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The topics covered in ECE 3183 (and ECE 3283 Electronics) are some of
the foundational principles used in the various disciplines of electrical
engineering.
Circuit Elements
Source elements
Passive elements
For a given circuit element, the current and voltage are defined as:
Current (i) [through the element] - the time rate of flow of (positive)
charge through the element.
Voltage (v) [across the element] - the change in energy per (positive)
charge as the charge moves through the element.
Note the importance of defining the direction of the current and the polarity
of the voltage. The charges that constitute the current are known as the
carriers. Carriers can be charged particles of either sign (positive or
negative) .
If the rate of charge flow is constant, a steady current or direct
current (DC) is the result. If the rate of charge flow varies with time, a
time-varying current is the result.
while the period (T) of the current is simply the inverse of the frequency in
Hz.
The polarity of the element voltage relative to the direction of the element
current for source elements and passive elements are drawn below using the
same voltage polarity for both elements.
If the source element and the passive element are connected together as
shown below, the source element will supply energy to the passive element,
where the energy will be absorbed. We adopt what is called a passive sign
convention to differentiate between supplied energy and absorbed energy.
In the passive sign convention, positive power indicates that the element is
absorbing energy while negative power indicates that the element is
supplying energy. Using the passive sign convention, the element current
is defined as
(b.)
Loop - any closed path where no node is encountered more than once.
For example, the circuit shown below consists of 6 elements with a total of
4 nodes (labeled a, b, c, and d) and 6 possible loops.
Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) - the algebraic sum of voltages around a
closed path in a circuit is zero.
To apply KVL to the six loops defined for the given circuit, we
assume a loop current flowing in the direction specified for the loop, and
sum the voltage rises and drops in the direction of the loop current.
Note that the voltage drops (the negative terms) in the preceding equations
can be moved to the opposite side of the equals sign (making them
positive). In this way, we may interpret KVL as “the sum of the voltage
rises must equal the sum of the voltage drops around a closed loop”.
To apply KCL to the four nodes defined in the given circuit, we
equate the sum of the incoming currents to the sum of the outgoing currents
at each node.
Series and Parallel Connections