive define, () D= 61 20~44, Became D> 0¢ is nt positive dine. (©) D=4— 12-4 ene «3 > Dan Dc Og ptive de Hermitian Forms 1249, 1220. Let f be Hermitian frm on ¥, Let be the matix of f Deicrmine whether the following matrices ar Hewitian 2 24m as 3 2b aye sas @ fax 5) orale joao or lw fs 21 sa 448 6-4-7 aye 7 6 ‘A copes matic A= ae Neritan iA" = Atha i y= (@) Yes, seat i i ql 8 conjupte anos (0) No, ete hough ti symetie. (6) Ys. In aet2rea maric e Hormian and ony iti yr {et A be a Hermitian matix. Show that fis a Hermitian Form on C* where fis defined by SOY) = KAY. For all gb Cand all X45. C8, as, |, 1) = fat, + B4)AF = aay 4 wear aX AY 1 DXTAY ~ afk ¥) 40708519) ees, fi ina in the Git viable Als, TOF) ~ WAY ~ WAY ~ VAPR ~ var = yFax = f0r.x) Hence is a Hermitian form on C* Remark: We use the fic hat X7AY is acalar and 0 ‘equal to ts transpone, bass 5 ~ 4) of F Prove the following: (2) fay 0) = ET fo a nw eH (©) ICP is the change of basis matrix from $ 40 a new bass of F, then B= *H0, where O = P) i the matte of fin the De basis Note tt) the complex analog of Men 122 (6) Leta Fa apo = ae, Fay ad 9 By 2 ae Thm a eed, Slo) = F100 4 yy = a = Ea) aba = ty = PUP (oe0) Besse Piste ns mai fom St me Me Pl bat fee an ty Py Tha by oo) = OG = oH Bevan ae bia mans bet, PP he mai ff bets = Ieee = bes. botee a azaaien=|1-1 4 2 aioe 7 1 tein ma Fin noasingulr matin P wich thal D = PUP ix diagonal, Alo, Sa the sipatare of 1 ‘Use the mds Alot 12.1 that plies the ume ow operations bat the comespondin court alum operations Ts, rt i the ck mie M = 1 1oisr mw tea wafer 2 wate wain 7 001 Ami he row operations "Replce by(1. 5 My Ry" and “Replece Ry by 2 18 ‘cameryndig cause comm operations “Repos C, by BGG ot nate the we ee aad Rep Cs hy Maoh Gidadd Next spl the tow operation “Rep Ry by SiR, +22," ad te corepending conjugate col ‘pean “Replace Cy By SiC + 2,1 oan 10 0 oo roo 4 0 ol o0 - Si% As 2 oo te Sam wD Now Hts been dagoalizd dh wnspne of he ih al FM iP. Thm 1 nee sear Leo polo [1 S|, sates Damar |02 0 oo 00 38 Note D has 2 postive elements and a= 1 negative elms Thay, the sigue of His Stl)? Miscellaneous Problems 32.28, Moe There 123;Lat/ bean shea fon Then hex af which ites black hago mai wit Mock hem | © er. The mmber ‘of nonzero blocks is uniquely determined by f (because itis equal to | rank( f)) M10, be er # voy eA in Y=, ye) = hes) =8 sod a) =U Renda oes ace at en > a Tower sre) ae sc fy) £9. a malig by sm sepinacw sn e Wa agnt ofyo) = Naw 8 sii: Some yi en fl) Han) Vey Sign© Meme roeamneot te meant ae me fond [ 2 Wee Uy an + hy en ssi) bm) Le comin vas CFs tat) ~ Dano) 0. ety, sen €U) We chim that Y= U6 ts clear tha UW’ = {0}, ard so i rine to show thal Y= U-+ HE Lt verse band fess) = Flam + Bm 8) 0 w= Weres = feestan “Asani ond wv ” Became i ine combnton of and, U. We sow met that By (andi Fn) = Fe mee Flea) Moma a) = Flea) Fae) = 0 ‘Sit, ms) =f) am 30 Moca) Flom, a) = Hon) Flan) = “Thon Wands (1), 9 a} wy where We Thi sows that Fo U4 We heros, P= UW Now the eso ff to W san erating oa or om Wyte, ree bes ys sith Fm whe the mae eeenting Freed 0 W has the desire fom. Acorn, Stiinta na baie f Pt whch ete eprontng bat the deed form. POLINOMIOS DE MATRICES. POLINOMIO CARACTERISTICO a, sae (2) titi ano 8a aDA tesa f= #34470 ( yx oll °) “(RO -R 9) wrocemen Ht ACS a 9 12, ton spi ai ei mae = (2 2) ‘Construyamos Ia matic caracterstica f— A: GCs -)-¢ FF polinomio caractristco A(t) de A esol determinant: ana mom matal!22 2 |-t-m—ve see ae ‘Alternativamente, tr A= 2+ T= 3 y [Al 2+ 1S 17, luego A(t) =f? —3e 417, 1 6 3. Hallar et polinomio caracteristico A(:) de ta matric Am {3 2 o 3 let 2 M=tu—Al=| 3 0 | K-24 18 IE ee 0 -3 real Aiternativamente, tr A= 14+ 2—4=—1, 4 =A, |! I Awe tly a2418 2, that A 8 8418 he 62. Asi pues, Ma) PAE + yy + Aas + Aas [AL ot 8 84, Hallar 1 polinomio caracteristico A(t) de cada una de las siguientes matrices 10203 aos 7 0 2 8-6 1 4-6 4 a Rly o 3-5 » S15 o 6 -5 o 0 ow oe 0 2 y 42) Como R es triangular, A(1)= (6 241-3) -4)2 1) meee Suppor Mop, Ma ent = (2 recat ie) = A (OA fl) = (08 ~ 64 + NEF 91-4 28) VALORES PROPIOS Y VECTORES PROPIOS ; ts e(! correspondientes, b) una mats invertible P tal que D = P-'AP sea diagonal, e) A* y iA) pata ft) = 308 — T+ Ge 18. ; 2 at uns ua i a 42) Formemos la mater encacerstica f ~ A de A wa )-G IC c) 1 potinomio caracterstico AQ) de A es su determinants: Mas == E41) ‘| . ‘ Amarante 4=1 434 Ul 23 =8= 5 hg MO) = 41-5, Latis SNOT Sri cri) sob hn en de Oban bea mer St Pern oe ep ae sinning mate (44) tn ra pes cia = 3 win lin meee (2 M)-@) ° Lace 2 cre El sistema slo tiene una soluciin independiente; por ejemplo, x= 1, y = 1. De este modo, = 0,1) es un vector propio que genera el espacio propio de 2, = § ‘Obtengamos los vectores propios de A pertenccientes al valor propio 2, = —1. Susituimos 1 ent ets -(-2 4) pr nt =2 = © x42=0 El sistema slo tiene una soluiin independiente: por 7), que comresponde a sistema homogénco x = y= 0. Agu ts = (I 1 por tanto un valor props de 4 prtenecinte 8 ‘Sea P la mati uyas cluraas son oy ey Entones mG) sewed Uicemos i factorizaciom dagonal de A acrmee(S Ye O D) pa wormes( 5M wl “H(i 2) sou ($h 8) wet i senor fe Xt DG) sb aizcuadrada postiva de A (mara una matt diagonal con elementon 0 negative. crime Aa(S § “cans tami sh valores propios de A, c) un conjunto miximo de vectores propios Hncalmente indepen-dientes de A. d) {Es diagonalizable A? En caso afirmativo, encontrar P tal que P-'AP sea diagonal. a) Tenemos -#-nod -2-s 2 ote Ahenativamente, A(t) =P? ~ (W AM? + (Ay, + Ars + Aus) [Al P= He + 3845. (Aqui ‘Ay es el colactor de ay en Ia matrz A) b) Suponiendo’que A(t) tenga una raiz racional,ésta debe estar entre $1, $3. +5, 49, £15, £43. Pronande comseguimos 44) =| A= Pa 18 + 3945 3 1439-45 Mas Fie 6 Asi = 3.08 una caie de B(?) y ¢—3 un factor que da A = = Ke — 8+ 1) = ME M-TH) En consecuencia, 2, = 3 y 4, = $ son los valores propios de A eanos vectores propios incalmente independientes para cada valor propio, a) 1) estamos 4, = 3a los elementos diagonales de 4 legandoa M=(2 2-2}, cores: Wor ny (, 10 y e= 4,0, 1) son ‘pondiene al sistema homogénco x +y—2=0. Aqui w dos soluciones independicnes © 8h tn at ne (" La Giniea vasable libre es =. Uns solucion es w= (1, 2.0. De este modo. (u'= (I. —1, 0), ¢= (0, 0.1), w= (1.2, 1} €8 un conjumto miximo de veetores ‘ropios liealmente independiente de A. Nota: Se han clegido los vectores uy » de forma que feeran soluciones independientes del sistema homogéneo x + — 2 = 0. Por otra parte, w es automaticamente independien- te de wy, por pertenecer a un valor propio diferente de A. Los tres vectores som, pues, Tigealmemte independientes. 4) A 6s diagonalizable, ya que tive tres vectores propios limelmente independiente Sex P la ‘matriz con columns, % ». En exe cas, rid 3 pe[-102) y Papal 3 ory 989. 8.10, aL. ae supine (3 $1} mata) ptinniocaratersco At) ys a lores propios de B, b) un conjunto maximo de vectores propios lincslments independien- tes de B. (c) {Es diagonalizable 87 En caso afirmativo, encontrar P tal que P~" BP sea sisgonal, 2) Tencmos +3 1 roost ‘ 143] 0) = |= B= a Pa 6 Por consiquiente, A(t) ~ (t+ 2)%(t~ 4), Ask a ~ —2 y ay = 4 som tos valores propios de B. 1) Hallemos una tase para cl espacio propio de cada valor propio. 1) Sustituimos r= —2 e9 el ~ B obteniendo el sistema homogéneo UO: EES. ers FH sistema tiene Gnicamente una solucion linealmente independiente, por ejemplo, x= 1, y=1, 20. Sendo asi. w= (J, 1, 0) forma una base del espacio propio de Z, > ~2. ii)” Sustituimos 1 ~ 4 en uf ~ B para legar al sistema homogéneo [20 ERS r= Fl sistema tiene slo una solucioa Lincalmente independiente, digamos x ~0, ¥ = Por tanto, # = (0, |, |) consituye una base del expaco propio de 23 = 4 De este modo, $ = [ues un coajunto maximo de vectores propio lincalmenteindependien- ter de 8 1) Dado que B tiene un miximo de dos vectores propio lncalmente independientes, nos similar 8 una matriz diagonal, 0 sea, B no es diagonalizabe Hallas las multiplcidades algebraica y geométrica del valor propio A = —2 de ta ma- tir B del Problema 8.9, {a moltipicided algebraica de 4, ¢s dos. Sin embargo, la molilisdad geométrica de 4, 8 uno, pesto que dim E,, = 1. "ts rs py pate ees opto te ; sm a-(! sco eee we gm cee me afirmativo, hallar P tal que P~'AP sea diagonal. Et polinomio caractristco de Aes A(t) = r+ 1, que no tiene races en R. ASI A, vista como tuna matt real, no tiene valores propios ni vectnes propios y por ende A no es diagonalizable sobre R.8.12. Repetir el Problema 8.11 suponiendo ahora que A es una matriz sobre el cuerpo 813, ‘complejo C. EI polinomio caracterstico de A sigue siendo A(t) = 12+ 1, (No depende del cuerpo Sobre €, Alt) eb factorvable; coneretamente, A(t) = + 1m (= DUN. Por tanto, ay By = 1x00 valores peopios de A. 1) Sustwimos += en tA paca obtener ct sistesns homogénco tnd VV) (0) Cr rs (2 IO-O) 2 LAs 9 eco El sistema tine slo una socio inealnente independiente. por eemplo, x= I, y= = 4 De este modo. r= (lef) ex ba vector peop que pera el espacio propio de hy = 5) Susttimos (= i en 11 ~ A pura obtener a sistema homoxéneo int 1 x) (0 (inte y=0 CS - X)-() ° (anges ein tes yn0 I sistema tiene slo una soln lnealmenteindependicate. por eesplo, x = Asie, = (1, 141) 68 un vector propio que genera el espacio propio de A= —i ‘Como matriz compleja. A es diagonalizabe. Sea P la matiz cuyas columas son ey y ey. Entonces mi) 1 rae Ha 2 aos or alors propos de yo etre propios asco * BP sea diagoak ¢) B°, PM 10 594 2). Por tanto, dy = Sy y= 2 som ye ded 1 wone(? 4 do 8) vee Pa oD 4) Aqui AQ) 2P ee os valores propios de 8, 9 Roxane, =o nde de mio at(—2_*) ow -cotresponde al sistema homogéneo 3x — 4y = 0. Una solucion no nula ese, = (4, 3)'. iy Touger 2 torment dg de Bp some 10 (01) cone a tse 470 ge ee cn 0) Seema cps commen taco a can(! cn a) 6) tee ce aaron =($ Xe a)oe us, 6. pce = a Pe a ayes os 4) (me am (XS a 4)-(een om) sad Dein At a dagen dente A=(0 2 3 oo Sn Amp, opi sot emt Steas12)3: ue se es i wees pep ga teed lt ote tifaatie ones hy sana nie es ee ‘oder afrmar que A es diagonalzabl. Si quisiramor halla P tal que P*4P fuera diaponal Andeiamon que calelar vector propos) ero Supingase que A y B soe matrices meuadeadas 19) Probar que 0.cs un valor propio de A si y silo si A es singular ) Probar que AB y BA tienen los mismos valores propion. (0) Supdagase que A es no singular (invertible) y que 4 es wn valor propio de A. Probar ue 2°" cs un valor propio de A™*. 4) Probar que A y sw teaspuesta AT ticnen el mismo polinomio caractersico. 4) Teaemos que 0 «un valor propio de A si y silo i else un vector m0 nulo # tal que Alp) = Oe =O, eto es hy 90 8 es saga 1) Sep la putea) y cl hecho de que el producto de matrices wo singulafs eno singular, tas Sigucstes afimacionss son equivalency |) O es wa Yalot propio de AB, 1) AB es singular fi) 40 B es sings, iv) BA c single, v) @ en valor propo de BA. Supongamos hors que 1 er ua valor propio dtisto Se eere de AB, Entouees existe uo sector no nla tal que ABr = de. Tomemos w = Br Sendo 10 09 F #0, ‘on vector propio de BA pereneiente al valor propio 34 que Bde = BABe = Bie = Be = ie ‘consiguiente, 4 es un valor propio de BA. De forms simi, todo valor prop wo nue 6 BA es tambien valor prop de 4B. ‘Asi poe. AB y BA tenes los mismor valores propio. ©) De acuerdo con Ia parte). A 0. Por defini de val propo, exist un vector no nulo ‘sparael que ate) ie. Apbcando A-" a ambos miembros obteneanos t= A" (is)= 24M), Por tanto, 4° "(opm 4 "ee dene, 2°! en valor propio de A 4) Como vou mars y su raspesta teen mismo determinant, — A\ = Wil ~ AY" = fd ~ AT (De este modo, Ay A” Gonen el mins pollo carats. Bem ie #0 yoni w HO ‘Sea 4 un valor propio de una matriz n-cuadrada A sobre K. Sea E, el espacio propio de 4, 0 a, el conjunto de todos ios vectores prapios de A pertenecientes a 4. Mostrar que €8 un subespacio de K*, esto es, mostrar que: a) si v€ ,, necesariamente koe E, para todo escalar KEK, b) si u. veE,, mecesariamente w+ ve 8,4) Como oc £,, tenemos A(e) = de. Emtonces Ai) = KANW) = Ms) = 2) Por tanto, ive E. (Hemos de admitir ef vector nulo de K* como «wector propio» asociado a 4 =0 para hacer de E, un subespacio] by Como u, re ,, tenemos Alu) = Ze y Ale) ~ de, Entonecs M+ 8) = Ma) + Ae) = da + de dhe + 9) Por tanto, w+ #€,. DIAGONALIZACION DF MATRICES REALES SIMETRICAS Y DE FORMAS CUADRATICAS REALES air see 4-(2 2) emma mati (i) opal P pt cl APs 88. diagonal, 1 potinomio caractristco AM) de Ae =i —ai={'} ¥ an los valores propios de A son 5 y I Restamos 1 = $ de la diagonal de la matriz A para conseguir el sistema de ecvacioneslincales hhomogéneo correspondiente -2p2e0 — e-tyRO Una solucién ii. Uf. ‘A comtinuscion restamos# Fingal homopéneo wa es 6, 1). Normalizamos 2, para hallar ta solueiin unitaria 4 de la diagonal de la mates 4 obteniendo el sistema de eevaciones Rea wHy=0 Una solucibn no uh =i, -. Finalmcmt, sca la marie cyas colummas son uy ay espectivamene:emtonces ula wi . (i a) ‘Tal y como cabia esperar, las entiadas diaponales de PAP son los valores propios de A. es eye (1, 1), Normalizamos e5 para hallar ta soluciin ni liar: @) el polinomio caracteristico A(t) de C; b) Supongase C= 4-2 Jos valores propios de C 0, en otras palabras, las raices de A(t); c) un conjunto maximo 'S de vectores propios ortogonales no nulos de C; d) una matriz ortogonal P tal que P*AP sea diagonal.Mim PE OH + (Cua + Cag + Coal = ICL =P = 6 = 1351 — 400 [Aqui Cy et el cofactor de eg en C= (oy) by Si AG) tiene una aie raional, debe ser divisor de 400, Probendo com s = —5, -s 400 + $5440 ws 0 Por tanto, £ +S es un fctor de A(t) y A) = (+ Ske? — 11 — 90) = + 5H 16) En consecuencia, los valores propios de C son = —$ (con multiplicidad dos) y = 16 (eon. multplicided no). ©) Hallemos waa tase ortogonal para cada espacio propio Restamos = ~Sa todos los lementos diaponales de C para obtener el sistema homogenco Mox—By+4e~0 9 -Be$dy— 20 x= 24rd Esto 65, 4x ~2y+2=0. Fl sistema tiene dos soluciones independientes. Una de llas cs 1, = (0, 1, 2), Buscamos una segunda solucion #5 = (a, b, €) que sea ortogonal a ¢,, ex deci, tal que fat HeoO yademis b-2e—0 ‘Una de estas soluciones es 6; = (~5. ~8, Restamos 1 = 16 a los elementos diagonales de C Negando al sistema homogéneco MSen Bye 0 | Como 4, # Jy, tenemos [f] 6 un homomorfamo; esto ex, que (af + ba) = + O01 o No obstante, para i,j = I, (f+ Soka. 4) = aay.) + Bo.) ‘aves occa forma de escribir (+). Queda asi demostrado el resultado. Demostrar el Teorema 13.2. Sean u ve¥, Steno Pla matric de cambio de base de $a S tenemos Mule ley tambien Ploy = ees tego oll ~ of PF De este modo, fle 9) = (A Awe = GE PTAP Ey Como uy v son elementos arbitrarios en V, P™AP es ta matrie de f en la base S. FORMAS BILINEALES SIMETRICAS. FORMAS CUADRATICAS 137. Bs. Hillar la matriz simétrica correspondiente a cada uno de los siguientes polinomios cuadriticos: 9) Ax, 23x Hdey— yh + Baye 2?) ghey =x Dye te La amatriesimétrica A = (a) que representa 2 («sXe tne Ia entrada diagonal a igual al coeficicnte de x.y las entradas a, y oy iguales cada una ala mitad del coeficiente de xx, Asi “tay gy a » Para la matriz real simétrica A escrta a continuacién, encontrar una matriz no singular P tal que PTAP sea diagonal y hallar su signatura, 1-3 2) Ae(-3 7-5 2-3 ‘Comenzamos por consruir la matri por blogues (A. 1: 1-3 214 0 ol o-(-3 7-3; 0 1 0 2-5 slo o ¥tectuamos las operaciones entre las 3R, + R;— Ry y —2R, + Ry +R, sobre (A, 1 y después Ins correspondienics operaciones entie columaas 3C, +€,—=C; ¥ —2C,+C,-—rCy sobre A ‘obteniendo ns 251 0 1 0 fo -2 1! 3 1 0} ytoe0 (0 -2 lo 1 42 oy 1 [Acto seguido, eectuamos Ia opcraciSa entre Glas R + 2R,~ Ry y despoés la corcespondiente operacia entre columaas C, ~2C,— Cy para llegar 1 oo ot 0 1 0 0-2 1! 3 1 0} ytucgoa [0 ~2 jo 0 nt 00 nos at srs Atma (¢ tan a ve La signatura de A es 9 = 2— 139. Supéngase ! + 1 40 en K. Dar un algoritmo formal para diagonalizar (bajo congruen- ia) una matriz siméttica A = (a,) sobre K. Caso D: ay, #0. Electuamos tas operacioncs entre Blas —a,, Ry +0, Scguidas de las cortespondientes operaciones entre columnas peavin vie(% 8) Ry B= Bote mCi aC, C, OB Caso i: ay, = 0 pero ag #0 para agin {> 1, Electuamos la operacion entre fas Ry ++ Ry y ‘esp I cocrespondicnte entre columnas C, ++C; para lievar a ala primera poscion diagonal Esto reduce la matriz a lade i). Cavo ih: Todas las entradas diagonaes a, = 0. Elegimos | tales que a, #0 y electuamos la ‘operacion entve filas R, +R, + R, seguida de la correspondiente operacién entre columnas C, + C,» C, para Hevar 20, 0 a la H4sima poscion diagonal. Esto reduce a matrie a fa de i. te cpu nt pent ing Pr ee pen ma So 1 14000 ed ne 0 1358 Seg fom bin ula 4 oma Mal in Conga ‘identidad polar f(u, ©} = {latu + v) — q(w) — ato) (Supdngase que 1+ 1 ¥ 0.) ie Se rddacdintirses feast reassert = oe 5110106 er metIML, Demostear el Teorema 13.4 Método 1. Si f~0 0 si dim V=1, el torema se cumple claramenie. Por tanto, podemos suponer #0 y dim V = n> 1. Si gt) = f(c,2) ~0 para todo re. la forma polar de f (vase cl Problema 13:10) implica f~ 0. Por esta razin, podemos suponer que existe um vector tal fue fey) 7 0. Scan U el subespacio generado pore, y Wel conjunto de aquellos vectores reV para los que fej, e) = 0. Afirmamos que V = U@ W. 1) Demostacii de que UW = (0): Smpongamos we: Come weU, = ke, pare sign treat Le. Como we, Oflu a) fry Br) ~ Rte, tp). Peo ley. 0) # Oy eS EO) por coniguente = inj 0. De ewe modo, Unit (3) Wy) Demodmcion de que Y= U + 0 sca ee. Temamos = 1 Fee) " moans oven LEE yep Siendo ui. we W. Por [I]. » es ba suma de un elemento dé Uy uno de W, de manera que VU W. Poe) yi), V=U OW. ‘Ahora frestingila a W es una forma biinealsmérica en W. Povo dim W~ — 1, Ivego, por indus, existe uns base (eo) de W tal qur fy) = O pura ij y 2h) m Pot {x propia defini de W, f(y.) = 0 para) = 2. oon Pot tao, le base (sot) JP tne 1a propiedad requerida de que fey) = 0 para > Mitodo 2. £1 algorimo del Problema 139 mucsra gue toda mattis simirica sobre K es congriente a uaa matric Jiagonal Esto ex equvalewte a ln afrmacion de que f tne uaa representicon diagonal * una matric diagonal sobre K. Probar que: Ky€K, A os congruente a una mattiz a) Para escalares no nulos cualesquiera ky, diagonal con entradas diagonales 4,47. b) Si_K es el cverpo complejo C, A es congrucate a una matriz diagonal con sélo 1 ¥ Oen las entradas diagonales. ©) Si K es el cuctpo real R, A es congruente a una matriz diagonal con silo 1, ~ ¥y en las entradas diagonales, 42) Sea P la matie diagonal con entradas diagonals k, Entoncesmaa, 14. Je ano 0) Pt mdi ot pay {YE 80 tiene ta form pes, En tal easo, PAP s/w 40 ee taco, PAP 6) Sex Pati sagan con etn agonal =f tine forma pci. Not: Subrayamos el hecho de que 6) dea de ser cierto si ve seemplaza congruencia por congruencia hermiia (véanse los Problemas 13.32 y 13.33. Demostrar el Teorema 13.5 En virtud del Teorema 13.4, existe una base (4, ml) de W on ta que f se representa por luna matriz diagonal con, digamos. p entradas postivas'y w nepativas. Supongamos ahora que {iris nn al ex otra base de V en la que f se representa por una ave p= ‘Sean U ta cnvolvente final de ty ns p y W la de my todo ve U 90 avlo y fl) <0 pata todd veW no mula. De aqui Uy We (0). Notes que dim U = py dim Wn p. Siendo ash him (U + W) = diy U + dea W— die (UW) © p+ (=p) =O Pero dim (U + W) 0 para todo vector (columna) no nulo XeRY, es decir, si A es definida positiva vista como forma bilineal. Sea B cualquier matriz real no singular. Mostrar que: a) BB es simétrica, b) B*B es definida positiva 2) (BBY! = BTBTT = BTR, luego BB es simitica >) Dado que Bes no singular, BX # 0 para todo XeR* no nul, Por tanto, el producto scalar de BX consigo mismo, BX: BX = (BX)"(BX). es positive. De este modo, AFT B)X = CFB) = (BXYT (BX) > 0, como se pein, , Entonces (1) > 0 para ven De forms similar, p< py por FORMAS HERMITICAS 13s. Determinar cuales de las siguientes matrices son hermiticas: 2 243 4 3 2-1 44) 4 2M 5 64D 2-1 6 -3 4451 6-21 tid 8 3 a) »13.6. 1307, FORMAS BILINEALES, CUADRATICAS Y HERMITICAS 497 Una mate A = (a,) es hecmitica si y silo si A= A*, 0 sen, sy S80 si ay = Tp 42) La matriz es hermitica, ya que es igual a su traspoesta conjugnda. 1b) La matrie no es hermitca incluso a pesar de ser simética, La matrr es hermitca. De hecho, una matriz real es hermitica sy slo ses siete Sea A wna matriz hermitiea. Probar que f es una forma hermitica en C*, donde f se define por f(X, ¥) =X" AY. Para todos los o, BEC y todos fos Xa, TEC, NOX, + BX ay ¥) = (0X, + XAT = (ANT + OXDAP = maXTA + OXTAP = le + 70 1) Por consiguent, ft lineal en la primera variable. Asimismo, TOY) = KAP = AY = TAR = yak = YAR =f De agi que f sea una forma hermitca en C (Nova: Usamos el hecho de que X74 es wn exalar, por To que et igual as taspuesta) ‘Sea f una forma hermitica en V. Sea Hla matriz de fen una base S = (uy... my} de V. Probar que: 4) flu, 9) = [uf HIT, para todos tos u, ve ¥. 6) Si P es la mattiz de cambio de base desde $ hasta una nueva base S’ de V, B= PTHP (0 B= Q* HQ. donde Q ~ P) es a mate de f en la nueva base S. Nétese que 6) es el anilogo complejo del Teorema 13.2 4) Sean u, ce Vy supongamos w= at + aya 4+ aa ¥ Bm By + Bul ++ ty En tal cao, Sus Slay +o gts Bay tot y= = Fab sy =u como se pedi 1b) Alsce P la tatiz de cambio de base desde $ hasta S, tenemos Pfaly = [oly ¥ Plele = [ess or tant, (all = [af PT y (ele Ploy. As, por 2), Si, 0) = CAE HET, = (ols PAPE Pero w yw som elementos arbitrarios de V, luego PTHP es la matt de f em la base 5. 1oase om Seat=[1—1 4 234) una matriz hermitica, Hallar una matrix no singular -w2+u 7 P tal que PHP sea diagonalPrimero coasteuimos Ia matic por blogues (H. 1) 1 ase 14 2 248 [Eectunmos las operaciones entre fas (—1-4)R, + Ry-+Rs y 2K, +R, +R, sobre (H. 1) Seguidas de las corespondhcales woperacioncs entre columns conjugadaw (—t —i}C, + C, Cy Y ~UC, + Cy, sobre Hf obteniendo Se ha diagonalizado H. Tomeinos eT mtd Advidruse que la signatuta # de Hes 4-=2—1 = 1 PROBLEMAS VARIOS, | 13.19, Demostrar el Teorema 13.3, Sif = 0, el teorema es obviamente cierto. Ademds, si din V'= 1 Fyn, Ryu) = kyu a) = 0 Y asl f=0. En consecuencia podemes suponer que diem V>1y f'4.0. Pucsto que f #0, existen uy, aye ¥ (ne 10s) tales que f(uy. m3) #0. De hecho, multipticande 1 por un factor apropiado, podemos supone’ que fw) ~ I, lego fey, uy) = 1 Ahora bien, 1, Yu, son hncalmente independiente, porque st, digas. vp kay, f(uy us)m flu, ky) hfe, m0 Sea U el subespaci generado por uy y uy. NOtese que ') La repeescmtacibm matical de a restricion de fa U en la base {ay i) SiweU, dignmos w = Ses, + hess) S02) =f, + besa) ‘Sea Wel conuntoformado por aquctos vciores weW takes que fl, as) = Oy fm ay)=0 Fauinalentemente We (we¥: Jw, 4) =O para todo w6U} EAfirmamos que V= U@ W. Es clar V= U4 W. Sea ve. Tomemos que UAW’ {0}, por lo que solamente rest probar que wm fio,uads =F, mba yw Om w Dado que w es combinacién lineal de u, y us, weU. Probemos que weW. Por [I] y ii), Sl, us) = f(y), Wego Ser, y) = flo — 4, uy) = fle, wy) — Fe, wy) = 0 Similarmente, f(u, #,) ~ Fe, u,), de modo que Fo, ts) + flo — me Wy) = Se, Hy) ~ fle, ws) = 0 Entonces we W, y asi, por [I], © = w+ w con we y weW Esto muestea que V= U + Wy por tanto =U GW. Ahora la restriceiOn de fa W es una forma bilineal alternada en W. Por induccidn, existe una base is, ony de Wen Ia que la matriz que representa a f restringida a W tiene la forma deseads. De ucverdo con est0, uy, ss My, one My 65 una base de V en ta que la matriz que representa af fine la forma descads.