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Elements of Electrical Engineering
ISBN 9788184317664
All rights reserved with Technical Publications, No port of this book should be
repraduced in any form, Electronic, Mechanical, Photacopy ar any informatian storage and
retrieval system without prior permission in writing, fram Technical Publications, Pune.
Published by :
Technical Publications Pune”
#1, Amit Residency, 412, Shaniwar Peth, Pune - 411 030, India.
Printer :
‘Ale DTFrinters
Seno 10%3,Sinhagad Road,
Pure 417 041 Table of Contents :
Chapter-1 OC. Circuits 4 - 1) to (1 - 100)
Chapter-2 Electrostatics and Capacitance (2 - 1) to (2-50)
Chapter - 3 Electromagnetics (3 - 1) to (3 - 104)
Chapter-4 Fundamentals of A.C. Circuits (4 - 1) to (4 - 58)
Chapter -5. Single Phase A.C. Circuits (5-1) to (5-90)
Chapter-6 Three Phase Circuits 6 - 1) to (6 - 50)
Chapter-7 _ Batteries and Cables (7 - 1) to (7 - 40)
Chapter-8 Electrical Wiring 8 - 1) to (8- 34
Chapter-9 Illumination (- 1) to (9 - 32)
Chapter-10 Protective Devices and Safety Precautions (10 - 1) to (40 - 28)
ah L D.C. Circuits :- setects of ae upon resistance, Solutions of series, parallel
in_bri tar-delta tion of KVL and Ki pter =
I__Electrostatics and athe 3+ Definitions of electrostatic, Types of capacitors,
Series, Parallel combinations and related circuit calculations in_brief_charging and
discharging of capacitor. Energy stored in capacitor. iter = 2)
Il__Electromagnetics :- Magnetic circuit, Comparison between electric and magnetic
circuits, Series/Parallel_magnetic circuit calculations, Magnetic hysteresis, Hysteresis
and eddy current loss, Magnetic materials, Electromagnetic induction, Statically and
dynamically induced e.m.fs in brief, Fleming's right hand rule - left hand rule,
Coefficients of self and mutual inductances, Coefficient of coupling, Series/Paralle!
combinations of inductances. Rise and decay of current in inductive circuits, Force
_ experienced by current carying conductor placed in magnetic field. (Chapter- 3)
IV_ Single Phase A.C. Circuits :- Generation of alternating voltages and currents,
Theit_equations, Definitions, R.M.S. and average values, Vector representation of
alternating quantities, Addition and subtraction of vectors, Complex_algebra, Phasor
relations between voltage and current in each of resistance, inductance and.
capacitance, A.C. series and parallel circuits, Power and power factor, Methods of
circuit solution (analytically and vectorially), Resonance in series and parallel circuits.
(Chapters - 4, 5)
V__ Polyphase Circuits :- Generation of polyphase 3 phase system, Phase
sequence, Inter connection of 3 phases, Voltage, Current and power relationships in
balanced three phase circuits, Power measurement in single phase and 3 phase
circuits. (Chapter - 6)
VI_Batteries, Cables :- Battery, Life of batteries, Charging and discharging of battery.
Cables, 2, 21/2, 3 and 4 core armored and unarmored cables. tehanter 2
installation, Industrial electrification. (Chapter - 8
Mill Miumination :- Types of lamps, Fixtures and reflectors, Illumination schemes for
domestic, Industrial_and_ commercial premises, Lumen requirements for different
categories. (Chapter - 9)
x Safety and Protection + - Safety, Electric shock, First aid for_ electric. _shack other
‘Importance of grounding, Equipment_of audi for_safety. Circuit protection
devices, Fuses, MCB, ELCB and relays. (Chapier - 10)
ESSERE EE SDSS TLRS Re) EES ETE So RT
Urheberrechitlich geschiitztes Material Urheberrechtlich geschiitztes Material Table of Contents (Detail)
1.2 The Structure of Matter.
1.2.1 Structure of an Atom... .
1.3 Concept Of Charge.....nsessesessrssssnsssnseceenserseerssreresseseseersseeesnennsnennes
1.3.1 Unitof Charge... cesses 1-4
1.4 Concept of Electromotive Force and Current.
1.5 Relation between Charge and Current.
“4.6 Concept of Electric Potential and Potential Difference ..
1.7 Electromotive Force and Potential Difference.
1.8 Resistance.......
1.8.1 Factors Affecting the Resistance.
1.9 Resistivity and Conductivity.
4.9.1 Conductance (G)
1.9.2 Conductivity.
1.10 Effect of Temperature on Resistance 0.0... cece
4.10.1 Effect of Temperature on Metals... ......-...2.-.. see essen
1.40.2 Effect of Temperature on Carbon and Insulators .........................0ees 4-14
1.10.3 Effect of Temperature on Alloys .........----. se Th
1.10.4 Effect of Temperature on Semiconductors ...........s.s0ss:ssesessesseieees
1.11 Resistance Temperature Coefficient (R.T.C.)
4.14.4 Unit of R.T.C.
1.11.2 Use of R.T.C. in Calculating Resistance at t °C. 1.11.3 Effect of Temperature on RTC... 0.2.2.2 cee eee eee eee eect eee 18
1.11.4 Effect of Temperature on Resistivily.............e0e: cee eee serene ee we A719
1.11.5 R.T.C. of Composite Conductor... es veces eee eee eee tee
1.12 Network Terminology...
1.42.1 Network. 0
AAZG BRANCH. ess eee esse teen eese teense nenenetsesesennsets
1.12.4 Junction Point...
442.5 Node... 2...
1.42.6 Mesh (or Loop)
1.14 Energy Sources... -seeeceeseseoee
1.14.1 Voltage Source
4.14.2 Current Source
1.14.3 Dependent SOUrCES. oo... eee nett eee eee tee e ee eeenetete 1-32
1.15 Ohm's Law....
1.16 Series Circuit...
4.16.1 Characteristics of Series Cirouils........... 0... 8
1.17 Parallel Circuit
4.17.1 Characteristics of Parallel Cirouits........................e weet 1-36
1.18 Comparison of Series and Parallel Circuits ...........sesssenssseen d= 37
4.19 Short and Open Circuits......... css
4AG.4 Short Circuit... eee ee eee te eee cette ee eeee eee
1.19.2 Open Circuit_......... wee seeeesestecees
1.19.3 Redundant Branches and Combinations.................................55
1.20 Voltage Division in Series Circuit of Resistors .. 1.22 Source Transformation .........cccssrscesessseerersssarsssesesreeersnseserranceresee d= 44
1.23 Kirchhoffs Laws... testers tssesecseseesseseceeesssnessessssessnsneesesesceiee |? AT
4.23.1 Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL)... cece cece cece ee ee eee eee teeeeesee es DEAF
1.23.2 Kirehhoff's Voltage Law (KVL).........-2.- 1 eee eee 1-47
1.23.3 Sign Conventions to be Followed while Applying KVL .......................05 1-48
1.23.4 Application of KVL to a Closed Patho... 0. es sce eee eset eee ene eee eee 1249
1.23.5 Steps to Apply Kirchhoff's Laws to Get Network Equations ..................... 1-50
1.25.1 Delta-Star Transformation oss 122s rsi teens sue ee posers 1255
1.25.2 Star-Delta Transformation...
1.26 Concept of LOOP CUPTEN........rucesrmsmsesrrseieneresensserrssarssresnss 7 BS
Examples with Solutions...........0..
Examples from G.U. and G.T.U. Papers... ieee cesses ee eesnsterenieneennee
Review Questions.
University Questions
Chapter>2 “Electrostatics and Capacitance
2.1 Introduction ....
2.2 Concept of an Electric Charge... sssesecnieeeersecre teres 224
2.3 Laws of Electrostatic .........cc:csccesesseseessansecssesesseseeesecessesessssuisee 2D
2.4 Electrostatic Field..............
2.4.1 Electric Lines of Force... eee eee . aeeee 2-4
2.4.2 Properties of Electric Linas ofForee............0.0 2-5
2.5 Electric Flux .....
2.6 Electric Flux Density
2.6.1 Surface Charge Density...........2. 2... ee eee es 2-6
‘Sgr liteia od died rei at Rd we Sei. calc ea RS RRS SERIE 2.7 Electric Field Strength or Field Intensity ...........ssssccsssrseeneersseeseaeee 296
2.7.1 Relation betweenDandE. i 27
2.8 Permittivi
2.8.1 Absolute Permittivity.... 0... eseee ee eee eee eee ee 2-8
2.8.2 Permittivity and Free Space... esses cesses sees seen tees eeee settee ees
2.8.3 Relative Permittvity 0.3.
2.9.2 Expressions for Potential and Potential Difference
2.10 Potential Gradient
2.11 Capacitor.
2.12 Capacitance
2.13 Action of a Capacitor... ese
2.14 Relation between Charge and Applied Voltage .............cciee 2° 15
2.15 Capacitance of a Parallel Plate Capacitor 0... 2 = 16
2.16 Dielectric Strength... eee eee terete 22 AF
2,186.1 Dielectric Leakage and Losses. .........-.---+... eee 2-19
2.17 Capacitors in Series...........
2.17.4 Voltage Distribution in Two Capacitor
2.18 Capacitors in Parallel
2.19 Parallel Plate Capacitor with Multiple Plate:
2.20 Composite Dielectric Capacitors... ieee ieeseseeteeecreserteeseeeneees
2.21 Energy Stored in a Capacitor... seiner erent
2.22 Current in a CapacitOr ss sesssssesesiesescesersesseserensnsesssesensesersecerserserers
2.23 Types of Capacitors...
2.24 Charging a Capacitor through Resistance... eee = 29
2.24.1 Mathematical Analysis, ose eee sees ee eee eee ee ese tenses eee ee ees 2-30
2.24.2 Time Constant... . 2... sec ee ee ees eseeeeee sss s ese eer ess eeeeses setters 2-31
canoe neta 2.24.3 Initial Rate of Rise of Capacitor Vollage .... 0... e cues seceeeuen sre eeeeenencee 2-32
2.25 Discharging a Capacitor through a Resistance. ......... sss d 34
2.25.1 Mathematical Analysis. .
2.25.2 Time Constant. .......
2.25.3 Significance of Time Constant.
Examples with Solutions
Examples from G.U. and G.T.U. Papers. ...........0scsoeceeeeeeeeein® + 8D
Review Questions 0.0.0... ccs se ec eec esses seacencecessesseeceseseesessuesseseuses
University Questions
Chapter-3 Electromagnetics :
3.1 Introduction ..
3.2 Magnet and its Properties .
3.3 Molecular Theory of Magnetization.
3.4 Laws of Magnet ...csccccccccscsscssssssuscssscssssecsssscecessececesssceceececceseseeuenies
3.5 Magnetic Field.........ccsserserseeressessereeesnsenerersnrsnesssessntsnesesseneeesenseetere
3.5.1 Magnetic Lines of Force oo... sees cee eee etter reeset eteeeneesereeeeenes 3-4
3.5.2 Direction of Magnetic Field ..............- +.) -e ee 3-4
3.5.3 Properties of Lines of Force
3.6 Magnetic FIUX ((p) .......sesesssssssssenereneereeneresesesmessseerensenesenennenenetineeenneers
3.7 Pole Strength
3.8 Magnetic Flux Density (B)..
3.9 Magnetic Field Strength (H
3.10 Magnetic Effect of an Electric Current (Electromagnets) .
3.10.1 Magnetic Field due to Straight Conductor... ............-....-- . 3-9
3.40.1.1 Rules to Determine Direction of Flux Around Conductor 3-10
3.10.2 Magnetic Field due to Circular Conductor ie. Solenoid .......+...ese ses reee ees 3-14
3.11 Permeability... sescssessseeeeeeioeieeresesesenesenererenoierriraeend | 1S
3.14.1 Absolute Permeability) ..... 2... ee 3-13 3.11.2 Permeability of Free Space or Vacuum (Lig) .. 2.6 0e sce ee eee e ee eeeee eee ee ee So 1d
3.11.3 Relative Permeability (1)... 0s eee seen eee e ee ee eee ee eeeeee eee ee eee 3-14 .
3.12 Magnetomotive Force (M.M.F. or F)......
3.13 Reluctance (S)
3.14 Permeance.
3.15 Magnetic Circuit
3.15.1 Series Magnetic Circuits... 0... sees cee eee eee ret eee seer ener eeeeees ieee 3-18
9.15.2 Series Circuit with AirGap. eee eee eee eee eters 3-20
3.15.3 Parallel Magnetic Circuits oo... 21 eee eee ee eee eee eee 3-22
3.15.4 Parallel Magnetic Circuit with AirGap.... 0.2.20... 28
3.16 Kirchhoff's Laws for Magnetic Circuit... issuers 26
3.18 Magnetic Leakage and Fringing.
3.18.1 Leakage Coefficient or Hopkinson's Coefficient .
3.16.2 Magnetic Fringing .. 0... esse eves cece eee ee eee tee eee eee eee :
3.19 B-H Curve or Magnetization Curve... eeceteeses terested = OO)
3.19.1 B-H Curve and Permeability ..........00.... 8-82
3.19.2 Practical Use of B-H Curves ............0.... ee
3.20 Modern Theory of Magnetism a0... seed * 3S
3.21 Magnetic Hysteresis... sceseseseescesesesersercseresseeesesseseseneesensend * OF
2.21.4 Steps in Obtaining Hysteresis Loop ..........
3.21.2 Theory Behind Hysteresis Effect .
3.22 Hysteresis Loss...............
3.22.1 Hysteresis Loss Per Unit Volume
3.22.2 Practical Use of Hysteresis Loop.......... wee ee eee oe. 3-39
3.23 Eddy Current LoSS .........cccccsccceccesccseseesesseseseseesessesesseseseesesesseseisseend 40
2 Gat) GaaeR a eee 3.24 Magnetic Loss [Core Loss or Iron Loss] .
3.25 Force on a Current Carrying Conductor ina Magnetic Field .....3 - 42
3.25.1 Fleming's Left Hand Rule ........ ee 3-43
3.25.2 Magnitude of Force Experienced by the Conductor................. eeetenes 3-44
3.26 Introduction to Electromagnetic Induction
3.27 Faraday's Experiment. ................0.
3.28 Faraday's Laws of Electromagnetic Induction............. 3-47
B.2B.4 First haw eee ee eee eee ees 3-47
3.28.2 Second Law........... . woes a 3-47
3.30 Dynamically Induced E.M.F. .....- cscs
3.30.1 Magnitude of Dynamically Induced E.M.F.... 0.0... eee eee eee ee ee eee SAB
3.30.2 Direction of Dynamically Induced EMF... co cee eee eee OBZ
3.31 Statically Induced E.M.F, ......ceneser
3.32 Self Induced EMF... ee eee ects cece
3.32.2 Magnitude of Self Induced E.M.F.... 0... seeceses sev eeeeee reese sees reese es 3-56
3.32.3 Expressions for Coefficient of Self Inductance (L)..........................000 3-57
3.32.4 Factors Affecting Self Inductance of a Coll... ee eee eee ee 3-58
3.33 Mutually Induced E.M.F. oes
3.33.1 Magnitude of Mutually Induced EMF... sc cesee ieee eee cee eee sees ees 3-60
3.33.3 Expressions of the Mutual Inductance (M) ...............0.......000...e 3-62
3.33.4 Coefficient of Coupling or Magnetic Coupling Coefficient_................. 0.50 3-63
3.34 Effective Inductance of Series Connection. 64
3.34.1 Series Aiding or Cumulatively Coupled Connection ....... ween eee 3-64
3.34.2 Equivalent Inductance of Series Aiding Connection ...... +12... essesssev eee 3-64
3.34.3 Series Opposition or Differentially Coupled Connection ...........ssseseereener 3-65 3.34.4 Equivalent Inductance of Series Opposition Connection.
3.35 Energy Stored in the Magnetic Field
3.35.1 Expression for Energy Stored in the Magnetic
4.37.1 Parallel Aiding or Cumulatively Coupled ......-. 0. ssseeeeeeeseeeeeeserreeee 3-71
3.37.2 Parallel Opposing or Differentially Coupled........ to eeveeeeeeseeeeeeeeseess 3-72
3.38.1 Mathematical Analysis.............................---. 1 esse eee eee
3.38.2 Time Constant. 0... ieee eee ee ee eee
3.39 Current Decay in Inductive Circuit...
3.39.1 Mathematical Analysis.
3.39.2 Time Constant
Examples with Solutions...
Examples from G.U. and G.T.U. Papers... .....-.ssesesesseserserseseeesseseneneere 3 - 87
Review Questions ....
University Questions...
4.2 Advantages Of A.C. ....ssscsesessesmessessnseneeessereeressssereneseereens
4.3 Types of A.C. Waveforms...
4.3.1 Advantages of Purely Sinusoidal Waveform...................................4-3
4.4 Generation Of A.C. Voltage .......ssssecsessscreeressesaurenssaesacaueeassnesae
4.4.1 Single Tum Altermator..... 0.0 eeeee esse see eeeeee sete eeterereeeesneereeeees 4-3
4.4.2 Graphical Representation of the Induced EMF. oo... 0... sece sss eseeeussveeees 4-6
4.5 Standard Terminology Related to Alternating Quantity..............4-7
ae
SPORES 4:54 Time Period (1) .eeceeee eevee eee coon eeeeeeees 4.7
4.5.5 Frequency (f).. 00... esse vee e esses eee eaten eset eee e eee nesses seeeeseeees 4-7
ASG Amplitude... 4-8
4.5.7 Angular Frequency (40) 2... oe eee eee ee eee ee eee eee eee 4-8
4.6 Equation of an Alternating Quantity .............000.
4.6.1 Different Forms of EMF. Equation... 0... eee sess eee cess cesses sevens
4.7 Effective Value or R.M.S. Value.
47.1 Graphical Method . .
4.7.2 Analytical Method. .
4.7.3 Importance of R.M.S. Value.
4.8 Average Value .....
4.8.2 Analytical Method... 20... ee eee eee 4-17
4.8.3 Importance of Average Value......................... 2... oe 1B
4.9 Form Factor (Ks) 4-18
4.10 Crest or Peak Factor a
1k. t
4.12 Phasor Representation of an Alternating Quantity.
4.13 Concept of Phase of an Alternating Quantity
4.13.1 Phase Difference. .
4.13.2 Phasor Diagram. . .
4.14 Addition and Subtraction of Alternating Quantities .........e4d = 30
4.14.1 Graphical Method . oo... ee eee eee eee AD
4.14.2 Analytical Method... 0... 80
Urheberrechtlich geschiitztes Material 4.14.3 Mathematical Representation Of PHASOr .... 6... es cece cece rere eee ee en enna 4H
4,15 Multiplication and Division of Phasors ...
4.15.1 Another Way of Complex Number Representation... 0...) eee e en 4 96
Examples with Solutions... 4-37
Examples from G.U, and G.T.U. U Papers. 4-46
Review Questions...
University Question:
5.1 Introduction
5.2 A.C. through Pure Resistance
6.2.1 Power. .
5.3 A.C. through Pure Inductance ....
5.3.1 Concept of Inductive Reactance..... 2.2... ese seee sete esse see esses eters ees 5-5
5.3.2 Power... ss ieee eee eee eee
5.4 A.C. through Pure Capacitance ..
5.4.1 Concept of Capacitive Reactance.
6.4.2 Power ..
5.5 A.C. through Series R-L Circuit
5.5.1 Impedance.
§.5.2 Power and Power Triangle
5.5.3 Apparent Power {S)._
5.5.4 Real or True Power (P)
5.6.5 Reactive Power (Q).
§.5.6 Power Factor (cos) .
5.6 A.C. through Series R-C Circuit
5.6.1 Impedance. 5.6.2 Power and Power Triangle ..... 2.0.0. cccceeeu esse eee ee eee eee seuss eens 5-20
5.7 A.C. through Series R-L-C Circuit
BIAX> Ke... 5-25
57.2%,
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