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FORMULATING TOWARDS FAIRER SKIN

Marie Ollagnier, Bryan Moran, Maria Fe Boo
Keywords: Skin Whitening, Brightening, Actives, Electrolyte Tolerance

INTRODUCTION Skin brightening is chemically induced by 3 mechanisms: inhibition of

From Mumbai to Mexico City, from Shanghai to Sao Paulo, skin whiten-
ing, in all application forms is a significant trend. In fact, according to
Euromonitor, 2010, the global skin lightening market is predicted to
reach $10 billion by 2015 driven by new market development in the
west and sustained growth in Asia Pacific.
tyrosinase activity, suppression of tyrosinase formation, and reduction of
melanin formation all of which can be achieved through the use of skin
care actives on the market today.
Table 1: Skin Pigmentation Mechanisms

Tyrosinase Activity Inhibitors

Fairer skin in these cultures equates to beauty, power and success.
Magnesium ascorbyl phosphate (MAP)
There are many options for formulators to deliver skin whitening systems Sodium ascorbyl phosphate (SAP)
that delight consumers, and encourage repeat use. However, there are Ascorbyl Palmitate
also significant challenges to stabilizing the actives and achieving the
Ascorbyl Glucoside
right product aesthetics to reach market sensory targets. The purpose
α or β Arbutin
of this paper is to share with formulators some concrete and simplified
Kojic Acid
information that will help them achieve their formulating goals.
Niacinamide (VitB3)
SKIN WHITENING/BRIGHTENING MECHANISMS Paper Mulberry (Morus Alba)
Melanin, or pigment found in skin, is produced through the process Tyrosinase Suppressors
of melanogenesis. Tyrosinase, a copper-containing enzyme present in Lactic Acid
animal tissues, serves as a catalyst in the melanogenisis process by Glycolic Acid
oxidizing phenols such as tyrosine. This enzyme converts tyrosine to
Retinoic Acid
dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) and then to dopaquinone. Subsequently,
Tretoinoic Acid
dopaquinone is converted to dopachrome through auto-oxidation, and,
Melanin Formation Reduction
finally, to dihydroxyindole or dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (DHICA)
to form eumelanin (black-brown pigment). However, in the presence of Licorice Extracts
cysteine or glutathione, dopaquinone is converted to cysteinyl DOPA Hesperidin (Vitamin P)
or glutathione DOPA to form pheomelanin (yellow-red pigment). See Hydroquinone
Figure 1. Kojic Acid

Figure 1: Skin Pigmentation Mechanisms Physical sunscreens and other physical whiteners are used as well.
Pigments such as titanium dioxide and zinc oxide offer instant skin
Tyrosinase converts tyrosine to
dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA)
lightening and whitening effect, reflect and refract UVA and UVB rays,
and protect skin from darkening effect of prolonged sunlight exposure.
Through DOPA is converted In the presence of
auto-oxidation dopaquinone cysteine or glutathione Other skin whitening ingredients:
• Stearic acid, when used at high levels (13-16%) has some visual
whitening effect on skin in pearlized formulations.
Dopaquinone is Dopaquinone is converted to
converted to cysteinyl DOPA or glutathione • Chemical UV filters prevent sun tanning and protect fair skin from
DOPA to form pheomelanin
dopachrome
(yellow-red pigment)
sun damage (dark spots and blemishes).
• Traditional ingredients such as saffron and papaya extracts are
Dopachrome is converted to
dihydroxyindole or dihydroxyindole-
commonly used in ayurvedic treatments and other natural products
2-carboxylic acid (DHICA) to form to remove dark spots, exfoliate the skin to reveal newer cells, and
eumelanin (black-brown pigment)
restore skin.

All authors affiliated with The Lubrizol Advanced Material, Inc., Brecksville, Ohio, USA, e-mail: personalcare@lubrizol.com
and Lubrizol Advanced Materials, Inc., Shanghai, Republic of China
REGIONAL TRENDS
ASIA
Asia currently makes up approximately 90 percent of the market in skin
whiteners by value. In the region after the 2009 recession, intensified
competition in the professional market and increased job insecurity
means the whitening trend is unlikely to decrease. With rising disposable
incomes in emerging regions consumers have more money to spend on
cosmetic products. Pale skin has always been considered proof of beauty
in Asian markets as Asian people associate fair skin with career success
and social status.
In Asia in particular, skin whitening actives and claims can be found in a
wide range of applications, not limited to lotions or creams. Consumers
in Japan, China, Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, Philippines and Malaysia
are using whitening products in most of their beauty routines as
hyper pigmentation (dark spots/pimples) appears earlier on Asian skin
compared to wrinkles and loss of firmness. It is not only a market
segment, but a functionality required across applications such as masks,
moisturizers, anti-aging formulas and toners.
India, where whitening facial care recorded a 13% growth in 2009, is
the third largest market behind Japan and China. The facial moisturizers
segment dominated by whitening (84%) in India is forecasted to grow at
a compound annual growth rate of 10.5% from 2009 to 2014 according
to Euromonitor, 2010.
Fair skin has always been considered as beautiful in India and is
associated with power and success. It is in fact an important criterion
in arranged marriages and is entwined with Hinduism’s caste system
complex social hierarchy where people in higher castes tend to have
fairer skin.
“Whitening” and “fairness” (meaning fair skin, not equality) are the
most prominent marketing claims in skin care in India. In contrast to
the rest of Asia’s cross-application approach, 90% of the whitening
formulations are found in facial moisturizers.
The most popular actives in India, according to Euromonitor are: niacin/
niacinamide (70%), licorice extracts (15%), saffron extracts and other
botanicals (15%). Sensory preferences include creams that are stearic
acid-based where high levels of stearic acid (13-16% loading) are
providing a soapy/heavy sensory and a pearlized appearance. In India,
this platform is preferred due to a matte finish appropriate in humid/hot
climate, instant physical whiteness, the perception of effectiveness. and
product shelf-stability.
2
LATIN AMERICA
Skin whitening is a small but growing functionality in skin care products,
especially in Mexico, Brazil and Venezuela. In Latin America the people
are historically from diverse ethnic backgrounds. Due to their genetics
and sun exposure, they are prone to an increased incidence of skin
disorders such as melasma or hyperpigmentation. The skin lightening
applications in Latin America are also broad in type, however are not
limited to the face. While the main applications are facial moisturizers,
masks, and nourishers/anti-ageing formulations; body care formulas
focusing on elbows and knees as well as antiperspirant and deodorant
formulations are also very popular.
The most popular actives used in Latin America are: UV absorbers and
UV filters, ascorbyl glucoside, arbutin, niacinamide and botanicals.
New product developments in whitening skin care are focused on
providing a more even tone and helping to reduce and prevent spots and
decoloration. In Brazil and Venezuela, skin whitening is seen more as a
complementary benefit added to new products. Skin whitening products
are mainly in the nourishers/anti-agers with 8% (Venezuela) and 12%
(Brazil) of sales. Deodorant is also a main category but the mechanism
is very different.
OTHER REGIONS
Other regions of the world are increasing their demand for skin whiten-
ing. In North America and Europe, the use of skin whitening actives is
related to claims such as “Radiance” and “Brightness”. Consumption of
skin lightening products and use of skin whitening actives in anti-aging
products might see a strong increase in the future as a significant por-
tion of the population are of Asian, African-Caribbean or Indian origin.
Whatever the skin type, dermal hyper-pigmentation is part of an extrinsic
dermal aging mechanism due to life-time exposure to sun damage. In
the Middle-East and Africa (MEA), color complexion creams and lighten-
ing creams are highly popular in South Africa and some other countries
but often use highly hazardous ingredients aimed to bleach the skin.
Increased health concerns could lead MEA consumers to look at milder
skin whitening solutions.
TECHNOLOGIES
The challenges in skin whitening are in the stabilization of physical
whiteners, nonionic actives, and actives containing medium and high
electrolyte levels. (Table 2)
Table 2: Product Selector Guide

Type of Actives Recommended Emulsifiers/Stabilizers Recommended Rheology Modifiers Regulatory Notes

Nonionic Glucamate SSE-20 emulsifier

™
Any Carbopol polymer
®
JSQI:
Arbutin, Absorbic acid 2-glucoside, Glucate™ SS and DO emulsifiers Novemer™ EC-1 polymer Carboxyvinyl polymer and Acrylic Acid -
Licorice extracts, etc. Pemulen™ polymeric emulsifiers Alkyl Methacrylate Copolymer are listed
Novemer™ EC-1 polymer on JSQI Monograph List

Containing Medium Glucamate™ SSE-20 emulsifier Carbopol® Ultrez 20 polymer

Electrolyte levels Glucate™ SS and DO emulsifiers Novemer™ EC-1 polymer SFDA/SEPA:
Nano Vitamin C, Paper Mulberry Pemulen™ polymeric emulsifiers All our rheology modifiers sold in China
extracts, etc. are acceptable for use under SFDA
Novemer™ EC-1 polymer
as existing cosmetic chemicals and
Containing High Electrolyte levels Glucamate™ SSE-20 emulsifier Carbopol® Ultrez 20 polymer or have received China SEPA approval for
Glucate™ SS and DO emulsifiers combined with low levels of nonionic importation.
Magnesium and Sodium ascorbyl
phosphate, etc. stabilizers and thickeners

Low pH Emulsions Glucamate™ SSE-20 emulsifier

(AHAs) Glucate™ SS and DO emulsifiers

Physical Whiteners Glucamate™ SSE-20 emulsifier Carbopol® polymers can thicken

Inorganic pigments Glucate™ SS and DO emulsifiers and stabilize low levels
Pemulen™ polymeric emulsifiers (at low levels) Novemer™ EC-1 polymer
Novemer™ EC-1 polymer

FORMULATING WITH NONIONIC SKIN FORMULA 1: Asian Brightening Secret: Refreshing Skin Hydrator F-0078(AP)
LIGHTENING ACTIVES INCI Name, Tradename Weight %
Nonionic skin lightening actives like absorbic acid 2-glucoside, arbutin, PART A
licorice extract and papaya extract are easy to formulate. They can Deionized Water 89.41
be used in oil-in-water emulsions without impacting the emulsifier Disodium EDTA 0.02
performance of traditional emulsifiers, e.g. Glucamate™ SSE-20 and
Carbomer, Carbopol® Ultrez 10 Polymer 0.35
Glucate™ SS emulsifiers, or polymeric emulsifiers such as Pemulen™
Methyl Gluceth-20, Glucam™ E-20 Humectant 1.00
and Novemer™ polymers. They can be thickened and stabilized by
PART B
Carbopol® polymers.
Neopentyl Glycol Diethylhexanoate, 3.00
In the Asian Brightening Secret: Refreshing Skin Hydrator F-0078(AP) Schercemol™ NGDO Ester
sample formula, Carbopol® Ultrez 10 polymer stabilizes the licorice root Dimethicone (and) Cetearyl Dimethicone Crosspolymer, Velvesil™ DM 0.30
extract and allows this hydrator to break quickly on the skin, offering Methyl Glucose Sesquistearate, Glucate SS Emulsifier
™
0.25
a cool watery sensation that awakens the user. Chrysanthemum and PEG-20 Methyl Glucose Sesquistearate, 0.75
honeysuckle flower extracts, which are commonly used in Traditional Glucamate™ SSE-20 Emulsifier
Chinese Medicine for cooling, soothing and calming, are included in this BHT 0.02
formulation. Schercemol™ NGDO ester imparts a light afterfeel.
PART C
Sodium Hydroxide (18%) 0.40**
PRODUCT PROPERTIES:
PART D
Appearance Off -white emulsion
Glycyrrhiza Glabra (Licorice) Root Extract, Propylene Glycol, Glucose, 0.40
pH 5.25 – 5.75 Water, Extrapone® Licorice Root 607646
Viscosity (mPa·s)*** 10,000 – 16,000 Chrysanthemum Indicum Flower Extract, Propylene Glycol, Water, 0.30
Yield Value (dyn/cm²) 500 – 700 Extrapone® Wild Chrysanthemum
Stability: Passed 3 months @ 45°C, Lonicera Japonica (Honeysuckle) Flower Extract, Propylene Glycol, 0.30
3 months @ 25°C, 5 cycles freeze/thaw Water, Actipone® Honeysuckle

***Brookfield RVT or DV-II @ 20 rpm, 25°C, #5 spindle, measured at 24 hours Deionized Water 3.00
PART E
Phenoxyethanol, Methyl-, Ethyl-, Butyl-, Propyl-, (and) 0.50
Isobutylparaben, Phenonip®
**Typical amount, q.s. to pH 5.25 - 5.75

3
This next formulation, Asian Beauty Skin Brightening Cream O-0020(AP), CONTAINING MEDIUM ELECTROLYTE LEVELS
is a light day cream that provides skin brightening to help maintain fair Skin lightening actives containing medium electrolyte levels such as
and younger looking skin. Glucam™ E-20 humectant provides non- paper mulberry extract and nano vitamin C can be thickened and
tacky long lasting moisturization and a supple effect on skin. This cold stabilized by more electrolyte tolerant Carbopol® polymers such as
processed formulation is stabilized using the versatile PSN – (Pemulen™ Carbopol® Ultrez 20 polymer, by higher levels of other Carbopol®
polymeric emulsifiers, SilSense® specialty silicones, and Novemer™ polymers, or by Carbopol® polymers blended with electrolyte resistant
polymers) Polymeric Emulsion System, which provides excellent sensory thickeners. Emulsifiers particularly useful in these formulations are
properties. Use of this technology provides long term robust stability and Glucamate™ SSE-20 and Glucate™ SS emulsifiers, Pemulen™ TR-1 or
sensory attractiveness. Schercemol™ CO ester provides a light, dry feel TR-2 polymeric emulsifiers, and Novemer™ EC-1 polymer.
that is non-oily.
Carbopol® Ultrez 20 polymer is an electrolyte tolerant polymer that
FORMULA 2: Asian Beauty Skin Brightening Cream O-0020(AP) provides creamier initial aesthetics with longer playtime (Figure 2).
FORMULATING
INCI Name, Tradename WITH SKIN LIGHTENING ACTIVES
Weight % Carbopol® Ultrez 20 polymer also offers good compatibility with 3 wt%
PART A nano vitamin C (a multi-coated ascorbic acid in nano form) providing
Ethylhexyl Methoxycinnamate, Uvinul® MC-80 7.50 stable excellent viscosity and yield value, high clarity, and moderate-to-
C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate, Finsolv TN ®
3.00 high viscosity with smooth, long flow properties.
Cetyl Ethylhexanoate, Schercemol™ CO Ester 3.00
Table 3: Compatibility of Carbopol® Ultrez 20 Polymer and Nano Vitamin C
Hydrogenated Polydecene, PureSyn® 2 2.00
Dimethicone,TSF 451-50A (50 cst) (or) SF-96-50(50 cst) 3.00 Viscosity Yield Value pH Clarity
(mPa.s) (dyn/cm²) (%T)
Tocopheryl Acetate, Copherol® 1250 0.10
Acrylates/C10-30 Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer, 0.30 1 wt% Carbopol® 35,500 2,960 6.48 99
Pemulen™ TR-1 Polymer Ultrez 20 polymer

PART B With 3 wt% Nano 33,500 2,980 6.54 99

Vitamin C
Methyl Gluceth-20, Glucam™ E-20 Humectant 1.00
Butylene Glycol 2.00 Figure 2: Electrolyte Tolerance of Carbopol® Ultrez 20 Polymer
Dimethicone PEG-7 Isostearate, SilSense® DW-18 Silicone 0.50
30,000
Viscosity (RV, 20 rpm, mPa.s)

Deionized Water 65.12

25,000 Carbopol® Polymer
Disodium EDTA 0.03 Ultrez 20
20,000 Ultrez 20 / Ultrez 10 (2:1)
PART C Ultrez 10 / Ultrez 20 (2:1)
Triethanolamine (99 %), Tealan 99% 0.15 15,000 Ultrez 10

PART D 10,000
Acrylates/Acrylamide Copolymer (and) Mineral Oil (and) 1.00 5,000
Polysorbate 85, Novemer™ EC-1 Polymer (27 wt% TS)
0
PART E 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00
Deionized Water 10.00 wt% Salt (Sodium Chloride)
Arbutin 1.00

PART F
DMDM Hydantoin (and) Iodopropynyl Butylcarbamate,
Glydant® Plus Liquid
PRODUCT PROPERTIES:
Appearance Soft white cream
pH 5.5 – 6.2
Viscosity (mPa·s)*** 25,000 – 30,000
Stability Passed 3 months @ 45°C
Passed 5 freeze/thaw cycles
*** Brookfield DV-II @ 20 rpm, spindle #6 @ 25°C, measured @ 24 hours
0.30
Novemer™ EC-1 polymer is ideal for emulsifying formulations containing
these actives. With the INCI Name: Acrylates/acrylamide copolymer (and)
mineral oil (and) polysorbate 85, it is a liquid inverse emulsion of a pre-
neutralized, highly branched, crosslinked anionic polymer. This multifunc-
tional rheology modifier is compatible with electrolytes; is easy to use in
cold and hot processes; and enhances sensory benefits in formulations
by providing a creamy touch, dry soft afterfeel, and no tack.
Because it is lightly crosslinked, contains a very low level of high HLB
emulsifier, and is highly branched this material works to emulsify or
assist in emulsification of a variety of oil phases. This material also
demonstrates the ability to suspend inorganic pigments, including zinc
oxide, in physical sunscreens.

4
 The data in Figures 3 and 4 shows that this material is compatible FORMULATION 3: Underarm Roll-On Brightening Cream O-0045(LA)
with various mono and divalent electrolytes. Novemer™ EC-1 polymer INCI Name, Tradename Weight %
provides unmatched viscosity building at lower and at higher polymer
PART A
loading levels with mono (Figure 3) and multivalent (Figure 4) ions.
Deionized Water 76.39
Figure 3: Electrolyte Tolerance in the Presence of Monovalent Ions Disodium EDTA, Edeta BD ®
0.05

Na Ascorbyl Phosphate (1 wt% polymer solids) Sodium Metabisulfite, Covastyle MBS 0.05

35,000 Novemer™ Acrylates/C10-30 Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer, 0.10

EC-1 Polymer Carbopol® Ultrez 20 Polymer
Viscosity (RV, 20 rpm, mPa·s)

30,000
Polyacrylamide Methyl Gluceth-20, Glucam™ E-20 Humectant 1.00
25,000 & C13-14
Isoparaffin & PART B
20,000 Laureth-7 Cetyl Ethylhexanoate, Schercemol™ CO Ester 1.50
15,000 Isostearyl Neopentanoate, Schercemol 185 Ester ™
3.00

10,000 Neopentyl Glycol Diethylhexanoate, 3.00

Schercemol™ NGDO Ester
5,000
BHT, Eastman Tenox™ BHT 0.10
0 Tocopheryl Acetate, Vitamin E Acetate 0.30
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
PART C
Na Ascorbyl Phosphate (wt%)
Sodium Hydroxide (18% solution) 0.16
PART D
Figure 4: Electrolyte Tolerance in the Presence of Divalent Ions
Deionized Water 5.00
Mg Ascorbyl Phosphate (1 wt% polymer solids)
Sodium Ascorbyl Phosphate (Vitamin C), Stay-C 50 ®
0.20
35,000 Novemer™
EC-1 Polymer PART E
30,000
Polyacrylamide Deionized Water 5.00
Viscosity (RV, 20 rpm, mPa·s)

25,000 & C13-14

Carnitine, Natrulon RC-100
®
2.00
Isoparaffin &
20,000 Laureth-7 PART F
Phenoxyethanol (and) Ethylhexylglycerin, Euxyl® PE 9010 0.50
15,000
Fragrance (Parfum), Citrus & Fruit #TME08-00804 0.15
10,000
PART G
5,000 Acrylates/Acrylamide Copolymer, Mineral Oil (and) 1.50
Polysorbate 85 (27 wt% TS), Novemer™ EC-1 Polymer
0
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
Mg Ascorbyl Phosphate (wt%)

FORMULATING WITH HIGH ELECTROLYTE ACTIVES PRODUCT PROPERTIES:

Formulations containing lower levels of high electrolyte actives can be Appearance White liquid
emulsified by Pemulen™ TR-1 or TR-2 polymers whereas higher levels can pH 6.7 – 7.3
be emulsified by emulsifiers such as Glucamate™ SSE-20 and Glucate™ Viscosity (mPa.s)*** 7,500 – 9,500
SS emulsifiers. Formulations containing high levels of electrolytic actives Specific Gravity 0.9947
can be thickened and stabilized by fatty acid/fatty alcohols, electrolyte Recommended Packaging HDPE opaque roll-on bottle
tolerant polymers, and blends of Carbopol® polymers and Xanthan gum. Stability Passed 1 week @ 60°C, Passed 3 months @
45°C (ongoing), Passed 4 cycles of freeze/thaw
This liquid cream formulation: Underarm Roll-On Brightening Cream
***Brookfield DVII+ Viscometer, Spindle #4, 20 rpm @ 25°C after 24 hours
O-0045(LA) helps exfoliate and brighten underarm skin that may show
dark spots from regular use of aluminum chlorohydrate antiperspi-
rant products. Glucam™ E-20 humectant helps retain moisture so the
skin does not feel dry or sticky after application. The combination of
Schercemol™ CO, NGDO and 185 esters imparts excellent emolliency
without leaving an oily afterfeel. A balanced association of Carbopol®
Ultrez 20 and Novemer™ EC-1 polymers provide appropriate viscosity
in the presence of antioxidants together with good flow and a soft
afterfeel.

5
For systems containing > 1% TS of sodium ascorbyl phosphate or mag-
nesium ascorbyl phosphate, Carbopol® Ultrez 20 polymer can be com-
bined with nonionic rheology modifiers such as xanthan gum or HEC.
Combining xanthan gum with Carbopol® polymers is recommended
because the thickening and stabilizing is more effective with Carbopol®
polymers than xanthan gum by itself; the aesthetics and sensory of
xanthan gum are improved by blending with Carbopol® polymers; and
combinations thereof give some options in formulating high electrolyte-
containing systems. In the figures below, the data shows that in the
presence of electrolytes, blending xanthan gum with Carbopol® Ultrez
20 polymer exhibits higher viscosity and higher yield value (Figure 5)
and Carbopol® Ultrez 20 polymer can improve the aesthetics of xanthan
gum and the combination creates slower break and a cushiony, non-
tacky emulsion.
Figure 5: Synergy between Carbopol® Ultrez 20 Polymer and Xanthan
Gum - Viscosity
Viscosity
Viscosity with 0.05% NaCl
35,000
Viscosity (RV, 20 rpm, mPa.s)
CONCLUSION
The many options for formulators to deliver skin whitening systems that
delight consumers and encourage repeat use also bring significant chal-
lenges to stabilizing the actives and achieving the right product aesthet-
ics to reach market sensory targets. From traditional rheology modifiers
to inverse emulsion polymers, Lubrizol’s Noveon® Consumer Specialties
skin care product line offers many options to help formulators achieve
their skin lightening formulating goals.
REFERENCES
Euromonitor 2010 (data from 2009)
TRADEMARKS
• Carbopol®, Noveon® and SilSense® are registered trademarks of
The Lubrizol Corporation
• Glucam™, Glucamate™, Glucate™, Novemer™, Pemulen™ and
Schercemol™ are trademarks of The Lubrizol Corporation
Yield Value
YV with 0.05% NaCl • Actipone® and Extrapone® are registered trademarks of Symrise
1,600

1,400
• Copherol® is a registered trademark of Cognis
30,000
Yield Value (dyn/cm2)

25,000 1,200 • Edeta® and Uvinul® are registered trademarks of BASF

1,000
20,000 • Euxyl® is a trademark of Schülke & Mayr
800
15,000
600 • Finsolv® is a registered trademark of Innospec
10,000 400 • Glydant Plus® and Natrulon® are registered trademarks of Lonza
5,000 200
0 0
• Phenonip® is a registered trademark of Clariant
MXC7 MXC8 MXC9 MXC10 MXC11 MXC12
Samples • PureSyn® is a registered trademark of Exxon
• Stay-C® is a registered trademark of DSM Nutritional
MXC7: 0.75% Carbopol® Ultrez 20 polymer
MXC8: 0.6% Carbopol® Ultrez 20 polymer + 0.15% Xanthan gum • Tenox™ is a trademark of Eastman Chemical Company
MXC9: 0.45% Carbopol® Ultrez 20 polymer + 0.3% Xanthan gum
MXC10: 0.3% Carbopol® Ultrez 20 polymer + 0.45% Xanthan gum • Velvesil™ is a trademark of Toshiba/GE Advanced Materials-Silicones
MXC11: 0.15% Carbopol® Ultrez 20 polymer + 0.6% Xanthan gum
MXC12: 1% Xanthan gum

Disclaimer: The information contained herein is believed to be reliable, but no representations, guarantees or warranties of any kind are made as to its accuracy, suitability for particular applications or the
results to be obtained. The information often is based on laboratory work with small-scale equipment and does not necessarily indicate end product performance or reproducibility. Formulations presented
may not have been tested for stability and should be used only as a suggested starting point. Because of the variations in methods, conditions and equipment used commercially in processing these
materials, no warranties or guarantees are made as to the suitability of the products for the applications disclosed. Full-scale testing and end product performance are the responsibility of the user. Lubrizol
Advanced Materials, Inc. shall not be liable for and the customer assumes all risk and liability for any use or handling of any material beyond Lubrizol Advanced Materials, Inc.’s direct control. The SELLER
MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Nothing contained herein
is to be considered as permission, recommendation, nor as an inducement to practice any patented invention without permission of the patent owner. Lubrizol Advanced Materials, Inc. is a wholly owned
subsidiary of The Lubrizol Corporation. © Copyright 2011 Lubrizol Advanced Materials, Inc.

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