Chemical for consumer

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Soap and Detergent
Soap are potassium or sodium salts of long chains of fatty acid example: sodium
stearate, potassium palmitate, potassium oleate
Detergent is a sodium salt of sulphonic acid example sodium alkyl sulphate,
Preparation of detergent
(sodium alkyl sulphate)
Preparation of soap Alcohol
Process saponification sulphonation
Concentrated alkali + fat / oil  soap + glycerol Alkyl sulphonic acid
neutralization
Sodium chloride sodium alkyl sulphate
( added to lower solubility of
soap in water )
Palm oil + concentrated sodium Preparation of detergent
hydroxide solution (sodium alkybenzene
sulphonate)
Alkene
alkylation
Alkylbenzene
sulphonation
Heat Alkylbenzene sulphonic
1. 5 cm3 of palm oil pour into a beaker
acid
2. 30cm3 of 5 moldm-3 of sodium hydroxide solution is added in a same
neutralization
beaker sodium alkybenzene
3. The mixture is boil slowly while being stirred with glass rod for 10 sulphonate
minutes. The mixture is prevent bubbling
4. 50cm3 of distilled water and two spatula of sodium chloride is added
5. The mixture is boiled and stir for few minutes
6. The mixture is cooled and the result white solid is filtered
7. The residue is rinsed with distilled water and dried with filter paper

Type of soap Name of alkali Name of fatty acid

Sodium stearate Sodium hydroxide Stearic acid
Sodium palmitate Sodium hydroxide Palmitic acid
Potassium oleate Potassium hydroxide Oleic acid

Structure of soap
- In water sodium soap to form soap anion and sodium cations, Na+
- Diagram below show a soap anion

CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2

CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 COO –

Part Hydrophobic Part Hydrophilic

- Soluble in greases not in water -soluble in water not in grease
Structure of Detergent

Part Hydrophilic
-soluble in water

Part Hydrophobic
- Soluble in greases
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Chemical for consumer

Cleaning action of soap

i. When soap or detergent is added to water, it reduce the surface tension of water. This is increase
wetting ability of water.
ii. Hydrophobic part is soluble in the grease and hydrophilic part is soluble in water
iii. Mechanical agitation during scrubbing help pull out the grease free and also break into small
droplet
iv. Soap bubble help to float the grease emulsion in the water and repel each other
v. Rinsing washes away these droplet and leave the surface clean

Effectiveness of soap and detergent

➢ Hard water contain calcium ions and magnesium ion. Example of hard water is sea water
➢ These ion react with soap anion to form scum(kekat).
➢ Mg2+ + 2C17H35COO-  (C17H35COO)2 Mg ( magnesium stearate is a scum )
➢ Soap scum reduces the soap available for cleaning
➢ Scum is precipitated form when anion from soap react with calcium ion and magnesium ion
➢ Soap also not effective in acidic water because H+ from acid react with soap ion to produces fatty
acid
➢ Soap only effective in soft water
➢ Soft water is no contain calcium ion and magnesium ion. Example of soft water is river water,
➢ Detergent do not form scum with hard water, they form soluble substances with calcium and
magnesium salt

Cleaning agent Soap Detergent

Effectiveness Soap are effective in soft water
But not in acidic and hard water
Formation of scum Soft form scum in hard water
Sources Natural resources ( fat / oil )
Effect to environment Soap biodegradable and do not
causes any pollution
Detergent are effective in hard, soft
water and acidic water
Detergent do not form scum in hard
and soft water
Synthetic sources (alkene@alcohol)
Non-biodegradable can causes
pollution

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Additive Detergent Function

Biological enzyme ( lipase, amylase)
Whitening agent ( sodium perborate )
Drying agent ( sodium silicate)
Fluorescent ( broncophor R)
Stabilizer ( etanolamida, silicones)
Fragrance
Suspension agent
Builder ( sodium tripolyphosphate)
Antiseptic agent
Remove protein stain such as blood, milk
Bleach agent and remove dirty colour on white cloth
Maintain the detergent powder in dry form
To make cloth brighter
To control formation of foam
Make cloth smell fresh and clean
Prevent dirty particles removed redeposited on cloth
Soften hard, increase pH of water to remove muddy dirt
Kill microorganism that cause diseases and odours

Traditional Medicine Uses Follow the doctor instruction

Lemon grass Cure headaches and prescribed
Garlic To treat high blood
Proper
Aloe vera To treat skin management Check for expiry date
Ginger To remove wind in body of medicine
Long jack Strengthens our body Do not overdose
Lemon / lime Prevent flu attact
Full courses of antibiotic to make
Example :
Paracetamol : reduce pain and fever sure all bacteria are killed
Aspirin: cure pains such as joint, muscle pain
headces, reduce swelling on body but cannot Example :
take by children Penicillin:syphilis, pneumonia, meningitis
Codeine : headaches and cough Streptomycin :cure tuberculosis and pneumonia

Used to relieve pain without Use to treat infection caused by

causing numbness or bacteria as they can kill or slow
affecting consciousness down the growth of bacteria

Analgesic Antibiotics
Modern
Medicine

Psychotherapeutic

Stimulant
Antidepressant
Antipsychotic

Used in treatment of
Used to increase the brain ,
depression and tension.
heartbeat and reduce a Patient sleep easily, calm Used in treat psychiatric
tiredness thoughts, curbs feeling of illness such as
anxiety schizophrenia

Example : amphetamine
methylphenidate, Example : tranquilisers, Example :
barbiturates Chloropromazine,
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Aspirin – Bleeding of the stomach ( very acidic )

Side - Brain and liver damage if given to children
Effect
Penicillin – Broken down by the acid in the stomach
Of
modern Codeina, barbiturate and tranquilizer– Causes addiction
medicine
Chlorpromazine – Causes drowsiness
Example :
Salt : salted fish
Sugar : jam
Vinegar : Pickled lemon
Sodium nitrite or sodium nitrate Example :
:burger, sausage and meat Ascorbic acid : fruit juice
Benzoic acid or sodium BHA, BHT : Marjerine
benzoate : oyster sauce, tomato Example : Sugar,
sauce, chili sauce vinegar, aspartame,
Sulphur dioxide : fruit juice To prevent oxidation by air monosodium glutamate
that can cause rancid fats and (MSG), ester
browning of fruits
To slow down or prevent the
growth microorganisms so To improve the taste of food
that food can be kept for a and to restore taste loss due to
longer period time
Antioxidant processing.

Preservatives Flavourings
Food Additives
( natural or synthetic subst added to
prevent spoilage or to improve
appearance , taste and texture )

Stabiliser Thickening agent Food dyes

Mixes two liquid that To reduce amount of water

To add or restore colour of
usually do not mix so that the food is thicken
food
together

Example :Pectin, Acacia gum,

Example : Azo
Example : lecithin, starch in sauce, Jelly, jam
compound such as
gelatin in chocolate, ice tatrazine, triphenyl
cream compound

Food additives Side effect

Tartrazine Hyperactive among children
MSG Allergic, headache
Sodium nitrite That causes cancer
Sodium benzoate Allergeic
Nitrites Cancer, blue baby syndrome
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