_ CHAPTER 3 _____ MEASUREMENT cpap ope tt eer ne ao eg hs ye ae ‘MASS, FORCE, WEIGHT “The English Engineering System of Units “Tbe 3. summasize the fve fndamenl sytem of wis dh hve been con- “ed om New scond nw of moto ea force Fas meng Src i any sem can be oveloped rom te finde antes AE fr gums of e Enon engin sete fo, pone {toy pounds) and Secod a)wil be used hereto devel he US. ‘Shomay ane eu "Rime fui w he pound-men,«ropaonaly euton canbe wten between be engiocng and he avout Using te deiniton ta 1 ii ccs TI 3217005 isa dimpasoal omerion cont can fede an Fama z 14s rds PF “he cmt has the same vale a standard aig; defined at sen evel ad {BF nd ih be dimensions of If) iy geo, Sen Sion corso acto eae pounders an pounds mass Sabtsig Hosa fry) fron ngs eet asa ogi ee 1b, y= Ey a32 ‘cuarren rice ‘TABLE 31 Dimensional Systems em Shen Mes(m) Face) Leng) Tine Engin Engnering goundnas —pounderce ih) fot) zc) Geto fh ‘Abole (, —poundsmass pound) foe (A) sod 6) Tecnica sug Cys) pounders hy foot ct) cond) to ‘Absolute (m, gram g) ym emis) camimetr sont) ty) & Trond STL log () Newton rm/s) mete) cond) ‘The ratio of loal gravity g, othe dimensional constant. can be approximated to ‘within 005 percent with an expression given by Bened (198%) Fp = Hm 12637 x 10° cos 29-96 x 10-4) ~ 5 x 10° yb 3) ‘here ois the latitude in degrees, andy the atte in fet above sa level Some confusion results fom te fact thatthe word weight has long Bee sed to mean both mass Ib) and force 0b). When weighted on 1 Beam see, oo ot 's calibrated against a"known mas, Since both are infuenoed bythe same load _raviy, the scale reading is comeced 10 the mast vale an, henge, mass ee, ‘ured. However, 2 spring sale calibrated with {Tp mast at set level wal as Jacitde (standard gravity wil indicate one pound for ths mass only ths location, ‘At oer gravis (gg) the -b mace wil not “weigh | Iya ths sole ‘The Si System of Unite In the Intemational System of units (SD, the force unt the newton (N). 1s the force that when applied toa 14g mass wil eause an accteration oft ms? The Felatonsip beween force, mass nd aceelerton is Ln = Lex Lvs ae a poten sre The weigh fore in pewtons of I-kg mass is thenal) mi) sed to ey 1 used oa Ws isthe 2 the 64) MEASUREMENT a3 t 2 ge = ose mt os e > ‘he kilogram mass is, by international agreement, the mass of 2 cerain bar of plaimanv num located in Seves, France. The pound-mss inthe English eng owing sytem i exactly 045359037 ke Buoyancy Correction for Mass Determination Standard mases (kilogram, pound-nas) are used to elibrate scales and as force ‘Rfeences However, he volime ofthe mass displaces suounding at, cealing an ‘porat Booyant force that reduces the apled force. Mass sandards ae usually ‘Brcredforat buoyancy o values in a eacoum; when a standard mass is paced ‘Seale at any Iocan, the eae reading i comected to read the value of the lied mass The conection thus includes the effects of bath buoyancy and loca ‘SPifiy, Hever te coretion will apply wo a object other than the standard ‘has only if the objec pisces the same volume ofr asthe standard mas. 1f the sandaed mass Guplces more air than the objec, the coreted scale reading must be increased: ies, t must be deceased "A buoyancy force fs nt exerted on Mud ina pipeline. Therefor, if quid fs collected Is « weigh tanks and the reading i compared to a lowmeter's mas ‘ow indication, 20 003 percent bas-emorcorecton shoul be made vo aeount for the diference beween Rowing guid densty and the density ofthe standard nase seo eallbrate the sale igus la shows a 10Tb standard mass placed ona sale at any geographic locaton, The upward buoyant force redaces the weight force W, and the see Feading is ajusted to read 10 Thy. The at fore wansited is then Fn = Fut ~ FIN 69) “The frst term in Ba, (3.6) isthe force ofthe standard mas, its weight, andthe Second is the upward buoyant force created by displacing the volume of ar cceue fied bythe sandard mas m. Equation (9.6) canbe rwriten by substituting the lens ofthe standard mass m a8 Ryn Pom FL en p where the subscript aie refers tothe density of air tthe ime of alban TEgation (3.6) can also be writen as n= 1F the weigh tank is filed with igi (Fig. 3.1), and the comected sale reading: 1510s the upward buoyant fore is neeased by the quid volume and the net force tad bythe liquid 8 bas) Em 68) ) em 6»a] {3 Ir aca Or tng eee gure tes fbnyaney ne detention of mas whete the subscript air refers 10 the sir density atthe time the liquid mass is ‘etermined Since the corrected seal readings ae the same, Eq. "3.8 can be ‘equated to Eg. (3.9, andthe buoyancy conection becomes eee am “The mass ofthe collected liquid is then related to the standard mas (in pounds- mass o hlograms) by f= c oat Foam oun, Buoyancy Correction for Force Detorminetion A buoyancy carection is also required ‘when sundard masses are wed as 8 force refrence. Figure 3.2 shows str ‘dard masses placed on piaform to pe= ‘ces free on the piston of & deat ‘Weight ester. The force exerted on the surface cf the ils given by Ba. (3.8, And the buoyancy cometion i ounan be a1) op quired isa ‘opr ‘ead onthe a8), 612) “The net fore wansmited is then Fan = Fifa 619) In the SI syste, the net force (in newton) is Fa = 980665 F Fram oa) where mis the mas i lloras. ‘Scamp 31. "A gallon of alcohol is weighed on a scale that was calibrated wi Mel auces wien the air density was 0.07800 T/T. AL the time of the ving tbe a density ts 107490 Iby/T, and the sce reading is 6.572 Iba Prime the desity ofthe alcoho f the density ofthe scl masses is 489 Thy “Te volun ofthe alco s ‘Vs = (231 in gal 071728 i = 0.13368 0° “The iia estate forthe density ofthe alcohol is 49.162 “The iia estmate forthe buoyancy coreton factors, from Ea, (3.10), 489 - 007s00_ 49.162 ‘0.07450 489) “The comected mass ofthe alcoho is, from Eq, 2.11), m= (L.0013TY672) = 6.581 [A second itestion pies (3) 499 — 007300 B20 007890 489 00137 Fae as previously. The mass of alcool is then m, = 6.581 Ih ad its density is 19.230 ‘Example 2. In Fairbanks, Alaska, at lated of 65° north and an alitude of S000 R (1524 m) above sea level 2 0b (4:3-4a) mas spaced of 8 dead Seah wesc What s the applied force if he ait density is 0.7458 Tb /f07 (AS. Sue tel asses yay — 809 Il) "The coertion fr Teal gravis, by Ea. 3), = 1 = 2687 X 10° eas 130 — 86 x 10-1500) 5 x 10° = 100117 Ib, and the contion for buoyancy is, by Bq, 3:12, 207458 _ gg Oa7aE8 - go99838 conor Re ‘Net force in English enginering system. From Ea, (3.13), Fu = (1.001170 9985;(10) = 10010 tb, Net force in SI system. The mas in the SI system is im = (0.4535928)10) = 4.535924 kg and, fom Ea. (3.14, PRESSURE Definitions ‘mesiorement asthe inch of water, bar. and sandard snoop cussd below and illsted in Fg. 33. refened wo a8 abvolate sere = 5, = (980655)1.0011790.99985)4.535924) = 48.527 Presure is defied as intensity of force and is evaluated asthe force exerted on a Uunitara. Inthe English engineering sytem of units, the pesute unite poe fore per square inch (hin) Inthe St sytem, the units the mentor pers meter (N/m) or pascal (Pa). From these unis ae derived suck coment onc of ere Nine pressure terns are wed to define pressure levels and presure difereases, Thee ee he Abselite Zero Pressure. fall molecules were removed ftom shina chamber, spect vacuum woul exis, and no premute foes Would be caer oe Ws chamber walls, This idealized sate deines the conten of zero esau andted on pound ‘ants pressure tue dis saber Ton te and is S686 iis MEASUREMENT ar te Pressure. ‘Te absolute pressure isthe pressure dove absolute zero, The Abele Pressure snes he molecular ait of gas 1 he pressure sta pe calculation of gus density. “Amospheric Pressure, ‘Ton posre exe by the atmosphere atone able ne FS concpbeie eure Aioagh i pres aes wh ao Feo eo dee &sanard mosphere of pressure a sea evel a 14695 1s cms Kh and to ep ae oa reece computing a oun, a (101 32 Are ae pecsue 1 measured with a barometer and varies with a at S500 sd mys approximately 123 pia (48 KPa} at 10.000 feet (G8 ey 8 10 psia (9 KP Gauge Pressure, Presse gages measure te dference between, the presse Gauge Pre clement and he surrounding smospbie pes, To ain ab ins «cme aoupere pressure must beaded 10 the gage reading icuums, A vacuum-guuge reading sa eading below sospherc pressure, ste ‘Migvexpressed inches of mercury (VaCUUM) igerenial Pressure, diel presse ithe ierence Dewees wo Pes, Pier merely ies sepeting he wo sats wh 2 Sa sures I etree motion ofthe lapragm or by observing the Bight of urn of liquid in a manometer ‘iecometer Ring. Plzomete ings ate used 0 average sai peste tp re Pm oeig wal, Ths andar ing shown in Fg 3.4 spel weeds ings ato ie L576) has shown thatthe rile-T design (Figure 3.4) theo. homer ie conect ws an veraping Hing. Prezometr rings reduce sme of te "ally Jo cn tings and eiice eoonrty onthe discharge coefficient Dit crt ot anes ae sous problem areas that need to be considered when installing plezometers. ‘uti Pressure, ‘The actual pressure exerted by a ud either at resto in sation Sat Presa, Ether apiezometcr ing ofa stall radial hole in & pipe Wall ‘allow te state pressure fo be measure. 1 ao Qe pressure of a fowing Oui, iti important that he ole es aioli te pipe with po burs and rounded cores: Rayle be ale! Per Fig. 2.3) that depart fom recommended hoe size, ieiaton, on rn reals a Was vor of “U3 1 il percent OF ibe dynamic pressure 1986 pins out hat countless static pressure measurements ae eo ne aeTOn (1986 Pare tap construction. Based on tests a the Alden Research beste of Pt the work of Rayl (1959) and Brnkalla (1985), be sugges & {Laboratori fle rameter fr ppe sigs greater than 2 in (30 mm) and hat: sre ps sou bid and peebly eae, sch tat ecm of [RSS Pipe coe gt anges oe axial ie cet The Salling a Oe ae To aang te ese ubing hve been wee 1 ape, a PPE pipe rr, ble mut be round an ie of bur or wie ees, Th hE ere tps ust frerma a manne 1 NE Cm caning of tars te ate ened per eae oF Ge He wi esque wih be one’ pipe sureMeasuRENENT aa Dynanie Pressure. Ia tbe is bent perpendicular oa fw Fg, 38), he sae Panam Feeney te ireted nt nergy of he eam, to vel Fe re eaing is the se asthe sai rene Bata the vey ees the ps Cz olerved to nereaeby the square ofthe velocity. Tis ference {Besar levels i dbe to dynamic pressure Tal Pressure, ‘The su of the static and dynamic pressures ste stagnation, Tota Peer The stagnation reso may be read With & PESSre EAUEE COM teat Fto a plot ube a shown in Fig 3S. Pressare Relations. Because of he many pressure anit involved i important Presa ease of uns be used in conjunction with the flowing pressure elas Seon ine pressure in pounds-frce per square fot, P= Pot Po ay the tal pressure (pounds fre per square foo) isthe sum of the dnamic pressure “ind he sai pressure this P + Po 6.19) whee the dynamic pressure Pray be expressed in terms of the Aid density and easy a6 ne en 2a “Te iferemial prose between ran presae eels is AP = Pp ~ Po 68) Units ‘eros and per in ee ee Some 1. Atmosghesi pressure + Standard atmospheres (tm) {Atmospheric pressure (aim) 1 Milimetess of mercury at OFC (rum Hg) 2. Absote pressure ‘Pounds pr square och absolute (si) + Bars (ban + Pascal Pa, KPa) {Differential presure + Fet of fowing Nuit + ches of owing uid 1 Toches of water Gn HO) at lowing temperature310 couneren TREE + Inches of water (in H,O) a 39.°R, at 60, at 68°F inches of mercury (in Hy) at 32°F at OF, at 68°F + Bars (ba) + Pasals (Pa, kPa) | + Pounds per square inch, diferent (sid) 4. General tems + Pounds per square inch gauge (pie) + Toches of mercury (inHg) at 32°F, at 60°F, at 6O"F + Deciboyes + Tor (or) “The SI consion factors between these uit and the pascal ar given in Table Cl. For conversion bee two non SI pressure units the knownuni ae Ase ‘onverted to pascal then, by division, dhe desired conversion i obtained. For example, the crvesion of inches of mercury a 32° to kilograms once per square fentimeter would be expessed st (in He). 38638E. + 03) = Pa = (ky/em?¥9.8065S08 + 04) Standards ‘The deadweight tester and simple manometer are the two basi pressure stands, ‘The Unube or eisternsype manometer i uted from approxitutsly Din! C1 Pa) to 100 thin (650 KPa) wit an accuracy of = 0.1 percent. Manors an however, be designed 1o be highly accurate. Shown in Fig 6) is hgh acurey = 0.0003-n-g, = 0.003 percent of reading, mereury manometer The deadweight {ester defines pressures ffor O01 16 10,08) psig (0.07 to 69,000 KPa) within an ‘sccuracy range of 001 100.15 perce depending on design, Acommerilly eval ble deadweight tester Is shown in Fig 37 Manometer. Because ofits inherent simply, the simple glass U-ube manor eter (Fig. 362) has ben the basic peste stand for at yeas: Manors ‘measure pressure by balancing pressure forces directly against lid coun, The liquid selected depends on the peessurediflerence and may range from light. density Mid such as Kerosene tn very dense liquid such ay merry. or the manometer shown in Fig. 3, the indicated ferential pressure is P= Blo. eH = Flo. aH tote G19) ete His in fet, py isthe manometer id density, ad piste id density in the high-pressure sie. In the SI system, the ferential pessre is iven by APY = 980665008 ~ ADH Pa 62) ‘The inch fate diferent pressure unit is used in he differential pruce flowa -cuapTeR TREE gure A7_ Prison denies, (Cours Chander Engin Co.) ‘equation It is derived athe equivalent pressure read on a water-fled manometer ft a specified temperature and at standard gray (go, Hom Ea. G19), ape (Oden AE te ean & Peden Substising the density of wate t standard gravity, given by Eq. (2:7), yields the relationship between an ach of water (pressure at OFF and the dierent presse _ isn on Deadweight Tester Shown in Fig, 48 a the basic clemens ofa deaicigh fp tse to podace terece Eibradon peste: An scaly honed pslon Srwn uals lnaned less cy sod tandrd asc ate iced the porn When he al pump upp sufhcom prewar to rave he muss the fre exeed by the ol presare oer he pon ses alaned bythe weigh {let peut ten dele by pew Ba = Fae oa) mone” AS a 5192977h, yt? 62) Deadweigh tte using ae istead of oi (Tig, 39) are also available, an well at ‘compact patablepocuraic cllraters for eld use- 62 lds the pes 02 ox ure 39. Poca eae ese (Couey Armee)ane ‘cuaprre TREE ‘When using deadweight testers, of ether the oil or ar type, iis important 19 apply all known comections (bias eters) for loeal gravity, elevation, buoyancy, thermal expansion of the piston, since these eros may be signifeant (20.1 pe con, “The deadweight ester (ig. 39) uses the following correction factor fr thermal local gravity, and elevation eet, [__el +237 x 1074 hare H (in fea) i postive when the air tester is above the device being tested, Fine Bese esc Oe wight fag he gaviy vl for ch ster i calbated, ani, i the loeal ravi. Differential Pressure. The dsl as-operted deadweight tester (Fig. 3.10) is widely used to calibrate diferental pressure transmits at thee opersing static pressure. Tis device is used to determine bas ero, ually sed for correction ‘Purposes, a ine sate pressures upto 12,000 psa (88 MPa). The device Sst applies common static pressure tothe Tow- and high-pessre sides ofthe ans ‘The low-pressure side is then isolated, a the elevated pressure, and the high: ‘essure side then incremented upward over the desired ferential range ‘Accuracy is defined a the overall uncertainty inthe mearoement of he difer ence between two sate presures and a percentage ofthe difleenial pressure Nalue, which depends upon the selsted pstm-cyinder and mass set (gh). Typically, at 1000 psia (7 MP), the aceurscy i estimated 0.08 percent for & psi (69-4Pa) aferental pressure Industrial Dovows The secondary devices wed to measure diferemia pressure ae commonly divided into two types—wet and dy. nthe dy (pe (Pig. 3.11), the process ide noaed bya chaphragn: the we ype, mercury analy the separator Mercury meters ere Diet ese dead (Coaray DH ime 4tte were the misty of the process and nae Tatura gan industries for any 9ar. However. they bave been complete re placed by the ary type inthe proces val | Trusty, and dryype bellows meter (Gig, 2), which reuires n0 exer power source, are aid replacing mer a» Fyne ae ps aplicons ey Type, Dope devices a com set ety pried mo ion di hit WSatineasuring types. Inthe modion Geo hin, oe pesue aoe TEs nag cae lon 0 SNe ean fetraiine sping. The oki a ered ey. Sporn he feel es Sul Trine ractmenting pe 3S onl Secon o's argh ae oie mene seal! OF ‘Eee tice Te setectons may Be rere, Dopope dnipenme SN teat ata te Fee ar er Co Sn BNE acne te aie. iG eta rie ee vera mete pron oh duck fe fer ure i cal es Peet psec manure (hg 314) Dope mers Se pe oS poet fe ope rn vase (oe gure 312 lion ie psc meni de Te ehnny The Fsbo Csigure. Dey and et esr olen rare messing deve) ry pe Cour 12 Rosen ees pe Table 3.2 list the most common pressure transmits, ter relative accuracy, ndash peaing princes, and Tle 33 give he typi rages difleenta ‘fhe capacnce-Qpe ansdcers ke a mesuing daprag that moves eave ‘o one or two fixed pes. An oselator bridge etel detects the changes in a Bettance asthe plate moves under the acon of the applied force (pesaue or ferent, The very sll mass good frequency respons, an high rekon ‘els exelent scx. (One of the ttt PESSUT anAUCES are sin gauges. The gages ae willy mounted drecty onthe peste sensor, soppred by the Sensag Snhragms, of tonded wn cantver pags which provide be restrag osten The ‘ajo are unbonded wire, fl or semiconductor techniques, ‘he variable capaciance sensing male (Fg. 3130) completely sealed ‘module tht allows cic electronic Senang of presue induced dlapragm defi, ton Dire] capacitance between the sensing Gaphragm ant te caper Plas is elecwonically converted to a wort sigal Pressure ransmied through an lating apragm, and il lit a sensing dhphragm Ioeed inte center of he sl fhe eecnce presets ‘ited by the sae metodo the eter sis ofthe sensing daphragm The sensing Alaphagin moves to psiion tat proporoal Tote diferesce Remneen HE processand reference pesuMeasuREMEST a7 ‘capacance pes on both sides of the sensing diaphragm detect the oon or Senne ea Capac between the sevsing dapagm and DE erste open pon among ie aor he dvane bone De te ca th two capac plas. The copactance ening element he daphne ean ac vlage to peneal the capacitance signal, The ae volage lect ancy Cit The sig from te oscar Src is so re te rasmiter case ground twough the sensing capacitor The iflerencs coun th yea ie Snmngsaprapn and eas apart sever {0's proportional 410 20-mA signal ® Faure 316 Prsare messing ee.) (Cmry Te Rhos Co ‘Ey Jot Teepe Corporation)| a8 unPTER TREE “The pieelecric effect is caused when asymmetical crystals ae elastically deformed along specie axes, producing an else pont within Ue crystal This causes flow of electric charge in te exeralelestronc: THe piciple is widely used fr measuing dynamic presse, ore and shock, of vary motion “The elucive types ae distinguished pearly by the manne in which the ex citing electc energy enters the system. In there devices, the energy is invodoced sa magnetanotve force, which maybe derived from a permanent ragnet fom flecromagndtism. In ether cases he interaction of & mages held and an ‘lecriccondicior to produce & curren. “The lnew-variable ferential transformer (LVDT) is usefl for Kbortory mes surements of growth, ses, thickness, vibration, shock, and contour Is ployed to provide eectical feedback for valves and tutors im servo ctrl seems ‘TABLE 2 Accra and Range fr Preise Tani: Trnciple Area) ry Pree elem Range ‘Sein ase 1 Dapvagm wih or 0-500 pig ‘thou bean 01 icine 0-000 pig Cumitve 1 ispragm 200 mmg-1000 pig Pests 01 Diserion of 01 mani-100000| cya me Frequency change 02 Reamat wie 5-7 in HO 00S Resta cal 0-20 pia, Poantiomerie 0S Bowdon be 10-1000 psig 05 Diaphapm™ S100 pig ‘apse Pause 025 Diphrgm On 140-1000 psig 023 Bourdon te Sn 0-10.00 pg Lcarvasibesiteeaial 018 Diagn 5 in 10-100 psi rnfomes CLV) 03° Boarontate $n LO-10000 pig Prcumatie 05 eleven = OS pl ‘elas 05 Ballowesorce OS ps telace Ineeomee 1 Minometer 50029 pi TABLE 33. Dien rest Transits Ranges Differs pes, Sue press, ange in 0 Gs). ei a. lew O59 0-25 30 1300-6 63) Nesom 0.2010 0-250 1300 He 0-200 0-850 ‘00 (0-30 100-210) @ 1psig ie easuneMer a0 “The advantages ofthe LVR include an excelent linearity bobbin overlong stokes Tre aT and god temperature sai. A disadvantage i at the over Iehgtn mast be double the stoke Te oumatc instuments Combine a pessre-seasng element witha standard moten warner to Getet te positon ofthe pressure-snsing element and pro ae an pepe signal, Dest aesuracy achieve inc he Pest ise element develops many times the 2-g force required or ullscale operation fhe arsmater plo Wer Type, Shown in Fig. 3.13b ae the two basic wet-type meters—the invented re ne lat types nthe inverted el he fore developed by the diferent Frusur acting on the bel fs opposed by a spring force. The modion ofthe bel Pret mcasee of the differential presse aed, witha sizeable ell considerable adie pe developed and hens, low differentia pressures can be measured fore unvered ell designs operate i the range of 0010 in HyO (010 2.3 kPa) Pi many fot t9pes a eplindncal tel oat chamber forms onesie of & manometer and contany sel disk Hating on mercury. A cylindrical sel ref rer hae: orm end of th ator, he eo Sant Gage to give the desired mercury evel change for dhe operating diferential Fetseres which sully i from 20 10200 In H,O (3 to $0 KPa). Inteligent Transmittors “Tie accuraces of standard industri differential and pressure ransmiters ae sec ‘Halla veterence conditions for pressive and temperature. Deviation from these tet efrencecondtons resus in addonl ero, usualy a bias er. Depend [ibn he desired measurement objective and operating conditions, these nerased ‘Shore may may nt be present or acceptable Justa instruments afe designed to minimize thermal and static pressure er rortand for most none pplication, such as for eon, these er souces ‘Set warrant the atonal cost for ineligenr ansmitrs. However, for many Stolcaons the ability to change range and essentially eliminate pressure and tem ‘ature errors can be economealyjutied "Shows in Fg, Btls eifferein pressure itligenttansiter which may te cmalgued witha hanhel terminal. This device has a primary resonant wire WSsse Meaqeney Is function ofthe applied ferential presse. A microprocessor copes dd anamis edit or standardized #0 20-mA signal comeeed 10 a ‘eetececalbation for dierental pressure handheld configurator is used Yo ehunge the upper range value (URV) 0 25 agen Te ne cy oh ona Hees 04 pre ‘Correction Factors In peatice, wet nd dy ype differential pressure messuring devices are sometimes rags botanel Steence above or Hlew the pressure aps, The indicated fesse is hen eter than tata the taps and an elevation correction is required Bean (1957) gives an extreme) sation of the possible fects of elevation for a ‘munometer lrated $0 ft (13.2 m) Below an oc, In this example, 2 +06 Poteet bias err is calulte,320 ‘cvarren THRE For the wet pe, the displacement ofthe manometer fd bythe lomerdensiy rocco sel fi equ that & manometer correction factor be appli to the Trcacd reading. Thee two coaclons a comida nae. Elevation Correction. The pressures at location H,, below the pressure sources in Fig. 315 are Py =P + OF Pre = Pn + PoP 625) Figure 315 Scena of wet ey pe dev ition ‘The elaonship ween the tue and indicated differents then BP = (Phas ~ (On ~ OFetl 625) For gus (vapor) and liquid lows with quill leads a the same temperature, ‘no elevation correction is required (p=). However, with gale leads the ‘downsteam lad is aways ata lower deity (jy, > gp). Subetuting the gas ‘ersity equation (2:10) into Eq (326) and expressing he peste diffrence inches of water hive the rlaionship between indicted and tue diffrent resure as Fol Fat, AL hg ~ 001874 62 ‘An ioral solution is then necessary to calelate the tre differenti from the indieated reading. A negligible enor is invoduced, however, if its assumed tha ‘Me Indeed and ue deren are equal: then FGHy ZaT ‘ne elevation conection actor then dened by FGHy, Tn Fa, 1 ~ 01874 G29) In this enpresion His postive for locations blow the ferential producer, nd629 62) as the the as rental ex som the te that xm 029, seer iad MEASURE az cpive fr ocions above Inthe SL system, te cevaion conection itor i inilany deed 3s a om Manometer Factor, The manonvserfotr corecson i obsiaed by equating ‘esses at oaton AA 35 Py Fang Hl = Pre FuPall oan Rearangig yes tent (t 28) ox z Defining the pressure difrence Py ~ Pry vi Ea. (3.25) then yds (1-%)# 6x ice weteype drs ae saad oven in In of wat etasionship Snes WOR ined eri press boas hag = Fe Fiultohs om for US, nits, and Dp = FREER 63) for St units, where Fy isthe manomees factor defined by 6x foe US. units, and oxy for St is. Sr sctopment ofthese equations, the fui density over the manometer nnn ee de uptream process id 1a sea guid i wed then Se eld be subattued Into Ea (9.3) oF G.38). For ses (vapor), density Sea a a C10) for US, uns and with Eq, 2.11) fr SH ants called with Ec wae, Eq, (2.171) can be wed to calle density. TE tnethit mercury. the density (ANSU/API 2530, 1991) s given by ne {1 = 0.000101(7, ~ 6086.24 638) Example 23,_A deadweight ester with weight irinmed a loction wis eae, bia tt hows to calbat pressure gauge a oeaton 200) seca a ove Sea evel anda 10" aia. What the actual presse 100 pri (ume epee ene Tor both hestions)az CHAPTER THREE [At the new locaton, the local gravity coretion i, by Bg, (3.3), (Ey = 1 = 2687 % 10° cos (2X10) ~ (9.6% 10-2000) — $x 10° = 09728 Ibe [A the original location the lea gravity comection is 32.168 oS 0.99969 1, Since weights ofthe same mass ae used the peste a the ew location can be ‘obisned by combining Bgs (13) and G23) se “wordy (dads ToFam” Esta, Since the mases, buoyancy, and piston areas ar te same, 09978 _ (0), = 100 OSES = 0976 psig Example 34. A dey-type diferent pressure ransdoce slated $0 (15.2 1m) above an orifice foweter measuring the naval gas of Example 27. Ifthe Indicted difrenial pressure i 100 Ia H,0, what the ve differential pressure for lead ines atthe sine temperature asthe process? (Use g = 32.162 Rs") From Example 2.7, = 0.73, 2, 0878 and .~ 499°7% (0°). The location ‘conection fatr for density wit the leads, frm Eq. (3, 210 1 = SAS — 0.9006 0,0, From Eq. (3.28) the true diferenial pressure is (09996407350) (0.878)099.7, Example 35, wetype mercuryflled meter based on the manometer prin ipl is tanifolded a the same potion a the dry ype ansducer of Example 3. ‘Wha iss reading? "The density ofthe gus over the mercury is eaeastd with Bq, (2.10) a8 = [1 = 001s 09 moe svonggs 073400 + 14.7) P= 2888 a STeyART) “The density ofthe mercury at 40 is, by Ea. 3.3), Pug ~ 846.324(1 ~ (0.000101)40 ~ 60) = 848.0361, Equation (3.34) canbe writen 38 1.862 pF? Oe where, from Eq. (3.36),easoneneNT rex (1-232) m0 substiuion then gives = 10026 in 1,0 oo. oe = TOT TEMPERATURE ‘scales tn 1968, the leterttonsl Commitee on Weighs and Measures adcped several a see in he erpial temperature sete, This work is reported in “Te Ir hans ot Temperature Seale of 1968" Init the Kelvin (K) was adopted &s {he besie hermodsnamie emperature uni. ee eis pow eae baer approximates the thermodynamic scale, it has yet 1 ante enpicel equations wed to calculate absolute temperatures. These, Ty = Ty + 45967 63 for degoees Rankine and Te= Te + TS 640) for kelvin, with the relationship between the Fahreahit and Celis sales being ‘etn by Ty= Tet 2 oan and HT, - 2) 6) “The equation rating Rankine temperatures to the Kelvin temperature sale i Ty> He 648) Many tenperature-measurngdevies are base onthe thermal expansion of oid, [Mao gas oma theroelectic measurement in which ahermally indced ele teteivetfnce (ems wsed fo infer temperature, or on the measurement of & ret ang in ether e precision resior or athermitor, OF these the most ‘eons ee ps emote, Br HP eon Mereuryin-Glase Thermometer. The mercury-in-glass thrmometr (Fig 3.160) MSF edn wth Inborstoy and industry because oft Base simpli. The ‘peal hemmometer consists ofa bulbreservot and scaly. AS heat stansz ‘CHAPTER THREE fered into the bulb the mercury cses due to thermal expansion and displaces a Sealed inert gas."Th temperature i then eead ona scale calbatd in the unis of Ts imporant thatthe thermometer be used under the condition that prevailed ‘uring calibration. Specially, heemometers ae calibrated either partly or com plc imma in tenprre hah If hear aed unser coins. then a stem corecton ts equied, Benedict (1984) gives several examples con zming stem conection. Ia ne, a itanmersion thermometer immersed ony to the 200°F (°C) mark is in ero by 4 percent when used to measure a0 814°F (34C) temperature Gas (or Vapor) Expansion Thermometer. This thermometer operates onthe pin. lol that ages expands at constant volume ae its tempersture fs increased, tthe Sst device shown in Fig 3.16, a change in temperature atthe senor causes «change in gs pressure. This presse change i tansered by the thermal-ysem apsle to a change in force on the fore bat The design of the force balance ‘mechanism allows the bar to pivot imperceptibly about a pau of roses Fl ums when the gas pressure changes. Tas small bar motion casera change In ie clearance between the nozzle apd the top ofthe force ba, esling in a change Inthe relay ouput presse In adton to changing the output signa of he tans gure 416, Therpomei e) Mercy in pt, ) Ga exunson hanes (Cour {15 The Pde Co) Simple emocnu i) Psinen eameseasunener as rites, this change in press is re force bs by the Feeback bellows Ne the moments abot the rs ae kept in egiibrium, an the Thus hal ofthe wns is roprional 1 the measured emer gat igh mest avays ese the filles since ican be wed over a wide 1 entaee ange and feces avalable a a hghaty gas The ssl sald te temperate hms range frm’ ~830 to MOTE (—220 to jaro. TO «id's vapor pressure depends only om the free-surface temperature of ‘ko be used to indicate temperature. The red thermomcc is similar te gas hermornete, withthe bul as Frere conan al the iqud When te temperate i Below tat of the vary and thermal stem eapsle ‘Thermocowples, ‘Te thermocouple proves eb apd accurate temperate Thermo any indestilapptcasons. In its simplest frm it consis of pit indication onda jomed Togter at both end, a abown i Fig. 3.16.1 the ose ty be measured tT, reference temperate 5 rained a temperate i Oe elie to temperanere by 8 payor iting equation. saan cathe conbnaion of conductors and the sed temperate Fan, ere oF the polyaoial may extend (om second to ninth. Ie Peon charatensties of thermocouple depend upon the mate 1 ee the clement ofthe thenmocouple and te temperature to which dey ale wee Th sleton of ater for hermocoupe clement i sabject 1 ies the folowing requirement: The materials shouldbe able to withstand the extremes ofthe temperature tobe Tesoed without sgnificant deterioration, fora suitable period of ine ‘Relatively large ent should be developed per degree change in temperature 80 are aie san be used to determine smal temperature changes. "The em should incase wit increasing temperature continuously over the rang of ws “The materials should mnt thei orginal temperature-emf characteristics for ra. Consteney of cltrason largely dependent upon freedom fom lone Peri and mechanical tune, These trode nonhomegeneiis in the thermocouple clement, “The materials shou! be homogeacous and capable of cay standardization. They Te i rally avale to permit replacement without the necessity ‘of recalibrating the emperatre-measiing istament ‘The materials should be capable of being formed into an adequately strong Trenmaaple sembly to meet installation and application requiements, “The ISA designations, temperature ranges, nd limits of er Fo several of the more common gonbinations of thermocouple conductors are presented in Table Baie Fig SI? ae shown several theemocouple (pes esitance Thermometers. The instal esitance thermometer is widely used ean tracery an asi simple temperature changes of 03°F (002°C) een tected industrial processes. The measurement range of this i A ate same ay tha of the copper consantan thermocouple, ion caer hermoconple. and expansion thermometer, these Limits a approx nately "300 co 120° (~184 1 689°)326 ‘CHNPTER Tn ‘The resistance thermometer requires no reference junction since it operates on 8 measured change inthe resistance ofa metal or semiconductor (thermistor) mith temperature, Usual the metals plainum, copper, or nickel, andthe semiconductor ‘of a metallic oxide. For a pure met, the relationship betwoen temperature and resistance i ex: pressed asa serious expansion in temperature with constant coefiients Rng (U4 are + BT + eT + Rae ou whete Ris the resistance in ohms, ta eference empeature sully 'C 2), std Roy isthe measred resistance. For many applications, a average cocicien of resin is asumed and all tems with power higher han te fist ae assumed ‘zero. For platinum, a second-order equation accurselypredics behavior atte Deratures tp to 12007 (619°C). Copper sensors are less expensive than platinum Sensors and quite linea. However, these are limited to tomperatures Upto 250"F ‘TABLE 34 Designations and Limi of Eno of Themocoopes and Temmscouple Wies ay Ti of eno, ts ceo ve mpe {ype T Copper copperaicel 328 wo 32°F Cam) (compeconsents) 320 709F iow sre) Thon pera w OT iow are Nicketahroniam ve ~~ SRB w HE Copper ntl C600) (Chometconsann) = Bw 20F Ge hse) kava ~I28 37 sctel aim Came oe) (etme alam 20207 @wns9e Pasinum 3% todam Dw TOM se pln OW 4s) (io Re ve lin ceo 1600 3100 a0 1107) Pisinum 30% sod ‘plo 5 1600 w 107 ‘oar (70 6 1700) (50 RR 6 RHwit oct were 37 Teme per (Cu Th etre Co) a) Wi (9 PYOD (fiean oe +05 pore 338 dil RT epee anit (Cure The atorsa0 CHAPTER THREE (21°C). Nickel is quite noalinear and has an upper temperature limit of 6OO"F (G16), Because oft inherent stably and linear, the base plainom resistance ‘eniperure detector (RTD). shown in Figs. 3.16d and 318, cominves to dominae the fed in essence thermometer "The thermistor is clasfed asa Semiconductor because is electric conductivity fails between that ofan insultor and that of a condvctor ‘The name thermistor comes fom thermally Senne vestor—the resistance of thermistor varies 284 function of temperate "The temo isa slid semiconductor witha high temperature coefficient of resistivity The viration of resitance sith empeatue can be approximated sith 2 simple exponential equation ofthe form ® Ray = 8893, G45) Where Kg th resistance atthe measured asotte temperature {Ihe constans {2 and bf typealy 0.06 and 8000, respectively. Thermometer Welle In numerous applications its nether desible or practical 1 expos a temper. ure semoe dec to a process material. Thermometer well ar, therfore, eed to protect against damage from coreson erosion, abrasion, and high peserepro- estes A well also useful in protecting 3 sensor fom piyscal damige daring banding and normal operation When the ambien tempersure is sgoieanty higher than the Mowing temperature o when te wel i exposed to die sunlight tet condition along the well can rae the indicated temperature by 210 3% In these eases, cre must be taken to propedy insulate the thermometer wel ‘Wells are provided in many coaigurations some ofthese are depiced in Fg 3.19. The opc-end type can ether be pain or have a lagging extension A loging ieagin of in (5 mm i standard, bat other lengths are avalble For mounting papas, there ie 4 choice of extemal teas or procest fanges. Tle extemal fiveas canbe obalaed in ether NPT of SI metre sizes, and the process Manges ave made fo ether ANSI or ISO specications. The closed end of «well can hve ‘liner a slght or tapered up, ora suaght Up wiih a reinforced neck. A sany Swell als avalable for use in food induseen. Ths special purpose well hak & Tapered tp but no external teads orange. Iti usally welded in sanitary ‘ting. pipeline, or storage tank ‘Temperature of a Moving Stream 1s imporant thatthe uve static temperature atthe loaton of he pat of pressure smeasurement be used inthe sate equation for desi, Por ofher aid properties, or for dimensional corecuons for iemperaure, the temperature shouldbe adjusted {0 the point ofitrest, ‘There are thre corections that need to be considered, al of which are quite ‘sll an usually considered negligible. However for laroy-yn work oi ‘isidy transfer sppietons, where all eors nesd to be eonidered,coectons dso should be considered.True Temperature, Tye trv (tic) temperature of a moving hid is secorded TAY ihe hemometer is located in lage reservoir or #8 moving a the same Sect othe steam ce Fig 3.20.) However, practical measurements are made TERT nerometer et rest with respect othe ul, andthe ass ow impact op thetmcasuring device gives a reading higher than the static temperature, The max nom diferesce would be observed Toran isentropic compression ofthe fui to ‘Be uagnatton temperature (Fig. 3.20), In practice, iis raximum is seldom hioved becase of thermometer loses, uid factional effec, thermometer well ‘Sslen and ater factors "The indated temperaure i ten somewhere between the ae and theoreti! sagnationterpersture (ig. 3202), Fr igids the ifference between static tnd theorecal tigation temperatures i gute small Benedict (1984) gives an example concerning 200% (OC) water Figure 349 Temometer wel. (Couey Tae Rats Cay Pa dng sod) Lage ead pee (0) Fit ened wel) al ned igure 220 Tempera of 4 moving se30 couprer nice flowing 20 fs 6.1 my the dfeccocebetwcen sai nd Indicated temperate ‘8 only 0002" (0.001°C, For gases, however, the effect is mt alvaysinsgnfican ‘The conection is made by inrodicing s mrovery factor prose Ue ane by Mp ye tbe, i Tat, = He, 64) anf i, 4, 3.47) aly wan where Fees which ranges ffom 09 10 10, is the recovery face Ty (Tq) isthe ‘ndicated temperatre (RK), M, isthe molecular weight [lbs mol °R) kek (GqrmolK)}, gis the U'S. diménsioal conversion constant 32 7403 I, 42), Ys te Mid velocity (Ris, m/s) and J is the conversion (US. unity of Ib, to fu (J = 778.16934 fib Bu, Ges (Vapor) Expansion Corrections Figure 3.2 illusetes te temperature profile long a pipe axis when a flow con aitiones (ce Chap. 3) anda Rowmetr that rodsces¢ ileal pees inl Iis sen tha te emperor depends upon the Prsre oace eng te pipe wi Ih practice, the thermal wel is acted either 20 pipe diameters vpsteam ofthe primary element oe 48 pipe daneters downstream (xe Chap. BY The me tn locaton may citer be atte upseeam tap (po he dovesteas Ge ee {ora diferent! producer fr linear meters None. tine) the presen ep location is eiel by the manufacturer A tempers dctonal big ee sad ence an ern deity in the deny calgon hen ‘he bias evr is sal end normally conrad oepisile:However, conc ton based on an senropic expansion, oan Lethal espanion aoe te Hen eter fer pressor recovery can be ied ast the ener ese wel cation to he poi of interest This asumes ta he Pie ee et ‘hema sled (fea! rane nd it mo won ec as ae 2 ‘senthapic Expansion from Upstream Thermal Well Primary Element. nthe absence of heat transfer and work, the gas temperature is lmered Wr nte tee nd flow conditioner, if present, over the 20 pipe diameter length Bereca eseen ell and upstream presi tp The thea gradient ca be eee by asain ‘Benhalpi condone as Taste (a) Aah () _ 218 Pm =n \BP)y” any \IT), © anG, where Ty 1s the upstea tempeature, Ty, the temperature atthe wpetream tap, Pra — Bp i the pressure los, ye the Universal gas constant [Bll nea Ry, gm) py the pressure a he wpateam tap (pn Pa) Cy, Bs oa es 6.48)MEASUREMENT an heat capacity at constant pressure [Btu/(bymol"R), Hkg-mal-K), and (@ZP Bi), i the paral derivative of compres Isentropic Expansion across the Primary Element. The minim temperature is at the minimum pressure (dowasteam pressre tap). Assuming a lentopic ex panto, the rlaonship eencen an upeream temperature mewremen fy ad ' ye etna Gh where isthe isentropic exponen, Zs i the temperate at the pstream tap. T, Fe the temperature atthe downsteam tap his the diferent pressure and tnd py rete respactive presures, 6.49) Lrenhalpic Bspansion toa Downstream Thermal Well. The veal presse loss (eee Chap. 6) of the pimary clement resis ina decease in wmperature a he ‘Sowasteam thermal wep isenthalpic expansion rete inte following tee tionship Flow ean I. —— el Figure 321 Pare temper pois dog app oto ae)‘SHAPER THREE fat) _ZiRuTr 21), Example 3.6. 60 percent methane, 20 percent ethane, and 20 percent propane rural gs mixture is moving at 80 ft/s (26 m/s) i an Bin 230-mm) pipe, A Fesstnce thermometer (RTD) indicates a temperature of IOI (378°C) when Seried ina thermal well § pipe diameters downstream of 4 06 beta rato oiice Flowmeter Assuming a thermal recovery factor of 09, estimate the temperature, correct (ue) density atthe downstream pressure tap, and directional density bis for when the owing diferntal prssre 100 in 25 kPa) and the overall pressure Tos i668 in (16 KPa. “The following datas avaliable: Indiated density p based on pressure of 2000 pia and atempecature of 100% = 143193 Ib /® at pp = 2000 pi and Th, of 100°F M, = 2445926 l/(bem0l"R) k= 2.285 G,= 2128973 Bu/bymol“R) —Z} = (92127), = 1883 x 10-°R* The tue temperature at the chem well (se Fig. 321) with the indieated temperate Ty, = (99.67 + 100) = 53937, Sy Eq, (6), 8 (2443926807109) BG2.17H AL IHS) ‘The temperature is fist ajusted wo the wpsream pressure tap by Eq (3.50) with yx = GOOD + /2773) = (2000 + 16137.73) = 2002 34 ps, 1, Met i Gd Te Fey = 559.57 59.5378 Ta =Tre _ ZRaeTre _ (1883 x 10-2(1.9589%559:58) Pa Pe Pa (002. 544N21.2837) With py, — pre = 65/27.73 = 2.344 psi, the upstream temperature Ty Ty = 550.54 HES x 10°92 348) = 590.5379 Note thatthe difference (7), ~ T) is only 0.001 The emperatre a the dota Lap i now calculated, with Ea. (249) 4.165 < 10-9 Za (mat h/Em | (xn + oon) ices) tg eon a ‘The tue temperature tthe downsream pressure ap i tben Tre = Ty/L.00101 = $89379)/1.00101 = 5588126 ‘The me density p atthe downszeam tp, corected forthe tue temperature Ts by rating Eq 1) 1s 2669p -OlZpTs | _ Tox , $5967 P* 5699p,.1Z,.T;5”~ Ty ® SSRAT 14319 = 14341 oR? where Pj = Pye tnd Zp ™ ZiaMEAS REET an with, denoting the indicated density and p the true density, the direconal acinity as ee, sith Eq) (29.6 14.3193 = 1434129 T8109 10 = -0.5 perent SMART TRANSMITTERS Imtelgento¢ smart transmits were initly diferent and temperature tans veer now inclode absolute pressure, gauge pressure, and amar low tans miter "332) which combines all of the Measured variables used fo compute ia tae ote, electomagnei, Coils, nd oer types of Bowmeters a ‘Tho designed as smare meters 1a etan sown in Fig, 3.23 the sensor signal is digied and then tinea ized! eae engineering uit conversions abated, and communication and vests performed by the dedieted varsmiter’s mcroprocesor. System com, serch is accomplished by a remote hand-held terminal (HET) iat i atached mune spcreed 4 to 200A loop a the desired Iocatien. Dial sytem in anicten Is citer caied oat on the 4-t0 20-mA loop or may be total figial communication along te fed bus. Typically transmits out, percentage of ypan (or upper range value, sere presi, oF elevation, model umber, ag number, te calibration. te 2a oe played remotely Digital ansmiuers (Dollar, 1954) are generally used pices tht require a high level of perfarmance in terms of ability iag- rostes wie ange, and curacy Figure 22 Sar ow sme. (Counesy GAC Fow eho In)an HAPTER TREE A citferental pressure wansmitr that uses a resonant single-crystal silicon sen sor is described fm Nishikawa et al. (1993) and Larson (1994). The Senor and ‘lapragm ae Tabvieatd byte dimensional m comachinngtechaigue that Sure fow hysteresis, stabi high enstvity, and reproduiliy. The dial fre ‘quency canbe measured by 4 microprocessor with no A/D conversion tht degrades ‘tcuracy. The tranemiter measure ferential as Jow a8 Oia (100 Pa) The sar flow ransmiter shown in Figure 3.22 extends the versatility ofthe microprocessor tthe field (McCoy. 1992). The transmiter processes the puts from the flowmeter, temperate, and pressure transmits and computes compen sated volumetric or mass low rat forall fluids. Viscosity and density corectons ‘a perfomed within he software with a cubic spine, o linear interpoltion 1s {ailble for flow-rate linearization. Pressure and temperate inputs can be ether ‘40 20 mA or voltage, The data from individual ansmiters canbe wansmite, ther scaled or unsealed, ts cong room fr indivi sensor observation, TRANGMTTER Han ero [7 ‘rama [12 A Sees SYSTEM FELOBUS ee) eC NC ASS FLOW TRANSIATTERS OTHER FOXBORO FELOBUS DEWECES: ® gure 123 Seat nie estan a) $20 mA expt) Dial (CouryeasuREMET 38 LOW MEASUREMENT UNITS Flow rates are called in eter mass of volumetic unis, The mus flow-rate ime dependent ony tay pond mas per our, pe Seon. er Sm. However ine volumetic unt maybe ealeulaed i gallons, ebi et, o cube Bir per eit ine a flowing tempecntre ova spied tse tengraise. To {cngeth between mass-Row, base-voume, and actual volumetric tts an up a bse wl be usd for mas-fow and base solume Unis, ard lowercase Fetes lemure wre unis Table 13H te symbols a subaeeing St wil Be wed in this book Liguld ow ras ae almost always calcula in volume unis (gallons per itt an gas lows in sandal ave fet per bout Vapor ows sich 8 of ‘itm andumoona re uuily calculate mss units of pounds per hou. Fundamental Volumetrie Flow-Rate Unit In the English engineering sytem, the fundamental volume flow-rate unit isthe {Cutie foot per sstond Under the arsompsion thatthe velocity prof is one ‘Simeasional and is represented by an average value (se Pig. 3.20, the Mow rate tay be ealculated as eT 5 (2) Ge sssisex wo, — es whee Dis in inches, an Wisin feet pe second Inthe S uation system the conespoading 2(2\ pete G0) 3 (BG) ty = 285002 wr oe% a5) Relationship botween Mass and Volumetric Units Flowmeers may be grouped in four broad clases, depending on ther principle of operation: . Veloty-measurng vortex, turbine, ultrasonic, magnetic) 2 Discrte volume-measring (postive displacement) [3 Velociy- and densiy-dependent (ori, nozzle, venturi) 44 Thee mane dowmetes Depending on the desired low-rate unit, mass flow continuity may be used to deive on ealion relating 8 mass ow to volumetric low or hase to owing volume tit The elationship Between the volumetric and mas low-rate units fora density ore ™ Ba 633) fo the US, oysten, an |‘nt en Po any oTeat sa-sreuz = 1 ommnd 9 ‘ova rauon as He DN(9) WEE FRY PORE MOK HFeysuREMENT 338 ates onan co forthe SI system. PS SL i eaculated using the pu equation, substintion of Eq 2.10) into fq (358) gives the relationship for U.S. units as or, . Airs = 2690825 FE 655) A similar substation of Ea, (2.11) into Eg. (54) yields the SLnit relationship ory : hag = 148401 Fo 656) Flowing Gallons per Minute ‘rc gallon & a volumarc anit deine ax exactly 013368056, (0008785412 “RS. Fhe ow tae in talons per minute a flowing conditions is then defined In Ts of he Rowing vcumete Now rate i cube Teet per second a 31 : Tapa Mee = HBSS om ain ens of the average plpline vec Gyn = 2419980°V, 658) Bove Cat ne por Minute Inthe United States, gid fw cates are often caultd in ether gallons or barrels ult tes rtrd to a bce temperate oF FF (156°C) rahe than a the Figure 324 Avene vlosy sd ee wom flowa0 ‘CHAPTER THREE flowing temperature, ISO Standard 5024 (1981) on petleum liquids adops 5 (15°C) as the reference temperature, and it is expected tht ths wil eventually replace OF (15°C), ‘A flowmeter canbe scaled to either base or actual volumetis flow-rate unite, ‘The relationship Between actual and base gallos i illirated in Fig 325. In Fi 3.25a, the flowmeter is scaled to tal gallons per mine, andthe tank level wl indicate the same volume as the integrated Nowmeters ouput. This volume i, however, lower when te guid temperature is reduced ta base of FT (156°C) (ihe values shown are exaggerated for emphasis), In Fg, 3.25 the owner ip Sealed to indicate base volume. In his case fra tempest higher than the base temperature, the tank level will always be higher than te fategrsed meter output In both cases the base volume remains the same, provided the liquid haste same sensty at OF (15.60), TEqting the mass flow at lowing temperature to the mass flow rate at base temperature gives the followin relationship between flowing and base volumes or = Pen = Pers 639) ‘or the base volume may be defined va he rato of flowing to base density as rs aan Gis = Ear Gon) fos Bam gins = a: Equation (3.60) i the basic equation that relates the messred How ate to any base Oe Fier 225 Flom sed mind ving bse wot Se 8) omelet gl pe i eyMEASUREMENT sa solume, in bh U.S. and ST units and for both igids and gases (spor) For base TalGE por minut te equation ean be ween In tems of embty or specie avy & ow Ge der = Fa" Gi fam = Gem Gon Provided consistent volume and ime nts fe used any volume ait, sich as Prowabic meters. or ites can be usd in Eq, (3.61) to convert beween volume [towing condions and a selected bese volume, ‘THE STANDARD AND NORMAL CUBIC FOOT (METER) fe the Unit States the standard cubic foo is the most commonly used gas volume ve rf sandardized in 190 5024 (1981) for peoleum gus (tural a3) as he i lowing gas would occupy ata pressoe of 14.6895 pia (10328 KPa) am iperaure of S07 (1S), However, eer pressures and temperatures are and 2 Grtmony sed for natal fa6, oxygen, and nitrogen volumes. The base (10.85) = 0.22403 As or Eq (357) may be rearranged to yield den _ 10055 oa * Gages ~ HARSSI (0.22403 fs 3 Mass flow rate in poundemass per day. From Ba, (53). drs = sa THE ‘owing density by Eqs. (2203) and 2.175, y= Fuby = 623063 f= (.0088)0.7255K62.3663) = 45.6449 og /f? then Garo = 2ANR6OO gy = (ANOKA. 45620-22408) 885,12 th /day “4 Average pipeline velocity. From Table B.1, for 2in schedle-80 pipe, D 11509" then, by Eq. (3.5) eearanged ro solve for ¥, ta 022403 > carayriay ~ Caran ssertay ~ ‘0° 88 Example 38 Natural gs is owing at 340 standard mh (1SO Standard S008 base) in 92 S0-mm (2.067) pipe. For the design information given below, de termine (1) the actual fiom rte tn acal eubic meters per hou, (2) the mass ow ‘ate in hllogras per bout (3) the average pipeline velocity in meters per second, nd CH) the standard cube fet per hour The design Infermation is 14kPe T= 30K G= 0682 2,= 0999 DY=5250mm = 10 Actual cubic meters per hour. Equation (3.63) ean be rewriten for an hourly tas a8 en Bahan where pf and pf are calculated at flowing and base conditions using Ex. 2.11)