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    ASRHEA Journal _ June 2009

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    14 views89 pages

    ASRHEA Journal - June 2009

    Uploaded by

    Linh Truong
    ASRHEA Journal _ June 2009

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 89
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A full a ceeenned ae control suite, including BMS solutions, is also available. ‘leaning fanerons lpese SPINS 8 the Site me sheeney a att ei Syne ee Dalkin AC delivers total peace of mind to engineers, SR ae re MO architects, building owners and contractors. "Se ey tg mse _smedon en ber roe lorie corner to" 98 Slee nic se RSM not fe a eeceniioeet Soeecerere ee eeretnm oar ee igh efiency aa Sot Syste dat tren tnere Kn pace tera ict oa rc nc id a | Own your Take ownership of your persanal ere aad a ee) Cae cr cee Better by design < Rellaple controls SO en PIC een ay Features 16 Improving Efficiency in Ice Hockey Arenas By Laurier Nichols, P.E. 24. 30% Surplus OA: Does It Use More Energy? By Stanley A. Mumma, Ph.D., PE. 3@ UFAD Commissioning for Air Force Base By Ross D. Montgomery, RE. 46 Tuning Control Loops: Nonlinearities and Anomalies By Alan Watton Jr., Ph.D., and Russell K. Marck, RE. 50" Anniversary: ASHAE/ASRE Merger 5G The Making of a Society 60 Anniversary Feature: Domed Stadium Air-Conditioning Design By LA. Naman, RE, CONTENTS ....... Special Columns 22 Enerwy Issues Climate Change and 1EQ. By Willian Fisk 54, eats sues HVAC @ Infectious Diseases By Marlene Linders Building Scfences The Evolution of Walls by Joseph W Lstiburek, Ph.D, Png QB_Emersing Technologies Residential Energy Monitoring By Matthew Wiggins, Ph.D; Kurtis ‘ekennay; Jamas Brodrick, Ph. Departments 5 Commentary 6 Industry News 10 Letters ‘Meetings and Shows Products Special Preducts Classified Advertising ‘Advertising Index rane How to Save $25k to $200k No Venting - No Hassle - No Fooling RO ee CRU Ce eR uC ne nt ee Rea end venting material, easily costing $25k of mor RU mer Rego cur aes ment building and all the combustion air equi Cree ee Caen eM emery Ignore the old asbestos dinosaur in the equipment room and move your boilers to the rooft re eet a eee reas er eo ad eels a eon Rn ee Ue ee Cee WA MELA RTA ASHRAE 5Q JOURNAL 7959 49 COMMENTARY Lessons of the ’70s Those who remember the energy crisis of the 1970s also will remember the indoor air quality problems that followed. ‘Of course, a lot has been learned since then. Still, we should recognize the potential for problems as we tty to reach the aggressive energy targets being set by organizations, and state and federal governments. it's for this reason that everyone should read this month’ column by Wiliam Fisk, Senior scientist, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The most important part is a chart that outlines energy-efficiency | measures, potential 1EQ consequences and potential responses and technical challenges. "As broad-based energy efficiency improvements are made in our buildings, ASHRAE members wil need to develop and use HVAC technologies and practices that, dramatically reduce building energy consumption while maintaining or improving 1EQ,” says Fisk. Fred Turner HOCKEY IS more than a game in Quebec. The province has 450 arenas, which are used about 100 hours a week and ‘consume on average 1,500 MWh/ year, This month's cover article by Laurier Nichols, PE., Fellow ASHRAE, covers some of the design issues for hockey arenas, But it’s mainly about why some arenas in his home province consume three times more energy than others. This issue also includes a special column on disease transmission and the role of mechanical systems and engineers. Another article covers the merger of The ‘American Society of Heating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHAE) and the American Society of Refrigerating Engineers Climate Control for the Astrodome “Work output of employees in an air-conditioned space is greater, on average by 9%, than that of ‘employees in a similar space, which is not air conditioned.” This news from the June 1959 edition of ASHRAE Journal came from a five-month study by U.S. General Services Administration in Washington. The study also concluded that air conditioning contributed to a decrease in employee absenteeism, and an increase in employee comfort and morale. THIS EDITION continues ASHRAE Journal's 50th. ‘Anniversary series with an article from the August 1966 issue by |.A. Naman, RE, Fellow ASHRAE. ‘aman designed the climate-control system for the Houston Astrodome, the first indoor stadium. In this article, he covers how designers addressed issues such as the quantity and quality of the air, and distributing air over large spaces without excessive noise. He also discusses some of the bigger questions of the time: Will you have fog, rain and possibly tomadoes? Can you grow grass indoors? The last question was ultimately resolved by Monsanto's invention of Astroturt™. (ASRE). The 1959 merger put the “R” in ASHRAE. One of the by-products is ASHRAE Journal, Each ASHRAE Journal is a collaborative effort, and represents the work of many volunteers. Your feedback is important, so let us know what you like and don’t like, and what can be done better. Hl) ara [ASHRAE® Journal | 1791 Tulle Cirsle NE | Atlanta, GA30329-2305 | Phone: 404-636-6400 | Fax: 4043215478 | ASHRAE Online: wwwashras.o Pupuaner Publishing Services Manager asunas orricens Speretary because ee Presigent-tiect oucy cnour ‘Advertising Sales Manager Treasurer wan toon copy Eaitor retten spectat Jor le eoer@evaeong Dod Sous oksaae on June 2009 ASHRAE Journal 5 Industry News ACR Witha Chinese Flair The Technology Is Familiar In China’s Premier Event GUANGZHOU, China—A visitor to the China Refrigeration Exposition (CR Expo) will find some of the exhibitor names, ‘well, unusual, 9 Life Enterprise; Feng Hua City Electrical Machine Manufacturer; Foshan Depends on Earnestly the Abundant Electromechanical Device, Ltd. Fresh Company; and Last One Air Conditioning provide a sampling. Peshaps it is only & matter of being lost in translation Otherwise alls familia, Chillers, compressors, fans filters, ‘measuring devices, ductwork, valves, air treatment equipment, controllers, and display cases were all exhibited along with vati- ‘ous other airconditioning and refrigeration components. While the 2009 edition of the annual show was estimated to be about 20% smaller than the 2008 event, 859 companies exhibited from 33 nations and some 31,000 persons attended. The show coincided with the Chinese holiday for Tomb Sweeping which impacted attendance on at least one day ofthe April S— 7 event. 'No question, the global economic crisis is felt by the C nese economy as much as those of other nations. China's exports have fallen by 25%. Yet rushing headlong to establish ‘4 middle class, surpassing Japan as the world’s second-largest economy, China remains fairly optimistic because of the potential ofits domestic market, While not matching 2007's economic. growth rate of 11%, China's 2008 fourth quarter rate of nearly 6% was not bad. “Firm confidence by being with you all ae . Nearly 28,000 Chinese engineers, developers and project ‘managers were joined by more than 4,000 attendees from ‘other nations at CR Expo in Guangzhou. As is the AHR Expo in the United States, the expo is an annual event on ‘the Chinese engineer's calendar. among Chinese companies. Ang, China’s banks have lent more ‘money in the last three months than they had in the previous 12 to further invigorate the economy. The federal government subsidizes the purchase of freezers and other consumer goods, “The government has stated that expanding domestic demand ‘will become the basic economic development policy,” the show organizer said. “China Refrigeration Expo has made ‘reat efforts to transform this poliey into more real business ‘opportunities for our exhibitors.” One growth arca for China is clearly the ‘efrigeration sector. “The market for reftigeration equipment ‘emins strong,” sid Gary Peonomides of CAREL China, manufacturer ofhumidities, controllers and other components for air- conditioning and refrigeration applications “The large supermarket chains, suchas Wal- Mart, Teseo, Carrefour, are all expanding their Chinese presence.” CAREL displayed its “CO, Ready” valves for supermarket RURM by facing crisis” was CR Expo's published theme, promoted by the organizer to show “strong determination o take social responsibility to face the difficulty with the whole industry.” Said one organiz- ing official, “The exhibition industry is always like the mirror reflecting the development of economy. While the global economic slowdown ‘has impacted the Chinese market, com- ‘panies doing business in China are tll seeing gains, just not atthe double digit _growih rates of the past several years. CAREL promoted the applications. Company representatives said that while R-744 is not now widely used in China, the market will grow with China's concern for environmental impact and as sales volume exerts pressure to lower prices Aimed at the supermarket sector, AREL Retail Sistema. The use of E2V cannot avoid being influenced by the economic crisis. It is ‘a threat, but also a challenge to the show organizers’ research competency and creativity. After deliberate analysis of the surrounding environment, we aimed at improving the essential 4uality of the exposition rather than to extend the scale.” The Chinese government's announcement that it was using & nearly ‘$600 billion stimulus package to support research, develop- ‘ment and manufacturing helped to brighten the mood at least 6 ASHRAE Journal proportional electronic expansion valves exploits the maximum advantages of the energy-saving functions in the compressor rack controller. The company says the possibility of operation ‘with floating condensing and evaporation pressure control is pethaps the most outstanding feature in terms of energy sav ‘ngs deriving from the use of the E2V expansion valve, “Such ‘optimization is possible asa result ofthe constant and real-time aim to find the best possible operating conditions forthe entire ashrae.org June 2009 installation, something that is always guaranteed by using the CAREL Retail Sistema,” said Economides, Danfoss showed its commitment to China at CR Expo, “We are facing ‘challenging year in our business, said Mogens Terp Paulsen, President of Danfoss China, “However, we have chosen to take a proactive approach. We have the right strategy, right product offerings, and the right people, and we are well-prepared to weather the cur- rent financial storms with China” One strategy isto create a new business fo- ceusing on the food chain, Paulsen said. “This will enable us to consolidate our abilities in China to offer a successful series of Danfoss products keeping food Frozen and fresh, all the way through the cold chain, from farm to the fork. The company employs nearly 3,000 people in its Chinese operations. Danfoss cited research conducted by A.T, Kearney that esti- ‘mates a $100 billion investment is required to improve China's {ood safety standards, warehousing, transportation and taining, ‘The research shows that China's growing middle class will spend more than $650 billion on food by 2017, a combined annual growth rate of 17% from current spending of $150 billion, “Reaching these consumers will require an effective national distribution network that does not exist today and that no single company can build” said Kearney's Jim Morehouse. The A.T. Kearney research found that food safety concerns hhave increased significantly among Chinese consumers in the Iast two years and more than 80% are now willing to pay some sort of premium for food safety (up from 57% in a 2005 survey), ‘But China's fragmented and inadequate standards and supply. chain make it difficult to get safe food to these consumers There are no consistent standards for food quality and safety, and there is inadequate inspection and ineffective enforcement, Produce and most meat are not required to go through a cold istrbution chain, say observers, Seventy-nine percent of retailers do not monitor temperature of products during shipping and two-thirds do not check tem- perature upon receiving. Some 365,000 refrigerated trucks and S billion cubic fect of cold storage will be required. Today the ‘country has 30,000 refrigerated trucks and 250 million eubie feet of cold storage. “China los $8.6 billion in discarded fruit and vegetables last year,” said Kjeld Stark, president of Danfoss Retftigeration & ‘Air Conditioning, “I Tully introduced in China, modern refrig- eration technology could fundamentally solve the food safety problem, Cold-chain storage, handling and transportation area critical component ofthis." In his view, China has the potential to be a major exporter of food. ALCR Expo, Danfoss exhibiteda series ofindustial eompres- June 2009 Zieht-Abegg’s EChlue fans can be pro- ‘grammed without a hardwire connection using wireless technology,” says Jurgen Albig. The company displayed its EC Fans, blowers and drives at CR Expo, saying applications using the technology are environmentally sound and in the long run can be a more cost-effective alternative than ac technology. sors with energy-saving features, ranging from SC, SLY, Turbocor to Apexx VSH, as well as AKD102 frequency converters. ‘The Apexx VSH series variable speed seroll compressors for commercial air conditioning provides continuous eapac- ity variety to match the load and has customized drive software to protect the China is America’s third largest for- eign market, taking 6% of US. © ports, or S68 billion. Besides the large US-based multinational companies, a ‘number of smaller US. firms exhibited at CR Expo as well, companies such as Mueller Industries, CPS, Sealed Unit Parts, Worthington Cylinder, Wilspec ‘Technologies, DuctSox, American Air Distribution, and Renovoair. Many Wore represented in a US. pavilion with ASHRAE, AHRI and AMCA. The pavilion was organized by the US, Commercial Service inthe Department of Commerc leas Cook heads the Guangzhou branch. “We champion the interest of US. business, particularly small and medium-sized enterprises,” Cook said in speaking tothe US. exhibitors. The proven des'gn and performance helping Customers quietly mave air + Renate pei meciay ana Abseeptve mates + Recta lr -srolors and ettor "yes the duties Ne Ronson: Reauiras [\W-Netse contrat 3 com/25205-20 ASHRAE Journal 7 Representatives of Danfoss told the press at CR Expo that the ‘company is committed to helping turn China into an exporter of agricultural products. Last year, China lost $86 billion in discarded fruit and vegetabies, largely due to failures in the cold chain. From left Mogens Terp Paulsen, president of Danfoss China; Kjeld Staerk, president of the company’s refrigeration & air-conditioning division, and Ricardo ‘Schneider, president and CEO of Danfoss Turbocor. office provides customized market research and puts companies directly in touch with potential buyers. 'AMCA was there with a large presence, “The Pacifie Rim is AMCA’ fastest-growing region,” said Barbara Morrison, the “organization's executive director, AMCA isthe trade association for manufacturers of air movement and control equipment. “Of ‘ournearly 270 company members, more than 60 are in Asia and the Middle East. “Companies recognize that achieving AMCA, certification establishes their credibility in the marketplace. It allows for fair comparison of products and realistic expectation of performance. Because China is such a rapidly expanding ‘market, fair and dependable comparisons of performance are desperately needed” AMCA has an accredited laboratory in Singapore, AFMA Technologies Pte Ltd, to serve companies in the Middle East, India and Southeast Asia, along with a co- operative testing agreement with the China Refrigeration and ‘Air Conditioning Industry Association in Beijing Among other companies exhibiting at CR Expo, Munters displayed its HCU Humidity Control Unit. The unit pretreat air before itis brought into the building, and energy required by the ‘equipment is reeycled waste heat from the condensing unit. Typi- cal applications are schools, supermarkets, hospitals, theaters and hotels. Munters also displayed its loc Dry® technology, which ‘reduces fost buildup, mist, and slippery floors in cold storage units Itis estimated that only 5% of China's buildings can met the national standard for energy use. And since China adds more than 1 billion m? of floor space each year, there isa huge market op- portunity, The debate about government regulation will likely be continuing when CR Exponext occurs, April 7-9, 2010 in Bejing Until then, “Work together to solve the crisis by strengthening the cold chain and making buildings more energy efficient ELECTRONIC FLOWHOOD DIRECT DIGITAL READOUT 25-2500 CFM AUTOMATICALLY CORRECTS FOR AIR DENSITY & BACKPRESSURE CHOICE OF METERS - AR FLOW ONLY, OR AR FLOW, VELOCITY, PRESSURE & TEMPERATURE REPAIR POLICY -TWO WEEK TURNAROUND OR LESS CUSTOM TOPS MADE TO ORDER Shortridge Instruments, Inc. 7055 East Redield oad + Scottsdale, Arzona 85260 (980) 991-8744 FAX (480) 448-1287 nf hots com /25205.94 a ASHRAE Journal ‘The BAPI-Guard ‘trates a BAPI Has Innovative Solutions to Help You Complete the Job ‘Ar Qualiy»Accestorles Wireless =ETA inerface & Comm. ashrae.org com(25205-11 June 2009 Half of Firms Cut Staff; Profit Margins Stabilize WAYLAND, Mass.—Half of architecture, engineering, and environmental consulting firms cut staff in 2008, while profi ‘margins on net service revenue remained virtually unchanged from 2007 to 2008, according to a report from ZweigWhite’s newly released 2009 Financial Performance Survey. “Tlistoically, firms in our industry have been notoriously reluctant to let go of staff as work volume slows because its so hard to find and develop such staff when business is good, says lan Rusk, ZweigWhite president and financial consul- ‘ant, Instead, they would gamble that the downturn would be short-lived and carry the excess staff and associated overhead too Tong.” ‘But it seems firms have learned from the past, and have reacted quickly to preserve margins and protect their balance sheets as work volume has slowed. Of the $1% of firms that conducted layoffs in 2008, the median staff reduction was 7.2%, As a result, stall utilization levels (the ratio of billable labor cost to total Iabor cost) decreased just slightly from 59.8% to 59.5%, andthe median pretax, prebonus profit margin rose from 11.1% to 11.3%. ‘The 2009 Financial Performance Survey isavailable from the publisher at www-zweigwhite.com/2w-785.aspx.@ Economy Slowing Energy Upgrades MILWAUKEE —While business exccutives ae more attentive this year to energy ficiency, ewer are planning to make enerey efficiency improvements ‘Thisisa finding ofthe third anal Energy EMiiency Indicator survey conducted by Johnson Control and the Intemational Facil ity Management Association (IFMA), Conducted in April 2009, it includes responses from more than 1,400 business executives. Among findings: + 46% expect to make energy elicieney improvements this year, down from 58% last year. + Lack of capital and unatteactive paybacks are the primary barriers to improving energy efficiency + 85% think significant legislation mandating energy eli WHITE PLAINS, NYITT Cor- poration has agreed to acquire Laing ‘GmbH of Germany, a privately held producer of circulator pumps primar- ily used in plumbing and HVAC. Laing ‘manufacturers’ A-clas circulator pumps. that are expected to meet proposed Euro- ‘pean Union energy efficiency rues. ‘| BALTIMORE—Baltimore Aircoil ‘Company and Colmae Coil Manu- facturing have formed a strategic network, June 2009 alliance to provide Aircoil™ evapo- rators to the industrial refrigeration market. The agreement doubles the number of manufacturing facilities available to Colmac, and also pro- vides access to BAC’s distribution ATLANTA—GE Energy has an- nounced that its 2.5 MW wind tur- bine is coming to North America in 2010, The 2.5xl is GE's largest and ony Cerone) Who Have Landed a Job 1. Accounting, 2, Engineering .. 8. Business Mot 4. Computer Science. 5. Health Scienc@8 nnn 22 Fewer Students Landing Jobs BETHLEHEM, Pa—The 2009 crop of college graduates is stepping of campus and into the “real worl” with ever jobsin hand than their2008 counterparts, acordng loancw spor fom the National Assocation of Colleges and Employers (NACE). ‘NACE’ 2009 Student Survey shows that just 19.7% of 20089 graduates who applied fora job actually have one In comparison, 51% of those graduating in 2007 and 26% of those graduating in 2008 who had applied fora job had one in hand by the time of graduation Interestingly, fewer 2009 graduates sought out jobs than their predecessors, About 64% ofthe Class of 2007 and two-thirds of the Class of 2008 had started looking for a job by this time. Tn comparison, “just 39% ofthis years clas has started the _job search,” says Marilyn Mackes, NACE executive director. ‘This maybe due, in part, to considerable attention tothe in- crease in nationwide unemployment, the lobal financial ei ‘of recent months, and the impact of these developments on the recruitment and hiring fnew graduates by specific industries @ ciency and/or carbon reduction is likely inthe next two years, up from 76% in 2008, + 44% say utility or government incentives are very/ex- ‘tremely influential in making energy efficiency decisions, up from 38% in 2008. “These findings highlight the fact that business leaders are increasingly aware of the need for energy efficiency.” said C. David Myers, president of Johnson Controls Building Efficiency vision, “Economic and regulatory uncertainy, however, are in- hibiting organizations from investing in proactive measures." @ ‘most advanced turbine technology. ‘More than 100 have been installed in seven countries. Turbines forthe North “American market will be assembled in Jacksonville, Fla ARLINGTON, Va—The Air-Con- ditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Institute (AHI) has launched a Web site, www PhascOutFacts.org, to re- ‘duce confusion regarding the phaseout of HCFC reffigerants.@ ASHRAE Journal ° | Letters Purifying Air To Reduce OA Regarding April's columa, “Air Purification to Reduce OA,” by John Dieckmann, Kurtis MeKenney, and James Brodrick, Ph.D., Ihave to ask: if someone ean come up with this magie wand of controlling outdoor air (OA) by reading every contaminant in nature referenced in the 2005 ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals, Chapters 12 and 13, then can we have a super-duper demand controlled ventilation (DCV) system? ‘Meanwhile, I will be using the Ventila- tion Rate Procedure and separating OA fiom the system using dedicated OA where I'can, Herein the Nort, energy recovery ventilators (ERV) are commonplace ‘because many buildings are not heated with air. ERVs provide all the attributes of| supply and exhaust with energy savings, probably beyond what is saved by DCV. Perhaps a study should compare ERVs using reduced OA and DCV with air purification methods. In my opinion, the ‘most important part ofthis article is the statement that“Feld experience indicates that actual occupancy levels are often 25% to 30% lower, and as much as 60% to 75% lower in some buildings, than design Tevels” find this to be true in just about ‘every building I visit So why are we designing the ventilation systems to these design levels? ASTIRAE design levels for occupancy are ridicu- lous and overburdening the systems and producing excessive energy use. Why not "use realistic numbers for occupancy? Has anyone tested IAQ with realistic occupan- cies and compared energy use, costs, and air quality to see the difference? Worst-case loads are intermittent, We all know that. Why are we not allowing for more occupancy relief in the stan- dards? We keep inventing more compli- cated controls and systems and emerging technologies to deal with ways to reduce the numbers, Ihave to ask, isn’t there an easier way? Robert P. Sutton, PE., Member ASHRAE, Damariscotta, Maine 10 ASHRAE Journal marge Tectntages Air Purification to Reduce OA B The Authors Respond ‘We can offera few comments'larfica tions relative to Mr. Sulton's observations, Rogarding the challenge of applying ASHRAE Standard 62.1's Indoor Air Quality (AQ) Procedure, while we don’t think the column overstates the chal- lenge and professional responsibility assumed in applying this procedure, we are sure there are practitioners in the field \who apply the IAQ Procedure based on confidence that they have a pretty good handle on the kinds and amounts of con- taminants that must be addressed within class of buildings. However, we do not have a sense of how many are regularly designing ventilation in accordance with the IAQ Procedure and, in the process, specifying significant reductions in out- door ventilation makeup air compared to levels required by the VRP. We would guess that a lange majority of HVAC de- sign engineers stick with the VRP. ‘We agree that a study of energy saved with, and cost effectiveness of, energy recovery ventilators (ERVS) compared to reduced OA with DCV, sir purification, or other methods would be useful. Of couse, ERVs also save energy when used in conjunction with reduced OA, so thecom- bination of ERV and reduced OA should alsobe included in sucha study. The more complicated question of whether there is a meaningful difference in the resulting ashrae.org Re: Duct Sizing ‘May's “Equal Friction Solution for Duct Sizing” by Fred W. Dougherty, PE: was greatly appreciated by me and others practicing n design, This is the second or third atte [ve seen in the “Joa that ncudod ink oan Excel desig tool developed by the author. hope the Jou wll contin to pab- Tish similar such “extended content” ‘Tom Phelps, PE. Member ASHRAF, Raleigh, N.C. Re: Portable Classrooms In May's “Lessons Learned in Portable Classrooms” by Stephanie “Thomas-Rees, Danay Parker and John Sherwin, these studies are fantastic, not only because they show how to improve energy efficiency and improve the learning environment for our chil-

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