Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Breakdown and Drilling Problems
Breakdown and Drilling Problems
problems
Matanović Davorin, professor
Faculty of mining, geology and petroleum
engineering, Zagreb
Introduction
Wellbore stability is the
prevention of brittle failure or
plastic deformation of the
rock surrounding the
wellbore due to mechanical
stress or chemical imbalance.
Prior to drilling the mechanical
stresses in the formation are
less than the strength of the
rock.
The chemical action is also
balanced, or occurring at a rate
relative to geologic time.
Rocks under this balanced or
near balanced state are stable.
After drilling, the rock surrounding the
wellbore undergoes changes in tension,
compression, and shear loads as the rock
forming the core of the hole is removed.
Chemical reaction also occur with exposure
to the drilling fluid.
Introduction
Under these conditions the
rock surrounding the Introduction
wellbore can become
unstable, begin to deform, LOST Wellbore
drilling fluid.
Excessive rock stress can
collapse the hole resulting in FRIABLE
HOLE
Hole-squeezing mobile BRITTLE
SHALE
Where:
Vf – the replacement value of the fish
V f + Cs
(dollars or other money)
Cs – estimated cost of the sidetrack or
the cost of restarting the well
(money) Df =
Rf – the cost per day of the fishing tool
and services (money/day) R f + Cd
Cd – the cost per day of the drilling rig
(and appropriate support)
(money/day)
Introduction
The most causes of fishing jobs, not
necessarily in order of frequency, are::
1. twist off, a parting of the drill string
caused by metal fatigue or washout;
2. sticking of the drill string;
3. bit and tool failures; and
4. foreign objects such as hand tools,
logging instruments, and broken
wireline or cable lost in the hole.
Twist off is the result of: Twistoff
rough pipe handling,
faulty drill string,
stress reversals in a sharply
deviated hole drilling with drill
pipe in compression,
poorly stabilized drill collars
scarring by tong dies,
improper makeup torque,
erosion caused by washout, and
other damage that create weak
spots where cracks can form and
enlarge under the constant
bending and torque stresses of
routine drilling.
Twist off
The pipe often separates in a
helical break or in a long tear
or split.
Surface signs of a twist off
include:
loss of drill string weight,
lack of penetration,
reduced pump pressure,
increased pump speed,
reduced drilling torque, and
increased rotary speed.
Stuck pipe
There are two general categories of drill string
sticking:
mechanical and
differential.
In mechanical sticking, the drill string is lodged in
place by solid material.
In differential sticking, the cause is pressure
difference of fluid column in the hole and
formation pressure.
Among the ways the drill
string can become
mechanically stuck are the
following:
Sloughing hole;
that results from shale absorbing
water from the drill fluid,
expanding, sloughing off, and
falling downhole.
Large masses may lodge around
drill collars and stabilizers,
sticking the drill string and
blocking circulation.
Abnormally pressured shale,
steeply dipping shale beds, and
erosion by drilling fluid can also
cause hole wall to cave in.
Pipe stuck in under gauge
hole often happens in shale
formations.
If the formation swells but does
not slough off, the deformed
layer may close around the drill
pipe, cutting off circulation and
preventing passage of the tool
joints, drill collars, or bit.
A buildup of mud solids can
have the same effect, especially
in a permeable zone where
water is lost to the formation.
Blowout sticking occurs
when a large volume of
sand or shale is driven up
hole by formation fluids
entering the wellbore.
Inadequate hole cleaning –
that is,
failure of the circulating system to
clean cuttings or other material
from the hole
can result from sloughing shale, WASHOUT
IMPERMEABLE
Necessary conditions for FORMATION
2. DIFFERENTIAL STICKING
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE STICKING
(DPS)
Iscommon worldwide
Results in a significant amount of non-
productive time
May result in abandonment of the current
hole and force a sidetrack, and
Ends up as one of the major causes of
increased well costs all over the world
DPS - Costs
∆P = Pm – Pf
The force required to pull the pipe free can exceed the strength
of the pipe.
DRILL STRING BEFORE AND AFTER STUCK
DIFFERENTIAL
STICKING - CAUSES
F = ∆P·A·µ
µ
where
F - pullout force, N
∆P - differential pressure, Pa
A - contact area, m2
µ – coefficient of friction (adhesion) between the collars and
the cake
Knowing the stretch ∆L and the forces applied F1 and F2, Hooke’s law,
the length of the drill string from the surface to the free point (Lf) is
E ⋅ A ⋅ ∆L
Lf =
F2 − F1
where
E is the Elastic Modulus (Young’s Modulus) of steel (i.e., 200 GPa),
A is the cross-sectional area of the pipe body (m2),
∆L is the stretch distance (elastically stretch of the free portion of the
drill string (m),
F1 is the force to place the entire drill string in tension (N),
F2 is a force greater than F1 but less that the force limited by the yield
stress of the pipe grade (N).
Laboratory research
Laboratory tests were run to evaluate the
effectiveness of mud system additives:
Carboxymethylcellulose- CMC (filtration
control additive)
Lubricant
on differential sticking tendency of the
tested fluids
Water mL 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
NaOH g/L 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
CMC g/L 0 3 5 0 3 5 0 3 5
Biocide g/L 0,6 0,6 0,6 0,6 0,6 0,6 0,6 0,6 0,6
Defoamer ml/L 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Barite g/L 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500
Spotting fluid composition
Diesel: 620 ml
Pipe Lax W: 80 ml
Water: 280 ml
Barite: 73 g
Test conditions:
- pressure: 3 291 kPa (477.5 PSI)
- temperature: room temperature
BULK STICKING COEFFICIENT (KSC)
14
12
60 min
10 120 min
Torque (Nm)
180 min
8
240 min
6 300 min
16 sati
4
0
C0L0 C3L0 C5L0 C0L20 C3L20 C5L20 C0L40 C3L40 C5L40
Mud
300 min
0,120 Sticking Time
16 hours
Bulk Sticking Coefficient
0,080
0,060
0,040
0,020
0,000
C0L0 C3L0 C5L0 C0L20 C3L20 C5L20 C0L40 C3L40 C5L40
Mud
Bulk Sticking Coefficient is decreased with increasing concentration of CMC and lubricant
Bulk Sticking Coefficient of C5L40 mud is 35,3 % lesser than of C0L0 mud
For C5L40 mud sticking coefficient is 2,3 times less after 16 hours spotting time
STUCK TENDENCY COEFFICIENT
0,140
0,120
Stuck Tendency Coefficient
0,100
0,080
60 min
120 min
180 min
0,060 240 min
300 min
16 hours
0,040
0,020
0,000
C0L0 C3L0 C5L0 C0L20 C3L20 C5L20 C0L40 C3L40 C5L40
Mud
Stuck tendency coefficient is increased with time regardless of concentration of CMC and
lubricant, but decreased with increasing concentration of CMC and lubricant
EFFECT OF CMC
(MUD WITHOUT LUBRICANT)
Effect of CMC on Bulk Sticking Coefficient
0,120
0,100
Bulk Sticking Coefficient
0,080
0,060 0 g CMC
3 g CMC
0,040 5 g CMC
0,020
0,000
60 min 120 min 180 min 240 min 300 min
Time
Bulk sticking coefficient of mud without lubricant and with 5 g CMC after 300 min
is
9,2 % less than without CMC but 2,4 times higher than after 60 min.
EFFECT OF LUBRICANT ON
STICKING COEFFICIENT
Effect of Lubricant on Bulk Sticking Coefficient
of Mud with 5 g of CMC
0,100 0,093
0,090 0,084
Bulk Sticking Coefficient
0,080 0,075
0,071 without lubricant
0,070 0,064 0,066
0,059 0,058 2 % lubricant
0,060 0,054
0,050 4% lubricant
0,050 0,043
0,040 0,038
0,034
0,030
0,028
0,030
0,020
0,010
0,000
60 min 120 min 180 min 240 min 300 min
Time
After 300 min test bulk sticking coefficient of mud with 5 g CMC and with 4%
lubricant is 29 % less than without lubricant.
7
FLUID
Fluid loss (ml)
LOSS -
30 min
3
300 min
1
TORQUE
0
C0L0 C3L0 C5L0 C0L20 C3L20 C5L20 C0L40 C3L40 C5L40
Mud
14 There is correlation
between torque and fluid
12
loss
10 The lower fluid loss value
– the lower value of
Torque (N m)
torque
6
API Fluid loss decreases
4 with addition of CMC
(and lubricant)
2
0
C0L0 C3L0 C5L0 C0L20 C3L20 C5L20 C0L40 C3L40 C5L40
Mud
60 min 120 min 180 min 240 min 300 min 16 hour API Fluid loss-30 min (ml)
0,8 CAKE
0,7
0,6 THICKNESS -
Cake thickness (mm)
0,5
0,4 30 min
TORQUE
0,3 16 sati
0,2
0,1
0
C0L0 C3L0 C5L0 C0L20 C3L20 C5L20 C0L40 C3L40 C3L40
Cake thickness
and torque
Mud
decreases with
8 0,8
increasing
7 0,7
concentration of
6 0,6
CMC (and
Thicikness (mm)
5 0,5
lubricant)
Torque (Nm)
4 0,4
3 0,3
The thinner cake
2 0,2
– the lower
1 0,1
torque
0 0
C0L0 C3L0 C5L0 C0L20 C3L20 C5L20 C0L40 C3L40 C5L40
Mud
Mud
Plastic viscosity
and YP
increase with
30
25
increasing
concentration
Yield Point (Pa)
20
15
of CMC (and
10
5
lubricant)
0
C0L0 C3L0 C5L0 C0L20 C3L20 C5L20 C0L40 C3L40 C5L40
Mud
16,00
14,00 GEL
12,00
10,00 STRENGHTS -
Gel strenght (Pa)
8,00
6,00
4,00
10 sec
10 min pH VALUE
2,00
0,00
C0L0 C3L0 C5L0 C0L20 C3L20 C5L20 C0L40 C3L40 C5L40
9,5
concentration of
CMC (and
pH
8,5
lubricant)
8
7,5
C0L0 C3L0 C5L0 C0L20 C3L20 C5L20 C0L40 C3L40 C3L40
Mud
Cement Sticking
Although cement sticking can
result from a mechanical
malfunction such as pump
failure or leak in a string of
pipe, there are three primary
causes:
displacement has been
miscalculated,
the hole has washed out as a
result of efforts to contain a
downhole blowout, and
efforts have been made to
prevent excessive lost
circulation.
Junk in hole, smaller fish, lost in the hole may include:
a. bit cones, bearings, or other parts lost when a bit breaks;
b. broken reamer or stabilizer parts;
c. metal fragments lost in a twist off;
d. metal fragments produced by milling the top of a fish to aid
in its retrieval;
e. naturally occurring pieces of hard, crystalline, or abrasive
minerals such as iron pyrite;
f. tong pins, wrenches, or other items that fall into the hole
because of rig equipment failure or by accident;
g. equipment such as packer, core barrels, and drill stem test
(DST) tools that become lodged downhole; and
h. wireline tools and parted wireline.
Preparing for a fishing job
When it becomes
necessary to fish The questions to answer are:
drilling equipment 1. What is to be fished out of the hole?
out of an uncased 2. Is the fish stuck, or is it resting freely?
hole, one has to 3. If stuck, what is causing it to stick?
find out as much 4. What is the condition in the hole?
as possible about 5. What are the size and condition of the
fish?
the situation
6. Could fishing tools be run inside or
before taking outside the fish?
action. 7. Could other tools be run through the
fishing assembly that is to be used?
8. Are there at least two ways to get
loose from the fish if it cannot be
freed?
Fishing tools
Fishing, either in open 6. Accessories
hole or inside casing, a. Bumper jar
involves operation of the b. Mechanical jar
following tools and c. Hydraulic jar
accessories: d. Jar accelerator
1. Spears and overshoots e. Hydraulic pull tool
f. Reversing tool
2. Internal and external
cutters 7. Safety joints
3. Milling tools 8. Junk retrievers
4. Taps and die collars 9. Impression blocks
5. Wash over pipe
a. Wash over pipe overshot
(releasable)
b. Wash over pipe back-off
connector
c. Wash over pipe drill collar
spear
In a fishing job involving the drill string, the
operator can often ascertain whether or not the
lost drill pipe is stuck in the hole by determining
what happened just before it was lost.
If the bit was on bottom and drilling, and if there was no
sudden, unexplained increase of torque or decrease in
rotary speed before the drill string broke, the most likely
explanation is the occurrence of a twist off and the pipe
is probably not stuck.
If the pipe was motionless in the hole or if it was being
raised or lowered but not rotated, it is probably stuck -
either mechanically or differentially.
The operator must determine, as accurately as possible,
the depth at which the top of a broken drill string can be
found.
The upper section of the string is measured as it is removed from
the hole.
If the bit was on bottom when the drill string broke, or if the drill
string become stuck off bottom, the length of the upper part is
the same as the measured depth of the top of the fish.
If the drill string broke with the bit off bottom and the fish
then fell downhole, the remainder of the drill string in the
hole must be measured as it is set back.
The depth of the top of the fish can then be closely estimated,
assuming that the fish fell all the way to bottom.
If there is any doubt about the fish’s location, the operator can
run an electric log.
Freeing
Flowchart
Locating the fish
1. Pipe stretch method – One of the oldest and
quickest free point methods is the drill pipe stretch test
(the method should be used only as a guide, for
preliminary decisions or when the drill string is
plugged);
- to run the test, pick up the weight of the drill string and mark
the drill pipe opposite the rotary top,
- pull up additional 100000 to 200000 N (depending on hole
depth) and measure the distance from original mark and the
rotary top.
L – length of free pipe, m
E ⋅ e ⋅ As
E – modulus of elasticity, 211010 Pa
L= e – differential elongation, m
a top sub,
a bowl, and BOWL
a guide.
The top sub connects the BASKET
GRAPPLE
overshot to the fishing
string. FISH
washout, a knuckle
joint may be made OVERSHOT
up above the
overshot to extend WALL