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Algebra Summary

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83 views4 pages

Algebra Summary

helpful tool

Uploaded by

Aldwin Riveral
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
fa {{Sel— Is a collection of objects or othr antes. x Kisasetol vowels ofthe English alphabet; K ={a.¢,,0,u) 2 Element I~ an object which makes up a st Ex aGkiaisanelement afk) S/Suibsel(C) — ifeach element oa sat Bis also an element of set A, thenBisa subser of A Ec =|abee.elandB =| ae) then BEA, ‘Equal sol two sole are montottne olhersel. Fs Riiniersecon (fl) — the imereeslion of two sels, A and B, is ‘Gessgnated by AN B and consists o those elements thal belong to both ana. Ex: A 11 B ={xix@ Aand xB which reads as: the intorsection of A ‘and Bisall such tha! xisan element of Aand xis an element of 8 It =lcabjo'andB =(catolthen ANB -lca,0), © NUT Sct g"sat wthich does not contain any element and is dosignatedbyo> > Bx =t) 7.Disjoint Sei t can be called a oxime umberifitecnlyfactorsare and ise! Ex 123.742 SComposite Number — ifthe natural number has al laast one factor ‘ther than 1° 0, Ex. Alleven number is composite since It has 2 as a factor other than 1 and, "The Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic — states that every ‘ayral number can be factored into prime factors, Exdd = 11x282 = 2x2K11 = 2x 19%2, 55 Greatest Common Divisor (G.C.0.) — tis the largest natural ‘umber which isa factor of two natural aumbers.n and m. tis denoted bytm, n) Ex G.GD. of 24, 18) ~ 6, since Gis he largest factor of 24 and 18 G.Least Common multiple — L.C.M. of mand nis he smallest natu = ral number for which mand mare both factors Be LO M.of(3,6) ~ 12, 7 Factorial — i's the product ofall natural numbors from one up to the designated number. ANB Ao EAL NUMBERS — Consists of rational and irational numbers {Rational Number — is heat or quotient of wo intogers: Beds S.g5e2 Set 2 rational lumber - is onsepeatingand on erminating decimals Be: .202002000200002 . . . has a dette pattern and which is nt repeating. Note: anc are also irrational 3. Integers — is the sot of negative and posite numbers including ExB-21,0, 1.28.4... areallintegers, A.The Number line — each real number can be associated with one ‘and only one point on aline andvice versa, ie oe eee | 5.Absolute Value — if is a real number, tho symbell al is used to denote the cistance from toa. The symbol jalis called the absolute value oa Exi5|= Sandls| = 9, Alsola-bj = dstance betwaen ato b, Properties of absolute value:|a|= |-a):|ab| =| a|+/b| la +b] 1a{+{b| catleatmersanaienequaty;|a- 0] =| 2\-/D| | ' Signed Numbers © positive and negative integers are caled signed numbers. Operations with sighed numbers: (@)Addition: For numbo's | having ike signs, add thelr absolute values and prefixthe common sign | Totheresut. Ex-3 +5 «-8) +124 +5 = + 17, (a) For numbers Raving unlike signs, subtract the smaller absolute Value from the larger and prefix to the result tne sign of the larger number, Ex-6 + 29 = +23; +10 +-28 =-16. (b)Subtraction: Change the sign of the aubirahend and proceed asin algebralcaddtion. - ex-8-(2}=-8 +2 =-6 (c)Multipication: Multiply thar absolute values. If the numbers nave like signs, the product is (+), the produc of unlke signs is (~). Ex:(=B\'+2) = + 10;(8)(+2) = -16;(8)¢2) = +16. (division: Divide the absolute value ofthe frat by the absolute value ‘ofthe second. Ifthe numbers have|ike signs, the quotient is (+); ifthey ‘are unike, the quotients (-) Ext wer 28 ng 2 eng b Note: Division by z0r0 cannot be defined to give a unique reeult, isnot permissible, ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS = 1@ a eymbol or @ combination of eym-| Dols epresenting anumber. Ex: Sxao + yb ‘Terr — is that part of an algebraic expression contained between| the signs of fundamental operations, Ex: Bao +. Bbd, the terms are: Sac and bd 2 Goetiicient — any factor ofa term s the coaficint of the remsining| {actor ean etre be the numerical coeticientor te tral coefcent Ex any is the numerical costo axy and axis the coef oy. Sohomiel — an algebraic expression with only one term. Ex-9xty {Binomial — hastwoterms. Ex: 2280 + Sxy. ‘5Trinomia\ — hasthree terms, Ex:be?-312yz2+ 5d, 5 Polynomial — has two or more terms. 7 Variabie — ig a symbol that stands for, or that may be replaced by a umber rom specie setornumbers. Ex x y2 8 Constan'— ig a symbol whose values definite Ben = 4.1416 agprox S'Base:—— inthe torm, aia is call the base ‘D.Exponien. — a eymp0\ usualy @ number which shows how atten a| umber is tobe mutiled byitsell, Ex y‘4 isthe exponent. Laws of «ponents jee eal Bop rie eb oe (8) = 2, Ex: (BREA = OTR eet guages tae os 9) x0? m= b= Diy? Ex 829 = SF G4 = 4. Dax eo tey {Commutative Law for Addition. a+b = b+a 2 Associative Law for Addition. arbecn lasbiec=asib4c) = (a+ci+b, 8.Commutative Law for Multiplication ‘ab = Bal ay2 = Xay, = 2x = ynz = Day = ZK 4-Associalive Lan for Multipiestion abe = fable = (acib SDistributive Law for Multipicat ‘afb+c) = ab + 2c: xy-w) = xy: 6.Dietributive Law for Division. aye, a eee eete | UREA “RUNDAMENTAL OPERATIONS = hese aie adaiion, suBvachio, ‘multiplication and division. 4 EEA and Geant 16 oid or eublreci a cclmereal. ite | ‘the polynomials with ‘na column, then add or subtract the terms in each column. ‘Note: Fo similar terms, ad or Ex 28-9x8 + 6+ 5-1 “Shptracttnew aumereal oot 4+ 584% 9868 Cents, taking note of their Dera steate? sions. 2 Multiplication = The product of two polynomials is the sum of alt ‘results 2btained by mulipiying all the terms of one polynomial by each term ofthe other, Bx 2x? + 3x1 (Jat Polynomial) ges {na Polynomial) SESE fin tol Bays by 00) =) = 1232-444 (Mul st Poly. by 4x) Bea a= tos x (Ate ters), 3 Division Between 2 Monomials: Find-the quotient of their metal costs and mul hs resu bythe qutent other ralfactors. Ec 18320 = -2ab? J Polynomial by @ Monomial: Divide each term ofthe polynomial by ‘the monomal, and indicate the algebraic sum of the quotients, Ex Get dye Sa SE Se ee = 209 + fea} Between Two Polynomials 1) Arrange the terms in the dividend ‘and divisor inthe oraer of descending powers ofa letter that appears in each, (2) Divide the frst in the divisor to get the fist term in the quo- tient. (2) Multiply the divisor by the fist tetm in the quotient and sub- Betti pres! Ines the deta (0) Treat he remainder eblained in'siop 3'as a new dividend, and repeat steps 2 and 3 be 3e2+ 2, (Quotient) (Ovison x=a) TT sDwidenen (43) (38) (Sustracting) (oe3)-2) = (Remainden, Tra o Em | ~ PRooucT OF TWO Bn = ating Binomiais wit snr terms, Eero Qresyjand(2ny) (x49) (2x + 99) = (BRi2") + Gei9y) + Cay) + C4yNey) x2 + 27ay-Gxy = 967° © Ge + 195y-96"2 {Square of he sm or iference of wo numbers is the square of ne {stnumber. plus or nus wee the productofthe 2 numbers pus the - square of he 2st cumber " (ce yP a + Day + ¥2 silty, Coy = 22a + Ex (Gas 40? = (9a? + 21804) + (4D =a» 2tab «16D? (Ga-40F = (JaF-2(3044b) + (40F = 90F-240b + 1602 2. The producto! tne sum and atterence othe same 2 numbers ‘equal tothe dference of thew squares. (a » bKa-b) = 20? Ex Qn Bnl@n 0) = (202-Oy = 62-972 (FACTORING — a numbers factored Wits expressed as the product ‘of Zormore other numbers 4, Prime tactor — an rteger greater than 1 that has no other fac for exceplitset& 1 12. Common Factor] ‘seme monomal polynomial teach term of a polynomia is cvsibie by the ‘monomal is called a commen factor of the Exab+ac+ad=ab+ 0+ 0) inomial — the diference of tRe.squares of 2 io the product of he sum andthe ference ofthe 2 2-0 = (a+bMeb) | numbers. . apy) Note:The exponent of x ‘iy 1 fom term to tem, while the exponen ot yceassby tom ero torm = 7, bilerance of Two Oda Powers — is amays dsb by the SE encesy 8. Difference of Even Powers — 1s factored as a ditference of two ae Bate = (SPF = Oa PbO 9) eter ienYs eK #74 "Note: The sum of wo even powers cannot be factored i this manner 8. Complete Factoring — means hat al the acirs of @ number or ‘olan expressior are prime. Ex Facior completely: 3a°-18a94+ 12a, Remove the common factor 3a: 3-1 factor the nomial a=) then factoring each binomial Sale Zhe 2Neriee : 10. Factoring by Grouping — polynomial whose terms coiain no onan at an be spuraed io up nich Rave common tor Ei sByP- Sk Sy = O27) + (5x5) = (Ke yREYESIEON = “tee xe y) . Factors of a Quadratic Teinomial — a tinomial of the type ti? Dayo - where aby ande stand forintogers Ex Sx-10ny Oy To fattor, first treat the 1st term 3x? into its factors (3x and x) and ‘we thom as: (Ox) Nex find the tators othe ast term.) wh {actors(2y 4) (2¥-3y) (YY) oF (8) By a series of Mal inser, the rms t equal he ver tnnomal (Ss ayy(ndy= Be-2ny oy" No {Susan beay= Be-1Ony oy Yes 12, Ting Whether A Trinomia is Factorable or Not. Use the fo ‘ala Be ac cate arnt whch os ert oe ‘oats ofan equation 1503+ 128 = Salat.Sa + 4); 7 Ex, Is 72-15% +3 facorable? D= bF-tac = (15? -4(743) = 141. which snot a perfect square. Sots not factorable FRACTIONS (aha nonproudedb «10 Thesyitoa asthe romero ard Pips oencliier carpee angen Vameane or eeas reer Foam 1. Fundamental Principle of Fractions. The valve of a fractions un. ‘shared he numerator and the Genominator are both multiplied or ‘vided by the same number, except zero. a aon Ee diy oy. 2c _ Sexy b ac” ac-26~ Tac. 2, Conversion of Fractions — 2 fraction isi ts lowest terms ifthe ‘denominator and the nurerator have no common factor except 1 Ex Reduce 18x tolowest terms. Sol. 1Boye = 9xy By ry “peewee 13, Least Common Denominator (LCD) — 's the lowest common ‘nulnae of the denominators ofthe fractions in the set. To fing the cb actor each denomnatr, then the LCD is tne oroduc of the a ferent factors of the denominators. Ex Find. the LCD it the denominators are: (x-2\%+.1}(s-), (20 + 1), and Oc2POCIP The diferent factors are x2, x» 1 and x1 and their greatest ex ponents ae 42, and 2. The LCD. therefore is (x2}(x+ 4. Changing The Signs in a Fraction — fraction has thvee signs: the sigh ofthe denominator the sig ofthe numerator an the sign betare the fraction e+ 3S [Any two ofthe 9 signs ofa fraction may be changed a the same time fea at, 0 os 5. Addition and Subraction of Fractions — To adc or subtract tac tions, they must be changed 10 equivalent fractions having @ common denominator. Ex: 8202, 18 For the fractions with diferent denominators: (a) Find the LCD ofthe fractions. (b) Multiply each faction by the LCD and add or subtract, the similar terms inthe numerator. Be, Ay cD e2x-6)0x9) thus: S19) 126 6) Sy 24 yy °_ Dey ea XG S O T {6 Multiplication of Fractions —- the product of 2 fractions isthe pro- “duct of their numerators divided by the product oftheir denomina foe. ms Ex BEATS. 22490442 TH+ 5) DY H6) » 5x6) RETEE ett aS M Caee 7. Division of Fractions — To dvide one action by anther, mult iy he didend bythe nverien visor = feed tke te RRS eT 68. Mixed Expressions — 1808 F more integral term plus or minus ‘one ormorettachona femms. ey ge 4 2 ord + #2 9. Complex Fraction — i a fracton having one or more ractons in fer orbothof stems. py st ng ote To snotty a complex rac, st simpy he numerator, han he Senomnato’ and nay parorinte deat operation tics poe eo LINEAR AND FRACTIONAL EQUATIONS ‘The expression on other side of the equality signi called a member the equation. Every value for which the equation is true called a ‘901. And the set all rots ofan equation is called ssolution. The set of permissibie valves ofthe equationiscaled is domain EQUIVALENT EQUATION [LINEAR EQUATION an equation of the fret degree in its vatiables. Formula: ax +b = 0 5 Linear Equatons in one Variable — jinear eo. with only one inkrown, Ex: 45¢ +3 = 22. ‘To solve, vanspose (+3) 10 the right nember and then soe for Solution 45x «3 = 22 45 = 223 Given eduation

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