SECTION 410 COLUMNS 410.1 Scope 410.1. This section shall apply wo the design of Orprestensed, prestressed, and composite columns, including reinforced conerete pedestals. 410.1.2 Design of plain concrete pedestals shall be in accordance with Section 414. 410.2 General 4102.1 Materials 410.2.1.1 Design properties for concrete shall be selected to be in accordance with Section 419. 410.2.1.2. Design properties for steel reinforcement and structural steel used in composite columns shall be selected to be in accordance with Section 420. 410.2.1.3 Materials, design, and detailing requirements for embedments in conerete shall be in accordance with Section 420.7 4102.2 Composite Columns 410.2.2.1 fa structural steel shape, pipe, or tubing is used as longitudinal reinforcement, the column shall be designed as 4 composite column. 4102.3 Connection to Other Members 410.2.3.1 For cast-in-place construction, beam-column ‘and slab-column joints shall satisfy Section 415. 410.23.2 For precast construction, connections shall satisfy the force transfer requirements of Section 416.2. 410.2.3.3. Connections of columns to foundations shall satisfy Section 416.3. 410.3 Design Limits 4103.1 Dimensional Li 4103.1.1 For columns with a square, octagonal, or other shaped cross section, it shall be permitted to base gross area considered, required reinforcement, and design strength on a circular section with a diameter equal to the [east lateral dimension of the actual shape, 410.3.1.2 For columns with cross sections larger than required by considerations of loading, it shall be permitted to base gross arca considered, required reinforcement, and design strength on a reduced effective ‘area, not less than one-half the total area. This provision shall not apply to columns in special moment fram: designed in accordance with Section 418, 410.3.1.3 For columns built monolithically with a concrete wall, the outer limits of the effective cross section of the column shall not be taken greater thand0mm, outside the transverse reinforcement. 4103.14 For columns with two or more interlocking spirals, outer limits of the effective cross section shall be laken at @ distance outside the spirals equal to the ‘minimum required conerete cover 43.1.5 If a reduced effective area is considered according to Sections 410.3.1.1 through 4103.1.4, structural analysis and design of other parts of the structure that interact with the column shall be based on the actual cross seetion 4103.1.6 For composite columns with @ concrete core fencased by structural steel, the thickness of the steel ‘encasement shall be at least (a) oF (b) — a of aR for each face of width bs b. Y for circular sections of diameter h. Aff mst 410.4 Required Strength 4104.1 General 410.4.1.1 Required strength shall be calculated in accordance with the factored load combinations in Section 405. 410.4.1.2 Requited strength shall be calculated in accordance with the analysis procedures in Section 406. 410.42 Factored Axial Force and Moment 410.42.1 P,,and M,, occurring simultaneously for euch applicable factored load combination shall be considered,APTER 4 — Structural Concrote 410.5 Design Strength 4105.1 General 4105.1.1 For cach applicable factored load combination, design strength at all sections shall satisfy $5, >U, including (a) through (d). Interaction between load effects shall be considered: a OPy> Py b. OM, = My On 2 My a OT, 27, 410.5.1.2 @ shall be determined in accordance with Section 421.2, 4105.2 Axial Force and Moment 410.5.2.1 P, and M,, shall be calculated in accordance with Section 422.4, 410.5.2.2 For composite columns, forces shall be ‘transferred between the steel section and concrete by direct bearing, shear connectors, or bond in accordance to the axial strength assigned to each component. 41053 Shear 410.5.3.1 Vy shall be calculated in accordance with Section 422.5. 410.54 Torsion 410.5.4.1 If Ty > PT eq, where Te is given in Section 422.7, torsion shall be considered in accordance with Section 409. 410.6 Reinforcement Limits 4106.1 Minimum and Maximum Longitudinal Reinforcement 410.6.1.1 For non-prestressed columns and for prestressed columns with average fpe < 1.6 MPa, area of longitudinal reinforcement shall be at least 0.014, but shall not exceed 0.084, 410.6.1.2 For composite columns with a structural stee! core, atea of longitudinal bars located within the transverse reinforcement shall be at least 0.01(4, — gq), but shall not exceed 0,08(4, ~ Aye). National s 410.6.2. Minimum Shear Reinforcement 410.6.2.1 A minimum area of shear reinforcement, Auynin» Shall be provided in all regions where V, > 059Y,. 410.6.2.2 If shear reinforcement is requited, Ayn shall be the greater of (a) and (b): 410.7 Reinforcement Detailing 40.7.1 General 410.7.1.1 Concrete cover for reinforcement shall be in accordance with Section 420.6,1. 410.7.1.2 Development lengths of deformed and. prestressed reinforcement shall be in accordance with Section 425.4, 410.7.1.3 Bundled bars shall be in accordance with Section 425.6. 410.7.2 Reinforcement Spacing 410.7.2.1 Miniinum spacing s shall be in accordance with Section 425.2. 410. 3 Longitudinal Reinforcement 410.7.3.1 For non-prestressed columns and for prestressed columns with average fz. < 1.60 MPa, the minimum number of longitudinal bars shall be (a), (b), or ©: a. Three within triangular ties; . Four within rectangular or circular ties; Six enclosed by spirals or for columns of special ‘moment frames enclosed by circular hoops. 410.7.3.2 For composite columns with structural steel cores, a longitudinal bar shall be located at every comer of a rectangular cross section, with other longitudinal bars spaced not farther apart than one-half the least side dimension of the composite column,4.72 CHAPTER 4 ~ Structural Concrete 410.74 Offset Bent Longitudinal Reinforcement 410.7.4.1. The slope of the inclined portion of an offset bent longitudinal bar relative to the longitudinal axis of the column shall not exceed 1 in 6. Portions of ber above and below an offset shall be parale! to axis of column, 410.7.4.2. If the column face is offset 75 mm or more, longitudinal bars shall not be offset bent and separate dowels, lap spliced with the longitudinal bars adjacent to the offset column faces, shall be provided. 410,75 Splices of Longitudinal Reinforcement General A Lap splices, mechanical splices, butt-welded es, and end-bearing splices shall be permitted. 2 Splices shall satisfy requirements for all factored load combinations. 4410.78.13 Splices of deformed reinforcement shall be in accordance with Section 425.5 and shall satisfy the requirements of Section 410.7.5.2 for lap splices or Section 410.7.5.3 for end-bearing splices. 410.7.5.2 Lap Splices 410,75.2.1 If the bar force due to factored loads is ‘compressive, compression lap splices shall be permitted. It shall be permitted to decrease the compression lap splice length in accordance with (a) or (b), but the lap splice length shall be at least 300 mm. ‘4, Fortied columns, where ties throughout the lap splice length have an effective area not less than 0. 0015hs in both directions, lap splice length shall be permitted to be multiplied by 0.83. Tie legs perpendicular to dimension A shall be considered in calculating, 'b. For spiral columns, where spirals throughout the lap splice length satisfy Section 425.7.3, lap splice length shall be permitted to be multiplied by 0.75, 410.7.5.2.2 If the bar force due to factored loads is tensile, tension lap splices shall be in accordance with Table 410.7.5.2.2. Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines, Inc, (ASEP) ‘Table 410.7.5.2.2 Tension Lap Splice Class Tensile Dar stress Splice type Splice details ‘= 50% bars spliced at any section and lap splices on <0.5f, | adjacent bars staggered by atleast é Other >05f, All ewes 410,753 End-bearing Splices 410.7.5.3.1 If the bar force due to factored loads is compressive, end-bearing splices shall be permitted provided the splices are staggered or additional bars are provided at splice locations. The continuing bars in each face of the column shall have a tensile strength at least 0.25f, times the area of the vertical reinforcement along that face. 410.7.8.3.2 For composite columns, ends of structural steel cores shall be accurately finished to bear at end- bearing splices, with positive provision for alignment of fone core above the other in concentric contact. Bearing shall be considered effective to transfer not greater than 50 percent ofthe total compressive force in the steel core 410.7.6 Transverse Reinforcement 410.7.6.1 Gene 410,7.6.1.1 Transverse reinforcement shall satisfy the ‘most restrictive requirements for reinforeement spacing. 410,7.6.1.2 Details of transverse reinforcement shall be in accordance with Section 425.7.2 for ties, Section 425,733 for spirals, or Section 425.7.4 for hoops. 410.7.6.13 For prestressed columns with average Se = 1.6 MPa, transverse ties or hoops need not satisty the 16d spacing requirement of Section 425.7.2.1 410.7.6.14 For composite columns with a structural steel core, transverse ties or hoops shall have a minimum dy, of 0.02 times the greater side dimension of the composite column, but shall be at least 10 rom ¢p and reed not be larger than 16 mm @. Spacing shall satisfy Section 425.7.2.1, but not exceed 0.5 times the least dimension of the ‘composite column. Deformed wire of welded wire reinforcement of equivalent area shall be permitted.410,7.6.15 Longitudinal reinforcement shall be laterally supported using ties or hoops in accordance with Section 410.7.6.2 or spirals in accordance with Section 410.7.6.3, Unless tests and structural analyses demonstrate adequate strength and feasibility of construction, 410.7.6.1.6 If anchor bolts are placed in the top of @ column or pedestal, the bolts shall be enclosed by transverse reinforcement that also surrounds at least four longitudinal bars within the column or pedestal. The transverse reinforcement shall be distributed within 125 mm. of the top of the column or pedestal and shell consist of at feast two 12. mm gb or three 10 mm @ bars, 410.7.6.2 Lateral Support of Longitudinal Bars Using Ties or Hoops 410.7.6.2.1 In any storey, the bottom tie or hoop shall be Tocated not more than one-half the tie or hoop spacing above the top of footing or slab, 410,7.6.2.2 In any storey, the top tie or hoop shall be located not more than one-half the tie or hoop spacing below the lowest horizontal reinforcement in the slab, drop panel, or shear cap. If beams or brackets frame into all sides of the column, the top tie or hoop shall be located ot more than 75 mm below the lowest horizontal reinforcement in the shallowest beam or bracket. 410.7.6.3 Lateral Support of Longitudinal Bars Using Spirals 410.7.6.3.1 In any storey, the bottom of the spiral shall be located at the top of footing or slab. 410.7.632 In any storey, the top of the spiral shall be located in accordance with Table 410.7.6.3.2. ‘Table 410.7.6.3.2 Spiral Extension Requirements at Top of Column Fangs Exton requirements Beams or brackets | Extend to the level of the lowest frame iota ies of | horizon sincere in embers thecotumea supported tone Extend to the level of the Towewt horizontal reinforcement in members supported above. Additional colums ties shall extend above termination of spiral 10 bottom of slab, drop panel, or shear ap, Beams or brackets do not frame into all sides ofthe column Extend to the level at whieh the diameter or width of eapital is twice that ofthe column, Columns with capita 410.7.6.4 Lateral Support of Offset Bent Longitudinal Bars 410.7.6.4.1 Where longitudinal bars are offset, horizontal support shall be provided by ties, hoops, spirals, or parts of the floor construction and shall be designed to resist 1.5 times the horizontal component of the calculated force in the inclined portion of the offset bar. 410.7.6.4.2. If transverse reinforcement is provided to resist forces that result from offset bends, ties, hoops, or spirals shail be placed not more than 150 mm. from points of bend. 410.765 Shear 410.7.6.5.1 If required, shear reinforcement shall be provided using ties, hoops, or spirals. 410.7.6.5.2 Maximum spacing of shear reinforcement shall be in accordance with Table 410.7.6,5.2. Table 410.7.6.5.2 Maximum Spacing of Shear Reinforcement Maximum s, mm. ‘Non- Prestressed | Ys prestressed column: column @ 3h <033y7b,a | Lesser a 500 Lesser g >033/fbyd |G, a E 300