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Dissipation of imidacloprid in greenhouse cucumbers at single and double dosages spraying
Article (PDF Available) in Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology

14(3):557-564 · May 2012 with 44 Reads
Cite this publication
Nasrin Hassanzadeh
9.43 · Malayer University
A.E. Sari
Nader Bahramifar
36.28 · Tarbiat Modares University
Abstract
In this study, residues of imidacloprid (Con dor) were measured in greenhouse cucumbers in Mazandaran Province, Iran. Con dor 200 SL was applied
at the recommended rate (30.0 g ai ha-1) and its double (60.0 g ai ha-1). Samples were collected at 1 h to 21 days after application and analyzed to
determine the content and dissipation rate of Imidacloprid. Analysis was carried out by the QuEChERS method using HPLCUV. The average initial
deposits of imidacloprid on the cucumber fruits were found to be 1.93 and 3.65 mg kg-1 at the single and double dosages, respectively. Results showed
that Imidacloprid was rapidly dissipated in cucumbers following a rst order reaction kinetics at both application rates. The amount of dissipation in 21
days was 94.48% and 99.18% for, respectively, the single and double dosages. Residues of imidacloprid dissipated below the maximum residue limit
(MRL) of 1 mg kg_1 in 3 days. Half-life (T1/2) for degradation of imidacloprid in cucumber was observed to be 3.40 and 2.70 days at the single and
double dosages, respectively. A waiting period of 3 days is suggested for safe consumption of cucumber. Also, results showed that the dissipation was
dependent on the initial application dose and followed a rst order rate kinetics.
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J. Agr. Sci. Tech. (2012) Vol. 14: 557-564
Dissipation of Imidacloprid in Greenhouse Cucumbers at

Single and Double Dosages Spraying
N. Hassanzadeh1∗, A. Esmaili Sari 1, and N. Bahramifar1
ABSTRACT
In this study, residues of imidacloprid (Confidor) were measured in greenhouse

cucumbers in Mazandaran Province, Iran. Confidor 200 SL was applied at the
recommended rate (30.0 g ai ha-1) and its double (60.0 g ai ha-1). Samples were collected
at 1 h to 21 days after application and analyzed to determine the content and dissipation
rate of Imidacloprid. . Analysis was carried out by the QuEChERS method using HPLC-
UV. The average initial deposits of imidacloprid on the cucumber fruits were found to be
1.93 and 3.65 mg kg-1 at the single and double dosages, respectively. Results showed that
Imidacloprid was rapidly dissipated in cucumbers following a first order reaction kinetics
at both application rates. The amount of dissipation in 21 days was 94.48% and 99.18%
for, respectively, the single and double dosages. Residues of imidacloprid dissipated below
the maximum residue limit (MRL) of 1 mg kg_1 in 3 days. Half-life (T1/2) for degradation
of imidacloprid in cucumber was observed to be 3.40 and 2.70 days at the single and
double dosages, respectively. A waiting period of 3 days is suggested for safe consumption
of cucumber. Also, results showed that the dissipation was dependent on the initial
application dose and followed a first order rate kinetics.
Keywords: Cucumber, Imidacloprid residue, Pre-harvest interval (PHI), QuECHERS method.
INTRODUCTION rice, cereals, maize, potatoes, vegetable, sugar

beat, fruits, cotton, hops and turfs and is
systemic when used as seed or soil treatment.
Greenhouse cucumber is considered as a
major vegetable crop grown on a large scale in The chemical works by interfering with the
transmission of stimuli in the insect nervous
Iran, but, the plant is attacked by many insects,
making frequent use of insecticides necessary. system. It causes a blockage in a type of
neuronal pathways (nicotinergic) that is more
To control the various insect pests of
greenhouse cucumbers, Imidacloprid is widely abundant in insects than in warm blooded
animals. This blockage leads to accumulation
used in Iran. Imidacloprid, 1-(6-chloro-3-
of acetylcholine, an important
pyridylmethyl)-N-nitroimidazolidin-2-
ylideneamine (Figure 1), is a systemic neurotransmitter, resulting in the insect’s
paralysis and eventually death (Laurent and
chloronicotinyl insecticide with soil, seed, and
foliar uses for the control of sucking pests Rathahao, 2003; Arora et al., 2009). A number
of researchers have reported residues of
(Elbert et al., 1998; Sanyal et al., 2006). The
chemical has colourless crystals with weak imidacloprid in different agriculture crops
substrate (Ishii et al., 1994; Anonymous, 2005;
characteristic odor, melting point of 144˚C,
-7
vapor pressure of 4 9 10 mPa (20˚C), and Alsayeda et al., 2008; Gupta et al., 2008). As
considerable concern is being expressed by
KOW log P= 0.57 (21˚C), and stability to
hydrolysis at pH 5–11. It is commonly used on various agencies over the magnitude of
pesticides left in foodstuffs following their use
_____________________________________________________________________________
1
Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor,
Islamic Republic of Iran.
∗
Corresponding author; e-mail: nasrinhassanzadeh@gmail.com
557



__________________________________________________________________ Hassanzadeh et al.
Sprayer (capacity 15 l). The first application

was made at 50% flowering followed by the
second and third applications at 10 days
interval. Spray volume used ranged from 75 to
150 l ha-1, depending upon the growth stage of
the crop.
Figure 1. Structure of imidacloprid. Sample Collection
while raising the crops, it is important to Cucumber crops were raised in a

ensure that the levels of residues of commercial greenhouse located in
imidacloprid in cucumbers at harvest time do Mazandaran, Iran. Cucumber samples were
not pose any hazard to consumers and are collected after a 1.5 month growth period. The
admissible in domestic as well as international row spacing was 40 cm and the plant spacing
trade. was 20 cm. The absence of residual pesticides
Therefore, the present study was undertaken on the samples was confirmed by residue
to evaluate the residues of imidacloprid in analysis prior to the application of commercial
cucumber following its applications at the pesticides.
single- and double-doses of the recommended During the experiment, a control sample was
rates. In this study, the QuEChERS method taken in each sampling time. The greenhouse
was applied using a high performance liquid relative humidity was 28% with a temperature
chromatography-UV detection system for the of 23°C. The maximum, minimum, and
determination of the residue levels of average humidity during the experiment were
imidacloprid in cucumbers., Various analytical 38%, 21% and 28%, respectively, while the
methods used in neonicotinoid pesticides maximum, minimum, and average temperature
residues analysis have been reported by were 32°C, 14°C and 22°C, respectively.
different researchers (Ferrer et al., 2005; There were three replications for each
Omirou et al., 2009). treatment, including the control, arranged
Data were obtained to cover a range of pre- randomly. Control plots were sprayed with
harvest intervals (PHIs) 21 days and results water only. Mature samples of cucumber were
were compared with the Codex Maximum randomly taken from each treatment plot
Residues Limits (MRLs) established for this before and 0 (1 hour after spraying), 1, 3, 5, 7,
insecticide in cucumbers. The purpose of this 10, 13, 17 and 21 days after the third
study was to investigate the dissipation and application of the insecticide. About five to six
determination of half-life of imidacloprid marketable size fruits of cucumber were
residues at different time intervals in collected at random from each plot and were
cucumbers. wrapped in aluminum foil and placed in
polyethylene bags, then, they were transferred
to the laboratory and analyzed immediately.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Chemicals and Reagents

Preparation of Commercial Pesticide
and Application in Greenhouse
Pesticide analytical standard of
imidacloprid was purchased from Dr.
Imidacloprid (Confidor 200 SL) was applied
Ehrenstorfer Inc. with the purity certified by
at the single- and double-dose of the Augsburg, Germany. Individual pesticide
recommended rate i.e. 30 and 60 g ai ha-1, stock solutions (1000 µg ml-1) were prepared
respectively. The pesticide was applied as high in pure acetonitrile (MeCN) and stored at
volume spray using Aspee Hand Knapsack
558



Dissipation of Imidacloprid in Greenhouse Cucumbers _____________________________
4◦C. Intermediate and working standard collector FRC-10A and C18 column (150 mm
solutions of imidacloprid was prepared in length, 3.9 mm i.d., 5µm particle size).
acetonitrile. Calibration solutions were Acetonitrile–water (60:40, v/v) was selected as
prepared with different concentrations just mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 ml min-1
before use. HPLC grade acetonitrile and using a UV wavelength of 280 nm. Retention
analytical grade anhydrous magnesium time of imidacloprid under these conditions
sulfate (MgSO4) and sodium chloride (NaCl) was observed to be 5.01 minutes.
were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Identification of imidacloprid residues were
Germany). Graphitized carbon black (GCB, accomplished by retention time (tR) and
400 meshes) was obtained from Supelco. All compared with a known standard at the same
glassware was rinsed with high purity conditions. The quantities were calculated on
acetone before use. peak area basis. The injection volume of 20 µl
was used in all experiments. The
Extraction Procedure chromatographic apparatus was controlled by
LC solution software.
The QuEchERS method (acronym for

“quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and Method Validation
safe) was used for the extraction of
imidacloprid from the cucumber samples. This Recovery experiments were carried out by
method was carried out as described by other spiking cucumber at different levels to
worker (Dong Nguyen et al., 2008). First, the establish the reliability and validity of
sample (1.0 kg of cucumber) was chopped and analytical method adopted. Calibration curves
homogenized for 5 minutes at high speed in a and cucumber fortified samples were prepared
laboratory homogenizer. Later, 10.0 g of by using working standard solutions.
homogenized sample was placed into a 50 ml Cucumber samples fortified at 0.25, 0.50 and
centrifuge tube with 10 ml of acetonitrile. The 1.0 mg kg-1 were processed as previously
screw cap was closed and the tube was shaken described and analyzed by HPLC to evaluate
vigorously for 1 minute by hand, ensuring that the accuracy and the precision of the analytical
the solvent interacted well with the entire procedure. Recovery tests were replicated
sample. Then, 4.0 g of anhydrous MgSO4 and three times for each fortification level. The
1.0 g of NaCl was added repeating the shaking limit of detection (LOD mg kg-1) of each
process for 1 minute to prevent coagulation of analyte was determined as the lowest
MgSO4. After centrifuging, the upper layer concentration giving a response three times the
was cleaned by dispersive solid-phase standard deviation of the baseline noise
extraction with 0.5 g of Graphite Carbon defined based on the analysis of three control
Black (GCB) and 1.5 g of anhydrous MgSO4. samples. The limit of quantification (LOQ mg
The mixture was then shaken for 1 minute and kg-1) was determined as the lowest
centrifuged for 5 minutes at 4,000 rpm. The concentration of a given compound giving a
cleaned extract sample was concentrated to 1.0 response that could be quantified with relative
ml with a gentle stream of nitrogen and, then, standard deviation lower than 20% (Vryzas
20 µl of this solution were injected into HPLC. and Papadopoulou-Mourkidou, 2002).
HPLC Instrumentation RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The residues of imidacloprid were Method Performance

determined using Shimadzu HPLC (Shimadzu
10 Ac VP, Kyoto, Japan) equipped with UV The analytical method was developed so
detector, dual pump, degasser system, fraction
as to provide a rapid, accurate, and efficient
559



means of determining imidacloprid residues Table 1. Residues of imidacloprid in cucumber

in cucumbers. Mean recovery value obtained following its application at 30 g ai ha-1.
for imidacloprid was 104% with relative Days after Residue level (mg kg-1) Dissipation
standard deviation (RSD) values below 15% treatment Replication Mean±SD (%)
in the fortification range from 0.25 to 1 mg Before BDLa
kg-1. Calibration for quantification was application
carried out by use of external standard BDL BDL -
BDL
calibration curves; calibration curves were 0 (1 hour 1.93±0.21 -
1.90
linear with correlation coefficients being after spray)
better than 0.999 for both analytes. 2.10
1.80
Retention time of imidacloprid under these
1 1.35 1.31±0.15 32.24
conditions was observed to be 5.01 minutes. 1.21
The LOD and LOQ for both analytes in the 1.36
cucumbers fruits were 0.01 and 0.001 mg 3 0.90 1.00±0.15 48.28
kg_1, respectively, ensuring LOQ values 1.00
1.10
significantly lower than the MRLs 5 0.70 0.77±0.12 60.34
established by the Codex. Sample 1.00
chromatogram of imidacloprid from the 0.60
analysis of cucumber samples is shown in 7 0.62 0.51±0.08 72.07
0.41
Figure 2.
0.59
10 0.32 0.27±0.01 86.03
Imidacloprid Residue Levels in Fresh 0.28
0.21
Harvested Cucumbers 13 0.09 0.11±0.01 94.48
0.14
0.11
The results of imidacloprid residue 17 BDL BDL -
analyses and the percent dissipation at BDL
different intervals at single and double BDL
dosages are presented in Tables 1 and 2. 21 BDL BDL -
BDL
Following three applications at 1 hour
BDL
intervals, the mean initial amounts of a -1
Below Detection Limit (< 0.01 mg kg ).
imidacloprid in cucumber fruits were found
to be 1.93 and 3.65 mg kg-1 for 30 and 60 g
ai ha-1, respectively. The imidacloprid the recommended dosage. Residue levels of
residues were dissipated by more than 70% imidacloprid in samples that were collected
and 90% in, respectively, 7 and 13 days at after the application of the pesticides
mV(x100)
3.0
Detector A:280nm
2.0
1.0
0.0
2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 min
Figure 2. Sample chromatogram of imidacloprid in cucumber samples.
560



have been reported for many insecticides

Table 2. Residues of imidacloprid in cucumber (Kumar et al., 2000; Hassanzadeh et al.,
following its application at 60 g ai ha-1. 2010). Imidacloprid residue concentrations
Days Residue level (mg kg-1) in cucumber fruits obtained in the
Dissipation dissipation study with the corresponding
after Replication Mean±SD (%)
treatment first-order decay fits are presented in Figure
Before BDLa 3. Half-life of imidacloprid in different
application
BDL BDL - matrices was calculated using the first order
BDL rate equation:
0 (1 h after 3.59 3.65±0.22 - Ct = C0e_kt
spray)
3.79
Where, Ct represents the concentration of
3.59 the pesticide residue at time t, C0 represents
1 2.41 2.54±0.18 30.41 the initial concentration, and k is the rate
2.57 constant per day. The half life (t1/2) was
2.69
determined from the k value for each
3 1.81 1.89±0.11 48.22
1.95 experiment, where t1/2= ln2/k. The fitness of
1.91 the data to first order kinetics was confirmed
5 1.43 1.41±0.08 61.37 by testing the statistical significance of
1.39 correlation coefficient. The degradation
1.42
7 0.97 1.01±0.08 72.33 kinetics of this insecticide deposit was well
0.98 described by first-order decay equation,
1.10 (C(t)= 1.9192× e-0.2068×t, r2= 0.978) and (C
10 0.46 0.49±0.05 86.58 (t)= 4.4124× e-0.2578×t, r2= 0.950) for
0.51 Imidacloprid at single and double dosages,
0.50
13 0.21 0.21±0.02 94.25 respectively. According to our experimental
0.23 results, the half-lives (T1/2) of imidacloprid
0.21 are 3.4 and 2.7 days if applied on cucumber
17 0.03 0.03±0.01 99.18 fruits. The half-life of imidacloprid was
0.03
0.02
calculated according to Juraske et al. (2007)
21 BDL BDL - method.
BDL Many researchers have calculated the
BDL half-lives of imidacloprid in different fruits
a -1
Below Detection Limit (< 0.01 mg kg ). (Gupta et al., 2008; Arora et al., 2009).
These studies indicated that residues of
imidacloprid on different fruits were rapidly
throughout a period of 21 days showed a lost in 2 and 4.3 days after application at the
gradual and significant (P< 0.05) decrease in recommended and used dosage. Also,
content. These results agree with the Sanyal et al. (2006) reported the half lives of
findings of other researchers regarding imidacloprid in CTC tea in the range of
dissipation rate of imidacloprid in different 0.91–1.16 days. The study revealed that the
agriculture crops substrate (Shim et al., dissipation rate was dependent on the initial
2009; Arora et al., 2009; Omirou et al., application dose and the half-life (t½) values
2009). of imidacloprid in cucumbers.
The data revealed that there is a rapid loss The theoretical dissipation models
of this pesticide from the first few established through regression between time
hours/days after application to the end of the after spray application and the
periodic interval, because the pesticide corresponding residues in cucumber,
residues are rapidly lost from plant surfaces correlation coefficient, and half-lives are
by volatilization or some other process presented in Table 3. The dissipation rate
(Elkines, 1989). Similar initial rapid losses constants of 0.2068 and 0.2578 day-1,
561



2.00
Imidacloprid concentration (mg/kg)

(a) y = 1 .9192e -0.2068x
R 2 = 0. 9782
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Days after ap pli cation (days)
5.0 0
Imidacloprid concentration (mg/k g)
4.5 0
(b) y = 4.4124 e -0. 2578 x
4.0 0 R2 = 0. 9504
3.5 0
3.0 0
2.5 0
2.0 0
1.5 0
1.0 0
0.5 0
0.0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Days after appli cation (da ys)
Figure 3. Dissipation of imidacloprid from cucumber following its application at 30 g ai ha-1 (a) and
60g ai ha-1(b).
Table 3. Theoretical dissipation models for Imidacloprid in cucumber after foliar treatment.
Treatment (g ai kg -1) Correlation coefficient Dissipation model Half-life (Days)
30 -0.9782 Y=1.9192-0.2068X 3.40
60 -0.9504 Y=4.4124-0.2578X 2.70
corresponding to half-lives of 3.40 and 2.70 residues, which may constitute barriers to
days, suggested that the dissipation was exporters and domestic consumptions when
dependent on initial dose of imidacloprid they exceed MRLs. Gonzalez (2004) studied
and followed a first order rate kinetics. dissipation of abamectin, spinosad,
These results are consistent with those of imidacloprid and thiacloprid on horticultural
Omirou et al. (2009). crops following FAO guidelines and local
Codex maximum residue limit (MRL) of good agricultural practices and reported
imidacloprid for cucumber has been negligible residues in all instances. Further,
established as 1 mg kg-1 (Anonymous, it was also revealed that non-detection
2004). Residues of imidacloprid in residue level was achieved within about 30
cucumber fruits were less than the MRL days after the last spray. In the cucumber
value after 3 days of its application at the samples collected in the greenhouse,
recommended dosage. Consequently, a imidacloprid residues higher than their MRL
waiting period of 3 days is suggested for values were observed in initial days. When
safe consumption of cucumber. The use of the pre-harvest intervals between pesticide
pesticides on food crops leads to unwanted applications and crop harvest are not
562



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higher pesticide levels is likely to increase. Agricultural Importance. In: "Insecticides
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74
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residues in food. Pesticides should be
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agricultural practice, using only the required 10. Gupta, L., Sharma, A., and Shanker, A.
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563


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‫‪11 Citations‬‬ ‫‪18 References‬‬
‫‪__________________________________________________________________ Hassanzadeh et al.‬‬
‫‪17. Omirou, M., Vryzas, Z., Papadopoulou-‬‬ ‫‪Tea Liquor. J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B, 7(8):‬‬
‫‪Mourkidou, E. and Economou, A. 2009.‬‬ ‫‪619-622‬‬
‫‪Dissipation Rates of Iprodione and‬‬ ‫‪19. Vryzas, Z. and Papadopoulou-Mourkidou,‬‬
‫‪Thiacloprid During Tomato Production in‬‬ ‫‪E. 2002. Determination of Triazine and‬‬
‫‪Greenhouse. Food Chem. 116: 499–504‬‬ ‫‪Chloroacetanilide Herbicides in Soils by‬‬
‫‪18. Sanyal, N., Hazra, D., Pal, R.,‬‬ ‫)‪Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE‬‬
‫‪Somchaudhury, A. K. and Chowdhury, A.‬‬ ‫‪Coupled to Gas Chromatographic Analysis‬‬
‫‪2006. Imidacloprid in Processed Tea and‬‬ ‫‪with Either GC–NPD or GC–MS. J. Agr.‬‬
‫‪Food Chem., 50: 5026–5033.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻧﺮخ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺣﺸﺮه ﻛﺶ اﻳﻤﻴﺪاﻛﻠﻮﭘﺮﻳﺪ در ﺧﻴﺎر ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪ اي در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺳﻤﭙﺎﺷﻲ‬

‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮل و ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻒ‬
‫ن‪ .‬ﺣﺴﻦ زاده‪ ،‬ع‪ .‬اﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻠﻲ ﺳﺎري‪ ،‬و ن‪ .‬ﺑﻬﺮاﻣﻲ ﻓﺮ‬
‫ﭼﻜﻴﺪه‬
‫در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑﺎﻗﻴﻤﺎﻧﺪه ﺣﺸﺮه ﻛﺶ اﻳﻤﻴﺪاﻛﻠﻮﭘﺮﻳﺪ )ﻛﻮﻧﻔﻴﺪور( در ﺧﻴﺎر ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪ اي در ﻣﺎزﻧﺪران‬
‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬در اﻳﺘﺪا ﻛﻮﻧﻔﻴﺪور ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ‪ 200‬ﺑﺎ دو ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻣﻌﻤﻮل و ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻒ ‪ 30‬و ‪ 60‬ﮔﺮم ﻣﺎده ﻣﻮﺛﺮ در‬
‫ﻫﻜﺘﺎر در ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺳﻤﭙﺎﺷﻲ ﺷﺪ ‪ .‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ از ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﭘﺲ از ﺳﻤﭙﺎﺷﻲ ﺗﺎ ‪ 21‬روز ﺑﻌﺪ از ﺳﻤﭙﺎﺷﻲ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻣﻴﺰان و ﻣﻘﺪار ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻛﻮﻧﻔﻴﺪور ﺑﺮداﺷﺖ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ و ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از روش‬
‫‪ QuEChERS‬و ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از دﺳﺘﮕﺎه ﻛﺮ وﻣﺎﺗﻮﮔﺮاﻓﻲ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎرآﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﻻ آﻣﺎده ﺳﺎزي ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﺑﺎﻗﻴﻤﺎﻧﺪه ﻛﻮﻧﻔﻴﺪور در ﻣﻴﻮه ﺧﻴﺎر در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺳﻤﭙﺎﺷﻲ ﻣﻌﻤﻮل و ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻒ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ‪ 1/93‬و ‪3 /65‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﻛﻴﻠﻮ ﮔﺮم ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ ﻛﻮﻧﻔﻴﺪور در دوره ‪ 21‬روزه ﭘﺲ از ﺳﻤﭙﺎﺷﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر‬
‫ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲ¬ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻴﺰان ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻛﻮﻧﻔﻴﺪور در ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺳﻤﭙﺎﺷﻲ ﻣﻌﻤﻮل و ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻒ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰان ‪ 94/48‬و ‪ 99/18‬درﺻﺪ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻗﻴﻤﺎﻧﺪه ﻛﻮﻧﻔﻴﺪور در روز ﺳﻮم ﺑﻌﺪ از‬
‫ﺳﻤﭙﺎﺷﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰان ﻛﻤﺘﺮ از اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﺠﺎز ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ‪ 1‬ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم رﺳﻴﺪ ‪ .‬در اﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﻋﻤﺮ‬
‫ﻛﻮﻧﻔﻴﺪور ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار ‪ 3 /40‬و ‪ 2 /70‬روز در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺳﻤﭙﺎﺷﻲ ﻣﻌﻤﻮل و ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻒ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ‬
‫ﻣﺠﺎز ﺑﺎﻗﻴﻤﺎﻧﺪه ﻛﻮﻧﻔﻴﺪور در ﺧﻴﺎر ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ اﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ رﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﻳﻚ دوره زﻣﺎﻧﻲ‪ 3‬روزه ﭘﺲ از‬
‫ﺳﻤﭙﺎﺷﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺮداﺷﺖ ﺧﻴﺎر ﺑﺮاي اﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﻣﺼﺮف ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎن ﺿﺮوري اﺳﺖ و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ اراﺋﻪ ﺷﺪه ﻧﺸﺎن‬
‫داد ﻛﻪ ﻣﻴﺰان ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺑﻘﺎﻳﺎي ﻛﻮﻧﻔﻴﺪور از ﺧﻴﺎر ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰان ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﺳﻤﭙﺎﺷﻲ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ دارد‪.‬‬
‫‪564‬‬
‫‪https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286136125_Dissipation_of_imidacloprid_in_greenhouse_cucumbers_at_single_and_double_dosages_spraying‬‬

SeeCitations (11)
all › See all › References (18) Download full-text PDF
... Pesticides should be applied correctly according to good agricultural practices. [29]
Table 3. Statistical parameters on dissipation of alpha-cypermethrin and
lambdacyhalothrin: exponential equation, coef cient of determination (R 2 ), and half-life
(t 1/2 ). Figure 1 . Dissipation of alpha-cypermethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin on
experiment I and II at recommended rates. ...
Dissipation kinetics of alpha-cypermethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin residues in aboveground

part of white mustard ( Sinapis alba L.)
Article May 2016 · J ENVIRON SCI HEAL B
Magdalena Słowik-Borowiec
View Show abstract
... It is commonly used on rice, maize, fruit, vegetables, sugar beet, cotton and turfs
(Hassanzadeh et al., 2012). Imidacloprid residues have already been reported in various
agriculture crops (Ishii et al., 1994; Alsayeda et al., 2008; Gupta et al., 2008; Hassanzadeh
et al., 2012 ). For determination of pesticide residues in rice, being important export of
Pakistan, samples were collected from various districts of the Punjab. ...
DETERMINATION OF IMIDACLOPRID RESIDUES IN RICE FROM VARIOUS DISTRICTS OF

PUNJAB USING HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
Article Full-text available Jan 2016
A Niaz · R A Sial · M Yaseen · G A Mand · M Rahim
View Show abstract
... This blockage leads to accumulation of acetylcholine, an important neurotransmitter,

resulting in the insect's paralysis and eventually death [2,3]. A number of researchers have
reported residues of imidacloprid in different agriculture crops substrate[4,6, 7, 8]. This
study was undertaken with a view to analyze residues of imidacloprid, in some of the
most popular crops such tomatoes.Various analytical methods used in neonicotinoid
pesticides residues analysis have been reported by different researchers [9,10]. ...
The degradation of the insecticide Imidacloprid in greenhouse tomatoes and an estimation of

the level of residues.. VJOLLCA VLADI, FATOS HARIZAJ, VALDETE VORPSI, MAGDALENA…
Article Full-text available Jun 2014
Vjollca Vladi · MAGDALENA CARA · FATOS HARIZAJ · VALDETE VORPSI
View Show abstract
... A waiting period of 3 days is suggested for safe consumption of cucumber. Also,
results showed that the dissipation was dependent on the initial application dose and
followed a rst order rate kinetics [24] . Imidacloprid (Konfedor ® ) was sprayed on
tomato, cucumber and pepper in three greenhouses using the same concentration that
farmers used to spray their crops, concentration of imidacloprid was 14.5 mg/L. ...
Determination of Imidacloprid and Tetraconazol Residues in Cucumber Fruits

Article Jan 2014
Hoda M Nasr · Mostafa A Abbassy
View Show abstract
Effect of Food Processing on Residue of Imidacloprid in Strawberry Fruits

Article Sep 2013
M.Y. Hendawi · A.A. Romeh · T.M. Mekky
View Show abstract
Dissipation and residue of onicamid in cucumber, apple and soil under eld conditions
Article Full-text available Apr 2014 · INT J ENVIRON AN CH
Xingang Liu · Yulong Zhu · Fengshou Dong · Jun Xu · Yongquan Zheng
View Show abstract
See all › See all › Show more Download full-text PDF
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Dissipation of Imidacloprid in Greenhouse Cucumbers at Single and Double Dosages
Spraying
January 2012 · Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology
In this study, residues of imidacloprid (Con dor) were measured in greenhouse cucumbers in Mazandaran Province, Iran. Con dor 200 SL was applied at the
recommended rate (30.0 g ai ha-1) and its double (60.0 g ai ha-1). Samples were collected at 1 h to 21 days after application and analyzed to determine the
content and dissipation rate of Imidacloprid. . Analysis was carried out by the... [Show full abstract]
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Data
JAST5321328387400
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Article
Dissipation of carbaryl on greenhouse cucumbers, measured during the pre-harvest

interval (PHI)
August 2010 · Research on Crops
In this study, residues of carbaryl were estimated in greenhouse cucumbers, from the time of application till the harvest is done. Carbaryl was applied at
recommended application rate (150 g in 100 1 water) and also at double the recommended application rate (300 g in 100 1 water). Analysis was carried out by the
QuEChERS method using HPLC-UV. The average initial deposits of carbaryl on... [Show full abstract]
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See allArticle
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The degradation of the insecticide Imidacloprid in greenhouse tomatoes and an
estimation of the leve...
June 2014
A liquid chromatographic (LC) method using UV detection was used to study the degradation of imidacloprid in tomatoes grown in greenhouses. A liquid-liquid
extraction with acetonitrile/methanol (60/40, v/v) and a cleanup step with Florisil were combined with LC to isolate, recover, and quantities the pesticide. Average
recoveries obtained at spike levels of 0.03 and 0.40 mg/kg were 93.2-94.7%.... [Show full abstract]
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Dissipation of Ethion Applied on Greenhouse Cucumbers by Duration of a Pre-harvest

Interval (PHI)
January 2010
In this study, Residues of ethion were estimated in cucumber by gas chromatography following three applications of the insecticide at 375 and 750 g a.i. ha−1.
Analysis was carried out by the QuEChERS method, using gas chromatographynitrogen phosphor detection (GC-NPD), with obtained recoveries greater than 80%.
The average initial deposits of ethion on cucumber fruits were found to be 2.40 and... [Show full abstract]
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Data provided are for informational purposes only. Although carefully collected, accuracy cannot be guaranteed. Publisher conditions are provided by RoMEO. Differing provisions
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10/5/2018 Dissipation of imidacloprid in greenhouse...

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Dissipation of imidacloprid in greenhouse cucumbers at single and double dosages spraying

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Available from: Nasrin Hassanzadeh, Dec 15, 2015

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J. Agr. Sci. Tech. (2012) Vol. 14: 557-564

Dissipation of Imidacloprid in Greenhouse Cucumbers at

N. Hassanzadeh1∗, A. Esmaili Sari 1, and N. Bahramifar1

In this study, residues of imidacloprid (Confidor) were measured in greenhouse

Keywords: Cucumber, Imidacloprid residue, Pre-harvest interval (PHI), QuECHERS method.

INTRODUCTION rice, cereals, maize, potatoes, vegetable, sugar

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__________________________________________________________________ Hassanzadeh et al.

Sprayer (capacity 15 l). The first application

Figure 1. Structure of imidacloprid. Sample Collection

while raising the crops, it is important to Cucumber crops were raised in a

Chemicals and Reagents

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Dissipation of Imidacloprid in Greenhouse Cucumbers _____________________________

The QuEchERS method (acronym for

HPLC Instrumentation RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The residues of imidacloprid were Method Performance

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__________________________________________________________________ Hassanzadeh et al.

means of determining imidacloprid residues Table 1. Residues of imidacloprid in cucumber

2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 min

Figure 2. Sample chromatogram of imidacloprid in cucumber samples.

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Dissipation of Imidacloprid in Greenhouse Cucumbers _____________________________

have been reported for many insecticides

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__________________________________________________________________ Hassanzadeh et al.

Imidacloprid concentration (mg/kg)

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Dissipation of Imidacloprid in Greenhouse Cucumbers _____________________________

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‫‪__________________________________________________________________ Hassanzadeh et al.‬‬

‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻧﺮخ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺣﺸﺮه ﻛﺶ اﻳﻤﻴﺪاﻛﻠﻮﭘﺮﻳﺪ در ﺧﻴﺎر ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪ اي در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺳﻤﭙﺎﺷﻲ‬

‫ن‪ .‬ﺣﺴﻦ زاده‪ ،‬ع‪ .‬اﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻠﻲ ﺳﺎري‪ ،‬و ن‪ .‬ﺑﻬﺮاﻣﻲ ﻓﺮ‬

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Dissipation kinetics of alpha-cypermethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin residues in aboveground

View Show abstract

DETERMINATION OF IMIDACLOPRID RESIDUES IN RICE FROM VARIOUS DISTRICTS OF

View Show abstract

... This blockage leads to accumulation of acetylcholine, an important neurotransmitter,

The degradation of the insecticide Imidacloprid in greenhouse tomatoes and an estimation of