CANAD! Ctatslattss Peis ORGANIZATION: 4 Department cINTRODUCTION The Caradon Goverment har joined other peaceminded mains in oe rt ek i en ieee tment ui ach conrai ar are ncesany Wo prestve he Weal fat elgt weer havnt 6 mo nce ‘Now merice tin for ix plas for tke defeceof Cana The nat ond el of pou ace ack on Norh Amara, end sad tant whi Canale Coad 6d i tach gets he Prec’ wih acewaey. Our major cones would be a ron kof ‘inerate Sack rondo eoftions could acer and there would'be the Spr the ee jm eel lover mat Se ori ee oi ae pra SO Se Sia ele Sia nd aera ee rh alr Sheree pe re Many of the precautions which ee recommended will sre double urpane iey The lace ley eacine tes ch ar oad, feral, fie hurcane, ead ie norm cots. htenton hat ‘ttc tons fete throughout he various eh All Canadians ar ured jo god “I! Sep 10 Suri” ith care 0 et onthe ode contains ond bce i hand for emergence.Although protected by Crown Copycght, the contents may be reproduced in whole or in part provided proper acknowledgment ofthe source is made (cat No. 14 S4 ‘THE ELEVEN STEPS TO SURVIVAL Governments and communities at all eves are planning for the survival of our Nation in the event of a nuclear war. But the surviv of individuals also will depend upon the preparation that each person makes. Persons ready to take the right action before and following an atack wll increase their chances of survival, This pamphlet describes what YOU can do before and folowing a nuclear atack. You can greatly increase your family’ and yout ‘own protection by taking the Eleven Step wo Survivale (1) Know the effects of muclea explosions. (@) Know the facts aboat radioactive fallout, () Know the warning sigaal and have a batery-powered radio. (8) Know how to take shelter. (5) Have fourteen days emergency supplies. (©) Kaow how to prevent and Sight res, (1) Know fist ald und home nursing. (8) Know emergency cleanliness. (9) Know how to get i of radioactive dst. (40) Know yor manicipal plan. (11) Have a plan for your family and yourselt.KNOW THE EFFECTS OF NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS ‘A nuclear explosion releases vast amounts of energy in three forms: (a) Light and heat; ©) Blast; (6) Radiation, “The amount of energy released depends upon the size and design ofthe weapon, A wide range of weapons and delivery systems are svailable to an aggressor and we have no way of knowing what size of explosions might take place in Canada, For illustration purposes. ‘we describe in this pamphlet the effects of a S.megaton H-bomh equal to the explosive force of five milion tons of TNT. Such 4 bomb could substantially damage the largest Canaan city ‘The effects depend upon whether the weapon i exploded high inthe air, or on, or near the ground. An air bust usualy procen more fie and bast-damage than a ground burst which results big crater and more radioactive fallout. The effects described below ste approximate fora S-megaton explosion ad can only be approx imate since effects depend upon a number of conditions such as ‘weather, tera, etc. Light and Heat ‘A blaze of light brighter than the sun is produced by a nucle explosion. I fasts for about 15 seconds. Temporary bindnes ye injry can result from the glare if eyes are not shield, The heat rays fom the explosion travel at the speed of igh or about 186,000 miles per second. It can start res up to 20 miles away. Many ies are eased when the heat puise comes through window to set fire to curtains, paper, clothings furniture. The heat fash also can set iret the outside of wooden buildings, ‘The following are some examples of the predictable elfests on‘unprotected skin of the heat fash ofa S.megaton weapon exploded fon clear day © Skins badly burned up to 15 miles from the explosion. ‘Skin is blistered up to 18 miles from the explosion. «© Sunburn types of burns up to23 miles from the explosion, [Nuclear explosions in the aie rather than on the ground are more Ukely to produce a greater number of serious burns through the heat flash. Clothing will give some protection. A shield between you and the light wil give protection against burns from the heat fash oto 18m TTS ox omase eae SAE Blost ‘The blast wave travels more slowly than the heat flash. Several seconds may pass after you have scen the light or felt the heat before the blast wave reaches you, depending on the distance you fare from the explosion, It is like the time between secing the Hash of lightning and hearing the sound of thunder. For example, at ten miles toa) the centre of an explosion, it would take about 35 seconds for the blast wave to reach you. If caught in the open uring 2 nuclear explosion, tis time can be used to find some protection from the bast wave. "You might be injured by being thrown about by the bls there- fore, kep low. The greatest danger is from fying glass, bricks and ‘ther debris, The bast feom a S-megaton explosion could injure people as far away as 15 mils + eam esevcnon 2 rom wert 2 cps nue"The Kinds of damage thatthe blast can do to buildings are: © Complete destruction of all buildings three miles from the ceentee of the explosion. ‘© Damage beyond repair to buildings three to five miles distant. They would have 19 be torn down © Major repairs requited to buildings five to 10 miles distant ‘before they could be occupied 1 Light to moderate damage to buildings 10 v0 15 miles distant They coulé be occupied during rpais ‘A 20-megaton bomb increases the approximate ranges of damage Aescribed above 10 five, eight, sateen and twenty-four miles. ‘These are approximate distances as the strength of buildings is sot uniform, For example, reinforced concrete buildings are more blast resistant than wood! frame structrcs. In some areas four miles away fcom the explosion, conerete buildings might be repairable, while wood frame buildings would be completely destoyed. Win dows, of cours, are very vulnerable and are apt to be blown in as far away as 25 mies from the explosion, Rasiotion ‘A nuclear explosion causes both immediate radition and residual radiation, ‘Immediate radiation is given off a the time ofthe explosion, It is dangerous only within two or thee miles. If you were neat the explosion without adequate protection and managed to survive the effects of blast and fite, you could sill be seriously affected by immediate radiation. ‘Residual radiation is piven off by the radioactive particles left 125 “fallout” after the explosion. The danger from fallout would be fo great and widespread that it is discusced separately, in Step 2 ‘and immediate Radiation ‘The illustrations below show some of the most probable situations in which you might ind youre at the time of a nuclear attack, and what you should do:KNOW THE FACTS ABOUT RADIOACTIVE FALLOUT If a nuclear weapon is exploded on, of near, the ground, the danger trom radioactive fallout is greatest, The force of the ex: Plosion may make a cater up toa mile wide and to 2 depth of one hundred fect. Millions of tons of pulverized earth, stones, buildings and other materials are drawn up into the fireball and become radio= active. Some ofthe heavier particles spill out around the point of ‘explosion. The ret are suet! up into the mishroom cloud "This radioactive material i then earied by winds wnt it setes| to carth, This i ealled “Fallout. Under some circumstances you may soothe fallout; under others you may ck. ‘The radioactivity it gives off cannot be seen, You can't fel it ‘You cant smell ‘But flloat doesn't come out ofthe sky like a gas and seep into everything, It can best be described asa fine to coarse sand carried by the winds. Becauso the wind deestion varies at diferent heights above the ground, ts noe posible to judge from the ground where the fallout wil ste, It can setle in ieregloe patterns hundreds of niles from the explosion. The fallout from a S-megaton explosion could affect seriously an area of 7,000 square miles. If nothing were done to gain protection ‘during the period of high radioactivity, there would be a grave ‘danger to fein that area, ‘Because fallout is cried so far and covers such a large area it ‘could be the greatest danger tothe largest number of Canadians in A muclear war. If Canada was not bit by nuclear bombs, those ex- Ploding in the United States close to our border could result in serious fallout in many pats of Canada. tate four things which determine the amouot of radiation reaching your body from fallout, (1) The time that has passed since the explosion, (@) The length of time you are exposed to fallout @) The distance you ate from the fallout (8) The shielding between you andthe fallout. 10Time The radioactivity in fallout weakens rapidly in the frst hours alter an expiosion, This weakening is called “deey”. After seven houts, fallout has lost about 90% of the strength it had one hour after the explosion. After two days it has lost 99%; in two weeks 9.9% ofits strength is gone. Nevertheless, ifthe radiation atthe beginning were high enough, the remaining 0.1% could be dangerous Radiation must be measured by special instruments handled by people tained 0 use thems, But, if you say ina shelter during the fist days following an explosion, you escape the strongest radia- tion. You should say in the shelter wl radiation has Beem meas- tured and you have been told aver the radio that it is safe to come Distance ‘The strength of radiation reaching your body is reduced the farther you are foom the fallout. Here ate some istration of the safest place fo be when you are in various kinds of buildings. § AzShielding ‘The most etlective protection isto place some heavy material between yourself and the fallout. The heavier the materi! the beter the protection. Many common materials give excelent protection. ‘The! materials and design of the fallout shelter recommended in Blueprint for Survival No. 1 wilstop penetration of 99% of outside ration. “ ‘These thicknesses of material wil stop 99% of radiation () 16 inches of solid brick; (©) 16 inches of hollow concrete blocks fled with mortar orsand; (©) 2eetof packed earth — 3 feet if oose; () Sinches of tec, (©) Binches of lead; (9, 3 feet of war, A fallout shelter is the best way to protect your family and yourself against radiation because: (@) Tekeeps the radiation at a distance, () I shields you fom radiation. (©) The time spent there is the period when radiation is most By providing your family and yourself with a fallout shelter, you are unlikely to suffer serious elects from radioactive fallout, Personal Danger from Fallout Radioactive particles in contact with your skin for a few hours ‘may produce burns. Follow Step 9 to prevent this danger. Radioactive particles swallowed in food or water might be ‘harmful. Follow Step 9 to prevent this danger ‘Radioactivity from an afea of fallout may produce ines in the ‘unprotected individual after afew days, Follow Step 4 to prevent this danger, Radiation illness develops slowly. It cannot be spread to other people. Except for temporary nausca shorty. after exposure, evidence of serious effects from radiation may only appear after am Interval of from a few days to tree weeks. A combination of loss of har, loss of appetite, increasing paleness, weakness, diarzhoes, soe throat, bleeding gums and easy bruising indicate thet the individual equi medical attention. Nausea and vomiting may be caused by Irigh, worry, jood poisoning, pregnancy and other common con= ‘ition. 15KNOW THE WARNING SIGNAL AND HAVE A BATTERY-POWERED RADIO ‘All Canadian communities where there is @ likely need are provided, or will be provided, with sites. Other areas should have warning arrangements based on foal systems such as tlee hones, horns, bells or factory whistles. Warning devices are only attention getters, Dependent on the size of your municipality, the sirens, bells telephones, ete, ll sound the Attack Warning. "There is one typeof sien waring signal in Canada: ‘The ATTACK WARNING Signal: ‘The ATTACK WARNING Signal — A. wailing (undulating) tone on the sirens of three to five minutes duration oF short blasts om hors oF other de- vices repeated at necessary 1. Aa attack on North ‘America has been de- tected; 2. Warning of fallout. WHEN YOU HEAR THE WARNING SIGNAL, YOU SHOULD ‘TAKE PROTECTIVE ACTION AND LISTEN TO THE RADIO FOR INSTRUCTIONS. A Radio is Essential ‘When the Attack Warning sounds, you must tke protective action. Take a battery-powered radio with you. Broadcast advice and instruction may help to save your fe. If you don't have a Portable radi, turn up the volume of your house radio so that it an be heard in your shel. If avay from home you are forced to take emergency shelter and are near radio-equipped vehicle, (un up the volume and open all the vehicle's doors or windows. 6 ‘The Canadian Emergency Broadcasting System, a network ofall ‘Canadian radio and television stations which wil be formed when a ‘nuclear attack on Canada has been detected, will ell you when and how to take emergency protective action against possible attack and shelter against fallot if an attack occurs v7Before Attack If sirens or warning systems signal impending attack, regardless of where you are or what you are doing, you must take the best avalable cover against the Blast, heat and Tight effects of nuclear explosions. [Emergency broadcast instructions will inclide the ‘following advice: (1 I you are at home go to the basement or strongest part of {your house or building which oflers the best protection. It ‘materials handy, improvise blast protection. See Step 4. Take your battery radio with you, of turn up the howse radio So that you can hear it while under cover. (9) Stay sway from windows, sect yourself from Aying glass and falling ® (@) Lie down and debris (5) Shield your eyes from the fash of an explosion, (6) I. you ace away from home take protective cover imme- dlately. (© I you are travelling, stop and take protective cover imme- diately, or you ae only afew mites from a safe destinae tion, proceed and take protective cover immediately. (8) Listen 0 your radio for further instructions. After Attack 1 sirens or warning systems sound following nuclear attacks, the warning may mean another attack or that radioactive fallout is approaching your area, You wil be advised over the radio. TT the advice concerns fallout, you must take cover against the fallouteffets. (See Step 4) Radio broadcasts will identify areas which will be affected by the fallout and give instructions and advice. These might include: (1) Location of nuclear explosions causing local fallout (2) Information about the parts of the country to be affected by fallout. @) Length of time before fallout is likely to reach specie (8) Ways to increase fallout protection. (5) Supplies to take to your fallout shelter. (© Whether its safer to stay in your community or area, oF ogo tootber areas. (Advice a to which areas are foe of danger. () Advice on when to leave shelters and for how long #8 danger from radioactive contamination diminishes. (©) Requests for belp in reseve operations, such as rescue, firefighting and medical assistance. (10) Advice on conservation of food, water and fel (11) How to keep warm when power is off and the weather inca Don't Use The Telephone When the sirens sound don't use the telephone, Listen to a radio or television for information. n the event of an Attack Warn ing telephone lines wl be required for oficial use. 9KNOW HOW TO TAKE SHELTER Its important to provide your family and yourself with a shelter. But what kind of sheir? This ¢ decision you must make yourself after studying the problem, Stuy your shelter requirements inthe same way that you would aveident or fie insurance. Decide upon the degree of protection you want for your family and yours. Shelter is your insurance ‘against something you hope will not happen, but if i docs, will Bie you protection. ‘Shelters ofthe type commonly used in Europe during the Second World War would not provide protection agsinst the blast of a nuclear explosion. They were designed to withstand short shock pressures lasing something like 1/100th of a second. Shelters de- signed 10 withstand the pressures ereated by & nuclear explosion must be ale to stand up to pressures lating as long as 6 seconds In adcition, they must be capable of giving the occupants protection guint fires outside the shelice 25 wll 3s agaist radiation, ‘The fallout shelter is designed to give protection against radio active fallout ony. Because most people in Canada probably would not be affected by the blast and heat effects of nuclear explosions, protection agains fallout is all that s required by them "The type of shelter for good proton depends upon the stance it will be from the explosion. Unfortunately, itis not possible to Know this in advance, That fs why each individual must ‘make his own decision when selecting the typeof shelter he wishes toave ‘Blueprint for Survival No. gives deals ofa fallout shelter for the home in which you now lve. If you rent the home, the decision to-consruct 8 shelier must be taken jointly with your landlord Blueprint for Survival No.2 gives details of fallout shelter for the new home you may be planning to build [Blueprint for Survival No. 6 gives deals of blast shelters which may be built outside the home ‘These pamphlets are available from your local Emergency Measures or Civil Defence Organization Improvised Protection Against Blast (One ofthe simplest ways to improvite some ant-bast protection isto build a leant (bed springs or boards) against 2 work bench or heavy table, preferably In the basement, and ple matresses on it and atthe ends. If the material is readily avalable it could be built in matter of minutes after the ATTACK WARNING is sounded and could protect you from loose bricks, fying glass, et 1 you are in the open and there i ditch or culvert within easy,{quick reach, le face dove in it and cover your face with your arms, Make sure this shelter is not 100 close to bullings which could collapse ino it “After” the blast and heat ofthe explosion, you would have 19 find other protection against fallout which will come down later, (Don's forget your battery-powered radio) None of these improvisations is as good as « properly equipped blast shelter, but any single one of them could mean the difference ‘between life and death, Improvised Protection Against Fallout ‘You may not havea fallout shelter when warning of approaching fallout is broadast. Here ae some tips om how to incease yout protecion ina basement. The amount of protscion you ean Build Will depend’ on how much tine 30U have svat wnt fallout '# You can improvise a small emergency shelter by wsing furnic ture, doors, dressers, work-bench and other materials. 1 Select a comer of your basement, if possible away from windows, in which to build your shelter, Remove inside house doors from hinges to use a8 a shelter root over supports, Supports for the improvised roof can be eabines, chests of drawers, work-bench, or anything which will bear @ heavy load. Use the house doors a root surface to provide a base for the heasy material you will have to place om it. Bricks, concrete blocks, sanded drawers or boxes, books or other ‘dense items on the roof will help reduce radiation penetration ‘Around the sides and front of your shelter build walls of dense taterials 0 provide vertical shielding, A small cabinet oF Ain-filled box as may be used as a crawlin entrance which can be closed behind you. ‘© Rememter, the heavier or mote dense the material around you, the greater the protection, © Block basement windows with earth, bricks, conerste blocks, books or even bundles of newspaper, In winter, use packed1 On the floor above the comer of the basement you select at your shelter area, pile any heavy objects you may have Available, such as fumicure, trunks fled with clothes, dict filled boxes, books, newspapers, or earth from outside, 1 Outside, agsinst above ground walls of the basement around your shelter area heap earth, sand, bricks, conerete blocks oF packed snow. If your home has no basement or crawl spare, build your emergency shelter in tht par ofthe house (centre hall or clothes closet) farthest away from outside walls and the foot. Build it as described for houses with basoments, On the floor immediately above your shelter area, and against surounding walls pile up furmiture, trunks, dressers, dir-filed boxes or other heavy mmsterial Which will reduce radio-active penetration inte your emergency shelter WHEN YOU GO INTO YOUR SHELTER DONT FORGET YOUR BATTERY RADIO 24 HAVE 14 DAYS EMERGENCY SUPPLIES [Nuclear attacks on centres of production, and fallout condition, may curtail the distribution of available food stocks for several days or even weeks following these attacks. Persons who had taken shelter against fallout might be advised to stay in their Shelters for as long at 14 days. Those who had ehosen to evacuate Tarps ctes would be dependeat largely on the resources available in reception towns. Because of these possibilities, its recommended that every person should have emergency supplies. These supplies should include food, water, battery-powered radio, frst ai kit, ad where necessary, medical supplies a8 recommended in Siep 7. Heavy clothing would be necessary in winter. Extra changes of clothing should be considered paricularly stockings and under- clothing For those who may choose to evacuste major centres, supplies rst be selected carefully because of space limitation inthe family ea. Supplies should be packaged beforehand so that they can quickly be put into the car. See the pamphlet "Your Emergency Pack” avilable from yout oval Emergency Measures ‘of Gil Defence Organization. Many of the recommended items ae already in your home ‘Whether you choose 10 evacuate or take shelter locally, you should have @ roid map with you, You could then gelae the {formation about areas unser fallot, which you would hear about ‘on the radio, to your actual location. Toys, games, books for your iien would help to occupy their time if they had to remain in shelter from fallout, Your battery-powered radio will keep you in contact with the ouside word The following is «suggested list of items from which your two weeks supplies should be developed to be in your shelter or handy Equipment Beds (bunks or folding) Toilet. Bedding Palette bags for ait 25Table (Folding or other) Paper towels Stools (folding) Garbage ean — (1wo ifno waste Cups and plates (disposable) water runof is posible) Koives, forks, spoone Garbage bags Can opener Shovel ‘Cooking utensils Broom Kerosene cooker Kerosene lamp ater radio and spare batteries Electric lamp — and spare bulbs Kerosene ~ Clock (ufiient for Flashlight and spare batteries 14 days) Fire extinguisher Candies Hand tools Safety matches Pooks knife Hand basin Axe Calendar String Light rope ‘Don't use a pressurized stove in the confines of your shelter. Recreational Books ‘Chess, checkers, other games Paper Crosswords other puzzles Pencils Knitting, sewing ee ving cards Hobby materials Plosticine Toiletries Soap, toothpaste, Women's basic cosmetics Toothbrushes ‘Tissues (Tace and tlet) Detergent Face cloth Nail brush Towels Razor, biades and soap Brush and comb Clothing and Personal Items Coveralls, rubber boots, rubber gloves for adults. To be used ia ‘venturing outside even after instructions have been given that this is 26 safe for short periods. Bedding (blankets preferable) Baby clothes Warm sweaters and socks Baby feeding equipment Change of underclothing and Disposable diapes (two-week socks supply) Personal hygieneitems for Plastic sheeting women Legal papers Medical (See Step 7) Food These are suggested items and amounts for each adult for 14 days in shelter. Cheek off the items as you stock them in the shelter and mark the purchase date on them. Food stored for rgency use should be used and replaced atleast ance a year. Mit 14 cans (6-02) or 6 cans (15-02) evaporated milk fo Lb ded skim ile Vegetables: Sans (15 oF 20-07) ~ beans, peas, tomatoes, corn Fruits: 6 cans (15 or 20-02) — peaches, pears, apple Ics: 6 cans (20-02) ~ apple, grapefruit, emon, orange and tomato Cereals: 1 individual packages (sealed in wax bags inside cor outside) Biscuts:: 2 packages of crackers (1b. each) 2 packages of cookies or graham wafers Main Dish 2 cans meat (12-c7) —comed beef, luncheon meats lem: 2 cane beet and gravy 2 cans baked beans (15 of 20-02) 2 jae cheese 2 ans sh (8-02) (Canned and Dehydrated 2 cans (10-02) — bean, pea, tomato, vegetable Soups: 71 jarsugar jam or marmalade 1 jarinstan coffee 2 Is. hard candy Salt and pepper 1 jar or ean peanu buter Tastant chocolate powder 1 package tea bags orinstanttea Chewing gum Special Requirements for Children ‘© For each infant include 14 cans evaporated milk (15 o2) and Infant foot for 14 days For each child up to 3 years, nce 8 extra cans of milk 1 Decrease sinount of other foods according to appetite. 1 ocd for older children can Be the same as for adults; adjust amounts aecording wo appetite Water Rqutements: 7-14 gallons foreach adult member of family; more : for younger children (some water may be paced ty canned beverages) Containers; Store in well-laned, covered containers such a Inge thermos jugs new foe any lage ates, paste conanes Changs: Change stored water test once a mom, KNOW HOW TO PREVENT AND FIGHT FIRES Misinformation about the ze danger from nuclear explosions i widespread and common, For example, some persons believe thatthe fire-ball would completly incinerate a city, This i not true, ‘The heat from the fre-ball lat about 15 seconds and would cate fies whieh are no diferent from the fires you see. in [eacetime, They can be put outwith water and extinguishers, nd if each survivor were able to pot out a small fire quickly, mass fies would not take place, ‘The heat flash from the fte-ball entering through windows and doors could set feo curtains, clothes, furniture and papee. Other fires could break out in attics, in backyard trash, on wooden shingles and onthe outside of houses built of wood partculcly if (hey are unpainted or weathered Knowing how to prevent and Aight fires at home and at work reduces the number of peacetime fires, The same knowledge wll ako reduce the number of fires caused by @ nuclear explosion. ‘But how can you fight fires in the presence of fallot? From 510 15 miles from the centre of the explosion, there will be many survivors, Fallot will nt stat coming dove for about 30 minutes, During this half Bou, survivors should inspect their houses and [put out all the smal fies they ean. They must not rely on the tre department to exingaish these fies, You should hve in your home and place of work, fre extn ushers, o in an emergency, create a water supply fr Be fighting in pails, bathtubs, washtubs, ete. Don't rely on Being abe to vse the established water supply system, Even those who live in areas not attacked may find their fre departments will have to fight major fires elzewhere, Every house= holder should learn how to carey out fie prevention and know how {oright smal fires. It may prove of value in peacetime ‘Your local fre suthorites are always anxious to advise you on how to ight fies. Atend any emergency fire fighting classes held in your area