Shee honey ield strength or yield strereiee ae reat range, the Yield-stress level - The average stress during yielding in the Des rm stress determined in a tension test when the strain reaches 0.00 e 1.2 TYPES OF STRUCTURAL STEEL The term structural steel refers to a number of steels that, because of thelr = ase and desirable mechanical properties, are suitable for load-carrying, MCD structures. The customary way to specify a structural steel is to use 3 RasiM (American Society for testing and Materials) designation. For ferrous metisy 16 designation has the prefix letter “A” followed by two of three numerical digits (eg. ASTM A36, ASTM A514) There are three groups of hot-rolled structural steels for use in buildings: 1. Carbon steels use carbon as the chief strengthening element with minimum yield stresses ranging from 220 MPa to 290 MPa. An increase in carbon content raises the yield stress but reduces ductility, making welding more difficult. High-strength low-alloy steels (HSLA) have yield stresses from 480 MPa to 840 MPa. In addition to carbon and manganese, these steels contain one or more alloying elements i i ili alloying elements suchas columbium, vanadium, chromium, silicon, copper,DET aS Se FS ee ee eer ‘ and Properties of Section rot The heat treatment consists of quenching (rapid cooling) and tempering (reheating). 1.2.1 ASTM DESIGNATIONS Material conforming to one of the following standard specifications is approved for use according to Section 501.3.1.1 of NSCP: Structural Steel, ASTM A36 Pipe, Steel, Black and Hot-dipped, Zinc-coated Welded and Seamless Steel Pipe, ASTM A53, Grade B High-strength Low-alloy Structural Steel, ASTM A242 High-strength Low-alloy Structural Manganese Vanadium Steel, ASTM A441 Cold-formed Welded and Seamless Carbon Steel Structural Tubing in Rounds and Shapes, ASTM A500 ‘ Hot-formed Welded and Seamless Carbon Steel Structural ae ASTM A501 - High-yield Strength, Quenched and Tempered Alloy-Steel Plate, Suitable for Welding, ASTM 514 Structural Steel with 290 MPa Minimum Yield Point, ASTM A529 Steel, Sheet and Strip, Carbon, Hot-rolled, Structural Quality, ASTM A570 Grade 275, 310 and 345 High-strength, Low-alloy Columbium-Vanadium Steels of Structural Quality, ASTM A572 High-strength Low-alloy Structural Steel With 345 MPa Minimum Yield Point to 100 mm Thick, ASTM A588Sy VSAM te Sp hee a ee erase cee ae e of the above ASTM standards. Additionally, the fabricator must provide an affidavit stating structural steel furnished meets the requirement of the grade specified. 1.3 PROPERTIES OF STEEL Yield stress, F,, is that unit tensile stress at which the stress-strain curve exhibits a well-defined increase in strain (deformation) without an increase in stress. Tensile strength, Fy, is the largest unit stress that the material achieves in a tension test. Modulus of elasticity, E, is the slope of the initial straight-line portion of the stress- strain diagram. It is usually taken as 200,000 MPa for design calculation for all structural steel. Ductility is the ability of the material to undergo large inelastic deformations without fracture. Toughness is the ability of the material to absorb energy and is characterized by the area under a stress-strain curve. Weldability is the ability of steel to be welded without changing its basic mechanical properties. Poisson's ratio is the ratio of the transverse strain to longitudinal strain. Poisson’s ratio is essentially the same for all structural steels and has a value of 0. in the elastic range. Shear modulus is the ratio of the shearing stress to shearing strain during the initial elastic behavior. — : Table 1-1 - Typical Properties of A36 Steel | ay n er os 77,200 MPa na | 117% 106/°C ate mee ate enn ata TEM SAYFundamentals of Chapter O1 — Introduction Structural Steel Design and Properties of Section 13 1.4 STRUCTURAL SHAPES Structural steels are available of many shapes. The dimension and weight must be added to the designation to uniquely identify the shape. For example, W 40 = 436 refers to W-shape with an overall depth of approximately 40 inches (1000 mm) that weighs 436 Ib/ft (640 kg/m). Table 1-2 - Structural Shape Designation a a Paes Bearing piles classified as W, S, or HP Ware yr ee Tite geo Meanie eee hee oplipess 2° | Bo oa Sore | Bee ny were iat be | S Gc ; E WT or ST aaeinerican Standa' _ Angle Wide-Flange shapeChapter 01 — Introduction ee of 14 and Properties of Section Structural Steel Design , 4 5 4 ( i CTL ID Hy po fe TOOL LL OPIOID Figure 1-2 - Combination Sections 1.5 TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION There are three basic types of construction and associated design assumptions permitted, and each will govern in a specific manner the size of members and the ~ types and strength of their connections: Type 1, commonly designated as rigid-frame (continuous frame), assumes that beam-column connections have sufficient rigidity to hold virtually unchanged the original angles between intersecting members. Type 2, commonly designated as simple framing (unrestrained, free-ended), assumes that, insofar as gravity loadi ; ng is concerned, ends of beams and ae are connected for shear only and are free to rotate under gravity oad. , Type 3, commonly designated as se assumes that the connections of b mi-rigid framing (partially restrained), et + of-beams and girders possess a dependable vn mon ag y intermediate in degree between the rigidity of of loads including dead loads, live © complete design must take into ble load combinations.Fundamentals of Structural Steel Design Chapter 01 — Introduction and Properties of Section 15 1.6.1 DEAD LOAD AND LIVE LOAD The dead load to be assumed in design . esign consists of the weight of material permanently fastened or supported by it. ee The live load must be that stipulated by the applicable code under vhiich the structure 1s being designed or that dictated by the conditions involved. 1.6.2 IMPACT LOADS For structures carrying live loads which induce impact, the assumed live load must be increased sufficiently by the percentages provided in Table 1-3: Table 1-3 - Impact Loading factors 100% Cab-operated traveling crane support girders , : 25% and their connections Pendant-operated traveling crane support 10% girders and their connections , Light machinery, shaft or motor driven Pru caiee Reciprocating machinery or power driven units Rene Oo floors and balconies Supports for: Hangers supporting 1.6.3 WIND AND SEISMIC STRESSES increased 1/3 above the values otherwise provided seismic loading, acting alone or in combination with provided the required section computed on this for the design dead and live load and impact (if ess increase, and further provided that stresses lated on the basis of reduction factorsFundamentals of Structural Steel Design fan area is analogous to the center of gravity of a homogenous body. d as the point at which a thin homogenous plate function oo ie. can be and by integration using the following sesiatigen uN : | Arxc= |xdA Eq. 1.1 Atyc= |ydA Eq, 1.2 The centroid of a complex area can be found by dividing the area into basic shapes (rectangles, triangles, circles, etc..). Eq. 1.3 Eq. 1.4 wnFundamentals Structural San Disien Chapter 01 — Introduction and Properties of Section 17 1.7.2 CENTER OF GRAVITY OF FLAT PLATES Xe Ms ne hi ee a lye Aare << Se Figure 1-4 - Centroid of flat plate The center of gravity of flat plate consisting of sub plates having weights of wi, W2, and so on is: ‘ W Xo = Lwx = WX + W2X2 t+ W3xBt ... Eq: 1.5 W Ye = Lwy = wi yi + W2 Yr + Ws y3 + ... Eq. 1.6 1.7.3 MOMENT OF INERTIA (SECOND MOMENT OF AREA) : The moment of inertia, I, of an area is a very useful property in mechanics problems. The moment of inertia of a beam’s cross-section measures the ability of the beam to resist bending. The moment of inertia about the x- and y-axes and the function y = fix) can be found by integration using the following equations: Eq..7.7 Eq, 1.8 Eq. 1.9i ndamentals of oe cant eee siaaetien Steel Design 18 and Properties of Section OF INERTIA 1.7 4 TRANSFER FORMULA FOR MOMENT (PARALLEL AXIS THEOREM) | ia wi is ig known, the moment of inertia 3 f inertia with respect to one axis Is | : wi Be anther axis parallel to the first, can be calculated from the parallel ith r | i theorem also known as transfer axis theorem. Iy=Igx + A@ Eq. 1.10 Flange WM LLL. UeFundamentals of ~ Chapter 01 — Introduction Structural Steel Design and Properties of Section 19 1.7.5 POLAR MOMENT OF INERTIA The polar moment of inertia, J, measures the ability of the area to rests torsion or twisting. J= few = [oy Eq. 1.11 Jelytly Eq. 1.12 1.7.6 RADIUS OF GYRATION The radius of gyration is an imaginary distance from the centroidal axis at which the an be pegumed to exist without affecting the moment of inertia. Eq. 1.13——— Chapter 01 — Introduction Fundamentals of 20 and Properties of Section Structural Steel Design ak St 1.7.7 MOMENT OF INERTIA WITH RESPECT TO AN INCLINED AXIS ree 158 e the moment of inertia with respect to In some cases, it is necessary to determin The moment of inertia of such cases can axes, Which are inclined to the usual axes. be determined by the use of a.formula and more conveniently by graphical solution using Mohr’s Circle especially if the principal moments of inertia are known. Figure 1-7 - Moment of inertia about an inclined axis . 1.7.7.1 MOHR’S CIRCLE FOR MOMENT OF INERTIA The following procedures apply to moments of inertia using Mohr's circle: 1. On a set of rectangular coordinate axes choose one axis on which to plot values of I, and I,.and the other on which to plot [,y. These axes area called principal axes. ie SRI ; 2. With I, Iy, and Iyy known plot (Ix, fry) and (ly, -Ixy) with I; and Iy along the horizontal and I, along the vertical. | 3. Join the points plotted with a straight line. This line is the diameter of the Mohr's circle having its center on the principal axis The angle between any two radii on the Mohr’s circle is double the actual angle between the usual axes. The rotational sense of this angle corresponds ek the actual angle between the axes. WEE it A ui fe TIO} ncFundamentals of | Chapter 01 ~ Introduction Structural Steel Design and Properties of Section Figure 1-8 - Mohr’s Circle for Moment of Inertia | The following relationships can be derived from the above procedures: lyx == Ly) - Eq. 1.14 C= ae ai fmax + Ton stm Eq. 1.15 R= Liway ‘. Eo. 1.16 Eq. 1.17 Eq. 1.18 Eq. 1.19Chapter 01 — Introduction Fundamentals of Structural Steel Design Fundam . 2 Structur: Table 1-4 - Properties of Common Geometric Shapes Triangle 22 and Properties of Section x a+b eet y.=h/3 3 Yo = h/ Area = %2 bh eee tad e BB les ” ley - 0.055rFundamentals of Chapter 01 — Introduction and Properties of Section 23 Structural Steel Design La eee Ellipse ae} 2 Area= ‘2014 Area = nab = 4r bw ' a ier ® mab 4 ¢ nba> ye Pea Area = 4 nab Area = 4 nab ~ 4b Ve On Xe as 4a Ve = 4b e 3n 3n = coe em ee OL ab> bn nab? ly = nba> noes aN 16 16 ler = 0.05506». I_y = 0.055ba°Se Chapter 01 - Introduction ee of 24 and Properties of Section esign Reaktiets . Structur: Parabolicsegment «| : ILLL Proble Locate Area = 2 Pr (20) = 8 = 2 rsin@ ete oO I (@- ‘sin 26) 4 4 =! (0+ “sin 20) 4 SO Length of arc = r(20) = 2r0 rsin@ X= Q« When 6 = 90° (semicircle) x= 20 TgPUtICACHIITICT Tichhdy OF Chapter 01 — Introducti Structural Steel Design p uction and Properties of Section 25 ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS =." "s+ Problem 1-1 (CE May 1998) Locate the centroid of the shaded area shown in Figure 1-9. Ca SOLUTION4 Chapter O1 - Introduction Fundamentals of 26 and Properties of Section . Structural Steel Design ArYe=EAy] 26.429 Yq = 32(2) - 4(3) - 0.5n(3.576) Yg = 1.755 m [ArXg= Ax] 26.429Xc = 32(0) - 4(-2) - 0.5n(2) X¢ = 0.18 m Problem 1-2 With reference to the plane area in Figure 1-10, determine the following: a) the area of the plane in square millimeters. b) the x-coordinate of the centroid. c)_ the following gives the y-coordinate of the centroid. y 20 mm 30 mm 50 mm a 30 mm 90 mm x Figure 1-10 SOLUTION Aj = ¥2(30)(90) = 1350 x1 = 20; y, = 30 Aa = 50(90) = 4500 82 = 55; yo = 45 Fund Struc Pro! Aci cm. the « SOLFundamentals of ; Chapter 01 — Introduction % Structural Steel Design and Properties of Section 27 Ar= ZA = 7800 mm? [Arx <4 Zax] 7800X = 1350(20) + 4500(55) + 750(42) + 1200( 262.) x = 54.62 mm [Ary = Zay] 7800 ¥ = 1350(30) + 4500(45) + 750(100) + 1200(40) y = 46.92 mm Practice: I, = 24.39 x 106 mm‘4 [cx = 7.23 x 106 mm4 Problem 1-3 A circular piece of tin 24 cm in diameter has a triangular hole 9 cm by 12 cm by 15 cm. the vertex of the triangle at the intersection of the 9-cm and 12-cm sides is at the center of the circle. How far is the centroid of the area to the center of the circle. SOLUTION 4 Ay = 2(12)2 = 452.389 cm2 x1 =0, y= 0 Az =-¥2(12)(9) = -54 cm? Saal a eae A, ” ; a kis. t ae cs . Fundamentals of Cnapter 01 - Introduction . 28 andi Properties of Section ; Structural Steel Design problem 1-4 , | sardinate of the e shaded area shown In Figure 1-11, ~ sermine the ¥ and ° All units are in cm oe Figure 1-11 SOLUTION Biy rectangle, Ay = 30(8U) = 2400, «1 = 25, y1 = 40 Small rectangle, Az = 10(10) = 100; x2 =5,y2=5 Circle Ag = -Yan(10)2 = -157.08 x3 = 25 ys = 802 400) = 75.76 Total area, Ar=A\+ Ag + A3 A; = 2400 + 100 - 157.08 S(Fundamentals of Chapter 01 — Introduction Structural Steel Design and Properties of Section a9 Problem 1-5 For the shaded surface shown in Figure 1-12, determine the following: a) the area of the surface, in square millimeters. b) the X-coordinate of the centroid in mm. c) the Z-coordinate of the centroid in mm. Figure 1-12 SOLUTION | | : ey : ne hy : Aq = Virr(400)? = 40,0007 Az = 600(400) = 240,000 x1 = 21 = 4(400)/3m = 169.77 x2 = 0; yr = 300 yi =0 : | z2 = 200= j Fundamentals of Chapter 01 - Introduction pediment ens 30 and Properties of Section ee A=A;,+ Art A3-Aa A = 40,000 + 240,000 + 120,000 - 10,000 As 454,248 mm? x = + Ay xo + As x3 - As x4] 6 ne ao = 40,000n(169.77) + 240,000(0) + 120,000 (133.3) ~ 10,000n(0) x =82.18 mm [Ay =Aryi + Arya t As ys - Aa ys] 454,248 7 = 40,000n(0) + 240,000(300) + 120,000 (200) - 10,0007(300) y =190.6mm [Az = Ay z+ Ap zo + Az 23 - Ag Za] 454,248 Z = 40,000n(167.77) + 240,000(200) + 120,000 (0) - 10,0007(200) _ Z = 138.25 mm Problem 1-6 For the shaded area shown in Figure 1-13, determine the following: a) the area of the shaded portion in square mm. b) the X-coordinate of the centroid of the area in mm. c) the moment of inertia of the composite area with respect to the X-axis in mm‘. -Fundamentals of Structural Steel Design Chapter 01 - Introduction and Properties of Section 31 SOLUTION Triangle: Ar = ¥2(90)(100) = 4,500 mm? x= 2 (90) = 60 " y= 2 (100) = 200/3 Igx = 90(100)3/36 = 2,500,000 mm4 Igy = 100(90)3/36 = 2,025,000 mm4 ‘Semicircle: As = Yan(45)2 = 3,181 mm2 x= 45mm y= 100+ ©) 1191 mm Igx = 0.1098R4 = 0.1098(45)4 Igx = 450, - mm‘ < 7(45)* ee 8 : = 1,610,312 mm4 = Ut sett Circular Hole: Ac = 1(20)2 = 1,257 mm?2 x=45 mm y =100 mm : m(20)7 4 Igx = Igy = 4 = 125,667 mm4 3,181 - 1,257 0(60) + 3181(45) - 1,257(45) 29+ 3 pens. 1) as arora01 — Introduction cM Me Nernia Chapter Structural Stee! Bea 32 and Properties of Section Problem 1-7 For the shaded area shown in Figure 4-14, determine the following: a) the area of the shaded portion in square millimeters. b) the x-coordinate of the centroid in millimeters. c) the y-coordinate of the centroid in millimeters. y * ee 400 —>i« 200 + 200 ) 400 All units inmm WwW So =) 300 V4 see x Figure 1-14 SOLUTION y K : i 400 —>je 200 + 200 |= Fundamentals of Chapter 01 — Introduction Structural Steel Design and Properties of Section 33 Ai = 800(700) = 560,000 mm? x1 = 0; y: = 700/2 = 350 mm Az = Yen(300)2 = 141,371.67 X2 = -[400 - “2 | = -272.68 y2 = 100 + 300 = 400 mm A3 = ¥2(200)(400) = 40,000 mm2 x3 = 200 + 4 (200) = 333.33 mm y3 = 300 + 4 (400) = 566.67 mm Total area, A = A; - A2 - A3 Total area, A = 378,628.33 mm2 [A x = Ai x1 - A2 x2 - A3 xa] 378,628.33. x = 560,000(0) - 141,371.67(-272.68) - 40,000(333.33) x = 66.6 mm [Ay =Ai yi - A2y2- A3 ys] 378,628.33 y = 560,000(350) - 141,371.67(400) - 40,000(566.67) y = 308.4 mm Problem 1-8 (CE November 1993) A tee section is made up of a30 mm x 150.mm flange and a 30 mm x 160 mm web. Determine the properties of the section. SOLUTION Ai = 150(30) = 4,500 mm? fia -Chapter 01 - Introduction Fundamentals of 34 = and Properties of Section Structural Steel Design ies Struc dy = Yo - 15 = 49.03 mm dy = 110 - Yo = 45.97 mm X-Axis: [Ix = X(Iy + A d2)] 3 30(160)° by = 250039)" 4. 4,500(49.03)2 + oes 12 12 + 4,800(45.97)2 lx = 31,538,790 mm* I 31,538,790 [Sx = aa Pete CT ae ~ (190 64.03) Sx = 250,367 mm? is “pdx _ 131,538,790 [r, = a ] ry = poe Ca eG a ‘ Ar Bae 9,300 SOL ry = 58.23 mm Y-Axis: 3 3 v= TU, +Adg] ys SOGRO. 26080) Zz 2: ly = 8,797,500 mm4 Sy=-L] 5, = $797,500 75 Sy = 117,300 mm3 esate . ace peal _ 8,797, [ry Ay ] ty = Peay‘a Fundamentals of Chapter 01 — Intr id _— : Oduction ae Structural Steel Design and Properties of Section 35 40 mm x’ € x Fe jad rg ee ae pe eo ee er ay ce > 3 ty = 40 mm 40 mm LTE: 200 mm Figure 1-15 SOLUTION + Iy > | 7 | x’ i — ete : R = 126.75 sls ee ! ied aed ae 40 mm R=12695 > 308 Mohr Circle 200(300)* _ 80(220)° ts ie 12sah Nee ers, | Fundamentals of oe ass “chapter 01 - Introduction Structural Steel Design Func 360 Sai Pope of Serer Stru es 4; Jy = 100 x 106 mm‘, ang Pro ro rties: 1, = 40 x 10° mm", fy af ee ce ee ene and minimum moments of inertia, ang any hy = 40 x 10¢ mm’ moment of inertia makes with the x-axis. ; _ the ae that gs axis of maximum | c pasts d SOLUTION a ‘ , oH f | ! 8 | | | ie | i | @ — Tnin ; ee | Plot the points having coordinates ( Ix = 40, Ixy = 40) and (I, = 100, I, = -40) 1. +1 [Center, C = Pai Base Sm 40 +100 4 2 2 C=70 sc R= (40) + (100-70)? R=50 EGA Ry Imax = 70 +50. Tmax = 120 x 106 mm - Imin = 70 - 50 ~—— Tmin = 20 x 106 mm!Fundamentals of Chapter 01 — Introduction Structural Steel Design and Properties of Section 37 Problem 1-11 For the angular section shown in Figure 1-16, determine the following: a) b) c) d) e) / 8) the location of the centroid from the X and Y-axes. the centroidal moments of inertia I, and Igy. the moments of inertia I, and I, the products of inertia Ny and (Iry)a. the polar moment of inertia Jc and Jo. the maximum and minimum moments of inertia about the axes and its rotation through O. the moment of inertia about and axis through O making and angle of 20° with the horizontal. 7: m 10 mm 125mm 10 mm 0 | ‘eameoet —-> xX | 75mm Figure 1-16 SOLUTION Part a: Centroid X¢ and Yc Aq = 125(10) = 1,250 mm? x1 =5mm, yi = 62.5mm A2 = 65(10) = 650 mm2 %2=425mm, y2=5mmFundamentals of Structural Steel Desigy, 3 on + 650(37.8)? 1 Bee + Ad) ] Ty =I t At (wa)? + Ie + Aa (xa)? Xa = 17:8 — 5= = 12.8 mm Xo = 42.5 - 17.8 = 24.7 mm + 1,250(12.8)2 + a + 650(24.7)2 -10(65)> 12 Toy = 840,629.33 mm‘ | Parte Moment a inertia qbout the I, and I y | = 3.087 x 10° + 1 900(42.8)2 “T2659. mm 3 | — .— = 6.53 x 106 mm4! Fundamentals of Chapter O01 — Introduction Structural Steel Design and Properties of Section 39 Part d: Product of inertia with respect to x and y axes, Ixy hy = [Gy)o + Axyh + [(Iy)c + Ax y ]a Since a rectangle has an axis of symmetry, (Ixy)ig and (Iry)ac is Zero, then hy = (A xy) + (Axy)e Ixy = (1250)(5)(62.5) + (650)(42.5)(5) Ixy = 528.75 x 105 mm‘ 42.5 75 mm Product of inertia with respect to x, and y; axes (Iry)c © By transfer formula: ly a (Ixy) + A X¢? Yc? Ixy = 528.75 x 103 mm‘ 528.75 x 103 = (Iny)c + 1,900(17.8)(42.8) (Iry)c = -92 x 104 mm* Part e: Polar moment of Inertia Jo and Je: Vo =lr+ ly] Jo = 6.53 x 106 + 1.44 x 10° Jo = 7.97 x 106 mm‘ To = Igx + Tey] Jc = 3.047 x 10° + 0.84063 x 10° ]c¢ = 3.888 x 106 mm‘ Ty = 0.52875 em w 10°40 Chapter 01 ~ Introduction Fundamentals of and Properties of Section Structural Steel Design From the Mohr’s Circle shown [C=w(,+1)) C= (653+ 1-44) C= 3.985 R= (0.52875)? + (6.53 - 3,985)" R = 2,599 LT ovex =Ct+ R] Jreente 3,985 + 2.599 Imax = 6.584 x 10° mm*4 (hats C= R} Imin = 3-985 - 2.599 Imin = 1.386 x 10° mm* Location of principal axes: 0.52875 6.53 — 3.985 20p = 11.7368 Op = 5.8684° tan 20p = Therefore, the principal axis is rotated clockwise from the original reference axis through an angle of 5.8684°. Part g: Moment of inertia about an axis making an angle of 20° with the horizontal Vino Fundan Structut Lana Noe Proble The co Deterr SOLUFundamentals of Chapter 01 — Introduction Structural Steel Design and Properties of Section 41 Leen aaa anne From the Mohr’s circle shown: [u=C+Rcos 20] = ly = 3.985 + 2.599 cos 51.7368° Ty = 5.594 x 10° mm?4 [lv = C- R cos 20] ly = 3.985 - 2.599 cos 51.7368° Ivy = 2.375 x 106 mm+4 Problem 1-12 The composite section shown in Figure 1-17 is made up of C 15 x 50 and W 21 * 83. Determine the properties of the composite section. iY LEAL ELLE LLL ELE LLLL Sy “ie Z “J | Figure 1-17 SOLUTION Properties: iat Wide FlangeChapter 01 - Introduction F ve of 42 and Properties of Section Structural Steel Design 290.35 A; = 9,484 mm? y; = 20.27 mm A2 = 15,677 mm? y2 = 290.35 mm At= A) + A2= 25,161 mm? [Ar Ye = Air yi + Az yp] 25,161 Yc = 9,484(20.27) + 15,677(290.35) Yo = 188.55 mm d, = 188.55 - 20.27 = 168.28 mm dy = 290.35 - 188.55 = 101.8 mm X-Axis Properties: {L. = X(I, + Ad?)} ly = Icgy + Ac dy2 + Iwer + Aw d22 ly = 4,579,000 + 9,484 (168.28)? + 761,704,000 + 15,677(101.8)2 !y = 1,197,316,928 mm4 1,197 316,928 meee OOO 944.3 + 18.2 — 188.55 S, = 3,201,810 mm3 ©} = [1497316928 x _ rn = 218.14 mm Fundam Structure Proble Detern madeSe Chapter 01 — Introduction Structu eel Design and Properties of Section iS TSR EE NETO SIE LT IE GIT NE LTE EST IR SFE 2 PET ES PEE BEALE SAEED SAEED IRS IE ELIE EEA DEES OS CA AEA SEE ET Y-Axis Properties: [ly = E(I, + Ad?)] ly = Icgr 7 IWey I, = 168,157,000 + 33,881,000 1, = 202,038,000 mm4 _ 202,038,000 Fhe BBE Ae Sy = 1,060,567 mm? = [202,038,000 : \ 25,161 ry = 89.61 mm oy Problem 1-13 Determine the properties of the double angle shown in Figure 1-18. The section is made of 2L150 x 90 x 12 with long legs back-to-back and spacing s = 6 mm. Figure 1-18a NS 4 Chapter 01 — Introduction Fundamentals , 4 and Properties of Section Syructural Steet Degas pliedaka S OLUTI a a ee . — Structural $ “amas ne ee Properties of single L150 x 9 * 12: Area, A = 2,751.45 mm? Weight, W= 21.60 kg/m Width, B = 90.00 mm? Height, H = 150.00 mm? Thickness, f = 12.00 mm? x = 21.16 mm? y = 50.82 mm? I, = 6,272,989.95 mm* Sy = 63,250.87 mm? ry = 47.75 mm > 1,708,656.95 mm4 Sy = 24,820.91 mm? ry = 24.92 mm 93 M 93 24.16 | 24.16 ee ! A = 2(2,751.45) = 5,502.9 mm? [hy = 2 Iga] ly = 2(6,272,989.95) |, = 12,545,979.9 mm4 I sis [S. = gta Se eee Sy = 126,497 mms Ae +Fundamentals of Chapter 01 - introducti c se el uction Structural Steel Design and Properties of Section 45 [ly = 2(Igy + Ad2)] 1, = 2 [1,708,656.95 + 2,751.45(24.16)2] ly = 6,629,387 mm4 _ 6,629,387 c 93 Sy = 71,284 mm3 oe | yy = [6.629387 Pea 5,502.9 ry = 34.71 mm i i oo : P * eh o m3eT. et eS ee ee Se Oe 2 > ee eee ee We ae ee Chapter 02 Bolted & Riveted Connections and Tension Members 2.1 Types of Bolted & Riveted Connections Individual parts or members assembled together compose every structure. These members must be fastened together by means of welding, rivets, or bolts. High-Strength Bolts High strength bolts have replaced rivets as the means of making nonwelded structural connections. There are two basic types of high strength bolts used, the ASTM A325 and ASTM A490. The material properties of these bolts are given in Table 2 - 1. High strength bolts are usually tightened to develop a specified tensile stress in them, which results in a predictable clamping force on the joint. Therefore, the actual transfer of service load through a joint is due to the friction developed in the pieces being joined. Joints containing high-strength bolts are designed either as slip-critical or friction type, where high slip resistance at service load is desired, or bearing-type, where high slip nc rvice load is unnecessary. requires heating the rivet to a light cherry-red color, le and then applying pressure to the preformed head sql the plain end of the rivet to form a rounded $5, of the rivet completely or nearly fills the Upon cooling, the rivet shrinks, thereby vever, the amount of clamping force 1 rivet to rivet and therefore cannotChapter 02 - Bolted & Riveted Fundamentals of Structur, 48 Connections and Tension Members IGn ene as Bolted Connection — ee Standard size Holes Oversized Holes , Long-slotted Holes ° Long-slotted Holes (Parallel load) (Transverse load) Riveted ConnectionFundamental Structural rage Chapter 02 — Bolted & Riveted Connections and Tension Members 49 Types of bolted connections

All edge distances in this column may é where stress does not exceed 25% of the maximum design strength in the element. © - These may be 32 mm at the ends of beam connection angle. Slotted Holes Parallel to Perpendicular to Edge Edge __| Short-slots_| Long-slots* | Nominal diameter of fastener Fundar Structu 2.4 Al On prc line of than 3, _ On the holes \ the lin whe If defo and ec in lieu and thFundamentals of — Chapter 02 ~ Bolted & Riveted Structural Steel Design Connections and Tension Members 55 TT 2.4 Allowable Bearing Stress on Plates at Bolt Holes (Section 5 10.4.7) On projected area of bolts and rivets in shear connections with end distance in the line of force not less than 1.5d and the distance center-to-center of bolts not less than 3d, the allowable bearing stress F) are as follows: 1. In standard or short-slotted holes with two or more bolts in the line of force, when deformation around the hole is of concern, Fy = 1.20 Fy Eq. 2.3 2. In long slotted holes with the axis of the slot perpendicular to the direction of load and with two or more bolts in the line of force, Fy = 1,00 Fy Eq. 2.4 _ On the projected area of bolt or rivet closest to the edge in standard or short-slotted holes with the edge distance less than 1.5d and in all connections with single bolt in the line of force: L, F F,* tt $1.20 Fy Eq. 2.5 2d where: L. = distance from the free edge to center of the bolt in mm d = bolt diameter in mm If deformation around the hole is not a design consideration and adequate spacing and edge distance is as required by the Code, the following equation is permitted in lieu of Eq. 2.3: F, = 1,50 Fu Eq. 2.6 shall be increased to 1,5F,. ms Lc ee ant OD) ened tin Eq. 2.5; Fundamentals of Structy; Chapter 02 - Bolted & Riveted Steel Design 56 Connections and Tension Members 2.5 Combined Shear and Tension | ject The allowable shear stress for members sub ; Re is as given in Table 2 - 1. However, its tensile strength is reduced from its maximum value by virtue of the simultaneously acting shear. ve ee tensile stress for fasteners in bearing-ty pe connection in the presence Of shear stress fo is given in Table 2 - 8. ed to combined shearing and tensile bined r us oe shear and tension connection = wa “Th Zz er J] ADFundamentals of Chapter 02 — Bolted & Riveted Structural Steel Design Connections and Tension Members 2/7 Table 2-7 -~- Allowable Tensile Stress F; for Fasteners in Bearing-type Connection in the Presence of Shear Stress f, (MPa) Description of Threads Included in Shear Threads Excluded from Fasteners Planes Shear Planes A307 bolts 179.2 -1.8 fp $137.8 A325 bolts (303)? ~ 4.39 f,,7 (303)? “ZL15F,* Threaded parts, A449 bolts over 38 0.43F,, - 1.8. < 0.33F,, 0.43F,, - 1.4f, < 0.33F, mm diameter , A502 Gr. 1 rivets 207 - 1.3f, s 159 fo = computed shearing stress, MPa F,, = Specified minimum tensile strength of fastener, MPa 2.6 Allowable Tensile Stress on Plates The allowable tensile stress in plates is based on the following modes of failure of the member: excessive elongation (or yielding) and fracture. Section 504.2 of NSCP states the following allowable tensile stress on plates: Except on pin connected members: Allowable stress on gross area (yielding): F, = 0.6 Fy EGs2.7 Allowable stress on net area (fracture): Eq. 2.8 Eq. 2.9 Eq, 2.10———————————————— iS Rai Chapter 02 - Bolted & Riveted Fundamentals of Structura; : Steel Desj 58 Connections and Tension Members sign Fundamentals Structural Stee 2.7 Slenderness Ratio saiilechsinitabiebgaeiss Since tension members do not buckle, there 1s nO center spears In order to prevent the undesirable Jateral movement and ee RUDE VET de recommended that the slenderness ratio L/r of tension. members, except rods, should preferably (but not required) not exceed 300. Table 2-8- Numerical values of Fy and F,, Poe ef Ath | eerste, 400 390 | to 586 | 290 400 620 689 to 896 310 448 345 483 634 827 558 724 400 621 2.8 Gross and Net Area Gross Area (Section 502.2) The gross area A, of a member at any point shall be determined by summing the products of the thickness and the gross width of each element as measure normal to the axis of the member. | For angles, the i . ee gross width shall be the sum of the widths of the legs less the Area (Section 502.3) L it) connected by welding, the total cross-sectional g the tension. When the connection is done be made in the member. These holes a available for transferring the the sum of the products of the r n greater than ee S, iFundamentals of Chapter 02 — Bolted & Riveted Structural Steel Design Connections and Tension Members 59 — EEE ' Staggered Holes , Holes are sometimes staggered, as shown in Figure 2 - 4. Staggering of the holes increases the net area of the section. According to Section 502.3, for a chain of holes extending across a part in any diagonal or zigzag line, the net width of the part shall be obtained by deducting from the gross width the sum of the diameters or slot dimensions of all holes in the chain, and adding, for each gage space in the chain the quantity 2 qe Eq. 2.11 4 Pe W,, = Weross - ZHoles + t= Eq. 2.12 & Pe or An _ Agross bes =Holes x Pt a t Eq. 2.13 8 where: s = longitudinal center-to-center spacing (pitch) of any two consecutive holes g = transverse center-to-center spacing (gage) between fasteners gage lines, mm ~~ $1| ie Chapter 02 - Bolted & Riveted Fundamentals of Structuraj 60 connections and Tension Members Steel Design Fundame enennmenremnmrmmnmetttrer ns i . = Structural For angles, the gage for holes in opposite legs ae be the sum of 29 Liss the gages from the back of the angle less the thickness. The hole one tens transfers respect | splice ar number assumit the loac s = 100 g= 90+ 80 - 10 = 160 The critical net area A, of the part is obtained from that chain which give the least net width. In determining the net area across plug or slots weld, the weld metal shall not be considered as adding to the net area. ra Cx A If tec seed force “Figure2-5 | BR lf tee . . Bo OP rows as in Figure 2-5, both pats totFundamentals of , Chapter 02 — Bolted & Riveted Structural Steel Design Connections and Tension Members G1 2.9 Load Transfer at Axially Loaded Connections r rivets or bolts to transfer load from The holes in tension members are normally fo is that each equal size fasteners one tension member into another. The assumption transfers equal share of the load when they are arranged symmetrically with respect to the centroidal axis of a tension member. If connectors in a tension lap splice are arranged in two or more unstaggered rows and if the rows have unequal number of fasteners, each fracture line should be checked for tension capacity assuming that the previous fracture lines have absorbed a proportionate share of the load. (a) Tearing along first row (b) Tearing along succeeding row Figure 2-6 own in Figure 2 - 6 (a), the full tensile where A’y = An. in Figure 2 - 6 (b), less than 100% will have already been transferred r 80% of P now acts acrossyak ee oak Chapter 02 - Bolted & Riveted Fundamentals of Structura) 62 Connections and Tension Members Steel Design Ae Eq. 2.14 T= An * ee N where: A, = actual net area $ 85%Ag N = total number of bolts n = number of bolts in front of the section being considered 2.10 Effective Net Area, A, When a tension member frames into a supporting member, some of the load- carrying ability will be lost unless all connectors are in the same plane and all elements of the tension member are connected to the support. For example, in the case of an angle, only one leg may be connected to the joint. A reduction coefficient, LI, is therefore used to calculate the effective net area. U can be taken as 1.0 if all cross-sectional elements are connected to the support. When the load is transmitted by bolts through only some of the cross-sectional elements of the member, the effective net area, A., is calculated by using the following formula . (Section 502.4.3) A= UA, Eq. 2.15 where A,, = net area of the member Ll = a reduction coefficient Unless a large coefficient can be justified by test or other recognized criteria, the following values of LU shown in Table 2 - 9 shall be used in computations: ™ < eds : Plates (Section 502.4.8) es and other connection fitting subject © with the provisions Section 5042 the actual net area, except that, for the tak eater than 85 percent of the Eq. 2.16 Fun Stru TI triFundamentals of ats Chapter 02 — Bolted & Riveted Structural Steel Design Connections and Tension Members 63 —— a ee Table 2 - 9 - Effective Net Area Coefficient for Fastener, LU Minimum number of fasteners per line in the direction of tension ‘ ; ; Types of members (a) All segments are connected to transmit the tension (b) W, M, or S sections e(s e (2) W, M or S sections not meeting the conditions of (b), Tees not meeting the conditions of (c), and all other shapes, including built-up sections (e) All sections This reduction is necessary to take into account the non-uniformly distributed transfer of stresses. : 2.11 Allowable Shear: Stress on Plates oe connections where the top flange is coped, cur Py shear along a plane through Eq 2.1%Eundamentals of Structura) 02 - Bolted & Riveted Steel Design, Fundament Chapter Members : Structural § 64 Connections and Tension eR EE 2. Te ee Shear, F, = 0-3 Fy Figure 2 - 7 - Combination of shear and tension (Block Shear) 4;. = 2.12 Analysis of Axially Loaded Bolted or Riveted Connection The following stresses must be investigated in the design or analysis of axially loaded tension connections: : 721 a get L U ‘ t Gross area Net area dint Ag A= AVS 0.85 A, TOss area, Ay = W x { area, A, = [ W, - X(holes + 1.6)] *b <,85% A 5 ee on Gross Area: stress, fi ee i Ag pets, F,= 0.60 F, (yielding)Fundamentals of — Chapter 02 — Bolted & Riveted a Structural Steel Design Connections and Tension Members 65 2. Tension on effective net area: Actual stress, f; = P/A, Allowable stress, F; = 0.5 F, (fracture) 3, Shear in bolts: Actual stress, f, = = Av = Apoit x 1 (for single shear) Av = 2Apon x 1 (for double shear) n = number of bolts Double shear Allowable shearing stress, F, depends on the type and material of bolts. See Table 2 - 1 in Page 51. 4. Bearing on the projected area between the bolt and the plate: Actual stress, fy = i Ay Ay = E(Bolt diameter x plate thickness) Allowable stress, F, = 1.2 F, (See Page 55) “ 5. Combined shearing and tearing (shear rapture or block shear): Shear, Fy = 0.3 Fy Tension, Fr = 0.5 F.eundamentals of Structuray 2 Bolted & Riveted Steel Design Fundamenta Chapter 0 n Members Structural Ste 66 “Connections and Tensio the fasteners) including > : : bers (not inclu Flowchart for analysis of tension mem ( iLLU S] Problem 2 ~ KNOWN: The single ° L, Ag, Fy Fu four 16 mr case Grade 2, he . Dete Calculate Pr based on fracture MPa in the effective net section: of P that th Ae = UAn Calcul block shear: P, = Fy Ay + Fr Determine the required area based on yielding in the gross section: Ag = P/(0.6F,) (Use this as initial trial section) Assume a reduction coefficient Tinian kanes SOLUTI Reselect trial section Ensure r and A, are metFundamentals of ' Chapter 02 - Bolted & Riveted Structural Steel Design Connections and Tension Members 67 ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS Problem 2- 1 The single 200 mm x 10 mm steel plate is connected to a 12-mm thick steel plate by four 16 mm diameter rivets as shown in Figure 2 - 8. The rivets used are A502, Grade 2, hot driven rivets. The Steel is ASTM A36 with F, = 248 MPa and F,, = 400 MPa. Determine the value of P in all possible modes of failure and the safe value of P that the connection can resist.: Fundamentals of Structy, 2 - Bolted & Riveted Steel Design Chapter 0 n Members : j er 68 connections and Tensio Fy Fy Ap Ap R= 496 R=1,2 ' Combined { R = (ter R = (46 R= 87Fundamentals of Chapter 02 ~ Bolted & Riveted Connections and Tension Members Structural Steel Design SOLUTION Relevant properties of W14 x 211 d= 399.30 mm | fw = 24.90 mm by = 401.30 mm ty = 39.60 mm For ASTM A53 Steel: Table 2-8 F, = 241 MPa F, = 414 MPa Shear on bolts (double shear) R= Fyx Ay Fy = 207 MPa Table 2 - 1, Page 51 Ap = 7 (25)2x 4x2 Ay = 3927 mm2 R = 207(3927) = 812,889 N R = 812.889 kN Bearing on contact area: R=Fyx Ap Fy = 1.2 Fy F, = 1.2(414) = 496.8 MPa Ap = Bolt diam x fw x 4 Ap =(25 x 24.9) x 4= 2,490 mm? R = 496.8 (2,490) = 1,237,032 N R=1,237 kN Section 510.4.7.1 Combined tension and shear on net area (Block shear): R = (tension w x tw) (0.5 Fy) + (shear w x tw)(0.3F 1) R= (46.5 x 24.9)(0.5 x 414) + [(63 x3 + 46.5)(24.9)](0.3 x 414) R = 875,200 N = 875.2 kNFundamentals of Stry,, Chapter 02 - Bolted & Riveted Stee| Des i . oe a y) - S Connections and Tension Member | Fundament Structural St REE Oe soe Problem 2 - 4 A W 18 x 50 beam is attached to W 12 x 65 column by means of two 100 x 75 x1 angles. Four 19-mm-diameter bolts attached the angles to the web of the bean and eight 19-mm-diameter bolts are used to attach the beam to the column throug E the same angles. — Determine the maximum beam end reaction the connection can resist based 0 shear and bearing. Allowable shear on bolt is 93 MPa, allowable bearing stress contact area is 186 MPa. SOLUTION The relevant properties of the sections are as follows: W 18 x 50 beam:ndame Pe arestec beat, Chapter 02 - Bolted & Riveted Connections and Tension Members A» = total shearing area = (2 Apon) x 4 Ay = [2x = (19)?] x 4 Ay = 2268.23 mm? P = 93 x 2268.23 P= 210,945 N P = 210.945 kN For bolts on the column (8 bolts in single shear) P= Fyx Ay F, = allowable shearing stress = 93 MPa Ay = total shearing area = (Apon) x 8 Ay=[4 (19))] x8 Ay = 2268.23 mm2 P = 93 x 2268.23 P = 210,945 N P = 210.945 kN Based on bearing stress: P= F,yx Ap F, = allowable bearing stress = 186 MPa A, = bearing area 75 A, = bolt diameter x plate thickness x Number of contact area The critical portion in bearing is at the web of beam with f = 9 mm: Ap = (19 x 9) x 4 = 684 mm?————— ce, Fundamentals of Structy, ee | i al Chapter 02 - Bolted & Riveted bers ee Desig, Fundamentals of 76 connections and Tension Mem Serictiiral Stee! p Problem 2-5 > 16 The rivets . este 2 : wvimt ie shown in Figure <<" A501, mm wide and | : nee or aa f fi rof 16mm. The steel is Asi™ des of failure and the ce hot-driven with diame e ie eh Poe all possible mo 4 es mm thick. Determine the va u Brae é value of P that the connection can 7 Tensic P Pp P Tensi E F I . I Figure 2 - 16 oe SOLUTION | Plate stresses (ASTM A501), Table 2 - 8: F, = 248 MPa, F, = 400 MPa Shear on rivets (single shear): P=FyAy F, = 152 MPa Ay= 4 (16)2x 5 Table 2 - 1 Section 510.4.7-1Desens ccs Chapter 02 - Bolted & Riveted gn Connections and Tension Members Ay = 16(10) x 5 Ay = 800 mm2 P = 480(800) = 384,000 N P = 384 kN Tension on Gross area P= F, x Ay F, = 0.6F, = 0.6(248) Section 504.2.1 F, = 148.8 MPa Ag = 200(10) Ag = 2000 mm? P = 148.8(2,000) = 297,600 N P = 297.6 kN Tension on Net area F, = 0.5F, = 0.5(400) Section 504.2.1 F, = 200 MPa Hole diameter = 16 + 1.6 = 17.6 mm P=F;A‘n Along first row: Als = Ay An = Whet xt An = (200 as 17.6)(10) A, = 1824 mm? 85% Ag = 1700 mm? Use A, = 1,700 mm? A’, = 1,700 mm? Along second row: 77Fundamentals of Struct Chapter 02 - Bolted & Riveted Steel De Uray Sign 78 Connections and Tension Members (= WAZ = 1,840 mm HW 1 aa i 3 : long the firs row) d by tearing 4 Use A’, = 1,700 mm? (governe P=F, A’, P = 200(1,700) = 340,000 N P =340 kN by shear on rivets) = (governed y Thus, the safe P = 152.8 kN Problem 2-6 i -mm diameter For the lap connection shown in Figure 2 - 17, the rivets are 19 and Grade 1 and the plates are : ‘ck. The rivets used are A502, ' Se. ec vuaira, Determine the value of P in all possible modes of failure and the safe value of P that the connection can resist. > aa ey ss ‘ate CL es LL gAh tt tietitttieeieiienn CLIT L EEE ILEELEOLIERELEEELELLELEL EEE EERIE IEEE LIES a, a, SS So SS P Figure 2-17 Fundamentals of Structural Stee! D ne SOLUTION For A3¢ Shear 6 Pet uy oO > Bearin i ep eB Teari i I é / : Tear: