/D3URJUDPDFLRQ'LQDPLFD$SOLFDGDD/RV5HFXUVRV+LGULFRV

/$352*5$0$&,21',1$0,&$$3/,&$'$$/265(&85626+,'5,&26
-RUJH93LODU
,QJ+LGUiXOLFR0iVWHUHQ,QJHQLHUtD
'WRGH+LGUiXOLFD)DFXOWDGGH,QJHQLHUtD
8QLYHUVLGDG1DFLRQDOGHO1RUGHVWH

,1752'8&&,21

([LVWHQSUREOHPDVTXHSRVHHQXQDHVWUXFWXUDHVSHFLDOODVGHFLVLRQHVVRQWRPDGDV
HQ IRUPD VHFXHQFLDO HQ HO WLHPSR \R HQ HO HVSDFLR 2 VHD HVWRV SUREOHPDV SXHGHQ
GHVFRPSRQHUVH HQ YDULDV HWDSDV ODV TXH SXHGHQ VHU FRPSOHWDGDV GH XQD R PiV IRUPDV
3HUR D SHVDU GH TXH ODV GHFLVLRQHV VRQ WRPDGDV GH D XQD HOODV VRQ DOWDPHQWH
LQWHUGHSHQGLHQWHV
3DUD UHVROYHU HVWH WLSR GH SUREOHPDV VXUJLy OD SURJUDPDFLyQ GLQiPLFD 3' TXH
IXHGHVDUUROODGDSRU5LFKDUG%HOOPDQDPHGLDGRVGHODGpFDGDGHO(QYHUGDGODSDODEUD
GLQiPLFDGDODVHQVDFLyQ GH GHFLVLRQHVUHODFLRQDGDV FRQ HO WLHPSRQR REVWDQWH SXHGD VHU
XWLOL]DGDWDPELpQHQVLWXDFLRQHVGRQGHHOWLHPSRQRHVXQIDFWRULPSRUWDQWH3RUWDOPRWLYR
WDO YH] XQ QRPEUH PDV DSURSLDGR VHUtD HO GH ¦SURJUDPDFLyQ GH HWDSDV P~OWLSOHV§ 7DKD

(O SODQHDPLHQWR \ RSHUDFLyQ GH VLVWHPDV GH UHFXUVRV KtGULFRV SUHVHQWD
LQQXPHUDEOHVVLWXDFLRQHVFDUDFWHUL]DGDVSRUXQDVHFXHQFLDOLGDGHVSDFLDO\RWHPSRUDOHQOD
WRPD GH GHFLVLRQHV (VWDV VLWXDFLRQHV VRQ HVSHFLDOPHQWH DGHFXDGDV SDUD VHU DERUGDGDV D
WUDYpV GH OD 3' /D YHQWDMD GH HVWH DERUGDMH HV TXH SUREOHPDV GH JUDQ SRUWH SXHGHQ VHU
GHVFRPSXHVWRVHQRWURVPiVSHTXHxRV\IiFLOHVGHUHVROYHU
/D3'QRHVWiOLPLWDGDSRUUHTXHULPLHQWRVGHOLQHDOLGDGFRYH[LGDGRFRQWLQXLGDG
FRPR OD SURJUDPDFLyQ OLQHDO 6LQ HPEDUJR HVWi OLPLWDGD D SUREOHPDV GRQGH OD )2 HV
IXQFLyQ GH XQD R PiV YDULDEOHV GH GHFLVLyQ \ QR SURSRUFLRQDO D HOODV +DOO \ 'UDFXS
(VWDIXQFLyQSXHGHLQFOXVLYHVHUGLVFRQWLQXDDOSXQWRGHHVWDUGHILQLGDVRODPHQWH
SDUDYDORUHVGLVFUHWRVGHODVYDULDEOHVGHGHFLVLyQ/DEDGLH%DUURV
6LQWpWLFDPHQWH OD VROXFLyQ GH SUREOHPDV GH 3' FRQVLVWH HQ EXVFDU OD GHFLVLyQ
ySWLPD ¦SDVR D SDVR§ WHQLHQGR HQ FRQVLGHUDFLyQ ODV IXWXUDV FRQVHFXHQFLDV GH FDGD
GHFLVLyQODGHFLVLyQ¦L§GHEHVHUODPHMRUQRVRODPHQWHFRQVLGHUDQGRHVDHWDSDVLQRWRGDV
ODVHWDSDVUHVWDQWHVLQFOX\HQGRODSURSLDHWDSD¦L§

'267,326'(352%/(0$6

%DMRODySWLFDGHODXWRUGHHVWHWUDEDMRHQHOiUHDGHODVLQJHQLHUtDVTXHWUDWDQFRQ
UHFXUVRV QDWXUDOHV H[LVWHQ GRV WLSRV GH SUREOHPDV UHODFLRQDGRV DO SODQHDPLHQWR \ TXH
SUHFLVDQGHXQDVROXFLyQVHFXHQFLDO

 $TXHOORV GRQGH HO HVSDFLR GH VROXFLyQ WLHQH DO PHQRV GRV GLPHQVLRQHV ¦HWDSDV§ \
¦HVWDGRV§ODVGLPHQVLRQHVDXPHQWDQVHJ~QDXPHQWDHOQ~PHURGHYDULDEOHVGHHVWDGR
 $TXHOORVGRQGHHOHVSDFLRGHVROXFLyQHVXQHVSDFLRJHRJUiILFR\HOSUREOHPDFRQVLVWH


 &8$'(5126GHO&85,+$09ROGR6HPHVWUH

HQEXVFDUHOFDPLQRGHPHQRUFRVWRHQWUHGRVSXQWRV

/RVSUREOHPDVGHOSULPHUWLSRVRQDERUGDGRVFRQWpFQLFDVGH3'FOiVLFD/RVTXH
FRUUHVSRQGHQ DO VHJXQGR WLSR VRQ FRQRFLGRV FRPR SUREOHPDV GH ¦OHDVWFRVWSDWK§ \ VRQ
DERUGDGRV DFWXDOPHQWH D WUDYpV GH ORV OODPDGRV VLVWHPDV GH LQIRUPDFLyQ JHRJUiILFD
&ROOLVFKRQQ\3LODU
(QHVWHWUDEDMRVHUiSUHVHQWDGRXQDOJRULWPRGHVROXFLyQGHVDUUROODGRSRUHODXWRU
SDUDUHVROYHUSUREOHPDVGHOSULPHUWLSRRVHDGH3'FOiVLFD

352%/(0$6'(3'&/$6,&$

/D ILJXUD  HVTXHPDWL]D XQD ¦HWDSD§ GH XQ SURFHVR HFXHQFLDO GH DVLJQDFLyQ GH
UHFXUVRV

TL

[L

(WDSDL [LM [L

HWDSDV


[L-

UHVWR

)LJXUD(VTXHPDGHXQDHWDSDGHXQSUREOHPDGH3'

(QODILJXUDTXHFRUUHVSRQGHDXQSURFHVRGH¦1§HWDSDVHOVLJQLILFDGRGHORV
WpUPLQRVXWLOL]DGRVHVHOVLJXLHQWH

TL YDULDEOHGHHVWDGRHQODHWDSD¦L§IDOWDQGRWRGDYtD¦1L§HWDSDV
[LM XQRGHORVYDORUHVTXHSXHGHDGRSWDUODYDULDEOHGHGHFLVLyQGH¦[L§HQODHWDSD¦L§
[L 
GHFLVLyQ¦ySWLPD§HQODHWDSD¦L§

3DUD H[SOLFDU HO SURFHGLPLHQWR GH VROXFLyQ GH XQ SUREOHPD FOiVLFR GH 3' VHUiQ
GHILQLGRVORVVLJXLHQWHVWpUPLQRV


 /D3URJUDPDFLRQ'LQDPLFD$SOLFDGDD/RV5HFXUVRV+LGULFRV

5L[LM HOUHVXOWDGRFRVWRREHQHILFLRGHODGHFLVLyQ¦M§SDUDODYDULDEOH¦[L§HQODHWDSD

¦L§
IL TLHOEHQHILFLR¦ySWLPR§ GHODVHWDSDVLL1SDUDHOYDORU ¦T§GH ODYDULDEOHGH
HVWDGRHQODHWDSD¦L§

(QWRQFHVODVROXFLyQGHOSUREOHPDHQHOSDVR¦L§VHUi

IL  T L  >
237,02 5 L  [ LM  † IL TL  [ LM  @ 

FRQODFRQGLFLyQTXH

¦ [ LM d TL
-

L 

VLHQGR ¦-§ HO JUDGR GH GLVFUHWL]DFLyQ GH OD YDULDEOH GH HVWDGR (Q RWUDV SDODEUDV HVWR
VLJQLILFD TXH OD YDULDEOH GH GHFLVLyQ SXHGH DGRSWDU XQ YDORU HQWUH ¦-§ YDORUHV SRVLEOHV
VRQ ¦-§ YDORUHV GLVFUHWRV PiV OD RSFLyQ GH OD GHFLVLyQ GH DGRSWDU HO YDORU ¦FHUR§ VLQ
VREUHSDVDUHOOtPLWH GHOUHFXUVR(VWHOtPLWHHQODHWDSD ¦L§ HVGHILQLGRSRUHOYDORU GHOD
YDULDEOHGHHVWDGR(OVtPEROR† † LQGLFDXQDRSHUDFLyQFXDOTXLHUDQRUPDOPHQWHXQDVXPD
RXQSURGXFWR
$QWHULRUPHQWHIXHH[SOLFDGRTXHSDUDUHVROYHUSUREOHPDVGH3'HVSUHFLVRGHILQLU
HQFDGDHWDSDXQDHFXDFLyQGHHVWDGR(VWDHFXDFLyQSXHGHVHUH[SUHVDGDFRPR

TL TL  [ L 

6HUi LQWURGXFLGR RWUR WpUPLQR SDUD D\XGDU HQ OD IRUPXODFLyQ GHO DOJRULWPR GH
VROXFLyQ SDUD SUREOHPDV GH 3' ¦-L TL§ TXH HV OD GHFLVLyQ TXH SURGXFH ¦IL TL§ HVWD
GHFLVLyQHV¦[M§ODPHMRUGHWRGDVODV¦[LM§
7HQLHQGRHQFXHQWDWRGRORDQWHULRUSXHGHQVHUUHDOL]DGDVGRVREVHUYDFLRQHV

 /DGHFLVLyQ¦M§GHSHQGHGH¦T§\GHODHWDSD¦L§
 /DVROXFLyQWRWDOGHOSUREOHPDHVFRQVWUXtGDSRUHWDSDV
'HO DQiOLVLV GH OD HFXDFLyQ  VH SXHGH FRQFOXLU TXH HQ OD HWDSD ¦L§ GHEHQ VHU
FRPSDUDGDVWRGDVODVFRPELQDFLRQHVHQWUHODV¦-§GHFLVLRQHVSRVLEOHVSDUDHOHVWDGR¦TL§
IDOWDQGRWRGDYtD¦1L§HWDSDVDVWDHOILQDO(VWHQ~PHURGHFRPELQDFLRQHVHQFDGDHWDSDHV
GH>- -@\VLFDGDHWDSDHVLJXDOPHQWHGLVFUHWL]DGDSDUDODV¦1§HWDSDVVHUiQ
QHFHVDULDV1^>--@`FRPELQDFLRQHV+DOO\'UDFXS


 &8$'(5126GHO&85,+$09ROGR6HPHVWUH

[L [L

TL TL TL

L L

(WDSD¦L§

(WDSD¦L§

)LJXUD3URFHVRGHVROXFLyQGHXQSUREOHPDGH3'

(OSURFHVRGHVROXFLyQGHSUREOHPDVGH3'SXHGHVHUYLVXDOL]DGRHQODILJXUD
3HUR ˜FyPR SXHGH VHU UHVXHOWR HVWH SUREOHPD HQ XQD HWDSD LQWHUPHGLD ¦L§ VL OD
GHFLVLyQDVHUWRPDGDGHSHQGHDVXYH]GHODVGHFLVLRQHVWRPDGDVHQODVHWDSDVVLJXLHQWHV"
$SDUHQWHPHQWHHOSUREOHPDVHSUHVHQWDFRPRLQGHILQLGR1RREVWDQWHH[LVWHXQDHWDSDHQ
ODFXDOHOSUREOHPDTXHGDWRWDOPHQWHGHILQLGR(VWDHWDSDHVOD~OWLPDRVHDODHWDSD¦1§
(QWRQFHVUHVXHOWRHOSUREOHPDSDUD¦L 1§VHUiIiFLOUHVROYHUORVXFHVLYDPHQWHSDUD¦L
1§KDVWD¦L §
(VWDWpFQLFDYDJHQHUDQGRVXSURSLRSURJUHVR3RUHVRHVWDIRUPDGHUHVROXFLyQVH
GHQRPLQD ¦DOJRULWPR GH UHFXUVLyQ§ \ ODV IyUPXODV ¦IyUPXODV UHFXUVLYDV§ %DUURV 
%URQVRQ  &LIUHV  +DOO \ 'UDFXS  /DEDGLH  7DKD  9HQWVHO
:DJQHU
(YLGHQWHPHQWH UHVXOWD PiV IiFLO UHVROYHU UHSHWLGDPHQWH XQ SUREOHPD
UHODWLYDPHQWHIiFLOTXHUHVROYHUGHXQDVRODYH]XQSUREOHPDFRPSOHMR9HQWVHO
3XHGHGHFLUVHTXHHOSUREOHPDGHRSWLPL]DFLyQ HVELIiVLFRIDVHGHOILQSDUDHO
LQLFLRUHFRQRFLHQGRODVPHMRUHVGHFLVLRQHVSDUDFDGDHWDSD\IDVHGHOLQLFLRKDVWDHOILQ
OH\HQGRODVUHFRPHQGDFLRQHVySWLPDVVXUJLGDVGHODIDVHDQWHULRU
(V QHFHVDULR KDFHU XQD DFODUDFLyQ DOJXQRV DXWRUHV DILUPDQ TXH H[LVWHQ FDVRV
GRQGH OD SULPHUD IDVH PHQFLRQDGD DQWHULRUPHQWH HV SRVLEOH UHDOL]DUOD GHVGH HO SULQFLSLR
KDVWDHOILQ(VWRHVYHUGDGHURVyORSDUDDOJXQRVFDVRVHQORVFXDOHV HOLQLFLR \HOILQ VRQ
¦LQWHUFDPELDEOHV§FRPRHQHOFDVRGHXQDUXWDSDUDTXLHQYDVHUiHOLQLFLRSHURSDUDTXLHQ
YLHQHVHUiHOILQ2WUDVLWXDFLyQGRQGHHVWRHVYiOLGRHVFXDQGRFDGDHWDSDFRUUHVSRQGHDXQ


 /D3URJUDPDFLRQ'LQDPLFD$SOLFDGDD/RV5HFXUVRV+LGULFRV

SUR\HFWRGLIHUHQWHHQHVWHFDVRHVLQGLIHUHQWHHVFRJHUFXDOTXLHUDGHHOORVFRPRHOSULPHUR
RHOVHJXQGRHWF7DKD

/$87,/,=$&,21'(/$3'(15(&85626+,'5,&26
/D XWLOL]DFLyQ GH OD 3' HQ HO iUHD GH ORV UHFXUVRV KtGULFRV VH FRQFHQWUD HQ WUHV
JUDQGHViUHDV

 ODDVLJQDFLyQGHDJXDSDUDYDULRVXVXDULRV
 RSHUDFLyQGHUHVHUYRULRV
 H[SDQVLyQGHODFDSDFLGDGGHVLVWHPDVGHUHFXUVRVKtGULFRV

$GHPiV GH HVWR OD 3' WLHQH FLHUWDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV TXH OD KDFHQ DGHFXDGD SDUD
LQFRUSRUDU OD DOHDWRULHGDG GH ORV IHQyPHQRV QDWXUDOHV HVSHFLDOPHQWH VL ORV SURFHVRV
HVWRFiVWLFRVVRQGHWLSR¦PDUNRYLDQRVGHSULPHURUGHQ§SURFHVRVHVWRFiVWLFRVHQORVFXDOHV
HOHVWDGRGHOVLVWHPDHQFXDOTXLHUHWDSDVyORGHSHQGHGHODHWDSDDQWHULRU

&2',*26&20387$&,21$/(63$5$/$3'
7HQLHQGR HQ FXHQWD TXH XQ SUREOHPD GH 3' TXHGD FRPSOHWDPHQWH FDUDFWHUL]DGR
XQDYH]TXHIXHURQGHILQLGDVWRGDVODVYDULDEOHVGHHVWDGRODVGHGHFLVLyQ\ODVHFXDFLRQHV
WDQWRODVUHFXUVLYDVFRPRODVGHHVWDGRHVSRVLEOHSHUFLELUTXHORVSUREOHPDVDERUGDEOHVD
WUDYpV GH OD 3' GLILHUHQ PXFKR HQWUH Vt \ OD HODERUDFLyQ GH XQ FyGLJR FRPSXWDFLRQDO GH
DSOLFDELOLGDGJHQHUDOHVXQDWDUHDGLItFLO
(O SURIHVRU -RKQ /DEDGLH GH OD &RORUDGR 6WDWH 8QLYHUVLW\ GH )RUW &ROOLQV KD
GHVDUUROODGRXQSURJUDPDSDUDUHVROYHUSUREOHPDVGH3'SDUDUHFXUVRVKtGULFRVVHJ~Q pO
GHDSOLFDELOLGDGJHQHUDO/DEDGLH%DUURV
&RQVLGHUDQGR HVWR HO DXWRU GH HVWH WUDEDMR EDVDGR HQ XQD LGHD SUHVHQWDGD SRU
:DJQHU  HODERUy XQ DOJRULWPR PX\ VLPSOH SDUD UHVROYHU SUREOHPDV GH 3'
GHWHUPLQtVWLFDGLVFUHWDSDUDXQD~QLFDYDULDEOHGHHVWDGR\SDUDXQD)2GHWLSR¦DGLWLYD§
6LQ HPEDUJR FRQ DOJXQDV SRFDV PRGLILFDFLRQHV VH SRGUtD DPSOLDU OD JDPD GH SUREOHPDV
UHVROXEOHV FRQ HVWH DOJRULWPR FRPR VH YHUi PDV DGHODQWH (O DXWRU WDPELpQ HODERUy XQ
FyGLJR FRPSXWDFLRQDO HQ OHQJXDMH )RUWDQ  TXH UHVXHOYH HVWH DOJRULWPR DO TXH OODPy
¦352*',1§

(ODOJRULWPR
/D ILORVRItD GHODOJRULWPR TXH VH SUHVHQWD HQ HVWHWUDEDMR FRQVLGHUD TXH XQD YH]
UHSUHVHQWDGR HO SUREOHPD GH 3' HQ XQ HVSDFLR GH GHFLVLyQ HWDSDVHVWDGRV SRGUtD VHU
DQDOL]DGRFRPRXQSUREOHPDGHRULJHQGHVWLQR
3DUDH[SOLFDUHVWHDOJRULWPRVHUiXWLOL]DGRXQHMHPSORPX\VLPSOH6XSyQJDVHTXH
OD HPSUHVD TXH SURYHH DJXD SDUD SHTXHxD FLXGDG SUHYp TXH VX FDSDFLGDG DFWXDO GH
KPGGHEHHYROXFLRQDUHQHOWLHPSRVHJ~Q

 &DSDFLGDGDxR•KPG


 &8$'(5126GHO&85,+$09ROGR6HPHVWUH

 &DSDFLGDGDxR•KPG
 &DSDFLGDGDxR•KPG
/RV FRVWRV GH ODV GLIHUHQWHV DOWHUQDWLYDV GH H[SDQVLyQ HQ PLOORQHV GH
GyODUHV\¦YDORUSUHVHQWH§VRQLQGLFDGRVDFRQWLQXDFLyQ
&$3$&),1$/
KPG
  

   

&$3$&,1,&,$/

   
KPG

   

   

/DSUHJXQWDHV˜FXiOHVODSROtWLFDGHH[SDQVLyQGHPHQRUFRVWR"
(Q SULPHU OXJDU HV QHFHVDULR UHSUHVHQWDU HO SUREOHPD HQ HO HVSDFLR GH GHFLVLyQ

3URGXFFLyQKP G

  

 

 
 






 $xRV
$xR $xR $xR $xR

)LJXUD5HSUHVHQWDFLyQGHOSUREOHPDHQHOHVSDFLRGHGHFLVLyQ

 /D3URJUDPDFLRQ'LQDPLFD$SOLFDGDD/RV5HFXUVRV+LGULFRV

HWDSDVHVWDGRV(YLGHQWHPHQWHODVHWDSDVVHUiQORVKRUL]RQWHVGHH[SDQVLyQRVHDORVDxRV
• • \ • \ ORV HVWDGRV TXHGDUiQ FDUDFWHUL]DGRV SRU ODV FDSDFLGDGHV GH SURGXFFLyQ
ILJXUD
3DUD DSOLFDU HO DOJRULWPR HV QHFHVDULR HQXPHUDU ORV QXGRV YLDEOHV HQ RUGHQ
FUHFLHQWHHVWRHVVyORXQDH[LJHQFLDGHOFRQWDGRUGHOSURJUDPD¦352*',1§\XQDIRUPD
GHRUGHQDUHOSUREOHPD(QHOFDVRGHOHMHPSORORVQXGRVVRQVLHWH
(VWRV QXGRV HVWDUiQ XQLGRV SRU DUFRV TXHUHSUHVHQWDQ ORV FRVWRV SDUD FDPELDU GH
HVWDGRILJXUD

3URGXFFLyQKP G

     

 

  




 

 


 $xRV
$xR $xR $xR $xR

)LJXUD1XPHUDFLyQGHORVQXGRVYLDEOHV

(O SURFHVR GH VROXFLyQ HV UHDOL]DGR ¦PDWULFLDOPHQWH§ \ SRU OR WDQWR HV QHFHVDULR
HODERUDUDOJXQDVPDWULFHV

 0DWUL]GHFRQWURO

/DSULPHUDPDWUL]TXHGHEHVHUPRQWDGDHVOODPDGD¦PDWUL]GHFRQWURO§&RQHVWD
PDWUL] VH LQGLFD DO SURJUDPD ORV DUFRV YLDEOHV XQ ¦§ LQGLFD YLDELOLGDG \ XQ ¦§
LQYLDELOLGDG(VWDPDWUL] SRVHHXQDFROXPQDILQDOTXHLQGLFDODV HWDSDV TXHWRGDYtD IDOWDQ
SDUDOOHJDUKDVWDHOILQ
/DPDWUL]GHFRQWUROGHOHMHPSORHVSUHVHQWDGDHQODILJXUD


 &8$'(5126GHO&85,+$09ROGR6HPHVWUH

'(67,12
(WDSDV
1      )DOWDQWHV
1       
       
       
25,*(1

       
       
       

)LJXUD0DWUL]GHFRQWURO

(VWD PDWUL] WLHQH ¦1§ OtQHDV VLHQGR ¦1§ HO Q~PHUR GH QXGRV YLDEOHV /D OtQHD
VXSHULRU FRUUHVSRQGH DO QXGR ¦1§ \ OD ~OWLPD DO QXGR ¦§ /D SULPHUD FROXPQD
FRUUHVSRQGHDOQXGR¦1§\OD~OWLPDDOQXGR¦§(OHVTXHPDGHQXPHUDFLyQYDOHSDUDODV
GRVPDWULFHVVLJXLHQWHV
3DUDXWLOL]DUHO¦352*',1§OD PDWUL]GHFRQWUROGHEHVHUUHOOHQDGDFRQQ~PHURV
HQWHURV\DOPDFHQDGDHQXQDUFKLYR$6&,,OODPDGR¦0$75B$'$7§

 0DWUL]GHFRVWRVREHQHILFLRV

$FRQWLQXDFLyQHVQHFHVDULRHODERUDURWUDPDWUL]WDPELpQGHOWLSRRULJHQGHVWLQR
FRQ ORV FRVWRV R EHQHILFLRV VHJ~Q HO SUREOHPD 3DUD XWLOL]DU HO SURJUDPD ¦352*',1§
HVWDPDWUL]GHEHVHUUHOOHQDGDFRQQ~PHURVUHDOHVRVHDFRQSXQWRGHFLPDO\ODVFpOXODV
YDFtDVFRQ XQFHUR/D~OWLPDFROXPQDHQFRUUHVSRQGHQFLD FRQ OD FROXPQDGH ODV
HWDSDVIDOWDQWHVGHOD¦PDWUL]GHFRQWURO§GHEHVHUWDPELpQUHOOHQDGDFRQFHURV
3DUD OD XWLOL]DFLyQ GHO ¦352*',1§ HVWD PDWUL] GHEH VHU DOPDFHQDGD HQ XQ
DUFKLYR$6&,,FRQHOQRPEUHGH¦0$75B%'$7
/DPDWUL]GHORVFRVWRVGHOHMHPSORHVSUHVHQWDGDHQODILJXUD


 /D3URJUDPDFLRQ'LQDPLFD$SOLFDGDD/RV5HFXUVRV+LGULFRV

'(67,12

1     
1       
       
       
25,*(1

       

       
       

)LJXUD0DWUL]GHORVFRVWRV

 0DWUL]GHORVFiOFXORVGLQiPLFRV

(VWD PDWUL] SRVHH ¦1§ OtQHDV \ ¦1§ FROXPQDV /DV GRV ~OWLPDV FROXPQDV
FRUUHVSRQGHQUHVSHFWLYDPHQWHDODGHFLVLyQySWLPDSDUDFDPELDUGHHVWDGRTXHHVOODPDGD
¦-§\OD¦FRQWULEXFLyQ§DVRFLDGDFRQOD)2TXHHVOODPDGD¦I§
(OOD GHEH VHU UHOOHQDGD ¦GLQiPLFDPHQWH§ LQLFLDQGR HQ OD SULPHUD OtQHD TXH
FRUUHVSRQGHDXQRGHORVQXGRVGHOD~OWLPDHWDSDGRQGHGHEHVHUWRPDGDXQDGHFLVLyQ3RU
ORWDQWRIDOWDQGRVRODPHQWHXQDHWDSDSRUGHODQWHpVWDGHEHUiVHUQHFHVDULDPHQWHHOQXGR
¦1§(QHVWHFDVRODFROXPQD¦M§GHEHVHUUHOOHQDGDFRQHOYDORUGH¦1§\ODFROXPQD¦I§
FRQHOFRVWRDVRFLDGRSDUDLUGHVGHHOQXGR¦1§DOQXGR¦1§
3DUDHOHMHPSORHOSULPHUELQRPLRRULJHQGHVWLQRVHUiHO¦§\ORVYDORUHVGH¦M§
\¦I§¦§\¦§UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH
(OPLVPRSURFHVRHVUHSHWLGRSDUDWRGDVODVOtQHDVTXHUHSUHVHQWDQORVQXGRVGHOD
~OWLPDHWDSDHQHOHMHPSORHOQXGR¦§
6HJXLGDPHQWH GHEHQ VHU DQDOL]DGRV ORV QXGRV FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV D OD SHQ~OWLPD
HWDSDFXDQGRIDOWDQGHFLVLRQHVDVHUWRPDGDV3DUDH[SOLFDUFyPRIXQFLRQDHODOJRULWPR
VHUi DQDOL]DGR HO QXGR ¦§ GHO HMHPSOR /RV GHVWLQRV YLDEOHV SDUD pO VRQ ORV QXGRV ¦§ \
¦§(OFRVWRSDUDLUGHVGH¦§KDVWD¦§HVGH\HOYDORUGH¦I§SDUDHOGHVWLQR¦§HV
GH3RUORWDQWRHOYDORUGH¦I§HQ¦§HQHOFDVRGH¦M §VHUi $
VXYH]HOFRVWRSDUDKDFHU¦§HVGH\HOYDORUGH¦I§SDUDHOGHVWLQR¦§HVFHURR
VHDTXHHOYDORUGH¦I§HQ¦§SDUD¦M §VHUiGH &RPRHOSUREOHPDHVGH
PLQLPL]DFLyQHOYDORUGH¦I§DVRFLDGRDOQXGR¦§VHUiHOPHQRU YDORUHQWUH\
TXHHVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHDODGHFLVLyQ¦§
(VWH FiOFXOR GLQiPLFR SURVLJXH KDVWD HO QXGR ¦§ (Q HVWH SXQWR HO YDORU GH ¦I§
VHUiHOYDORUGD)2


 &8$'(5126GHO&85,+$09ROGR6HPHVWUH

(OFDPLQRySWLPRVHHQFXHQWUDOH\HQGRRUGHQDGDPHQWHORVYDORUHVGH¦M§GHVGHOD
HWDSD¦§KDVWDOD~OWLPDVHOHHFXiOHVODPHMRUGHFLVLyQSDUDHOQXGR¦§VHJXLGDPHQWHVH
HQWUD HQ OD PDWUL] GH ORV FiOFXORV GLQiPLFRV FRQ HVH YDORU GH ¦M§ FRPR RULJHQ \ VH OHH HO
FRUUHVSRQGLHQWH¦M§6HVLJXHDVtKDVWDFRPSOHWDUWRGDVODVHWDSDV
3DUDHOFDVRGHOHMHPSORODPHMRUGHFLVLyQSDUDHOQXGR¦§HVHOQXGR¦§SDUDHO
QXGR¦§HO¦§ \ILQDOPHQWHSDUDHO¦§ODPHMRU\~QLFDSRVLEOHHVLUDOQXGR¦§ 2
VHD OD PHMRU VHFXHQFLDGH GHFLVLRQHV HV OD  VLHQGR HO YDORU REWHQLGR GH OD )2 GH

(VSRVLEOHSHUFLELUTXHDYHFHVSRGUiQH[LVWLUPiVGHXQDVHFXHQFLDGHGHFLVLRQHV
ySWLPDV(OSURJUDPD¦352*',1§FRQVLJXHHQFRQWUDUVyOR GRV GH HVWDV VHFXHQFLDVSXHV
KDFHGRV¦EDUULGDV§GHOSUREOHPDODSULPHUDEXVFDQGRHOPHQRUYDORUGHODOtQHDKDFLHQGR
XQD FRPSDUDFLyQ OyJLFD GH ¦PHQRU TXH§ R ¦PD\RU TXH§ HQ FDVR TXH HO SUREOHPDVHD GH
PD[LPL]DFLyQ \ OD VHJXQGD EXVFDQGR HVWH YDORU FRQ XQD FRPSDUDFLyQ OyJLFD GHO WLSR
¦PHQRURLJXDO§R¦PD\RURLJXDO§SDUDSUREOHPDVGHPD[LPL]DFLyQ
(QODILJXUDHVPRVWUDGDODPDWUL]GHORVFiOFXORVGLQiPLFRV

&2175,%8&,2
1&21/$)2
'(&,6,21
'(67,12

1      M I
1   
   
   

    
 
25,*(1

    



     

 

)LJXUD0DWUL]GHORVFiOFXORVGLQiPLFRV


 /D3URJUDPDFLRQ'LQDPLFD$SOLFDGDD/RV5HFXUVRV+LGULFRV

$/*8126&$626(63(&,$/(6

&DVR

6HDHOSUREOHPDUHSUHVHQWDGRHQODILJXUDHQHOFXDOVHEXVFDHOFDPLQRySWLPR
SDUDLUGHVGH¦$§KDVWD¦)§

% (

& )
$

'

)LJXUD3UREOHPDGRQGHODVHWDSDVQRHVWiQELHQGHILQLGDV

8Q DUWLILFLR SDUD UHVROYHU HVWHSUREOHPD FRQ HO DOJRULWPR TXH VH SUHVHQWD HQ HVWH
WUDEDMRFRQVLVWHHQLQFRUSRUDUDOJXQRVQXGRVYLUWXDOHVKDFLHQGRTXHHOFRVWRREHQHILFLR
SDUDDOFDQ]DUORVVHDFHUR
/DUHSUHVHQWDFLyQGHHVWHSUREOHPDLQFOX\HQGRORVQXGRVYLUWXDOHVHQXQHVSDFLR
GHGHFLVLyQHWDSDVHVWDGRVHVPRVWUDGDHQODILJXUD


 &8$'(5126GHO&85,+$09ROGR6HPHVWUH

(VWDGRV

9 9 &$' ' &')

 )
&&' &()
&&( ( &&)
&$& &

 9 9
&%& &%(


% 9
&$%

(WDSDV
$

)LJXUD8WLOL]DFLyQGHQXGRVYLUWXDOHV

(QODILJXUDORVQXGRV¦9L§UHSUHVHQWDQORVQXGRVYLUWXDOHV\¦&-.§ORVFRVWRV
REHQHILFLRVSDUDLUGHVGHHOQXGR¦-§KDVWDHOQXGR¦.§

&DVR

$OJXQRV SUREOHPDV QR ILQDOL]DQ HQ XQ ~QLFR QXGR OR TXH GHMD ¦DELHUWD§ OD HWDSD
ILQDO(VWHSXHGHVHUHOFDVRGHXQDUHSUHVDGRQGHHVSRVLEOHHYDFXDUDJXDSRUHOYHUWHGHUR
DGHPiVGHDWHQGHUODVGHPDQGDV
&XDQGRHOXVXDULRLQIRUPDDO¦352*',1§HOQ~PHURGHQXGRV ¦1§HOSURJUDPD
OHHHQODV PDWULFHVGHFRQWURO\GHFRVWRVREHQHILFLRV ¦1§ QXGRV GH RULJHQGHVGH HO
¦§KDVWDHO¦1§ \¦1§ QXGRV GHGHVWLQRGHVGHHO¦1§ KDVWDHO¦§ 3RUORWDQWRXQD
IURQWHUDDELHUWDHQOD~OWLPDHWDSDVHUiPRWLYRGHHUURUHVHQODOHFWXUDGHORVGDWRV
6LQ HPEDUJR HVWH WLSR GH VLWXDFLRQHV SUREOHPiWLFDV VH FRQMXUD IiFLOPHQWH
PHGLDQWH OD LQFRUSRUDFLyQ GH XQD ¦HWDSD YLUWXDO§ FRQ XQ ~QLFR HVWDGR SRVLEOH \ FRVWRV R
EHQHILFLRVQXORVSDUDDOFDQ]DUORVILJXUD(QHVWHFDVRHOQ~PHURGHQXGRVSDVDGH¦1§
SDUD¦1§
&DVR


 /D3URJUDPDFLRQ'LQDPLFD$SOLFDGDD/RV5HFXUVRV+LGULFRV

(WDSDN (WDSDN (WDSDN (WDSDN (WDSDN

YLUWXDO

)LJXUD8WLOL]DFLyQGHHWDSDVYLUWXDOHV

&XDQGR OD )2 QR HV DGLWLYD VLQR XQD VHFXHQFLD GH PXOWLSOLFDFLRQHV WRGDYtD HV
SRVLEOHXWLOL]DUHVWHDOJRULWPR\HO¦352*',1§KDFLHQGRWDQVyORXQRVSHTXHxRVFDPELRV
ORV FRVWRV R EHQHILFLRV SDUD SDVDU GH XQ HVWDGR HQ XQD HWDSD GDGD SDUD RWUR HVWDGR HQ OD
HWDSD VLJXLHQWH GHEHQ VHU FDPELDGRV SRU VXV UHVSHFWLYRV ORJDULWPRV &RQ HVWD
WUDQVIRUPDFLyQ OD VHFXHQFLD GH PXOWLSOLFDFLRQHV FDPELD SDUD XQD VHFXHQFLD GH VXPDV
WUDQVIRUPiQGRVHHOSUREOHPDHQ¦DGLWLYR§
(VWRHVHVSHFLDOPHQWHLPSRUWDQWHHQORVFDVRVGH3'HVWRFiVWLFDGRQGHVHWUDEDMD
FRQYDORUHVHVSHUDGRV

(16,17(6,6

6HFXHQFLDJHQHUDOGHODVROXFLyQGHSUREOHPDVGH3'

/DEDGLH  HQXPHUy RUGHQDGDPHQWH OD VHFXHQFLD TXH VH GHEH VHJXLU SDUD VROXFLRQDU
SUREOHPDVGH3'(VWDVHFXHQFLDHVODVLJXLHQWH

 GHILQLUORVQLYHOHVGHGHFLVLyQVHFXHQFLDORHWDSDV
 VHSDUDUODVYDULDEOHVHQYDULDEOHVGHHVWDGR\YDULDEOHVGHGHFLVLyQ
 GHILQLUXQDHFXDFLyQGHHVWDGR
 HVWDEOHFHUXQD)2TXHVHDVHSDUDEOHRVHDVHFXHQFLDO
 LPSRQHUUHVWULFFLRQHVODVTXHWDPELpQGHEHUiQVHUVHSDUDEOHVSRUHWDSDV


 &8$'(5126GHO&85,+$09ROGR6HPHVWUH

9HQWDMDVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHOD3'

/D3'WLHQHDOJXQDVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVTXHODKDFHQDWUDFWLYDSDUDSUREOHPDVGRQGHOR
TXHVHEXVFDHVXQDGHFLVLyQVHFXHQFLDO$OJXQDVGHHVWDVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVVRQ&LIUHV

D QRHVQHFHVDULRQLQJ~Q UHTXLVLWR GH OLQHDOLGDG QL HQ OD )2 QL HQ ODV UHVWULFFLRQHVOR
TXHVtHVQHFHVDULRSRUHMHPSORHQORVSUREOHPDVGHSURJUDPDFLyQOLQHDO
E OD )2 QL VLTXLHUD SUHFLVD VH WDO SXGLHQGR LQFOXVLYH HVWDU FRPSXHVWD SRU YDORUHV
GLVFUHWRV
F FRP~QPHQWHODVROXFLyQGHORVSUREOHPDVQRUHVXOWDHQXQD~QLFDSROtWLFDySWLPDVLQR
HQ XQ FRQMXQWR GH VROXFLRQHV ySWLPDV HQ IXQFLyQ GHO HVWDGR GHO VLVWHPD OR TXH HV
HVSHFLDOPHQWHDWUDFWLYRSDUDUHVROYHUSUREOHPDVGHUHFXUVRVKtGULFRVHQWLHPSRUHDO

&RPHQWDULRVVREUHHO¦352*',1§

(VWH FyGLJR FRPSXWDFLRQDO H[WUHPDPHQWH VLPSOH WLHQH OD FDSDFLGDG GH UHVROYHU
ORV SUREOHPDV TXH WUDWDQ VREUH DVLJQDFLyQ GH UHFXUVRV )2 DGLWLYD \ VyOR XQD YDULDEOH GH
HVWDGR
(QHOFDVRGHGRVYDULDEOHVGHHVWDGRHOHVSDFLRGHGHFLVLyQGHMDGHVHUXQSODQR
SDUDWUDQVIRUPDUVHHQXQSROLHGURWDOFRPRVHPXHVWUDHQODILJXUD

(VWDGR

(VWDGR

(WDSDV
(WDSD

)LJXUD 3UREOHPDVFRQGRVYDULDEOHVGHHVWDGR

(VWRV SUREOHPDV VRQ GH XQD VROXFLyQ DOJRUtWPLFD PX\ FRPSOLFDGD \D TXH
DGROHFHQ GH OR TXH %HOOPDQ OODPy GH ¦SODJD GH OD GLPHQVLRQDOLGDG§ SXHV HO Q~PHUR GH
QXGRVSRVLEOHVDXPHQWDH[SRQHQFLDOPHQWHFRQHOQ~PHURGHGLPHQVLRQHVGHOSUREOHPD


 /D3URJUDPDFLRQ'LQDPLFD$SOLFDGDD/RV5HFXUVRV+LGULFRV

/D ELEOLRJUDItD FLWD DOJXQRV HVTXHPDV SDUD UHGXFLU KHXUtVWLFDPHQWH HVWD GLPHQVLRQDOLGDG
XWLOL]DFLyQ GH PXOWLSOLFDGRUHV GH /DJUDQMH +DOO \ 'UDFXS  SURJUDPDFLyQ GLVFUHWD
LQFUHPHQWDO SURJUDPDFLyQ GLQiPLFD GLIHUHQFLDO GLVFUHWD HWF %DUURV  GLVPLQXFLyQ
SURJUHVLYD GHO WDPDxR GH GLVFUHWL]DFLyQ SHUWXUEDFLyQ GH WUD\HFWRULDV DSUR[LPDFLRQHV
VXFHVLYDVHWF&LIUHV
(ODOJRULWPRTXH XWLOL]DHO ¦352*',1§DO HQXPHUDU ORV HVWDGRV YLDEOHVHQ FDGD
HWDSD SHUPLWLUtD UHSUHVHQWDU HVWH WLSR GH SUREOHPDV HQ XQ HVSDFLR ELGLPHQVLRQDO 6LQ
HPEDUJRHVQHFHVDULRXQDGLVFUHWL]DFLyQGHHVWRVHVWDGRVYLDEOHV

5()(5(1&,$6%,%/,2*5$),&$6

%$552607/$SURJUDPDomRGLQkPLFDDSOLFDGDj(QJHQKDULDGHUHFXUVRV
KtGULFRV,Q7e&1,&$6TXDQWLWDWLYDVSDUDJHUHQFLDPHQWRGHUHFXUVRVKtGULFRV3RUWR
$OHJUH(GGD8QLYHUVLGDGH8)5*6$%5+S
%5216215,QYHVWLJDFLyQ GH RSHUDFLRQHV0p[LFR0F*UDZ+LOOS
&,)5(6*LPpQH](3URJUDPDFLyQGLQiPLFD\DSOLFDFLRQHV,Q$1'5(8
$/9$5(=-HG&RQFHSWRV \ PpWRGRV SDUD OD SODQLILFDFLyQ KLGUROyJLFD%DUFHORQD
&HQWUR,QWHUQDFLRQDOGH0pWRGRV1XPpULFRVHQ,QJHQLHUtDS
&2//,6&+211:3,/$5-9&DPLQKRVGHPtQLPRFXVWRQRSURMHWRGHFDQDLV
GHLUULJDomR7UDEDMRDVHUSXEOLFDGRHQORVDQDOHVGHO&RQJUHVR%UDVLOHLURGH
(QJHQKDULD$JULFROD¤&21%($DGHVDUUROODUVHHQMXOLRGHHQODFLXGDGGH
3HORWDV56%UDVLO
+$//:'5$&83-,QJHQLHUtD GH VLVWHPDV HQ ORV UHFXUVRV KLGUiXOLFRV
0p[LFR0F*UDZ+LOOS
7$+$+$,QYHVWLJDFLyQ GH RSHUDFLRQHVHG0p[LFR$OIDRPHJDS
9(176(/(6,QYHVWLJDFLyQ GH RSHUDFLRQHV SUREOHPDV SULQFLSLRV PHWRGRORJtD
0RVF~0,5S
:$*1(5+03HVTXLVD RSHUDFLRQDO”HG5LRGH-DQHLUR3UHQWLFH+DOOS