Nonviolent Struggle: A Better Means of 78 Resolving Acute Political StHKa MeHAcHAHs HEHACHJIBCTBEHHAS BOPbBA: — Russian JYYWIEE CPEACTBO PEWEHHA OCTPbIX MOJIMTHYECKHX HW STHYECKAX KOH®JINKTOB? Mpoqeccop JUK. IAPIT Tlpo6aemm noautHueckoro geficrens. OcHostas mpo6mema noauTHKH — Kak neiicr- BOBATS 9theKTHBHO, YTOOb! LOCTH4b MOCTABMEHHBIX Here, HO SadacTy!O CnyYaeTCH TAK, UTO pesyabTaTH MpaKTHYeCKOl MOAMTHKH OTAMYAIOTeH OT MpecnenyeMux wexelt CKOBKO pa3 YCHIHA PasIM4HBIX COUMANBHDIX FPyHN YAYYUWHT YCAOBHA %KUSHH, 10- GuTECA OOIbUIHX CBOSOM, COMMAAbHOM cIpaneAAMBOCTH, BOSMOXHOCTH PachopaxKaTh- CA CBOHMH COGCTREHHBIMH CyIbOAMH MPHBOMHAM K MOTepe HaJHUHLIX CBOGOL, K pocTy GecpaBua Macc, OorbUrell LeHTPasH3aUHH SKOHOMMYECKOTO H MOMHTHUCCKOTO KOHTPO- ‘Ai, a B HeKOTOPBIX CAYYAAX MK AMKTAType, *KECTKHM Perlpeccuam H Teppopy, K MexAyHApOAHbIM BOlHaM, ApyrHM GeacTBusim. Mor cKoABKHX peBomoUnit pasHTesbHO oraMyaicn OT MepRoHayanbHo sasBzeHHbIx uereh? (Iloupo6uee 06 atom cM. Sharp G. The Problem of Political Technique in Radical Politics // Sharp G. Social Power and Political Freedom. Boston, 1980. P. 181—194.) Betaer BaxkHitit BOMpOC: eCTh TM HeCOOTBETCTBHE MEXKAY %KeTaeMbIMH WenAMHL H PeasbHbIMH peSYAbTATAMH, HB/SIOLLUMACA YACTO CIEACTBHEM CAYYAHHBIX COOBITHH, nelicTBHM BAHATENBHBIX ANYHOCTeH WIN BMEWATeMLCTBOM HeNpeABHEHUBIX hakTopoB; WIM HcHombayeMbIe cpeAcTRa NpesoMpeneamor pesysLTaTHI? B cutyaitnax, Korda Blac pacnpesesena HecnpanenaHBo, Kpouledias 91HTa NH HuMaeT TiaBHble PeMIeHHA H OCYULECTBAReT BCeOOBeMAOULMI KOHTPOMb, B TO BpeMsL kak MaCcbI JOnei He MOryT pacnopsrkaTRCA Lake CBOUMH COOCTBEHHDIMH XKHSHAMH. OGuiuHO TakHe CHTYAUHH XapakTepHSyiOTCA AKTHBHBIM HCHOb3OBAKHEM HaACcHAMA B NOAHTHYECKUX UETAX KAK WIA GOphOul c peasbHo cyulecrayiulel HK MpeaTomarae- Mo# onmosHuned, ¢ COMepHAKAMM, TaK M Ald NPOTHBOeHCTBHA BHEUINUM yrposaM Ht pparam UTO6b GbiTh AefcTREHHBIM, HACHsIMe LODKHO GbITh OpraHHsoBaHo, c sTO! UEAbIO cosqaioTes HW Npeobpasyiorca cneimanpunle yupexaenns. Pacumpenie wea HACTH- TYTOB JIA PYKOBOACTRA MOAHTHYECKHM HACHAMeM, axe pamH LOOpLIx Hamepennit, VMeeT CYILECTBCHHBIe, AIMTeNDHBIe MOCMEMCTBAA AIA COUMANLHOFO H MOAWTHUeCKOTO ctpos. Oxo nosnoaaer rocnoncTsyiomel sate OOpallaTbcn K HacHIMIO B TOAHTH- HeCKHX HEAAX, OTAHHHBIX OT MepBOHAYaMHO samBseHHDIX. STO MoxeT O3HaYaTD, Ha- IPHMep, YTO B YCMOBHAX HaCHABCTREHHOTO perxKHMa, NepexosAUero B AHKTATYPY, MOsH- LM HIM apMHH, YBHAdaMbHO NpeAHasHaueHHBle BAIA 3auHTI Monell, Mory? ObITb Te- peopHenTHpoBanit Ha MomaBenHe u Teppop (cM. 06 stom: Sharp G. The Societal Imperative // Ibid. P. 285—308). Kak cBieTenberByeT ucTopHueckHit onbit, 4pesMepHoe cocpenoToueHHe Bia- rw onacHo Hacwanem. BaxkHbie ward gin KOHTpona Ha BaacTbIO Obian PeANPHHATE MPH COsMAaHHH Gyp2kyasHO-DeMOKPATHYeCKHX NOMUTHYECKHX Pe2KUMOB. Oxn coctosM BO BBeACHHH KOHCTHTYHMOHHBIX H IOPHAMNECKHX orpanHueHnit Ha NOAHOMOUHs NPaBHTenei (OCOGeHHO 9TO KACaeTCA HCHOALIOBAHHA MOH H_BOeHHO! CHIBI), B KOHCTHTYWMOHHO 3akpemvieHHOM pasneneHHH Baactell MexKMY PagH4HsIMit TpaBALHMH yapexkLeHHsiMH B nepaylo ovepend Gb HaHOKeHE! KOHCTHTYMMOHHEIe H IopHAHYecKHe or- pauwuenust wa ucroaMHTenbHyIO Baacte. Kpome Toro, 6b BBeneHbI OcobbIe OrpaHw4eHHA Ha HCTOMbOBAaHHe TOAANHH H apMHH (4TOOLI CoxpaHHTs sMUHBLe cBoGOAL H CaMy KOHCTHTYUHOHHYy!o cHeTeMy). TpaxgnancKHit KOHTPOA 3a HCIOABsO- BaHHeM apMuH Obi ccPOpMyHpOBAH KAK TOAMTHYECKHA MpHHUAN. Onnako 9TH upesBhiuaiino BaxkHBIe Mepml He BCerqa cnoco6HLI npexorspa- THTh HCNONB3OBRAHHe TOAMUNH HAN BOCHHOH CHI LIA NOWepKaHUA HAM yeTa-Stuka Henacnaus 79 HOBJICHHS AMKTATOPCKOrO pexuMa. CrpeMaCb PaCUIMPHT CBOH BACTHBIe NOAHOMOHA, MpaBHTerM WH ySypNaTOpH, BONPeKH KOHCTHTYUHOHHBIM ycTaHOBeHHAM, IpHGeraioT K TocyapcTBeHHOMY HacHM0 BO BHYTpeHHel NosuTaKe. H 3To YacTO MpOHCXOAHT B pope rocynapcrBeHHeix nepesoporos. TakHm o6pa3oM, cyTb mpoGseMEl BOIMO>%KHO JEKHT MIyGXKe, YeM NPHHSITO cuHTaTh. OHA MOXKET KOPEHHTECA B BOSMOXHOCTAX HeTIOABIOBATH HACHAHe B OMHTHKe. ‘ Onnaxo wacnane cuntaetca Bbicuell canKuHel, HanOonee addextuBHol dopmoi aelicTBHA, a TOTOMY H HeOGXOAHMOM AVIA AOCTHOKEHHS 2KEAEMBIX COUMAIBHDIX, SKOHOMHYECKHX H NOJMTHYECKHX NepemeH. CuHTaeTeH TAKKE, YTO HACHTHE HEOOXORH- MO MIA SaMHTE! OGMeCTBAa OT BPAKLeOHMIX HarasoK. ITO BepHo MaKe AIA TeX THNOB KY.BTYP, KOTOpsle MpososraamawT ueaTaMH CBOOOLY, cipanesMBOCTD, JeMOKPaTHIO, MUP H HAapogoBsaAcTHe. Tlpeanonaraemaa HeoOXomMMOCTh HaCHIHA B NOANTHKe B GombuIMHCTBE cay- yaes (HCKMOGAR (allH3M) He CBASLIBATACh C MpenNOUTeHHeM HACHMA KaK TaKOBOrO WIM C MPH3HaHHeM KAACCOBBIX HHTepecon, OHO PACCMATPHBaOCe Kak HeKaA Lan voctb. Jake B OGMLECTBAX, KOTOPHIE CTPeMHMINCh OMIT TYMAHHDIMH, CBOGOAHLIMH, AMOKPATHUYHBIMH H CHPaBeLAMBLIMH, HACHAMe CHHTAMOCh HAHGolee CHsIbHBIM cpesCT- BOM JI PaspeulenHa upesBeuaiiHbIx KOHANKTOB, a MOTOMy H HeOOXOAHMBIM. Tlo- ANTHKH, NpaBHTeAH, MOAHTOMOTH, CHeUMANHCTDI NO MexKAYHAPOAHIM OTHOWEHHAM H npocrbie rparkaile — BCe, KTO CTPeMHAICH 2KHTb H JelCTBOBATH B PeasibHOM MHpe H UMeTb BOSMOKHOCTH BAIHSITH Ha XOA COGHITHI,— Obl NPOCTO BLINYAKLEH NpHsHaTh nachupeTBenHttit coco AeficTBHA npaBHabREM. H XOTA OnacHocTh HacHTMA OcosHa- Baslach, a SauacTy!0 Gbila OveBHAHOH, HerXKeMAHHe WIM OTKA3 HCMOTb3OBATH H TOL HepKHBAT ero PACHEHHBATHCh Kak HAMBHOCTS H YTONHYHOCTb. OTkas OT HaCHAHA B HONHTHYECKHX WeNSIX BOCNPHHUMAsCH KAK OTKAS NPeOROMeTh HaCyULHBIe OMACHOCTH H NpegorspatuTh Gyayuine “GencTBHA HIM Kak OTKAS OT BO3MOKHOCTH ycTpaHcHHA HecnpaBemAMBLIX COUMAIbHEIX CHCTEM H MOCTPOCHHA HOBLIX COMMATDHBIX NOPAAKOB. Kak 61 70 HH Gbi0, NpoGAeMa nOMYCTHMOCTH HacHAMA B MOMHTHKe ocTaeT- ca 6e3 orgera. Toka 8 MOAMTHKe RONycKaeTeA HeOGXOAMMOCTh ONOpH Ha HacHAHe, HEBOSMOXHO W36eKATE PasAHUHOTO PoLa STOYMOTPEGAEHH! BNACTHIO CO BCEMH BbITE- KalOUlHMH H3 9TOrO MOCHeACTBHAMH. Hike Mb MOMbITAeMCA BbIACHHT, MOrXeT JH GviTe BEIpaGoTaH Gonee yLOBTeTBOPHTeNbHULIH H cyHLaMeHTasbHBIi cnocoG peueHns STO BeHOH H OCHOBHOM NpoGseMiI B MOsUTHKe. Stwyeckne AWAemMet. Beeraa cyulecTsosaqH OAH, rpynnl H ABHKeHHS, KoTOpsIe OTBeprasM HaCHIMe NO STHYECKHM, MOPa/IbHAIM WIM PenHrHosHbiM MmoTHBam. Hx YOeXKEHHA CYULECTBCHHO PasHHJHCh, HO MOUTH BCe OHH OTKASbIBATHC NOAMepr%KHBATH HachaHe WAH yYacTBOBaTh B Hem (cM. 06 stom: Sharp G. Types of Principled Nonviolence // Sharp G. Gandhi as a Political Strategist, with Essays on Ethics and Politics. Boston, 1979. P. 201—234). Pax npusepxenues npHuunna HeHacu- AWS H3GPaH posh CTOPOHHAX HaGmMOLaTeNeH MOAMTHYECKHX HM MerxKAYHApoA- nox co6siTHil, JIpyrne cocpenorouwiH cBOH ycHNA Ha mponaranze HeoOxonHMo- CTH oTKa3a OT NPHMeHeHHA HAaCHAMS, He Npedarad MPH 3TOM, 3a PeAKHMH HCKMONe- HUAMH, ATLTEPHATHBHBIX CpeCTR ANA PeLIeHHA OCTPbIX KOHMVHKTOB HATH ysep>Ka- nua Baactu. Cymectayror 2ee OcHOBHLIe TONKH speHHs OTHOCHTeTBHO MOAHTHYECKOrO HacH- ama. CoraacHo mepsofi TouKe “speHHs, OHO HeOOXOUMO, aBaAeTCA cpemcTROM, TPHrOMHEIM L151 LOCTHKEHHA GsarHX Wesel. CoraacHo BTOpol — HacHsHe camo No cebe €CTD 310, LAKE CCH OHO HCHOMAbYETCH B GTATOPOAHBIX LEIAX. ITAMH LBYMS MOSHLHS- MH H OFPaHHYHBaHCh BOSMOXKHOCTH STHYECKOPO BbIGOPA AIA MpoeccHOHasbULIX M0- JINTHKOB, JHOAeH, BOBACHEHHLX B NOMMTHYECKHE ABHKENHA. PasaM4Hble HCCTeHOBATeMH 10-pasHOMY XapakTepHIOBAMIH STH BOSMOXHOCTH STH- ueckoro BiiGopa. M. BeGep, Hanpumep, 8 CBOeM aHaH3e THIOB NOAHTHYECKOH ITHKH TO- BOpHAI OG <3THKe OTBETCTBCHHOCTH® H OG roToB jelicTBOBaTh B HeCoREp- UIeHHOM MHpe H «jaBaTb OTHET 0 BOIMOKHBIX pesysbTaTax cBoero AeficTBAS». HH O- Ha 9THKa B MMpe He MOXET 3aKpbIBaTb Tvla3a Ha TO, 4TO MOpoI LOCTHAKEHHe «OMarHXx> uexei upesaTo pacnaatoit 3a HCNONbSOBAHHe COMHHTEMbHMIX ¢ TOYKH SpeHHs MopasH cpencrs. BeGep crasut sonpoc: JIpyrve aptopst, npHzepxkuBaioUlMecA pagHixx MOAHTHYCCKHX yOexkseHHit, OT- MevanH CXOXKHE, XOTA M He HACHTHYHMIE MO COMePKAHHIO, OTAMYHA. MeKAY H . E. X. Kapp, #anpHMep, BHLUT B yTOMHeTe YenOReKa, KoTopbiit COsMaeT B CBOEM BOOHPAKeHHH daHTAcTHYecKyio adbTepHaTHBHY!O CXeMy aeanbHoro OOulecTsa HIM COUHaMbHOTO NOpsALKa H MbITaeTcH 3aCcTABHTh peasb- HOCTL COOTBeTCTBOBATh MeNTe JIMIb YCHAMeM cBOeH BOH H TBOpYecTRA, Mpak- THYeCKH He MPHHHMAa BO BHHMAHHe MpHYHHE H CHeACTAHA MOLOGHDIX “AelicT- suit ana oOwecTBa u MonATHKH. PeancT, HanpoTHB, cocpenOTOUHBaeT CBOE BHUMA- HHe CKopee Ha TOM, TO CCT, HEKEMH Ha TOM, 4TO JOMKHO OuITb. HyrkHO RPHHUMATb peatbHOCTh H cooTBETCTBOBATE efi. To, 4TO MOsKHO ObiITh, MpoHCTeKaeT H3 Toro, 470 ecTh. Corsacno Kappy, rocyfapctao slepxHT B CBOHX pyKax BaACTb, a MOL STHM B KOHeYHOM HTOre NoApasyMeBaeTcA BoeHHas cua. . Hu BeGep, um Kapp, Kak, BMpowem H ApyrHe BbaIoULHecH HOMMTHYECKHE AHATHTHKH H MPAKTHKH, HE CMOFAH MpeMOXKUTb StdeKTHBHLIE cpez- crBa ymepXKaHHA BHaCTH, MPHMCHCHHe KOTOPBIX He MOpOrxAaTO Get sTHUCCKHX NpoGleM HACHAMA B NOHTHKE, NOCKOABKY HHKTO H3 HHX He fIpHsHaBas onacHocTH NACHNA JIA CaMOl NOMHTHYECKOH CUCTeMEL Muorne coppemenuble NonHTHYeCKHe MBICTHTEAH H JeATeTH He MOULIH jae BEI soos BeGepa u Kappa. [lo wamemy MHeHHIO, OHH JOJKHBI CTaTb OTNPABHO! TOU- Koit 1118 NOHCKa syaulero BLIGopa. 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Kora HeHaCHsbCTBCHHBIe AKU OCYULECTBIAOTCA GOAbUIKM KOAHYeCTBOM JOH H OCHOBALIMH HACTHTYTaMH OGULeCTBa, OHH CHOCOOHBI MaparHs0BaTe H RAKE paspyluTb TO, nporHe 4ero Hanpapsenbi. Henacnapcrsenntie 2efeTBHA cnoco6Hbl HaMeHHTb OTHOUIeHHA BaacTH. OHH He na- JoT BAACTAM BOSMOXKHOCTH MpOTHRORElCTRORATL BpArKACOHO HacTpoeHHo! rpynne, HANPOTHB, CTaBAT Mepe HEOOXOAHMOCTbIO COCOGcTBOBaTE UewAM, Ha AocTHKeHUe KOTOPBIX HaNpaBseHO 9TO AelicTBHe. Ycrex HeHaCH/BCTBEHHIX AelicTBHii 3aBHCHT OT Le- oro pala (axTopos. Smech 4ACTO H COOTHOWeHHe HecoTpyAHHYaIOULHX —H co- NPOTHBAMOMXcA OTe, MyKECTAO MOCTeAHHX Mepem yrposok penpeccuii, nomnep- 2KaHHe HeMaCHBCTBEHHOM AHCUMMAMHEI, a HHOrAa H AaBseHHe TpeTbHX cH1. 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B Takom cay¥ae OCTOMHBIM OTRCTOM YYACTAYIONLHX B CONPOTHBJeHHH OyneT NpomomkenHe GopbOn Mp coxpaHeHHH CTporo HeHACKABCTReHHOR AMCUMMAMHDL DTO, B CROIO OUEPes, MOKET HHHMUMUPOBATH NPOUCC , KOrMa HAaCHsHe ONMOHEHTOB YBeAHYHT YHCTO H PelIHMOCTL CONPOTHBAMOMLXCA, Mppenet K MOABTeHHIO ONMOSHUHH penpeccHaAM MaKe B CaMOM sJlarepe ommoHeH- TOB, BO3MOXHO TOATOAKHET TPeTbH CHIBI MPHGErHYT K AaBTeHHIO B NOMLLepKKY He- HacWIbcTBeHHOH aKUHH. B 9TOM AaCHMMeTPHYHOM KONaKKTe cTopoHa, HeTOnb- BYlOMAN HeHacHABCTREHHBIe cpeaCTRa, CNOCOGHA OCYULeCTBHTh HEOKHAHMBIe Me- pemeHit B OTHOWeHHSX BaAacTH, B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT MpeANPHHHMaembIx jelicTBHi u! KOHTPACHCTBHi BIMAHHE HEHACHABCTREHHOM Tpynnbl H ee OMMOHeHTOB MOXKeT Kome- Garees. B yenoswax, Korga wave Ha ycnex pactyT, ocoGeHHo BaxeH BLIGOp myapoit crparern H TaKTHKH HeHacHsLCTReHHOTO gelicTBHA, HeHacHALCTBeHHBIe BLICTYNeHHA MOY? ObITh NOsABJeHLI, eCTH HX YHACTHHKH HTH He OOJaqaioT peabHOit cH- Jolt, WIM JerKO MOBHHYIOTCA, HAH He 6 COCTORHHH MpHAepAKHBaTECA HeHacHAD- CTBEHHOH AWCUHNAMHEL, a TaKKe NO ApyrHM MpHHHHaM. JLocTHYB >%Ke ycnexa MO2XHO OHM H3 UeTbIPeX crocoGoRB: OOpalyenuem (KOA ONNOHeHTH B KOpHe MeHsIOT cBOH BarIAAL Ha NpoOAeMbI), Coeaamenuem (KOMa ROCTHTaeTcA KOMMPOMHCC NO Npo6semam), HeHacuAcTeeHKoim npunyocdeXuem (Kora y OMIMOHEHTOB He ocTaeTca apyroro BbiGopa, KpoMe Kak MOs4a COrNaCHTbCH, MOCKOAbKY OHH OTCTYNHAH y2Ke TO MHOrHM nOSHWMAM) H paspywenuem (KOTAa PEKHM WIM OTACMBHDIe HHCTHTYTHE onnoxeHtos npocto pacnagawres). Henacnapersentbie nelicraist yoke B TeYeHHe HECKOJBKAX CTOMeTHH LIHPOKO He- Nompayiores paSouuMH B GopLGe 34 cBOM MpaBa, 3a SKOHOMHYeCKHE NpeoGpasoBanus, 3a TpaxkAHCKHe CROSOLE H eMOKPATH3ALHWO, B HALHOHATBHOM BWKCHHH 3a 1eKOu10- HH3auHio, B GopbOe npoTHA AUKTATYP, NPOTHB reHouMsa HT. A. B nocaeaune HecKoubKo WecaTHAeTHH HeHaCHIRCTBeHHBIe,LeHICTRHS CTA WMpOKO HcnOabsOBATHCA NPOTHB HapaulMBaHHs| BOeHHOM MOULM H ApyrHx opm HacHsHa, B GopbOe 3a MupHoe cocyuecTBOBAHMe (cM. 06 stom: Boserup A., Mack A. War Without Weapons. N. Y., 1975; Civilian Resistance as a National Defence. Harrisburg, 1968;82 STHKa Nenacnans Sharp G. Making Europe Unconquerable: The Potential of Civilian-based Deterrence and Defence. L., 1985; his. National Security Through Civilian-based Defence. Oma- ha, Nebraska, 1985). Tlo npuswanwio creunaauctoa, nonuTHKoR, npeactaBiTe- Jeli OOtlecTBeHHOCTH, HeHACHABCTBeHHaR GophOa CTaHOBHTCA BaxkKHBIM dakTopom muposoii nosntukH. B camom jee, coBpemeHible BHYTPHMOJUTHYeCKHE cHTYALHH H M@KAYHAPOAHBle KONAUKTH HeTbsA NOHATS Ges yueTa MpHpolM H AHHAMHKH HeHacHabcTBeHHOl GopLOui. Tlorenuvan nenacuasctsenHol GophGm 8 npeoqoneHH HepaspeWiMMbIX noaNTHYe- CKHX H STHHECKHX KoHamKToB. 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B cBasH c STHM pe3KO COKPALLAWTCA BOSMOXKHOCTH HCHOMBAORAKHA HacHsABCTReH- HLIX penpeccuii, UTO CO Bel OXeBHAHOCTHIO CHOCoOCTBYeT MPeLOTBPALLeHHIO oNacHO- cTH YcTaHoBjeHua pexuma JMKTaTypm uM yrHeTenHs. McnosbaonanHe HeHacsb- cTBeHHDIX MeTOLOB B GopRGe 3a yHLaMeHTaJbHLIe CouMambHbIe Mpeo6pasoBanuA CBOMHT BOSMOKHOCTH BOSHHKHOBEHHA OGULECTH, SHAYHTEABHO OTMMUAIOWUUXCH OT MepBO- HauadbHO 3afyMaHHLIXx, K MUHUMYMY. TlommTnueckn sHa¥HMoe HapomoBacTHe — eule OAHO BaxkHOe caemcTBHE pocta HeHaCHABCTBeHHOM GopbObi. HecomHeHHo JO HW Yepes MO”TOTOBKy H HenocpeucTBeH- ubtit OnbIT HeHacHALcTBeHHOH GopbOw ysHaioT cBoll peasbubii MoTeHuHas. ITO 03 Havaer, HanpHMep, YTO Radke MPH COXpaHeHHH AOCTaTOUHO cHsBHOrO HACTUTYTA NOMHTHYeCKOTO HACHATHA, B CIY4ae TOCyLapcTReHHOTO MepeRopora, MOMBITKA HaBABATh HoBylO AMKTaTypy, Y3YPNMpOBATb BMACTh C MOMOLIIO rOcyLapcTBeHHOrO MepeBo- pora MoxkeT ObiTh Mpecevena. 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