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BY
UMER FAROOQ MUZAMIL YOUSUF
ROLL NO 01-CE-2008 ROLL NO 22-CE-2008
1
PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE
DEGREE OF
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
ON
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF THREE STOREY FRAMED
BUILDING
BY
UMER FAROOQ MUZAMIL YOUSUF
ROLL NO 01-CE-2008 ROLL NO 22-CE-2008
2
ACKNOWLEGDGEMENTS
At the outset, I express my deepest thanks to our Lord, the most Gracious,
the most merciful, the cherisher and sustainer of the worlds.
3
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
BABA GHULAM SHAH BADSHAH UNIVERSITY
RAJOURI J&K- 185131 (INDIA)
CERTIFICATE
To the best of my knowledge, the matter embodied in this report has not
been submitted to any other University/Institute for the award of any
Degree or Diploma.
Date:
4
CONTENTS
1. Abstract 6
2. History 7
3. Introduction 12
5. Design of Slabs 25
6. Design of Beams 38
7. Design of Columns 47
8. Design of Footing 53
9. Design of Stairs 71
10. References 74
5
ABSTRACT
Once the loads are obtained, the component takes the load first i.e the slabs
can be designed. Designing of slabs depends upon whether it is a one-way or
a two-way slab, the end conditions and the loading. From the slabs, the loads
are transferred to the beam. The loads coming from the slabs onto the beam
may be trapezoidal or triangular. Depending on this, the beam may be
designed. Thereafter, the loads (mainly shear) from the beams are taken by
the columns. For designing columns, it is necessary to know the moments
they are subjected to. For this purpose, frame analysis is done by Moment
Distribution Method. After this, the designing of columns is taken up
depending on end conditions, moments, eccentricity and if it is a short or
slender column. Most of the columns designed in this mini project were
considered to be axially loaded with uniaxial bending. Finally, the footings are
designed based on the loading from the column and also the soil bearing
capacity value for that particular area. Most importantly, the sections must be
checked for all the four components with regard to strength and serviceability.
6
CHAPTER 1
HISTORY
7
HISTORY
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
A structure refers to a system of two or more connected parts use to support
a load. It is an assemblage of two or more basic components connected to
each other so that they serve the user and carry the loads developing due to
the self and super-imposed loads safely without causing any serviceability
failure. Once a preliminary design of a structure is fixed, the structure then
must be analyzed to make sure that it has its required strength and rigidity. To
analyze a structure a structure correctly, certain idealizations are to be made
as to how the members are supported and connected together. The loadings
are supposed to be taken from respective design codes and local
specifications, if any. The forces in the members and the displacements of the
joints are found using the theory of structural analysis.
The whole structural system and its loading conditions might be of complex
nature so to make the analysis simpler, we use certain simplifying
assumptions related to the quality of material, member geometry, nature of
applied loads, their distribution, the type of connections at the joints and the
support conditions. This shall help making the process of structural analysis
simpler to quite an extent.
8
compatibility is said to be satisfied when various segments of a structure fit
together without intentional breaks or overlaps.
Two fundamental methods to analyze the statically indeterminate structures
are discussed below.
Force methods-
Originally developed by James Clerk Maxwell in 1864, later developed by
Otto Mohr and Heinrich Muller-Breslau, the force method was one of the first
methods available for analysis of statically indeterminate structures. As
compatibility is the basis for this method, it is sometimes also called as
compatibility method or the method of consistent displacements. In this
method, equations are formed that satisfy the compatibility and force-
displacement requirements for the given structure in order to determine the
redundant forces. Once these forces are determined, the remaining reactive
forces on the given structure are found out by satisfying the equilibrium
requirements.
Displacement methods-
The displacement method works the opposite way. In these methods, we first
write load-displacement relations for the members of the structure and then
satisfy the equilibrium requirements for the same. In here, the unknowns in
the equations are displacements. Unknown displacements are written in
terms of the loads (i.e. forces) by using the load-displacement relations and
then these equations are solved to determine the displacements. As the
displacements are determined, the loads are found out from the compatibility
and load- displacement equations. Some classical techniques used to apply
the displacement method are discussed.
Slope deflection method-
This method was first devised by Heinrich Manderla and Otto Mohr to study
the secondary stresses in trusses and was further developed by G. A. Maney
extend its application to analyze indeterminate beams and framed structures.
9
The basic assumption of this method is to consider the deformations caused
only by bending moments. It’s assumed that the effects of shear force or axial
force deformations are negligible in indeterminate beams or frames.
The fundamental slope-deflection equation expresses the moment at the end
of a member as the superposition of the end moments caused due to the
external loads on the member, while the ends being assumed as restrained,
and the end moments caused by the displacements and actual end rotations.
A structure comprises of several members, slope-deflection equations are
applied to each of the member. Using appropriate equations of equilibrium for
the joints along with the slope-deflection equations of each member we can
obtain a set of simultaneous equations with unknowns as the displacements.
Once we get the values of these unknowns i.e. the displacements we can
easily determine the end moments using the slope-deflection equations.
10
Kani’s method-
This method was first developed by Prof. Gasper Kani of Germany in the year
1947. The method is named after him. This is an indirect extension of slope
deflection method. This is an efficient method due to simplicity of moment
distribution. The method offers an iterative scheme for applying slope
deflection method of structural analysis. Whereas the moment distribution
method reduces the number of linear simultaneous equations and such
equations needed are equal to the number of translator displacements, the
number of equations needed is zero in case of the Kani’s method. This
method may be considered as a further simplification of moment distribution
method wherein the problems involving sway were attempted in a tabular
form thrice (for double story frames) and two shear coefficients had to be
determined which when inserted in end moments gave us the final end
moments. All this effort can be cut short very considerably by using this
method.
11
CHAPTER 2
INTRODUCTION
12
Introduction
Structural analysis is the backbone of civil engineering. During recent
years, there has been a growing emphasis on using computer aided
softwares and tools to analyze the structures. There has also been
advancement in finite element analysis of structures using Finite
Element Analysis methods or matrix analysis. These developments are
most welcome, as they relieve the engineer of the often lengthy
calculations and procedures required to be followed while large or
complicated structures are analyzed using classical methods. But not
all the time such detailed analysis are necessary to be performed i.e.
sometimes, just approximate analysis could suffice our requirements as
in case of preparing the rough estimates and participating in the
bidding process for a tender. It may even happen that sometimes the
analysis software or tool is not available at hand? Or the worst case,
the computer itself is not available?? Then in such cases, accurate
analysis of such large and complicated structures involving so many
calculations is almost impossible.
Now-a-days, high rise buildings and multi-bay-multi-storey buildings are
very common in metropolitan cities. The analysis of frames of multi-
storeyed buildings proves to be rather cumbersome as the frames have
a large number of joints which are free to move. Even if the commonly
used Moment distribution method is applied to all the joints, the work
involved shall be tremendous. However, with certain assumptions,
applying the substitute analysis methods like substitute frame method,
portal method, cantilever method or factor method, the structures can
be analyzed approximately.
13
agreement with the results from rigorous analysis. The moments
carried from floor to floor through columns are very small as compared
to the beam moments; therefore, the moments in one floor have
negligible effect on the moments on the floors above and below.
Therefore, in this method, the analysis of the multi-storeyed frames is
carried out by taking one floor at a time. Each floor is taken with
columns above and below fixed at far ends, and the moments and
shears are calculated in beams and columns.
The method is very effective in analyzing any framed structure under
vertical loadings. This work is focused to check its applicability and
efficacy under the lateral loading conditions
Objectives
• To manually analyze the problem frame, using Kani’s method under
vertical loading conditions.
• To perform the same analysis using standard analysis software
Staad.Pro
• Perform substitute frame analysis for the loading cases
• Compare the accuracy of the substitute frame analysis with manual
and Staad.Pro analysis and check its validity in lateral loading cases.
• Optimize the substitute frame method to further lessen the
calculations so as to get the final results within permissible limit of
errors.
• Design the Structural members of the multistory.
14
CHAPTER 3
ANALYSIS UNDER VERTICAL LOADS
15
Approximate analysis of the frame for
vertical loads:
The analysis is made by considering the following assumptions:
1) Beams do not receive axial forces.
2) For any beam a point of contra flexure occurs at a distance of 0.1L
form each end of the span, where L is the span of beam
16
2
Maximum positive B.M = x 4.88 = 119.1 kN-m
.
Shear at each point of contra flexure = (15+25) = 97.6 kN
Analysis of columns:
Consider the end column AEMN
Axial force in AE = 40 x 3.05 = 122 kN
Axial force in EI = 122+122 = 244 kN
Axial force in IM = 244+122 = 366 kN
Moment at the upper end of column = Moment at the end of beam = 67 kN-m
Assuming equal stiffness for column moment transmitted to each column by a
beam at E or I = 67/2 = 33.5 kN-m
Now consider any interior column.
There will be no moment transmission to the interior column.
Consider the column BFJN
Axial force in BF = 40 x 6.1 = 244 kN,
Axial force in FJ = 244+244 = 488 kN
Axial force in JN = 488+244 =732 Kn
17
Method of substitute frames :
The substitute frames are formed by the beams at the floor level under
consideration, together with the columns above and below with their far ends
fixed.
18
The distributed B.M are not carried over far ends of the columns in this
process; the moments in the columns are computed at each floor level
independently and retained at that floor irrespective of further analysis.
Assumptions –
Slab thickness = 0.15m floor finish thickness = 0.05m
Beam section = 0.35mx0.45m column section = 0.35mx0.35m
Density of concrete used = 25 Kn/m3 live load for educational building =
3kN/m2
Clockwise moment positive and vice-versa
Loading-
Slab dead load = 0.15x1x25 = 3.75 kN/m2
Floor finish = 1.25 kN/m2, live load = 3kN/m2
Beam self weight = 0.35x0.45x25 = 3.9 kN/m
Total vertical load per metre length of beam = (3.75+1.25+3)+3.9 = 12kN/m
Fixed end moments induced
19
∗ ∗
Mab = Mef = Mij =Mcd = Mgh = Mkl = - = - 36 kN-m
∗ ∗
Mba = Mfe = Mji =Mdc = Mhg = Mlk = = 36kN-m
∗ ∗
Mbc = Mfg = Mjk = - = - 4kN-m
∗ ∗
Mbc = Mgf = Mkj = = 4kN-m
Member D.L per metre L.L per metre F.E.M due to F.E.M due to
(kN/m) (kN/m) D.L (kN-m) D.L+L.L(kN-m)
21
Frame will be analyzed be two cycle moment distribution:
Horizontal EF FE FG GF GH HG
members
Distribution 0.21 0.07 0.65 0.65 0.07 0.21
factors
Distribution to
22
columns
joints E F G H
Members EF FE FG GF GH HG
Distribution 0.21 0.07 0.65 0.65 0.07 0.21
factors
FEM,s -153.9 153.9 -17.1 17.1 -153.9 153.9
Distribution 32.32 -9.57 -88.92 88.92 -9.57 -32.32
Carry over -4.78 16.16 -49.24 -4.78 -16.16 4.8
Distribution 1.0 -2.31 21.47 25.79 2.77 1.08
Carry over -1.15 0.5 12.89 10.73 0.54 1.38
Distribution 0.24 -0.57 8.25 6.62 0.71 0.28
Total moment -126.3 158.1 -112.7 128.6 -156.5 124.8
23
Members Staad Pro Kani’s Method Substitute frame Kani’s Method
End moments End Moments end moments Vs
S/F Method
EF -129.23 -133.37 -126.3 5.5%
FE 156.52 160.43 158.1 1.47%
FG 108.57 -113.51 -112.7 0.7%
GF 120.64 128.6 128.6 0
GH -150.42 -159.76 -156.5 2.08%
HG 127.60 125 124.8 0.2%
The inference made from the table is that in case of vertical loading, the
difference between the Kani’s analysis and substitute frame method (S/F
method) is very less.
24
Chapter 4
Design of Slab
25
Design of slab:
26
Design of slab: S1 (Two-way slab)
Loads:
hence the effective depth selected is sufficient to resist the design ultimate
moment
In addition, the spacing should be the least Of three times the effective depth
or 300 mm. using 10 mm diameter bars for long span, d = 135 mm & for short
span, d = 125 mm.
28
Distance over which the torsion reinforcement is provided = (1/5 short span) =
(0.2 x 5400) = 1080 mm. Provide 6 mm diameter bars at 75 mm c/c for a
length of 1080 mm at all 4 corners in 4 layers
Loads:
29
Mux (+ve) = (αx wu Lx2) = (0.036 x 14.55 x 5.42) = 15.27 kN-m
Hence the effective depth selected is sufficient to resist the design ultimate
moment
Spacing = S = (Area of 1 bar/ total area) x1000, such that Ast (provided) ≥ Ast
(min)
In addition, the spacing should be the least Of three times the effective depth
or 300 mm. using 10 mm diameter bars for long span, d = 135 mm & for short
span, d = 125 mm.
30
Location Ast (required) Spacing of 10 mm ϕ
bars
3) Short span
c) –ve B.M(top of supports) 490 mm2 160 mm c/c
d) +ve B.M(centre of span) 360 mm2 215 mm c/c
4) Long span
c) –ve B.M (top of supports) 340 mm2 230 mm c/c
2
d) +ve B.M(centre of span) 254 mm 305 mm c/c
Distance over which the torsion reinforcement is provided = (1/5 short span) =
(0.2 x 5400) = 1080 mm. Provide 6 mm diameter bars at 75 mm c/c for a
length of 1080 mm at all 4 corners in 4 layers
(Same for Design of other slabs having same area and end conditions)
Loads:
31
Total working load = w = 9.7 kN/m2
Hence the effective depth selected is sufficient to resist the design ultimate
moment
In addition, the spacing should be the least Of three times the effective depth
or 300 mm. using 10 mm diameter bars for long span, d = 135 mm & for short
span, d = 125 mm.
Distance over which the torsion reinforcement is provided = (1/5 short span) =
(0.2 x 5400) = 1080 mm. Provide 6 mm diameter bars at 75 mm c/c for a
length of 1080 mm at all 4 corners in 4 layers
(Same Design for other slabs having same area and end conditions)
33
Depth of slab: 6 inch = 152.4mm
Loads:
Tension Reinforcements
Using 10 mm diameter of bars, the spacing of the selected bars are computed
using the relation,
34
Spacing = S = (Area of 1 bar/ total area) x1000 such that Ast(provided) ≥
Ast(min)
Distribution bars
(L/d)max = (L/d)basic x kt x kc x kf
Loads:
Tension Reinforcements
Using 10 mm diameter of bars, the spacing of the selected bars are computed
using the relation,
Distribution bars
(L/d)max = (L/d)basic x kt x kc x kf
(L/d)max = ( 26x1.4x1x1) = 36
37
CHAPTER 5
Design of Beams
38
DESIGN OF BEAM B1: 350mm x 450mm (Long beam)
Calculation of loads
Self weight of beam = 3.9 kN/m , length of beam = 6.1 m
Weight of the 9” wall above Beam = 0.15m x 3 x 20 = 9 KN/m
Area of load control of slab under beam = 9.18 m2
Weight of slab on beam = 9.18 x 0.1524 x 25 = 5.7 kN/m
Total weight = 18.6 KN/m
fck = 20 N/mm2 f y = 415 N/mm2
Assuming 25 mm effective cover, b = 350 mm, d = 425 mm
Fixed end moment at one end = -126.3 kN-m
Fixed end moment at another end = 158.1 kN-m
Design end moment at mid span =
= (1.5 x 18.6 x 6.12)/8 – (18.6 x 6.12)/2
= 129.76 – 346.05 = -216.29 kNm
Location Mu (kNm) Mu/bd2 Pt (%) Area of
From SP-16 steel mm2
Ist Support -126.3 1.78 0.563 837
IInd Support 158.1 2.23 0.731 1087
Mid Span -216.29 3.05 0.955 1504
39
DESIGN OF BEAM B2: 350mm x 450mm (short beam)
Calculation of loads
Self weight of beam = 3.9 kN/m , length of beam = 2.8 m
Weight of the 9” wall above Beam = 0.15m x 3 x 20 = 9 KN/m
Area of load control of slab under beam = 9.18 m2
Weight of slab on beam = 9.18 x 0.1524 x 25 = 5.7 kN/m
Total weight = 18.6 KN/m
fck = 20 N/mm2 f y = 415 N/mm2
Assuming 25 mm effective cover, b = 350 mm, d = 425 mm
Fixed end moment at one end = -112.7 kN-m
Fixed end moment at another end = 128.6 kN-m
Design end moment at mid span =
= (1.5 x 18.6 x 2.82)/8 – (18.6 x 2.82)/2
= 27.34 – 72.91 = -45.57 kNm
Location Mu (kNm) Mu/bd2 Pt (%) Area of
From SP-16 steel mm2
Ist Support -112.7 1.59 0.493 777
IInd Support 128.6 1.81 0.564 889
Mid Span -45.57 0.64 0.186 293
40
DESIGN OF BEAM B3: 350mm x 450mm (intermediate beam)
Calculation of loads
Self weight of beam = 3.9 kN/m , length of beam = 5.4m
Weight of the 9” wall above Beam = 0.15m x 3 x 20 = 9 KN/m
Area of load control of slab under beam = 7.29 m2
Weight of slab on beam = 7.29 x 0.1524 x 25 = 5.14 kN/m
Total weight = 18.04 KN/m
fck = 20 N/mm2 f y = 415 N/mm2
Assuming 25 mm effective cover, b = 350 mm, d = 425 mm
Fixed end moment at one end = -112.7 kN-m
Fixed end moment at another end = 128.6 kN-m
Design end moment at mid span =
= (1.5 x 18.04 x 5.42)/8 – (18.04 x 5.42)/2
= 98.63 – 263.02 = -164.39 kNm
Location Mu (kNm) Mu/bd2 Pt (%) Area of
From SP-16 steel mm2
Ist Support -112.7 1.59 0.493 777
IInd Support 128.6 1.81 0.564 889
Mid Span -164.39 2.31 0.758 1194
41
DESIGN OF BEAM B4: 350mm x 450mm
Calculation of loads
Self weight of beam = 3.9 kN/m , length of beam = 6.1m
Weight of the 9” wall above Beam = 0.15m x 3 x 20 = 9 KN/m
Area of load control of slab under beam = 18.38 m2
Weight of slab on beam = 18.36 x 0.1524 x 25 = 11.46 kN/m
Total weight = 24.36 KN/m
fck = 20 N/mm2 f y = 415 N/mm2
Assuming 25 mm effective cover, b = 350 mm, d = 425 mm
Fixed end moment at one end = -126.3 kN-m
Fixed end moment at another end = 158.1 kN-m
Design end moment at mid span =
= (1.5 x 24.36 x 6.12)/8 – (24.36 x 6.12)/2
= 169.95 – 453.21 = -283.26 kNm
Location Mu (kNm) Mu/bd2 Pt (%) Area of
From SP-16 steel mm2
Ist Support -126.3 1.78 0.493 777
IInd Support 158.1 2.23 0.564 889
Mid Span -283.26 3.99 0.955 1504
42
DESIGN OF BEAM B5: 350mm x 450mm
Calculation of loads
Self weight of beam = 3.9 kN/m , length of beam = 6.1m
Weight of the 9” wall above Beam = 0.15m x 3 x 20 = 9 KN/m
Area of load control of slab under beam = 18.38 m2
Weight of slab on beam = 18.36 x 0.1524 x 25 = 11.46 kN/m
Total weight = 24.36 KN/m
fck = 20 N/mm2 f y = 415 N/mm2
Assuming 25 mm effective cover, b = 350 mm, d = 425 mm
Fixed end moment at one end = -126.3 kN-m
Fixed end moment at another end = 158.1 kN-m
Design end moment at mid span =
= (1.5 x 24.36 x 6.12)/8 – (24.36 x 6.12)/2
= 169.95 – 453.21 = -283.26 kNm
Location Mu (kNm) Mu/bd2 Pt (%) Area of
From SP-16 steel mm2
Ist Support -126.3 1.78 0.493 777
IInd Support 158.1 2.23 0.564 889
Mid Span -283.26 3.99 0.955 1504
43
DESIGN OF BEAM B6: 350mm x 450mm
Calculation of loads
Self weight of beam = 3.9 kN/m , length of beam = 5.4m
Weight of the 9” wall above Beam = 0.15m x 3 x 20 = 9 KN/m
Area of load control of slab under beam = 14.58 m2
Weight of slab on beam = 18.36 x 0.1524 x 25 = 10.287 kN/m
Total weight = 23.18 KN/m
fck = 20 N/mm2 f y = 415 N/mm2
Assuming 25 mm effective cover, b = 350 mm, d = 425 mm
Fixed end moment at one end = -126.3 kN-m
Fixed end moment at another end = 158.1 kN-m
Design end moment at mid span =
= (1.5 x 23.18 x 5.42)/8 – (23.18 x 5.42)/2
= 187.76 – 337.96 = -150.20 kNm
Location Mu (kNm) Mu/bd2 Pt (%) Area of
From SP-16 steel mm2
Ist Support -126.3 1.78 0.493 777
IInd Support 158.1 2.23 0.564 889
Mid Span -150.20 2.12 0.685 1079
44
3-D model of Building
45
Shear Diagram of beam B1
46
CHAPTER 6
Design of Columns
47
LOADS
1) Floor height = 10 ft = 3.048 m
2) Weight of 6” thick slab (0.1524m) = 25 x 0.1524 = 3.8 kN/m2
3) Weight of flooring 50 mm thick = 24 x 0.05 = 1.2 KN/m2
Total D.L = 5.0kN/m2
4) Imposed floor loads for class rooms and lecture rooms = 3 KN/m2
5) Self weight of column (350 mm x 350 mm) of 10 m height
= 0.352x10x25 = 30.6 kN
2
6) Loads from roof (truss) = 1kN/m
7) Load of 9” thick wall(228.6mm) for 10m height
= 0.2286x10x20 = 45.72kN/m
8) For each floor height of 3.048m, loads of 9” wall on the beam
= 0.2286x3.048x20 = 13.93kN/m
9) Wind loads: Design wind pressure is Px = 0.6Vx2
Where Px = design wind pressure in N/mm2 at a height Z and
Vx = design wind velocity in m/s at a height Z
Column A1
Area under column = 2.7 m x 3.16 m = 8.53 m2
Total dead weight(weight of slab, flooring, finishes) = 8.53 x 5 = 42.65 kN
For three strorey building, total dead load carried = 42.65 x 3 =128 kN
Weight of 9” thick wall = 45.72(3.16+2.7-0.35) = 251.9 kN
Self weight of column (350mm x 350mm) of 10m height = 0.35 2 x 10 x 25 =
30.6 kN
Total dead load = 128+251.9+30.6 =410.5 kN
Live load = 3 x 8.53 x 3 = 76.7 kN
Load from Roof = 1 x 8.5 = 8.5 kN
Grand total: 410.5+76.7+8.53 = 495.73 kN
Loading is same for column A4
Column A2
Area of load = 2.7 x 4.36 = 11.7m2
Dead load(weight of slab, flooring, finishes) =11.7 x 5 = 58.5 kN
48
For three storey building, DL = 58.5 x 3 = 175.5 kN
Weight of 9” thick wall = 45.72(4.36+2.7-0.35) = 306.78 kN
Self weight of column (350mm x 350mm) of 10m height = 0.35 2 x 10 x 25 =
30.6 kN
Total D.L = 175.5+306.78+30.6 = 512.88 kN
L.L = 3 x 11.7 x 3 = 105.3 kN
Load from roof = 1 x 11.7 = 11.7 kN
Grand total: 629.88 kN
Loading is similar for the column A3
Column B1
Area of load control under column B1 = 5.4 x 3.16 = 17.06m2
Dead load(weight of slab, flooring, finishes) =17.06 x 5 = 85.3 kN
For three storey building, DL = 85.3 x 3 = 256 kN
Weight of 9” thick wall = 45.72(5.4+3.16-0.35) = 375.36 kN
Self weight of column (350mm x 350mm) of 10m height = 0.35 2 x 10 x 25 =
30.6 kN
Total D.L = 256+375.36+3.6 = 747.26 kN
L.L = 3 x 17.06 x 3 = 153 kN
Load from roof = 1 x 17.06 = 17.06 kN
Grand total: 832.02 kN
Loading is similar for the column B4,C1,C4,D1,D4,E1,E4,F1,F4,G1,G4,H1,H4
Column B2:
Area of load control under column B2 = 5.4 x 4.36 = 23.5m2
Dead load(weight of slab, flooring, finishes) =23.5 x 5 = 117.5 kN
For three storey building, DL = 117.5 x 3 = 352.5 kN
Weight of 9” thick wall = 45.72(5.4+4.36) = 446.2 kN
Self weight of column (350mm x 350mm) of 10m height =
0.352 x 10 x 25 = 30.6 kN
49
Total D.L = 256+375.36+3.6 = 747.26 kN
L.L = 3 x 23.5 x 3 = 211.5 kN
Load from roof = 1 x 23.5 = 23.5 kN
Grand total: 1064.3 kN
Loading is similar for the column B3,C2,C3,E2,D1,D2,E3,F2,F3,G2,G3,H2,H3
Column J1
Area of load control under column J1 = 3.16 x 1.25 = 3.95 m2
Dead load(weight of slab, flooring, finishes) =3.95 x 5 = 19.75 kN
For three storey building, DL = 19.75 x 3 = 59.25 kN
Weight of 9” thick wall = 45.72(1.25+3.16-0.35) = 185.62 kN
Self weight of column (350mm x 350mm) of 10m height = 0.35 2 x 10 x 25 =
30.6 kN
Total D.L = 59.25+185.62+30.6= 275.47 kN
L.L = 3 x 3.95 x 3 = 35.55 kN
Load from roof = 1 x 3.95 = 3.95 kN
Grand total: 314.97 kN
Loading is similar for the column J4
Column J2
Area of load control under column J2 = 1.25 x 4.36 = 5.45 m2
Dead load(weight of slab, flooring, finishes) =5.45 x 5 = 27.25 kN
For three storey building, DL = 27.75 x 3 = 83.25 kN
Weight of 9” thick wall = 45.72(4.36+1.25-0.35) = 240.48 kN
Self weight of column (350mm x 350mm) of 10m height = 0.35 2 x 10 x 25 =
30.6 kN
Total D.L = 83.45+240.48+30.6= 354.53 kN
L.L = 3 x 5.45 x 3 = 49.05 kN
Load from roof = 1 x 5.45 = 5.45 kN
Grand total: 409.03 kN
50
Loading is similar for the column J3
Column I2
Area of load control under column I2 = 3.95 x 4.36 = 17.22 m2
Dead load(weight of slab, flooring, finishes) = 17.22 x 5 = 86.1 kN
For three storey building, DL = 86.1 x 3 = 258.3 kN
Weight of 9” thick wall = 45.72(4.36+3.95) = 379.93 kN
Self weight of column (350mm x 350mm) of 10m height = 0.35 2 x 10 x 25 =
30.6 kN
Total D.L = 258.3+379.93+30.6= 668.83 kN
L.L = 3 x 17.22 x 3 = 154.98 kN
Load from roof = 1 x 17.22 = 17.22 kN
Grand total: 841.03 kN
Loading is similar for the column I3
Column I1
Area of load control under column I2 = 3.325 x 3.05 = 10.14 m2
Dead load(weight of slab, flooring, finishes) = 10.14 x 5 x 0.1524 = 7.72 kN
For three storey building, DL = 7.72 x 3 = 23.18 kN
Weight of 9” thick wall = 45.72(3.325+3.05) = 291.46 kN
Self weight of column (350mm x 350mm) of 10m height = 0.35 2 x 10 x 25 =
30.6 kN
Total D.L = 152.1+291.46+30.6= 345.24 kN
L.L = 3 x 10.14 x 3 = 91.26 kN
Load from roof = 1 x 10.14 = 10.14 kN
Grand total: 575.56 kN, Loading is similar for the column I4
51
Bending Shear Profile for Column C1
52
Chapter 7
Design of footing
53
Design of footing 1 (F1)
1.) Data
Axial load of column=p= 496KN
Size of column = 350 x 350 mm2
Use M20 & fe-415HYSD bars
2.) Size of footing;
Load on column = 496KN
Wt of footing & backfill at 10%= 49.6
Total load = 545.6KN
Area of footing = (545.6/200)
= 2.728m2
Size of footing =L=B = √2.728 = 1.651m
Adopt 1.7 by 1.7m square footing.
Net soil pressure at ultimate loads with a load factor of 1.5 is given by
Qu (496x1.5/1.7x1.7) = 257KN/m2
=
0.26 N/mm2
3.) One way shear.
The critical section is at a distance “d” from the column face .
Factored shear force = Vu1 = (0.26x1700)(1000-d)
=442(1000-d)
Assuming percentage of reinforcement in the footing pt = 0.25 percent for
M20 grade concrete
Now from IS-456 code permissible shear stress as =tc =0.36 N/mm2
One way shear resistance
Vc1 =(tcx1700xd). = (612d) N
Vu1 < Vc1
442(1000-d) < 612d .
d > 420 mm
54
4.) Two way shear,
Assuming the effective depth of slab 430mm and computing the two way
shear resistance at critical section (d/2) from face of column,
We have the relation
Vc2 = 0.26[17002-(350+d)2]
=597246 N
Two way shear resistance is calculated as
Vc2= ksx tc[4(350+d)d]
Where ks=1, tc=0.25 = 1.118 N/mm2
=1x1.118[1400d+4d2]
Vu2 < vc2 ,
597246 < (1565.2d + 4.472d2).
Solving, d > 230.18 mm
Hence, one way shear is more critical,
Adopt eff depth =d = 425mm, and overall depth = 450mm.
5.) Design of reinforcements.
Ultimate moment at col face is computed as
Mu=(0.5xbxs.p) =(260x0.675x0.5)
=87.75 KNm/m
(Mu / bd2) = (87.75x106/103x4252)
=0.4858
Refer table 2 SP-16, and interpolate the percentage of reinforcement as pt
=0.140 which is less than 0.25 percent assumed for one- way shear
Therefore, Ast= (ptbd/100) =(0.25x1000x425/100)
=1062.5mm2/m
Using 20mm dia bars,
Spacing of bars is S = (1000x314/1063)
=295.39mm c/c
55
Adopt 20mm dia bars at 290mm centres in both directions
65
Refer table 2 SP-16, and interpolate the percentage of reinforcement as pt
=0.477 which is greater than 0.25 percent assumed for one- way shear
Therefore, Ast= (ptbd/100) =(0.477x1000x200/100)
=954 mm2/m
Using 16mm dia bars,
Spacing of bars is S = (1000x154/954)
=161.42mm c/c
Adopt 16 mm dia bars at 160mm centres in both directions
70
CHAPTER 8
Design of Stairs
71
Design of Stair
Dimensions of Stair = 3.6 m x 6.1 m
Height of the floor is 10ft = 3.04 m
Live load on the stair = 2 kN/m2
Since as per the architectural drawing stair has two flights therefore the height
of each flight is 1.52 m
Let the Risers provided = 10, therefore the height of each riser = 152mm
Number of Treads 10 -1 = 9
Let the width of stairs be 1600 mm
Let the treads of steps be 270 mm
Design of flight AB:
Let the bearing of flight be 150 mm
Effective horizontal span = 3+1.6 + (0.15/2) = 4.675 m
Let the thickness of waist be 220 mm
Loads:
D.L of 220 mm waist = 25 x 220 = 5500 N/m2
Ceiling finish (12.5 mm) = 24 x 12.5 = 300 N/m2
Corresponding load per sq meter on plan = √ (R2+T2)/T x 5500 =
= √ (1522+2702)/270 x 5500 = 6300 N/m2
Hence the actual load per sq meter of the plan area will consist of waist and
ceiling finish = 6300 N/m2
D.L of steps (152/2 mm average) = 76 x 25 = 1900 N/m2
Top finish (12.5 mm) = 12.5 x 24 = 300 N/m2
Live load = 2000 N/m2 Therefore total load = 10500 N/m2 = 10.5 kN/m2
Maximum B.M per meter width of stairs, M = (10.5 x 4.6752)/8 = 27.4kN/m2
Ultimate bending moment per meter width of stairs, Mu = 1.5 x 27.4
= 41.1 kN/m2
0.138fckbd2 = 0.138 x 20 x 1000 d2 = 41.1 x 103, thus d = 122 mm
Providing 10 mm diameter bars, effective cover = 20 mm
72
Overall depth required is 122 + 20 = 142 mm
Provide an overall depth of 220 mm
Therefore effective depth = deff = 220 – 20 = 180 mm
Mu/bd2 = (41.1 x 106)/ (1000 x 2002) = 1.03
( . ∗ . ) /
Percentage of steel, pt = 50 { /
} = 0.47%
Ast = 0.47/100(1000 x 200) = 940 mm2
Spacing of 10 mm diameter bars = (79 x 1000)/ 940 = 84 mm c/c
Provide 10 mm ϕ bars @ 84 mm c/c
Distribution steel = 0.12/100(1000 x 200) = 240 mm2
Spacing of 8 mm bars = (50 x 1000)/240 = 208 mm c/c
Provide 8mm ϕ bars @ 208 mm c/c
73
References
74