Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Purdue e-Pubs
International Compressor Engineering Conference School of Mechanical Engineering
1980
I. Celik
Ucer, S. and Celik, I., "Analysis of Flow Through Roots Blower Systems" (1980). International Compressor Engineering Conference. Paper
319.
http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/icec/319
This document has been made available through Purdue e-Pubs, a service of the Purdue University Libraries. Please contact epubs@purdue.edu for
additional information.
Complete proceedings may be acquired in print and on CD-ROM directly from the Ray W. Herrick Laboratories at https://engineering.purdue.edu/
Herrick/Events/orderlit.html
ANALYSIS OF FLOW THROUGH ROOTS
BLOWER SYSTEMS
Kinematic analysis of a Roots blower with involute The Roots blower is a positive displacement type
flanks and circular root and tip sections is exp- compressor consisting two rotors rotating in
lained. The thermo-fluid model for the blower is opposite directions within a casing as shown in
described. Two mathematical models have been used to figure 1. The relative positions of the rotors are
model the blower and its piping system. In the first
model flow is assumed steady in the pipes,whereas
in the second the unsteady flow in the pipes is 0/SCHA.Il'-E O,.EN/116-
taken into consideration. Leakage from the pressure
side to the suction side of the blower is treated
with a simple model. The change of volumetric
efficiency at different operating conditions is
given. It is possible to investigate the property
variations with time at different parts of the
blower system with the computer program written.
TRAPPED
Qualitative comparisons of the results with experi- i\XKET
mental ones are satisfactory.
INTRODUCTION
126
volume, no interference between the lopes to provide
rb r Coslj.J (1)
rotation,and split cylindrical form for easy p
machining. These requirements are met by a two lobe
rotor of involute or cycloid flank profiles for
single point of contact and no interference. In this
r
w "' rb 41T c osl.j!. (2)
investigation involute flank profile is chosen. The
root and tip of the rotor is assumed to be in a
circular form.
D 2(r
p + rw) (3)
8c is shown in figure 2.
The area of the rotor lobe is calculated from the
following equation
A (8)
r
-1
8 "'~+
4
tan~ - 1}J - 8A + tau 8A (10)
y•
1
A. f rb e2 d8 (11)
Figure 2. Involute Profile Rotor.
:l.nV
e ""'
2
Atl.p
. J (r Cost;+ / r 2+ rb Sin 2 ;;; ) dt; (12)
involute curve is tangent to the base circle at all p w
1;:
times. The involute portion of the lobe profile may
start from the base circle or from any point outside
it. If the involute portion starts from tl'"' base 2 2 2
circle the pressure angle is said to ~e critical.
A .
Wal.St
f (r
p
Cost; - / r
w
- r
b
Sin t; ) dt; (13)
127
blockage factor. For maximum delivery blokage
factor should be as low as possible. Blokage (19)
factor for involute flank lobes and circular arc
tip and root sections may be calculated from
3 3 (20)
2
32
).(
Cos~ [TI + (8A- 8c )]
B (14)
1T 2 Working Volumes of the Roots Blower
TI(l + Cos~)
4
In order to determine the change of porperties at
It may be shown that blokage factor is minimum at the inlet and the outlet of a Roots blower it is
critical pressure angle of 38.1° and increases as necessary to know the crossection al areas of inlet
the pressure angle increases. At critical pressure tract, trapped pocket and outlet por_t, and their
angle blokage factor is 43%. rate of change ut each succes-sive angular displace-
ment. Figure 1 shows the Roots blower at a displace-
Backflow Geometric Data Determinati on ment angle of 8r· Since the length of the blower L
is constant, the analysis may be based on the areas
For the calculation of backflow rate between the between casing and lobes. For convenience , the
outlet port and trapped pocket, it is required to summation of the areas of trapped pocket and outlet
calculate the variation of the cross-sectio nal area port is called ~T whereas the area of the inlet
between the lobe and outlet port corner with the tract is designated by Az- The total area between
angular position er. This cross sectional area is casing and the lobes is
used as the throat area between two working volumes,
trapped pocket and outlet port (See fig. 3). 2
TID . +A + A
+ 2r pD - 8(A t~p ) (21)
4 inv waist
2
A [TID +Dr- A]+[~- A]
c
(22)
y 8 p r -b
-1 [
(R-r ) Sin 8
tan w r ] (16) Where AOTP is the rotor segment shown in
R-(R-rw) Cos 6r figure 3.
R-r' Cosa
d "" .::.:.....;:....._..::..::..::.;:::. (17)
Oos].l
2 1/2
where r' = r [1 + (V + ~- ).( - 8r ) ] (18)
b 2
12-8
where A is the throat area P is the pressure at the
constrictio n throat which is equal to the down
stream pressure, P 0 is the upstream pressure. As the
4
rl()7 leading lobe passes the outlet corner,back flow
would occur which adds mass and energy into the
· on•J:
b.
trapped pocket 1bis would increase the trapped
., ---1-j-':::olfll· pocket pressure. After a period of time the trapped
-----'!'=<>· pocket and outlet port pressures become same. At
uJI 1 this condition the two volumes are considered as an
integral unit.
"'1
00)
Leakage Flow
DOl 1'1001
The internal clearances of the blower form leakage
paths causing the gas to flow from the delivery side
back to thP. inlet side. Leakage reduce the volumet-
"' ric efficiency of the blower. Thus it is important
0 DO
0 20 )0 70 10
I to estimate the leakage in a Roots blower. Three
different leakage paths are present in the blower.
Leakage flow may occur between the casing and lobes,
between the rotors and between the rotJrs and
casing end plates.
Figure 4. Variation of Backflow Distance and Ax In modelling the leakage flow,it is assumed that the
with Displacemen t Angle. machine has no internal clearances but the leakage
flow occurs from the outlet port into the inlet
MODELS FOR THERMO-FLUID ANALYSIS track through a nozzle with an equivalent area. This
model of Cole et.al [7],allows for the thermal
The mathematica l modelling of flow through the Roots expantion of the constructio n. Expression used is
blower is constructed by considering the variation as follows:
of inlet tract, traped pocket and outlet port
volumes with time. The increase and decrease of A ~¢A [l + K(T /T. -1)]
e o op (25)
these volumes,and separation and integration of Lt
them,forces the fluid to be transferred from the
suction to the discharge. where ¢ is the contraction coefficient which is
constant at all rotor positions, A is the total
The modelling is done by assuming that the working 0
leakage area under cold conditions as found from
fluid is perfect gas, all processes are adiabatic. clearance measuremen ts. K is a coefficient which
Wave action is not considered in the inlet tract, adjusts the leakage area for differentia l tempera-
outlet port and trapped pocket. Flow at the ture effects. For leakage.flow it is assumed that
boundaries of the blower is assumed to be quasi- the flow to the throat is isentropic. Mixing with
steady. Mixing processes are considered to proceed the inlet tract gas is adiabatic, irreversibl e
instantaneo usly to homogeneous equilibrium . It is constant pressure process.
also assumed that the flow to the throat of a
constrictio n is isentropic. This assumption is used The performance parameters such as power, mass flow
in calculating the backflow from the outlet port to rate are calculated by integrating these quantities
the trapped pocket. over the calculation time. The volumetric efficiency
of the machine is based on the integrated mass flows
The time rate of change of pressure in the working through the machine and calculated from the
volumes is obtained by using energy equation. The integrated leakage flow from outlet port to the
change of mass in these volumes is calculated inlet tract and the net integrated mass flow through
through integrating the law of conservatio n of mass. the machine.
The time rate of change of inlet tract, outlet port,
and trapped pocket volumes are obtained by using Two mathematica l models have been developed. In
numerical differentia tion to the calculated volumes. model A the blower is directly connected to two
The properties are integrated in time by using large receivers at the suction and delivery side.
explicit integrating techniques. The angle (time) Model B allows for wave action in the suction and
increment for integration is chosen to be one degree delivery pipes. The unsteady flow in the pipes is
when wave action is not considered in the pipes. solved using the method of characteris tics [10].
When unsteady flow is considered, the stability of
the wave action solution dictates the tir.. e increment.
The angle increment in this case was also in the SOLUTION TECHNIQUE
order of one degree. No diverging solutions have
been noted throughout the simulation runs. In both mathematica l models the suction and delivery
receivers are assumed to have constant thermodynam ic
The mass flow rate through any constrictio n is properties. The calculation is started from 8r = 0
obtained from position. The- initial conditions in the suction pipe
and inlet tract are taken to be same as the suction
A p I
/ 2c T [1- (24)
receiver. Initially the outlet port, traped pocket
k'-1 P o and discharge pipe conditions are taken as that of
R T (P/P )~ the discharge receiver·
0 0
129
Due to the cyclic nature of the process the calcula- Figure 6 shows the temperature fluctuations in the
tion is extended until property variations between outlet port. Similar trend may be observed in this
two cycles dissapear.
During nl.odel A calculations [8], blower suction and
delivery side openings are considered as nozzles -----·Model Allealllgt:l Speedol500 RPM
with isentropic flow through them. Since pipes are ---l'lodcl Bll<:o• I r .1.6
connected to the suction and delivery openings of
the blower directly in case of model B, the well '"'
established open end boundary condition is
utilized [9]. The boundary conditions, at the other
ends of the pipes which are connected to large
tanks at constant properties are also open end
boundary conditions.
The computing time necessary for a model B solution
...
of 360 degrees was found to be 80 seconds on a IBM
370/145 computer. Model A takes only 50 seconds for ""
360 degrees. It was observed that the computing
time increases stightly with the pressure ratio. ... .. ..
]~~.--~.~.--~.~.--~~--~~.--~-.---~~"----~~~--.~.----.~ ..
lntular ,._.• ...,, Drtn••
..---
! ''"'
t
;
,.• -------Mod!!:' A.( No LuQ~l
---!'lode l B ( 1\lo lt:.ol<age l
S.p!!~~1SOORPM.
r • 1.6
J 1!,012
""'" 0
"' •• •• •• ••• 121 ... ... ...
Ang•tat l'atlt ion. o.t"*'
.. •• ,. ""
,., ... ""
,,.
An111l11t P!MIItt~t~, DGrJa
... Figure 7. Variation of Leakage Flow Rate with 8 .
r
.. ... ... ... ... •• ... , . ... leakage flow is predicted accurately. Due to the
lack of well documented test case in open iterature
no quantitative comparison is presented. However,
experimental work will be starr:ed in a near future.
Figure 5. Variation of Outlet Port Pressure with 8 r • Figure 10 shows the effect of speed on the mean
leakage flow. The mean leakage flow increases
130
.9
> ---Mo del A r:1.6
""
»
u ---Mo del 8 ja o' -----------------Mo~lA
c •R ...
"'
"'
<.J
~
;; 0 0)
w 2000 rf)rn "'l
u
... .7 (l
.,. 0 02
"'
I
~ModelS
E
-=:!
0
15(1(1 rprn
> .6 ;>_ 0 01
.5
1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6
1000 rprn
1.8 2.0
Pressure ratio r
0 00
IDDO
r =1. 2
~
fi
+-- r----,-·~·-~--~
- --,--- ----,-- -
' l.O ao 120 1so ~o 2100 ;zeo 110 1so
Angul:u Pat.1thm 1 rl.-g~I!:U
NOTATION
Figure 9. Variat ion of ~v with Rotor Speed. ~ Variab le portion of areas A and A
y z
A Variab le portion of areas A and A
c y z
A
0
Total leakage area at cold running
conditi ons
&lightl y in a linear manner with speed if no wave
action is taken into accoun t in the pipe system . Rotor cross section al area
However a reduct ion of mean leakage mass flow is Total cross- section al area betwee n rotors
seen for the case when wave action is consid ered. and casing
This is of course , due to the dynami c interac tion
betwee n the blower and its pipe system . Figure 11 A. Area of half circul ar tip portion of rotor
tJ.p
shows .the effect of pressu re angle on the pressu re A . Area of half circula r waist portion of rotor
fluctua tions. Slight variati on of the wave shape waJ.st
is observe d due to the change in the nature of the A. Area of involu te portion of rotor
J.nV
displac ing volume . A Trap pocket area decrea se
X
The model, as it is,does not include heat transfe r A Summat ion of trapped pocket and outlet port
and heat genera tion due to frictio n. A quanti tative y
areas
compar ison may need these effects to be introdu ced
to the model. The assessm ent of leakage ,consid ering A Crosse ctional area of inlet tract
z
each leakag e path separa tely will lead to a better B Blocka ge factor
simula tion. The existin g comput er program can be
modifi ed for this purpos e easily . c Specif ic heat at consta nt pressu re
p
D Rotor diamet er
131
d Backflow corner distance [7] Cole, B.N., D'ath, D.N.E., Computer
Modelling of Roots Blower Systems, 1974
k Ra::io of specific heats
Purdue Compressor Technology Conference
L Rotor length Proceedings.
Ill Mass flow rate
[8] gelik, I., A Theoretical Investigation on
p Pressure the Simulation of Roots Blower Systems on a
Digital Computer,M.Sc.thes is METU, 1978.
R Gas constant, Rotor radius
r Pressure ratio accross the blower [9] A.~. ti~er,R.S. Benson, Simulation of Single
and Double-Stage Reciprocating Compressor
r' Polar radius of involute geometry
Systems with Allowance for Frictional
rb liase ci~cle radius Effects and Heat Transfer. I. J. of Tech.
I' 'J?itd, circle radius Vol. 15, 1977, pp. 196-208.
r "
w Wdist or tip circle radius [10] R.S. Benson, A. Azim, A.§. ti~er, Some Further
Analysis of Reciprocating Compressor Systems,
T Temperature
1974 Purdue Camp. Tech. Con. Proc. pp. 124.
t
v Volume
0
;..> Angle (see figure 1)
r\, Volu!I!etric efficier~cy
Subscri::;t~
o Stagl;a::ion
it rulel track
op 0utl~~ port
REFEllliNCES
13-2