Chapter :} Connecting Ideas Q Exercise 1. Warm-up. (Chart 8-1) Check (7) the sentences that have the correct punctuation. Tate an apple, and an orange. Tate an apple and an orange. 1 3. Tate an apple, an orange, and a banana. 4 Tate an apple, Nina ate a peach. (eee ep Ceeen ord Connecting Items within a Sentence (@) no comma: | saw a cat anda mouse. (©) coumas: | sawa cat, a mouse, anda dog, Connecting Two Sentences (©) comme: | saw acat, and you saw a mouse. (@) Penico: | saw a cat. You saw a mouse. (e) nconnecr: | saw a cat, you saw a mouse. Tate an apple, and Nina ate a peach. When and connects only Two woRos (or phrases) within @ sentence, no cowma Is used, asin (a. When and connects THREE OR MORE items within a sentence, CoMuas are used, as in (b).* When and connects Two coMPLETE SENTENCES (also called ‘independent’ clauses), a Cowma is usually used, as in (c) Without and, two complete sentences are separated by a period, as in (d), not a comma."* ‘A complete sentence begins with a capital letter; note that Youis capitalized in (4). “na series of three or more items, the comma before and i optional, ALSO CORRECT: Isat eat, a mouse and a dog **A “period” (dhe dor used at the end of «sentence is called a “fll stop” in British English Exercise Underline necessary, 1, Myn 2. My: 3, The 4. The The 6, Th 7. My cel 8, Wi an Intervi and. S What a “onta Exercise 2. Looking at grammar. (Chart 6-1) ‘Underline and label the words (noun, verb, adjective) connected by and. Add commas as necessary. noun + noun 1, My:mom puts milk and sugarin her tea. > (no commas needed) noun + noun + noun 2. My mom puts milk, sugar, and lemon in her tea. > (commas needed) 3, ‘The river is wide and deep. 4, ‘The river is wide deep and dangerous. 5, The teenage girls at the slumber* party played music ate pizza and told ghost stories. 6, ‘The teenage gitls played music and ate pizza. 7. My mom dad sister and grandfather came to the party to see my son and daughter celebrate their fourth birthday. 8. When he wanted to entertain the children, my husband mooed like a cow roared like a lion and barked like a dog. Exercise 3. Let’s talk and write: interview. (Chart 8-1) Interview another student in your class. Take notes and then write complete sentences using and. Share some of the answers with the class. What are .. your three favorite sports? three adjectives that describe the weather today? four cities that you would like to visit? ‘two characteristics that describe this city or town? five things you did this morning? three things you are afraid of? two or more things that make you happy? three or more adjectives that describe the people in your country? the five most important qualities of @ good parent? “Suber = sleep; at slumber party friends sleep overnight together. Connecting Ideas. 209CER mesure Cc Re (@) The room was dark, so | turned on light. ‘So can be used as a conjunction, 2s in (a), Its preceded by a comma. It connects the ideas in two independent clauses. So expresses results: cause: The room was dark. result: | turned on a light (©) compare: But often expresses an unexpected result, as in (0). The room was dark, but | didn't turn on a light. Exercise 9. Looking at grammar. (Charts 8-2 and 8-3) Complete the sentences with so or but. 1, It began to rain, so _ T opened my umbrella, 2, It began to rain, __but_ I didn't open my umbrella, 3. Ididn’thave an umbrella, T got wet. 4, I didn’t have an umbrella, T didn’t get wet because I was wearing my raincoat. 5. The water was cold, ____ T went swimming anyway. 6. The water was cold, __ I didn’t go swimming. 7. Scott’s directions to his apartment weren't clear, ______ Sonia got lost. 8, The directions weren’t clear, __I found Scott’s apartment anyway. 9. My friend lied to me, __ I still like and trust her, 10. My friend lied to me, ____ I don’t trust her anymore. Q Exercise 10. Looking at grammar. (Charts 8-1 ~> 8-3) ‘Add commas, periods, and capital letters as necessary. ‘Surprising animal facts i 1. Some tarantulas* can go two and a half years without food. when they eat, they like grasshoppers beetles small spiders and sometimes small lizards, 2. A female elephant is pregnant for approximately twenty months and almost always has only one baby a young elephant stays close to its mother for the first ten years ofits life. “varanala = a big airy spider 212 cHaPTERSQQ Exercise 12. Warm-up. (Chart 8-4) Complete the sentences. Make true statements. 1. Tike __fish _, but _my sister _ doesn’t 2, don't like s but does. 3. I've seen but hasn't. 4, I'm not but 8-4 Using Auxi (@) | don't ike coffee, but my husband does. (0) | like tea, but my husband doesn't (¢) | won't be here tomorrow, but Sue will (@) I've seen that movie, but Joe hasn't. (©) He isn’t here, but she is. Branca 20d ‘After but, often only an auxiliary verbs the same tonse of modal as the main In (@): does = likes coteo Notice in the examples: negative + but + affirmative affirmative + but + negative avec isnot contracted with « pronoun atthe end ofa sentence after but and and: ‘CORRECT: «but hei mconescr: «but she. Exercise 13. Looking at grammar. (Chart 8-4) Part I. Complete each sentence with the correct negative auxiliary verb. 1. Alan reads a lot of books, but his brother _doesn't _. : 2. Alan reads a lot of books, but his brothers —don't _. ‘Alan is reading a book, but his brother ‘Alan is reading a book, but his brothers . 5. Alan read a book last week, but his brother(s) 6, Alan has read a book recently, but his brother 7, Alan has read a book recently, but his brothers 8. Alan is going to read a book soon, but his brother 9. Alan is going to read a book soon, but his brothers 10. Alan will read a book soon, but his brother(s) Part I, Complete each sentence with the correct affirmative auxiliary verb. 1. Nicole doesn’t eat red meat, but her sister _dacs _. 2. Nicole doesn’t eat red meat, but her sisters _do __. 214 CHAPTERS8-6 Connecting Idea (@) He drank water because he was thirsty. (b) wan c.ause: He drank water (6) ADvER® CLAUSE: because he was thirsty MAINCLAUSE —_ADVERB CLAUSE. MAN CLAISED ADVE G-ASEEagt (4) He drank water "because he was thirsty. (po comma) ADVERB CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE a a SS (e) Because he was thirsty, ‘he drank water, (comma) (f)mconnecr in werri: He drank water. Because he was thirsty. ives a reason. Why did he ‘drink water? Reason: He was thirsty. ‘A main clause is a complete sentence: He drank water = a complete sentence ‘An adverb clause is wot a complete sentence: because he was thirsty ~ Nor complete sentence Because introduces an adverb clause because + subject + verb = an adverb clause ‘An adverb clause is connected to a main clause, as in (@) and (2). In (d): main clause + 10 comma + adverb clause In(e): adverb clause + comma + main clause Examples (d) and (e) have exactly the same meaning. Example (f)'s incorrect in writen English: Because he was thirsty cannot stand alone as a sentence that starts with a capital letter and ends with a period. It has to be connected to a main clause, as in (d) and (2). In spoken English, an adverb clause can be used as the ‘short answer to a question, as in (9) (@) CORRECT In SPEAKING: —Why did he drink some water? cause he was thirsty. Q Exercise 24. Looking at grammar. (Chart 8-6) Combine each pair of sentences in two different orders. Use because. Punctuate carefully, I. We didn’t have class. | The teacher was absent. + We didn’t have class because the teacher was absent. + Because the teacher eas absent, we didn’t have class. 2, The children were hungry. \ ‘There was no food in the house. 3. The bridge is closed. \ We can’t get across the river. 4, My car didn’t start. \ The battery was dead. 5, ‘Talya and Patti laughed hard, \ The joke was very funny. Exercise 25. Looking at grammar. (Chart 8-6) ‘Add periods, commas, and capital letters as necessary. 6 1. Jimmy is very young. Because he is afraid of the dark, he Jikes to have a light on in his bedroom at night. 2, Mr. El-Sayed had a bad cold because he was not feeling well he stayed home from the office. Connecting ideas 221Exercise 28. Listening. (Charts 8-1 8-6) *) Listen to the passage. Then add commas, periods, and capital letters where appropriate. § Listen again as you check your answers. Understanding the Scientific Term Matter M ‘The word mareeris a chemical term. phatter is anything that has weight this book your finger water a rock air and the moon are all examples of matter heat and radio waves are not matter because they do not have weight happiness dreams and fears have no weight and are not matter, OQ Exercise 29. Warm-up. (Chart 8-7) In which sentences is the result (in green) the opposite of what you expect? 1, Even though I didn’t eat dinner last night, I wasn’t hungry this morning. 2, Because I didn’t eat dinner last night, I was hungry this morning. 3. Although I didn’t eat dinner last night, I wasn’t hungry this morning, 8-7 Connecting Ideas with Even Though/Although Even though and although introduce an adverb (@) Even though | was hungry, | did not eat. | did not eat even though ! was hungry. clause (0) Although | was hungry, | did not eat Examples (a) and (b) have the same meaning: | did not eat although | was hungry. | Lvas hungry, but | oid not eat. ‘compare: (c) Because | was hungry, /ate. (@) Even though | was hungry, | did not eat. Because expresses an expected result, as in (c). Even though/although expresses an unexpected or ‘opposite result, as in (d). Exercise 30. Looking at grammar. (Chott 8-7) Complete the sentences with the given words. 1. ain't a, Because Dan is sick,he ______going to work. b, Although Dan is sick,hhe ______going to work. . Even though Dan is sick, he ____ going to work. 2. sent, didn’t 20 a. Even though it was late, we _______ home. b. Although it was late, we ______ home. c. Because it was late, we _____ home. Connecting Ideas 2234 Exercise 31. Looking at grammar. (Chart 8-7) Complete the sentences with even though or because. 1. _Even though ____ the weather is cold, Rick isn’t wearing a coat. 2, Because the weather is cold, Ben is wearing a coat. 3, Jane was sad, she smiled. 4. Jane was sad, she cried. 5. _____it was cold outside, we went swimming in the lake. our friends live on an island, it isn’t easy to get there by ca 7. People ask Kelly to sing at weddings _____ she has a good voi 8. ‘T’'m training for the Olympics, I biked up the mountain it was starting to snow. 9. George sings loudly he can’t carry a tune. Exercise 32. Looking at grammar. (Charts 8-6 and 8-7) Choose the best completion for each sentence. 1, Even though the test was fairly easy, most of the class __ @ failed b. passed ¢. did pretty well 2. Jack hadn't heard or read about the bank robbery even though a. he was the robber b. itwas on the front page of every newspaper c. he was out of town when it occurred 3. Although ____, she finished the race in first place. ‘a, Miki was full of energy and strength b, Miki was leading all the way c. Miki was far behind in the beginning (224 CHAPTERS