Central Africans and Cultural ‘Transformations in the American Diaspora pmo oy CAMBRIDGE ‘UNIVERSITY PRESS226 Cent Aficns in al ad Spanih Aerie “The contrat between Kongo and Dabomeyan/Yoruba spits it more 3 marked in Hoi than in Cab, wre the we Seties ate rege belong- Ing to diferent denowinatong” Palo Monte snd Santeria, respectively Between denominations, paris te recognized, at ako with the sins o Catholic, Ie evident in both Haitan and Cuban elgion, however, {hat much has chunged nce the 1930, increasing imumiseraton pues fat pracceavay om ra toward wsban areas, suchas Pocta-Prinee, Havana, Newt, of Bsookya, and confonts the prestiones with new probes and new rsoures go mn gag the omy eo st ey Wop 2 Ea Ln if ee an oye Cia le Bier Sia ac a So Pt oh 8 ‘The Central African Presence in Spanish Maroon Communities ‘Maroons have log capiated historians ad popula audiences lke, The ding nd native inthe fice of tebe oppression and rnd perce © ion command ou interes and sypaty. and yt only ew sles oper- human fignes emerge ftom the historical weasmene aed dhe ok legends ‘Most maroonstemined anonymous snd lsle specie is known about ‘hom ~ their mame, Ue origins, oF ethnicity What litle we ci de termine abot the people who rised thei ives for feedom isn gest prt shaped by which ve system they challenged and which, chereore, recorded thee Iitory. Iberian legal, seigious, and socal wadtion: re © opnzed the humanity ofall slave, including Acans, and thi ethos lod bureaus and churchmen to cele a more complete eknograpicreord ofthe caved in Latin Ameres than i found sn seas where they were ‘omsideved chal. er scholars in thir volume examine the linkages be= foen ABles and Portuese Bri, which bows the mort well-kaown © 2d sigficant of al maroon qomdo, Pnares.¥ wil, however, cou- tun myself my own rereaceh on maroon living in omnis Ln palengies, mbes, or manlles in te Spanish Americas. Idea on the thnographic dat valle in a wide variety of Spanish colon doc mentary sources and red dosely fr dhe material world derenibed in hem, as well a inthe nascent scclogieal cod. Ged bythe path= Treaking work of ion ofthe fie ABteanits represented jn this cllee- ton, adds possible cull elves diceribe in malty police and + fciraligious practices of he matoonsto make some preliminary aguante ‘bout the ubigntowspreence andthe impact of Central fica among ‘hem, ‘essen ef ar md ope a of Ne ite Ante aun nay ox228 Cond Afizane in Head Spach Ameriss Myer wok Fedo ve uns fom Cains who shi Gceenin Sunh Ford nthe te eet and ey Cenc nny of whom were Cental AS. Ax ter Woot dan sry orbuck Casta shone th pepondrace of sv aang ne Engh colony inthe dcp eniy cae fom Kongo Ang Dy Woods cotter tanportd ove 880 pesos fom thee ong to Salva and inj 9 (35-1740), hi 9 comer cout ince the oe of ane sips was een singly Ati Mor rece John Thornton eid ee Son dav con tht Wool ‘> yaad an he concluded ta date comtmporsyaten Sharad thc aprien de Angln, tebe were or rtd fiom Kongo, He anges that ctons which to dheir pursuers fd choniclenl sroned nomen vac dancing, mc ing sd foes slong ‘easels hemo Kongle mtg paces Mone ‘ifthe rebels were fram the Kango, they were potentially Catholic and able 9g rebck weze hen for Spanish St. Auguste 1 ara themselves of the sre-known religious snctsay aves i that colony ~asancuasy the predecewors had sevred in 1698. Aer thst dae the Spanish government "loi feed rvs rom the British colonies, grated them homeo aud permitted them elec their owe pba and military leaders neta ‘er thee eligious conversion, mliary service, and fidelity "The feed men and women evatually tablished their ov town of Gracia Real de Senta Testa de Move on the periphery of St. Aut ‘nd this incorporation generated censuses and elgious and military econ’ ‘hough which we ean now the Former maroons.* Alsough the leader of the setloment and ean of ts lita vat a Mandiogs, 2 muber of the {Cuong refiges a More denied therseiver ar belonging the Conga. tion? Pode Graal, Congo/Solongo served a ergeant ofthe Mote 2 fee We ni Sg i Sch an fe 0g eS ee tN or Ro a9 mT ato a Bea sas topes cht nt ner eu en Si ‘Senay nel fl et aren ed ep py eng Sita etl a ol eee pt ‘ce tad aes Carl nc fe Dap oo Ce iat Aten be een hava ta Dasher 8, The Cem Air Pre in Spot Ms 1 Communes 229 lia. Granles was married na ve woman ofthe Caabl main but he ‘hose Congo godparents for hi chlden,Graales ko served ata godthes ti other Congor st Moe, such ae the forme save Tomis Chuitno, (Chrsbxomo maid a Congo woman, Ara Mata Ronguilo, and on het ‘ath, marcied a recond, Mara Franca Solana, with whom he made ‘is home at Mose® Other meuber ofthe Mose mili also idenited eaelves a8 Congo?” The eedons ofthe More ilagers wa ted upon ther claim to and/oe E coaveron to Catolickam and they were caefalyoberant,bulding thet ‘et cach and arity at he sit, celebrating cigs hola td doo {unentng thei church (and hereby, community) membership i parish fepters. Spanish cesics took seriously the respon of itodacing the frmlyintoduced Atans to Christy, andar they baptized, marie, tod busied AG in Fords, chy reconed dei esis in pai © ers. A survey of 113 church mareages performed in Se Avgurine during, ‘he fit Span pci (1568-176) tat aed te oe Bc pe ter show hat Cong wee the mow nomerus ein ou eee, 48 ida mating! In ee nis, pi ote an eres ( pevios Cathe bps hei convert ad udegone a Ae, foes the Aba lxaed Spi some of hn a ped ad le Gerstein thei ave language Of Kikonge? With ea to Bape $s imposible tll the Congo in Spun Hie flowed ame ‘king patra ch thos ted by Wat Mai, ince gan? fans werenotwuay gies, They wer, bower ety Cabal aes | for themsche and their chile, as Thornton found many did eae in operetta Gabi Cre tome Pe ese hed w CPR) ot se el 34 Bap Soa ioscan Serre rroectauma scetau ean are ‘etd Sp pn on oda len Dp Pra fr 1 pena Mu oc 2,75 Sn Cae 4, dip Doi, Sayin SH 8 Po pst ah230 Centr Aiea ad Spanish Aerie ‘Angola, bt ao a fens of al etnies wp bape in Span serie ren within 2 cacfilly paced Calc, howe, one ight imps posible Kongo prac in he uae cord, Arca ie fete by Kleen Dejan ofthe Farida Museum of Netul Hig Creare sgmen of oun ois the te, bu ao «band-aid Se Carophers medal The sy clr pene ight elf be rea jmp othe Kongo cosogeam, but sac nary cri fxcinarg allio. Se Cheaper depicted, ain band eying Js on hs shor evr the ter ~ os cana aprepriatepaon orAfican (alice) wh had roe he Adar aa the Ws tcesped the danger of was and pte on hel way w Floris fom. ‘Cen The te mig ao be eat howe, pobre the Kenge expecation tat hy woud someday exam the watery dvi spring the Evog and the den and be cunied wid logo Aion ‘rent end egos snd th Kegon eontecton Though the areola econ. Ide boken crane bowls deposed isCinsnen etm unepnet aig cwy whch tnpus ae damp of Kong comognns marking te eae pewy ‘five sd be bonlary between te enti wed fhe ving om the try sd othe sea Togo ees thee sya evens tha: Cone ses tintane aligous aciors wih wae inthe Lament “Throughout he sevnteenth and eighteenth cere, unknown sun bers of Leweounty sod Georgia rine flowed te souers wut {feed and Spm gnerment fey ypenon, ad cuch ig: {ra coreboted tea ofthe Incoming woos wee ofthe Cong “ron” Span sutbootin ofen ade roams of he atin” ames dnd caf recorded ec ergs on cents, note reo, ae tay tone sad «wide wry ofthe document ar eters Gtng nck he midscrecthfeny ae ach oar of frmation ot lity an cord he bp of runber of dl deling hens to be Cong Ocex who stat they ha ome Gom Carla my ho tae teen fom Kongo/Angl nd soe wih no conection to Calin 10 esa ait ssn Thema oa la Spa se aaa er enc he hn em, Ca seen ceadton wee ra We hy Ov ae tnt 11 rth samp a iach cary ole et ‘Sr n'y tte tS At aE oT ‘Sipe hac ey ofp an 9 5. The Conta Aon sees ie Spanith Maroon Communities 281 entifiedthemselver ae ofthe Angol ation? Tax recon in which owe cs egtimsted prior dave purchases (ina) provide anor rich source ‘of ehnogmphic information for Fords, Congos were the ince menos Single etic group listed om the indus forthe yeas 1752-1762 —38 of 2D slaves. other Cena Afcan nations such = Manion, Soo, and Sononig ate added, Cental African formed alors one forth ofthe tte mo ‘Scntered references by slave ower about mated items they uadee- rood t0 be of cultural importance t their slaves abo ofr cues about ‘ei orgins and cultural persistence, The Florida sve wader and pnts, Zephaniah Kingsley, aoted that when taken onboard slave ship ee iter torbe famous Gullah Jack carried with hi aac fill of *conjring im plement” which he alway Kee with him, and 1 Georgia place ade (Ged that his runaway slave Joan Spaniard wore “something in small tg suypended by a sring around his nec” These items may have been ‘Kango wis As arcaeologiss such a Leland Ferguson have demon ‘usted, coibved and escaped Alcs spread Kongo talons sosthvard ‘own the Gull Coast fom South Carolina + Fria Some of thse trons survive to this day nthe Frm cemetery w Sembiry, Georg tnd inthe Boogue Ballo cemetery on Amelia ln, Florida where Bac. faves ae sill decosted with white ceramic chickens and white conch Shell ~ Kongo cultural markers described by Rober Faris Thomson and er ‘Kongo talons also found thelr way ita interioe Roride sx Cental [ican saves escaped bondage and became vasa ofthe Seminole ration Some ran lied in Seminole villager ach x Bowles Town, bat ay sided in autonomous blick villges such as Palas, Payne's Town, Mulnto Gis Town, King Hej Town, Bucker Woman's Town, Boggy 2SSSRETERSTSITS an tine et tere 1 Ale iy a bo scl in le = Sa nee a Eh Miao Wioarnmna nace mee "Ghent ls eae a ete st eee Say ty ee Siete een sh aed at Soh coma oeerwae oie neta ME my fen Sates ey reo ‘nn ct tee i ERE he et ae Ete eee dei hs ih no hapam Cea Aine in Had Spas Amarr 8, The Cental Afar Prace in Sponle Maron Communit 233 lad, atl Big Swamp in eh Alachos and west central Hoes van snd along dhe Suvanne, Apdachicoa, and Witlacochee Rives" Tg “ABican of varied hsalinguiscbackgrounes who came be called Bl Seminoles ~ om sary, the Spanish erm for matoons~ practiced di fren setlement and agreaural patterns aa hee indigenous hows, a ‘am ony afew of the abvions cult ierencet. Both Spanish ad ate ‘Anttican sours, however ict that th eeaped saves icy eso indigenous lngasger and adopted indigenous dee and well-tested sci ‘ecru patterns suited wo dhe evitonnent "The Frida maoons moved sto ates previously not occupied by the Seminoles and soon caked sniient rice, corn sar ene, pean, Benve seed nd exer produc, ‘Archacologt Brent Weinman argue hat they were so good ait that ther ‘sup provided the ee tht sported he Seminole tito pansion eononty in thee eighteenth cena,” 4 ‘Given hat ttt of the Forde maroone were runaways om Carling, ‘an be astmed many were fora Cental Affe; however, evn n Spanish Socumens ethnicity ir mock harder to tae beyond ban cents. Only $8 toceisonal reference rie, John Fosber & Coma, a Bich tading | frm in Benstcol,sbmied ie of raped slaves othe Spanish engineer ‘hasged with etieving navy fom the o-alled Negro Fart Prospect. ‘aifon the Apalachicola River, among them Congo Tors, Calos Conga, ana Calon Mayan, A fous Atcan named Macumba was aimed by nother ownee™| ‘Mony ofthe Centra Aca who lived among the Spaniard in lid, ‘whether fee of enived, ulimatly migrated so Cuba when poieal 4 trniions freed Spaninsds to evacuate Florida in 1763 and 1821. As pd Cabrera and Fernando One hive documented, a variety of brant Alin cults interctedin Cab, By thee the Fores riven Hwang, the Royal Congo cio o gions by brotherhood, alo known, F sth Cabdo Rey Mago San Melcor from wor member caimed to be fescended, was Hosrthing and oomed sever properties on Florida Stes. Its members took an active role in Havana public ital, such as Comput (Chris and Dis de Reyes, and provided support and asocation for other ‘Congos Even recently arived AGican baler would have been ex ine ‘corporate ina ity where kloago wat in common se among Blick? “They would hive recognized the dances suc as the tno, the guauan, the clnbs andl he maa thae the Congolese performed on Sundays and © fea days in plc squats and the mae of Congolese instruments such a the cogs, membi, and tba deus, ngs and daes would have sounded Sanliae® In Cubs, 18 in other ara ofthe Spanish wold, dhe Cathole hech © seconds ate some ofthe be rouse of eine deniestion, and pres jn Havana and its suburbs such 2s Regla and Gunnabacoa realty bap- ood, marted, and buried people fom Kongo/Angol. Cental Aftieas to elaborated syucretic zlgins ia Cuba such as rl de poste lo mayobe and sanbande, Larsen, many scholars and laypersons sll fompare thot religions sytems unfavorably to West Aiea or Yoruba tan, hic more lozelyrserles Catholics. Een Culsa mers © guides describe Congolese religion memblge, chs lage ro exons fled gga led with ul ar legbones ion objets each a kes, [and pisces of wood sod fencers a “witcher” and in te popular and 7 Src ey ath he BAC ep Sig pda is ig ge bp Ea ae, "Eva Ct ate Ae i ie ‘Em Commedia Paling 1974 Ke weed Som ct he ‘Stet Nevis by Snatch nae leanne ae Step nh Lal lk, nd fs Sn, vs of ut ri eke Heo Gro, ere ‘9 ss Rn rl i hi Seid Sei {ieee any fee nen tl ‘SE Se a eth yp ey Rope ese Dt ei he et pe a lt to oo ‘dye 2S Re un ey gay Ds al ge {tesgenm of cna anger Gry Bu Dow 4 Spin Re Te eh “etn iby eB nV {sie Sse St 13 Bit iN lr in Cnn Ar ear 9 Negro 3 a 28 gee Cen Wigs eget ein wh cl lo, ‘eitot igen Cane ip een" gern i ie Fa tot SO Te le 1 ee ee ea ‘Sea nit hae pe te ei ae24 Cet Afi al ad Spaish Amerie 8, The Cental Afican Prone in Spun Maron Communes 235 city gecimed Gunn fm, Te Lat Spr, Congo re porta re sigificant on several posible eve, The matoons had 2 practical need csanbak Sfibe meta snd he Macaith ine to matte apes th ‘hich to anthem, ba tao ponte ht he seamed ‘eis ld yb poll mporance AltoughLembetchnee fy weeps ia sb Spi dosnt, eyo ale ‘posnion in Kong, Lbs a Kongo ice a,c nme oe ‘Sse socio il socio of tes an sor he are of Resin rfc Leb wa indod of Cental Am ogi te apse sin icy, wold ar cers be ar With fri cf def acai Lng of bet Ndogo nd Kenge en {rewned fo wid, gee sd ledeipy sno fer sine ain : ‘Although West Africans constituted the majority of the enslaved in the ‘uy yrs Spnth Anca sey, Canal Alen wet pene Eon Slee the 1540, a Lomb proves std within eed deeds Cental ‘tens wosldamume sre demogzpis pole lipid her Shei colt, The Gowns ofp and Prt wer ened om 560 {2 1640, ad 1595 Sp ged org te so ave cont {2 provion che Spit Anton, At sot te sane tine, Spa of fin Hipeioe pan compin sow maroon avy along Se tortcr cam where ore ve fund fg crs ond erat Cigsren one fr tc, thse ther prac Governor Depo Glee de Sando as determined to ent beth en ed tonne exeions agit the marors ants Pench ad Engh onomerson tie fin and offs mor ined mow ft ‘oat tacked slong te northern contre -dangeon Angolan nd ‘ongtie maroon capeesin ion che nother tees wee La ‘gaa ho ed inary ith i rene Bir i), Aton Al sn Sebi Angl™ Byte mievetecrth ema he Pech ad ns only ed hr told on Torn, btaoon he wees half Hapa Penh pate crated wat became a fourhing fig, gs eine fn Sent Domine dre than ha he eset cn et wee Cental cars. ike tie Clic any of tw enh (Cental Afi ecaped sco intratiodbore og fo ney Sanh etry. Some ofthe wang ver chimed ripe nctary The lessons lared in tacking maroons through Spanish Florida doc sents and archaeology ave been vate guides my cuTent work g retrieved and were teaching the Taino Indians “bad customs." African si onnonys joined in the indigenous wars of restance bogus Enrique in 1519 and thea reaeated wi Bahoruco mountains inthe south. Within 2 yeas, 521, Wolof seed revolt on Diego Col’ sgae planation. Despite thi cauous conta and fvcating feats, the planter of Hispaniola demanded more sve. By the time Archdeacon Alonso de Caro toured the nd is 1542, he timated ‘he black popiton s¢ 25,000-30,000, the white popaston a nly 1,200, 4 tnd the moon poplston 2000-3000. Iewara demographic moment in which a maroon vicery seemed posible, and a sevies of great masoon leaders came dow om the Bardon mountain to wage Wat agai the Spania. The mos nous included Diego Guzman, Diego Ocampo, Jan \Vaguers, and Lemba, The chief led mirocn bande in atte on Spi Incendarand ogeingenios and generly contained Spaniands tthe capital city of Sito Dominga. One of she mot fered of the maroon leer of the 15405 was Lembs, whom the Spaniads acknowledged was “extemey | Joon de Maguans, he reirsed tothe Baboruco mountains with a op Ply of steel and iron and 2 sve Backs Lamb slections of boty ip inn Ca i ai Ci Pott inf rg ngs ye nde wp sit omnes cee le Mit 2 5, el ino a ie ey ‘rca r ay Sr ree SogrmC (eee etc ie sand a ca Tweety Ee ou, ere Ti ce aly ep eo pn en pos Cae et ‘Sit Donor fmiote Cx Brean 0, 31 Tamia ese as we Lamy at Be: Re n't See 8 oF 29 u,b igo, Cnn Ae 3 Zen, ate le Sa Ai Leeann (Cue Came Ura Pa, ep aut, a Sa ‘Se fe hs yo6 ona fans in at nd Spt Aric 8. Tie Coa Ain Pesos Spih Mav Communi 257 1 Sao Doings nin 1679 the Spd embed em in stele tment om in Loren de x Ngee de Mins Although push sete gate mst of the teins of en Loreen eer Bi, Than x Anime Conga ined Son Lorena ad oe, Gace Cong sed in Seen eth ton i, song wa capa of he ‘Sm alan anda neta Tease ese. thensees of sncny i Sn Lc ost ned sve reed Become nom nthe ete nda xsi tend, Aer moe an ey ad itspetin ec and fed tery expen asin hem, Spe ‘thon ed ret cet ce the naroon “prem” In {cee Atop Rance del Cheve Maldon mn et pect feds” 00 taoon fa lang in eo epee ih the Dahoruo mountiny whew Lens fad once ged Atowgh he Asisopt mon fale, be recorded alte naan abt the fron ie The masons aid on age, hone. nd aia ahuny The wore aun panned fe gia toann means which {hetmen thn exchanged inte cpl Sao Dong fr cot, “Feat na tht ened The Zap, is, Manis, re, 25 Gongs ans dal abled schglos betioods in he ep S916 a seenenth cary and pole tthe moor" “Merete wong contac my tne eon Merb ofthe on me Man The Haboraco mato may ave tho beens by the vlogs FS xz ores maroon wee atonal epee here The Shon re ening orton nde ih wich bots oan, tad ha,b wen nthe Aesop commented th he Te tore bot good ais andionms Ts sige me pestence {oll wot ary and mtg dl lee more ic 0 Serine niin. ote epee, pli soca eae til acvom wh aie hag nd smiing wee abo stained dip ean ction Seber calecionan lly excraos stan ny-igeenth-cmsy snmon temen it eaten Hina, te Mate Joe Lt, conti TT of Antop Caen: Mdonia observations the Babe ‘Suni stenent he os Ler lel 1 copper bee, etl otis and a waiety of on objec, including tongs and lance pons, Irons deposits ae evidence the the navy ath re manuf, objects oa ste, The simple belt of caled mel nay have only been body decoration, but perhaps, on Kongo they ko inl stats lend tip fncsions for dose who wxe thet In nearby cave explores have ao found metal dager, cly water jugs, and triton shell trumpets, which they idenaify athe work of Afeantanstays. Mos ofthe sels hve the ps ct off nd ze drilled co enable them to be hung on cd, While the ‘wte ses weze probably wied vo comminicate acon the mouatalaous terme, Use asocton wich wntr and thee sping form may have ao Feld symbolic valu for Kongor among te toons” The Dominicana chacologit Manvel Gari Arc is aenled an nectar cllection fpotsmade by African eaavays and revived Eom water-filled eves nese the Stoto Domingo aiport. That dae pos, which were often containers for Kongo min, ware so carefully plac in wer and hidden fm view saggss they were offerings with ome symbole meting, mich Ike dhowe Tehnd Fergon has ocean Soh Carolina The Kongo preseace in thee sites is not surprising. More than 2 entry ‘of civil wars in Kongo seat many of the defeated ito the hokis of lave ships. “The W.E.B.Dubois Dasecof Saving Voyages documents thatinthe 179s, French lives transported more chan 16,000 saws com the Aan, os af whom were destined fr Sunt Domingue. As Jon Thoraton age, a least some of dhe may ave had miltary tining tit they could ea ploy in dheirsebrsen Amtrcan bates” Span expdiionares ered ‘he influx snd poroled the countryside taking eapaed slaves nto Santo Domingo fr iteerogition, One group of 13 ten questioned in 1770 in ‘dod sx men who Identified hemelves 28 Cong, Congo Mondongo, : fee i gn Samay te Don BA ‘erp ee tS a oer and ad ‘i Mune Gs Ad Sans Deng og 196 Land ep Cina Seinen cami ar Abn Se eae Pt Gos jection aug Astin 3 Dee A. HST Ts ‘Sinn denon Rea Tie onl tos ry aay28 Contre Aion Hai end Spo Amerie 8, The Conta Aan Prose in Sponith Maron Communities 239 ‘or Mondonge. Bucs, ho could not speak ether Spanish of French nuit have communicate though an Aean iotrpetr, was unable to ow long he had been on thet bo sported dae Soon as be got {he bow he an fo the Span se ~ which seem wo suggest that sin hl Florida exp, captives quick learned to rend the geopolitics of thi d Several other Congo mien had akeady been brane by their French ownet tint were ale to give some informatio abou thee Christan mame, howe Kongo and then Angola, By the le soventostih century, Cental Affians onstated more thn 80% of save imports into New Spain. Marcon © camps sprung up across mos of what today modern Mexico ~ outide Initng towns wach a Goanuito and Zacatecas, agricultural center suck as (Oveica, nd the ga estates ofthe Gulfcoast where the indomitable Yanga, © Bran reputed tobe of yl inage, eeablahod Cofre del Prot, Alovgh ‘Yanga vas the recogized leader ofthe element his wi copia wa man ofthe Angola ation, Francine dea Maes, Whet usr Spanish expe b fon aacked te etlement in 1009, Francico commanded the defense at enabled Yanga to ead his people to the sry of nenty pained or. _ From tat rou, che maooas watched the Spaniards tore thet hoe, ue hey were fr fom defeated. Intend they sent che Span naling esos threatening © make jerked mest oftheir hans, Ridicling thet sipcketsinaconstantbarage ofchtedinats, they noi daced beneath E lige lneras in a show of uaconcer. They alo ignored the Spanien Fyne fag and repeated ques for negotiations After Francisco wat killed [intl the maroons went on the ru, ad Gia, when they were neat B yarotion, the aged Yanga delivered his condions for poace, which the B Snares accepted" The miliary tole of Cental Aca in maroon commits ca ao being capa “Although we have sen that Spniads oceadonallycxptured some runswys they could ever totaly eliminate maroon setlement. In 1785 the Spanish pret, Lu de Chives, conducted a visa of Neybs, 2 mai toon stlement composed of 57 hosaholds of 13 persons. Residents aid the population had ance been lager but epidenies of mess an den tery had led many of ten, inclading two aged males “who vere mud ‘nerd. The surviving Neyba popiition comprised 43 adult mals, 3 Nie males 20 of whom deen bora of sts, and 52 children. AL’ thong all ages muse have been eumated, some of the oles eden ‘whom Chaves gacued to be about 6D years of age were born 2 th Site, which dates i ewablhnene tothe se decades ofthe sightwents fentury The exalt exploitation of Afican bor onthe sugar plat {tons acros the French border i reflect in the population at Neybai Eleven women and 31 mien living ae Neyba ad once been the sive of French mates. Some ofthe sees bore French mazes and spoke som Trench ad occasionally some Spanish, Others, however, stil bore Afar mes such ss Quamina, Mae, and Musunga and were probably una Cuirsted sls who may ve ristroduced AStcan eur elements ta the seulement "Many of the general pases of ABcan slavery and matronage in Hispaniolaaemutoedin other Spanish colonies. Patrick Carl has foun that although most of dhe fs sive mpored ito New Spain came fo Wiest Atica, n the seventeenth century the tade shied southward 1 FE Asean escped tothe numerous maroon setlements nthe rugg64 inte or provinces of Colombia" The mos fous of tem l ws Sen Bato, hove beon a ruler in Ata, Caling himelf King Benker, Bioho founded fn American dynasty that survived even after Catena governor be- ye thee peace ueaty snd hung Beno in 1619. Sia Basilio ms not Frsuced” iuo legitimate and lnveabiding town until 1686, by which Se chad een in existence for over 60 yats and xbered more than Eee). l,m ii YR ya Rn dg ac enya ih le “ i: {RE ne he in Po Lamm sce 10 1 sw etd Con ee, a, ai any, nd Ao Sense esl em edgy depen seer ae ett nl ron os 2, 1, sas ea Sour tegen «Therma iene nt cen ent ep SOIREE ire, se ck ae240 Cental Aine in ese Spach Aeics 3000 inhabians, including 600 wavors, ule by four war capsins ech ‘this oom “ation?” ‘One Domingo Pudi, abo known s Capitan Domingo Angos, atthe scknowledged leader of the neuby and consmporary maroon setdenen Df Matedere Some Spans docsment decribed Domingo a3 erillo sd fate that his fither, alo named Dominga, was born in Angola. Even Domingo the younger were American-bor, it seems he seleidenified 3 an Angolan. Capi Domingo’ aged fier, wif, and youngsons lived with ‘hon at Mature, end it spouse that ike King Benkoe, Domige hoped “1 to etablsh dyna. Although Domingo boce de tle of Capi, hi wie been destined to inherit eadersip the seternent. Mtidere fighting — faces were led by Mina and Arf war captains with + Congo seving ss sandantbeaet. These asgomentsrefected the relative demographic stengeh af the nations at Maude, and ths practice may have aio operted Sea Basi, When the Spaniards stacked Matader in 1693, 250 penons sree ving there, more than 100 af wom were cider Afcan-bors, of thon to Aftican parts. Among the Acasa identified by nation were 28 Minas, 19 Aris, 10 Congos, 9 Luangos, 5 Angos, 3 Popos, 3 Wel, 3 Carsales, 1 Bran, 1 Goyo, and { Bisa * "The eshnolinguisic dversty evident at Matudee and the Spanish ‘managed pola and cular acconumodstions tat enabled them to cal Labor survive for more than ee entries despite determined ers ‘sccondng to Bizningham, the infamows Imbangla “os al hex individ ‘thnicafiatons and many oftheir old customs” As they swept cova the cost, perhaps the Iban spree his pater along with the violence sae destction for which they were more note.® Central Afficas had hey experienced and were able to apt new uk aon bore ©) they reached the America, ‘Once ther, Cental Aiea rely apeed certain element of Spi polical and rligiows sneitasons i their created. commenitie, 3¢ ‘estamos ane 4 Bing Afra pp. 25-24; op Mir, Wy of Do: Maha Coin a he ‘pl Si te i eye casa on fT 8, The Cente Afcen Prem in Spanish Macon Communes 241 © stp Palais peesasively argued happened Cuba Ye, ti pre~ Timinryinguiy sto the cua hitry of maroon in Spas America ster ako sige, some Cental Afien cultural aad poli elements ‘wate retained in at lest recognizable form despite the inaleulble dam ero bythe Have ade and he ssbequene cot mixing, Specie tvidence of Central America cleralpersstence inthe Spanish Americas ‘vould include Cental Aican var tactics employed fom Carolinas ocd to New Spain ta Colombia, de ni worn or crafted by Flovda usw dnd the Kong grave “liars” found along the llth Coast, de survival of Kkongo in Fonda and Cxhs, the enable of Kongo riiou soc sone m Hispaniola and Cabs, the material production of Kongo/ Angolan tmatoons sucha pottery beaving Kongo cosmiogram found in Caroling and inthe Dominican Republica, andthe ion and copper production onthe same sland. Much more weik emains to be done onthe dificul bet tring quction: of cull prsence and adaptation inthe Ameri “Through forums nich the one which produced this collection of esas schol working on both ides of the Alani ae now exchanging ie, fompzring findings, laning fom one another, and redefining research sgendasf focus more tention on Cent ican nthe African diaspora, [5 pn Mini aa tn nd o-oo” SPM tro igre Win tty Hoi © Ne, pest Alton Ent ape esl Soy “Eee eect el Cal ne Pa Cel Cope eee Sp ey Ceuw “Walk in the Feenda” West-Cental Afcans and the Forest in the South Caralina-Georgia Loweountry 239