APPENDIX FEATURE CONTROL DIAGRAM Figure A1 is intended as an aid for determining which geometric controls ARE most appropriate, The diagram is structured with yes or no questions that search fer appropriate answers, Starting at the top, follow the chart until your question or requirement is resolved. For ‘complex dosigns, it wll bo necessary to go through the chart for each issue in question, The diagram may not satisfy every issue or design circumstance, but with reasonable care, most of your design and/or drawing issues should be covered. ASME Y14,5M-1884 has a similar, more ‘complex sot of diagram figures, should you wish to go further. QUALITY CONTROL PLANS ‘The quality function is primarily geared toward the activities of a product's acceptance or rejection and gatheringianalyzing variables cata for process control or other reasons. AS products are developed, so are the quality plans for those products. Two key elements that greatly impact these plans are the plant environment (or personality) and the available measurement tools and equipment. A typical menu of issues iS snown below. Plant Environment Projected Volume and. Measurement Frequency Accuracy Required Product Risk Exposure: Employees, Customer, Public Equipment and Process:Maintenance Schedule ‘Warranty Records and Past Product History Personnel Systems and Training People Needs Other Issues Measurement/Gaging Options ‘Audits: No Gaging General Purpose Optical Comparators, Polar/Linear Charts ‘Transparent Overlays Ai/Electronic Laser Assist Dedicated Gages Surface Plate Inspection CMM Inspection Paper Gaging and Mathematical Analysis ‘Though not all inclusive, quality plans will be influenced by this menu, and these issues must bbe addressed, in a joint effort by engineering, manufacturing, and quality, See Figure A2. The order of questions may differ in priority relative to your company or organization, but | believe that the same (or similar) issues will arise and must be resolved. An idea situation is one where design change is nil, and the process is backed by skilled personnel in all positions, with a full range of measurement/gaging options from which to choose. ‘As you work through the diagram, are there iSsues yOu Would like to include? How would you reorder the questions? 243ww eu nnn wanton Pant Sous aN aN AT wT Anowns won ‘oye ung eens voscMine 108 saris STONE ‘So ne eon StL 0H P Nowssos suoned wot = eo rou vet uepau ro west ® vouses Anaosee 86 ‘monasorea pen eq eb spinon qunsteveuiews, ps “wesBe1p 10.3U09 e9UeJ2}0} 1GD Fy enbi4 “V9¢8 ISNV 88S Pasaplsuod 9q 0} 21N}x9} BOBS s} pater une i T ‘Suto saaine ameat¢ eos ar poeu sx st i coma raion 0 (paang.eofannee eras soon sxe a soe (Po oer eve area 1 on | Non- Pred uasamees | epadeyen option pana eines nog 0 ‘myous woreumso fo oniees unas aa.y ei comers ons) 3 Snguciesae une a navn“wesberp ued Ayend zy asnby4 ONIIIANIONS ONY Sa pea apsuovey sonss) Svadiad vid aT ‘ouron ubi uae ABN | 9 ¥SSNOD 1oa43OVEO SUN | 245 Panens Ub yun asodnd cy ianee) SOLS 33090 dvHIOS HO LWA HOH Sues ste ape Nov BLO sees | soto Son ytd Ske ed BaBS8 esti waaeD : ree inmsseraaicestasio mening SPAMHQONREINENS 2 eerie [Be “aioyoworjerd ‘noke7 208" ‘HIND ‘S10aasa WHINSIOd Sv VAM supe sapreuc% = rola nans Toe Sat eteey HOI Le ‘SUONEJOPISUO, -7 o - ‘GuBeb asodind jeieuen | oa im Sere encores i 4 sovanosuu owovo ue 1 on SHIRES 1 _ sanyo ounszaions 20 | t et [SE RTO ee = 1S ere C =] ww stan MIRSLESS vn ae US -cogunesu:xavunooy: uO NOISIORHd JO 338920 1 SNORT RS S| | 3c1sNoo STRVIWVAY SHO LaO LNSNGMASYAM THY 1 1 siorisnuyad ov wo aan Sovid NORINEL Bo INaNSSY aE Bahar ET UNSHRAL wot 1 ' SNC AN SSIS, Sg O SEO as 93n@syenolisand any cSRPSRISNQUSIND CNY, _LNIOd SIH MOTE HSI HOI ; [revisasov uionw i voganpeid ou ye) T Tarenggy gone vite shaven 0 soyues aBis ope Metin ens is Stsna'snaais uO woocto sg cobs ved WvISOSINGANDOU sean cee (een sen semen atea “av aaae Naa S sean sovvminth HERPES axabosy nahaeravan iuvsaoan 2 ao niiaaSNN aitvlesoay lon La7AYIsRDOY LIGNY ONITOOL SI HO "INSWaunevaN aunuvssiiatve 30 3NO NOUSENO SH StASME STANDARDS RELATED TO DIMENSIONAL METROLOGY 869.1 Lenath B89.1.2 Gage Blocks end Measurements B89.1.5 Circular Gages - External 80.1.6 Circular Gages - Internal 889.18 Lasers BE91.10 Dial Incicators B89.1.13 Intemal Micrometers and Calipers B89.1.17 Thread Wires B92 Angles 8893 Geometry 889.31 Roundness (Circularity) B89.3.2 Measurement Methods 889.33 Flatness/Straightness B89.3.4 Axes of Roiation 89.3.5 Surface Plates 889.36 Gaging and Fixturing GOT (replacing B4.4) 889.4 CMM Technology 8895 Metrology Terms Be96 Environment 8896.1 Vibration 8696.2 Temperature end Humicity OTHER RELATED ASME/ANSI STANDARDS B11 Unified Screw Threads 1.2 Gaging for UN Threads B13 Screw Thread Acceptance 81.13 Metric Threads B1.15 UNJ Threads 81.20 Pipe Threads B41. Preferred Inch Limits and Fits 4.2 Preferred Metric Limits and Fits B4.4 Inspection of Workpiece (889.3.6) B5 Machine Tools Series 818 Fasteners Series B46 Surface Qualities 846.1 Profile Methods 846.4 Correlation B47 Gage Blanks B94 Cutting Tools, Holders, Drivers, and Bushings Series 246AMERICAN NATIONAL DRAWING STANDARDS ASME Y14.1M DRAWING SHEET SIZE AND FORMAT ASME Y14.2 LINE CONVENTIONS AND LETTERING ‘ASME Y14.2M MULTISECTIONAL VIEW DRAWINGS ASME Y14.4M PICTORIAL DRAWINGS ASME Y14.5M DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING ASME Y14.5.1M MATHEMATICAL DEFINITIONS FOR Y14.5M ASME Y145.2 CERTIFICATION OF GDT PROFESSIONALS (new) ANS! Y146, SCREW THREAD REPRESENTATION ANSI Y147 GEARS AND SPLINES. ASME Y14.8 CASTINGS AND FORGINGS ANSI Y14.11 MOLDED PARTS DRAWINGS ANSI 14.43 MECHANICAL SPRING REPRESENTATION ANSI_Y14.17 FLUID POWER DIAGRAMS ASME Y14.18M OPTICAL PARTS DRAWINGS ASME Y14 24M. TYPES AND APPLICATION FOR ENGINEERING DRAWINGS ANSI_Y14.31 UNDIMENSIONED DRAWINGS: ASME Y14.22.4 CHASSIS FRAMES ASME Y14.322 BODY DRAFTING (new) ASME Y14.35M REVISION of ENGINEERING DRAWINGS (new) ANSI Y14.38 SURFACE TEXTURE SYMBOLS ASME Y14.5.37 COMPOSITE PARTS DRAWINGS ASME Y14.38 ABREVIATIONS (new) ASME Y14 39 LIMITS AND FITS (new) AMSE Y14.40 GRAPHIC SYMBOLS (new) ‘ASME Y14.100 MIL-STD 100 (proposed) ANSUIEEE 268 METRIC PRACTICE 247METRIC/IMPERIAL UNIT CONVERSION | Byor Use Quantity Multiply __| Formula To Obtatn Equivaleat Number of- accale leoc? 0.04 8 mist (metre/second squared) infoce? 0.025 4 mist area ne 0.0929 mt (square metres) int 6.452 x 104 bending moment | kg, ‘9807 (newton © metre) or torque coin 7.062 x 103 Bein ous Toft _ 1358 Aonsity Woa/f 1603 (kilogranveubic metre) Ioghn? 27.70 x 108 Innyral U.S.) | 0.119 8 Thaeal (Imp.) | 00998 conorgy, work bee | a Geule) and heat Toe | a flow meter ctsigal (US) | tell (countsfitre) eel Gimp) etal! | ater tell — flow rate Big/ar kgs (kilogram/second) ke i. praia | SGestmin 1.687 x 10-5 kgs | “guv/ir and gnvimin are preferred units Fequiring no conversion. 7 9807 N (newton) alopond 9.807 N be 4.438 N poundaly O88 3 N ‘vp to 1000 Ib, usa N (newton) 4448 from 1000-160,000 Ibruse KN (kilonewion) 4.448 x 10-* | above 100,000 lb use MN (meranewton) 4.448 x 10° fuel miles/gel (U.S) | 04251 kealt (kilometrefitre) performance rniles/gel (Imp) | 0.358 6 Jal! milevat(US) | 1701 katt | milesatdinp) | 1.4156 kat galmile(US) | 2359 Them (itre/kitometre) EEE” Sic | Bie adenine pehr x10 io tihour) | wenpehr O60 K@kWehr (kilogram/tslowattshour) length TR 7 03088 mm (metro) _ Lin | 254 mm (inillimetre)—all engineering drawings will | | be dimensioned in mm | mite | 1.608 kam (kilomotro) mass ‘7 (aveir) 0.0284 kg (eilogram) Bcaveis) 0.454 ke oe slug M46 ke an 27 agro inertia - 4217 kgrm? ——_(kilogramemetre squared) moment ofarea) | Tbj.-in® | 2929 x 10+ kgem? power and | hp 746 Ww (watt) Feat rejection | biw/min | i758 Ww | below 1 hp use W (watt) 748 | 248, above 1 hp use KW (kilowatt) 0.746METRIC/IMPERIAL UNIT CONVERSION By or Use Quantity Multiply Fomsle Te Obtain Equivalent Number of: eure in Hy 26.4 | mm Hg (millimetre of mercury) a inEgesze | S305x103 | Be Gascal) niece | S377 x10 Pe inH,O 06.4 | mm H,O (millimetre of water) inkgo @s02| 249 Pe inkjo @60'F | 243.84 | Pe ress ima O10 | Ba bn? 47.83 | Pa Ibyin*psi), 6.894 x 109 | Pa panda ass | Be ‘up tol use Pa (pascal) 6.894 xe | “Hrs tPiso0 pat, wtotkPa Cillopescal 604 | Shove 1000 pet, use MPa (megapascal 6894 109 Raperaars woos2781s «| K (kelvin) (bop + 459.67V1.8 | K Greevs © (Celsius) (Centigrade) “29y/ E elsius) (Centigrade tears c Temperature 20 3 interval 5.556 x 107 Kor‘C velocity 6.08 x 10S m/s (metre/second) eo me C277 8x10" =| ms mile/hr 1.609 (kilometre/hour) viscosity Centipcise 0.001 | (pascal+second) Centistokes | 1.00%10-8 (Gquare metre/second) volume floz(U.S) 2.957 x 10% L litre) avert oes i gals) 5 i Ealdmp) | 4048 1 a displacement i 2658x102 a ze papi Ube = 28,32 L tue oot mo ‘ | m 009 t lita ie the prefercod unit lor engine dieplacoment | ea eee a ren ‘alumetrie iin imin —itreiminute) Tow | R3imin tis Gitretsscond) | R8e0e in'/min | ovhr | qth us, | Que (tm) fal (US min al ve sae gal (Imp. min gal (Imp./min gal (Imp. Vhr weight Tp THOR RTO eA Udlogramhvatt) power Ib/hp 0.608 kgkW (kilogram/kilowatt) 249 Note: Boldface type indicates preferred units.POSITIONAL TOLERANCE CONVERSION CHART X COORDINATE SBSQSAeSsegesrrezresetsergagy Be 8 # S88 @POSITION TOLERANCE Y COORDINATE — 22200 sseneaaneg: EY D 02 Tolerance = METRIC 0.07 Coordinate tal 250ISO REFERENCE STANDARDS 1801 180 128 ISO 129, 180 200-4 (SO 288.2 ISO 406 180 1101 ISO 1660 1SQ 1936-1 1S0 1998-2 ISO 1938-3 ISO 2092 180 2602-4 ISO 3040 180 9274 1S0 3650 ISO 3670 ISO 5458 ISO 5459 ISO 5460/TR 1$0 7083 '$0 8015, 180 8062-2 1SO 10209-4 'sO 10578 ISO 10579 ISO 14680-4 ISO 1460-2 Drafts TC213WGI3N N2 NB Na NS Standard Reference Temperature for Linear Measurement. Technical Drawings - General Principles. ‘Technical Drawings - Definitions and Special indications, ‘System of Limits and Fits - Basis System of Limits and Fits - Tables Tolerancing of Anguiar and Linear Dimensions. ‘Technical Drewings - Geometric Tolerancing. Dimansioning and Tolerancing of Profiles. Inspection of Workpieces - Limit Gages. Inspection of Workpieces. Inspection of Workpieces - Guidelines for Inspection. Dimensioning and Tolerancing - MMC Principle Dimensioning and Tolerancing - LMC Principle Dimensioning and Toletancing - Cones. Instruments for Profile Measurement ‘Gauge Blocks. Blanks for Plug and Ring Gauges - General Dimonsioning and Tolerancing - Position, Dimensioning and Tolerancing - Datums and Datum Systems. Tolerances of Form, Orientation, Location and Runout - Verification Principles. ‘Symbois for GDT - Proportion and Dimensions. Fundamental Tolerancing Principles (independency) Castings - GOT. Technical Product Documentation - Vocabulary Dimensioning end Tolerancing - Projected Tolerance Zone. Dimensioning and Tolerancing - Non-Rigid Parts, Geometric Product Specification - Terms and Definitions, Geometric Product Specifications - Extracted Terms and Definitions, 1 Statistical Tolerancing - Terms, Definitions and Symbols, Statistical Tolerancing - Tolerancing of Mechanical Parts. Statistical Tolerancing - Actual Values, Statistical Tolerancing - Assessment of Populations. Statistical Tolerancing - Analysis of Mechanical Assemblies. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are approved by ISO member bodies before acceptance as international Standards by the SO Council. ISO procedures require approval | by at least 75% of the member bodies voting. This process allows adoption of, standards which may be contrary to a member Country standard, and thus not approved or adopted by that Country. 251Y14.5 and ISO COMPARISONS 1S0 uses E) to accomplish the seme effect as Rule 1; otherwise, 1SO 8015 is in effect {independency principle), which states that size and ‘geometric tolerances may exist independently and therefore be additive. 14.5 applies position tolerance controls to a cylinder, width, or sphere. 1SO may elso epply position tolerance to surface, line, or point. 145 Compaste positional tolerance controt upper control is location to datum frame, and lower contro is orientation to datum frame and individual feature spacing. 'SO composite positional tolerancing implies two separate positional requirements. 1SO uses qualifying notes with flatness (not convex or concave). Y14.5 does net show examples 145 appiies flainess to a single surface only. ISO allows fiatness to be applied to multiple coplanar surfaces under certain conditions, 14. applies symmetry to planar features of size whereas ISO applies symmetry to ~ Planar oF diametral features as well as lines, or in a bicirectional manner. Y14.5 applies concentriciy to suriace of revolution, RFS only, resulting in derived ‘median points, constituting a denved mecian line. {SO also applies to circular eleménts, RFS/MMC or LMC, resulting in axial control (same as true position RFS in Y14.5). 14.5 covers mathematically defined surface geometry, which could then be used as a detum surface. ISO does not deal with mathematical surfaces. ‘The ciemeter symbol precedes all diametral feature values in Y14.5. ISO allows an ‘omission where shape is obvious. The same is true with the square symbol. Y145 requires specific datum sequence in control frame. |SO also allows a nonspecific ambiguous order if shown without line separations and when sequence is noneritical. 615 05@[ABC 14.5 and ISO symbol differences are covered in chapter 1, pages 4 and 5. Y14.5 employs US standard third angle projection, whereas ISO 1101 allows either first or third angle projection, provided thet there is clear notetion on the drawing. 252DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING CHECKLIST ASME Y14.5M-1994 DOES THE DRAWING SPECIFY CORRECT REFERENCE STANDARD: ANSI, ASME, ISO? DATUMS AND DATUM FRAMES Is the datum selection and precedence consistent with intended design function and feature relationships? ‘Are secondaryitertiary datums specified, and are they controlled to the primary datum? Is the feature control frame constructed correctly? Datum reference frames? ‘Are the selected datum features accurate, accessible, and of reasonable size to ensure repeatable measurement results? Where required. is a tertiary (clocking) datum required andior specified? Do the basic dimensions for a feature location criginate from the same datums referenced in the control frame? Does the placement of the datum symbol cieatly define the datum feature surtace, axis, or centerpiane? Have the daturn symbols been applied properly per the reference standard named? (The 1994 ASME standerd uses the ISO symbolcay.) RULES, GENERAL AND SPECIFIC Are the limits imposed by Rule 1 (LMC local size and MMC envelope) sufficient to control the feature or design, or are other controls (form, orientation, runout, ete.) required? Is the implied RFS (Rule 2) intended on all feature controls, or does MMICILMIC need to be considered? If so, is the symbol specified? The PD is implied for all screw thread controls. is this what you want? Is it understood that straightness controls must be contained within orientation or posttion controls? Do features controllad by basic dimensions have an associated tolerance? Is it clear, unless stated otherwise, that all dimensions and tolerances apply with the part in the unrestrained (free) state, at 20 degrees C, and for the full feature depth, length, or width? Do parts and features require constraint to meet design control requirements? If so, are these constraints noted, such as toque specs, loads, and locetions? GENERAL DESIGN ISSUES Where a cylindrical tolerance zone is intended, has the diameter symbol been included in the feature control frame? Are coaxial features surfaces controlled to datum features by use of runout, position, or profile? Concentricity controls axial elements, and is the last choice. Are symmetrically located features controlled? RFS applies. For controlling racii, are the differences between CR and R understood and spacitied? Has the position tolerance been calculated correctly for either a floating or fixed fastener epplication? T=H-F floating, T= (H -F)/2 fixed. Is the difference between composite and single segment position or profile controls understood? composite position or profile tolerancing controls are used, is the orientation principle in the lower control freme (and datum references) correctly illustrated? Has MMIC been considered to take full advantage of all tolerances, including bonus, tolerances as well as full interchangabilty allowed by functional gaging? |s minimum wall thickness a design constraint? When tolerancing features at MMC, have the resulting effects of minimum wall thickness been considered (features and datums at LMC with ell bonus tolerances in effect)? 253DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING CHECKLIST (cont.) Have the implications of virtual and resultant condition on features of size been considered and understood? (size tolerance + geometric tolerance + Donus tolerances) Hes projected tolerance been considered on fixed festener feature applications? SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS If statistical tolorancing is required or used, have the practices end symbols of ASME ‘Y145M-1994 bean correctly applied? the boundary principle is applied to position or profile tolerancing, are the correct methods per V14.5 applied? te average diameter principle is applied, the circulanty tolerance is larger than the size tolerance. {fa drawing revision is being made, is the revision compatible with other mating parts or features? {fa revision per a recent standard is being applied to an older drawing, have the proper standard references been recorded on the drawing? |s it necessary to carry a design or specification revision to the next drawing level? 254sania aT a0NnAS sanvid Tan Wav /BONTHO NVId BO SIKY NVHL UBHLVE! INIOg NVIGIN 0380dd0 JO TOMLNOD WNLOY ¥ 14d89N09 .ANVONNO. 3H gv NOLLYNIONDD NIGZEN 3B AN SHAIVS LCOHLMA G39 38 OSV AVN WOILIGOd ONY 340M © NOLVLNSIUO GNY NOLL¥20) ‘NOY JO STCULNOD aUIsOaNCD Z “Sani TITV¥evG OL BNOZ ZONVESIOL JONVHO TIMCANENTA BNI. SOROM | ON raw y | LBWAS: AltoniNaoNoo NoUD07 on aunivad BB aIeaA savy sak | vwaanssnw Nouisod uvonnog 2ov.une TMuoUd OF —& Atsvaninog ann) sugous a2 SuONTO GIVE Wouva oruiNa2NoO NBSIAISa OWS SuNaW27a NYMOUIO GRLVISA woud RLINIONOO NaMAI3B OWS SeQNMAD /eaNVTE TBE SMIONTAD /SRNYTA ATIVE 4 SQHONTAO/SINVIE TATE 1 SHR OMINSTNOD Waialaa vas ‘8370410 a11NIONOD Reauacsa sovue sanvid a TAN SaWTA TET MING WORN suNawaia aNT ETNA advHs BNOZ ZONVSTOL Sanna ‘3218 S34 sown owns aT0N4 «| 1s0ud soviuns sowuns AnoNnW TOL ANON sowsuns Z Anonnarsyrnowio NOLWWLNARIO Aunwinony AuoasaNAD Autwnn et ssanivs aNvid a3N socy SesuNoMs 13313 2NT1 SSMHOMLS roanxs | ousmaiowvHo | ad4AL3onvuaTOL swalsiaovi XIULVIN SONVYSIOL OINLAWO39D aN atidoud & ansvanry 5 snamivave angianry AunavinoioNsenas unsvawiv aovauns, sowsuns sowing wan any aovauns BOvsuNS xO Janvid aaNsixy| ‘Ly “TOXLNOD 255RESOURCES AND ADDRESSES ANSI 1430 Broadway New York, NY 10018 212-354-3300 SME ‘One Dearbom Dr. P.O. Box 930 Dearborn, MI 48121-0930 National Center for Standards and Certification Information National Institute for Standards and Technology USS. Dept. of Commerce Administration Bldg. Room A629 Gaithersburg, MD 20899 301-975-4040 International Standards Organization (iSO) Rue de Varembe 1 CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland (41 22) 34 12 40 256 American Society for Quality Control 310 W. Wisconsin Ave. Suite 500 Milwaukee, WI 53203 414-272-8575 800-248-1946 ASME Order Dept. 22 Law Dr. Box 2300 Fairfield, NJ 07007-2300 800-843-2763 GDT Textbook orders 800-922-0579 Gary Gooldy 3240 Hillcrest Dr. Columbus, IN 47203 812-372-9693