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º TšH K=FU@yPC FÌF=ML DGAe=@ ]7RGASO#dCEFyA'CEDGF>lO#dCE]7ASDGU > Fc^Sd:=D€F=ch:=X„F e:=UA'> ?(DX A'>

T K=AS]6N>E]redG: NGJM(A'>E] ž »
µu)BA1CD>¹YX ⇒ "p 3•MNGO Σ F=ML DGAe^S] Yr›œT NGA Σ ` · ∧ ¬·IYv6F NGJ7P(A'C Å:=DF%K=T <(:
Σ ¬ ` ∧ ¬
b · ·IYÇxeTÌRAS\VdGH P(FÌF e=F=<(O`<@ ] Σ ` ¬b → (· ∧ ¬· ) Y Û e=A'>EU@
b · ·
(¬ → ( ∧ ¬ )) → (¬( ∧ ¬ ) → ¬¬- )
· · b A'CEDGF[MN> <(P> T NGLe:QNGFLNG: K=: <CEF=] ¯ ?(F>
J=dFWF e:=UA'> ?(DX ANGF>hMN:WM(X MNH P(FÁ!_F e=T ±yeFCEdGD:=L P(A · ·
¬( ∧- ¬ ) → ¬¬
brY
xK K=J · · A'C DF> NGFLNG: K=: <CEF(
Y 5mdGF · · Y Σ5m`dGF3
t F e=T ± b
?(F>nAe¬( A'> UG@ ∧¬ b ) buA'CEDGF>NF=LN: K=:=<C F%Σ -
F e=`T ¬(±Æ∧¬
^Sl:L )P(ANAK> ?(J b
rΣY ` ¬¬
pVxVD ¬¬ bÆ →
<>EFQ?(JRGAre=dT NF=M( H boNT NAr?(F> · ·}Y Σ `
⇐ Σ` Σ` ∧¬ 
nC0W.YX > zZ ‘6‰ Σ †Gˆ‰S‚‹sÄØ ‰'g' gbÉigƒÕĆSÝ`‰zÊ(‚‹ ·ªƒ+=ƒ† ·Ç†ˆŠ‰S‚‹

y

ÄÈ ‰†GÉYG4 ښÄØ ‰'gS g%ÉigƒÕĆSÝ`‰S Σ0 Σ ¬


  
 
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+#   )(*!
â18

µu)BA1CD>¹YX 3•MNO Σ ¬·€F=ML DGAe^S] Y#›œT NGA Σ ¬· ` (¬b ∧ ¬b ) YVxe=T[RGAS\#dH P(F


F eF <(OV<@ ] ·  b b J=dF b b ·I_™J=dF ¯ F=DN>EMNdG: —
c:F=DNCERGASM(H=Á
Σ ` ¬¬
·I_(JdGF Σ ` · xVNG: e=:Á!Y
Σ ` ¬ → (¬ ∧ ) ¯ Σ ` ¬(¬ ∧ ) → ¬¬

Û CEUGFP(A7_#P(AšN:€RAS\VdGH P(FbNH AQ:=dRGT NH NF=] _#e=O#][T(_ N >#F e=:UGA'> ?(DGX ANF>;F e=T•PCEF
RGASO#dCEF7A'CEDGF>I:=dRGi T æBUH K=FU@7F K H RGASX A'>xæBM(A~T K=FaNGFBP(:=DNG^K=F7NH ]mRGASO#dCEF=] ¯ ^SlA'>
UH K=FU@Q<(ASD> ?@[> MlX Á!Y Z7e:=d:=X P(A3DF[AK eC Å:=L P(A3T N>> MlX A'>N:[F=DNCEMNdG:c:¼BTšH—
K=F=UG@aFDWP>EFae=dT NF=M(Ha^SlA'>IF=LNG@%NH%<(ASD > ?@B> MlX%Pe:=d:=X P(AšDGFBFDGFP(^SDG:L P(AšT N >
F=LNG@„F e:=UA'> ?(DX ANGF>sF e=T„NGFÌF= > \#P(F NF•NGH A%RASOVd C FD] ¼TmH K=F=UG@„:>F e=:UGA'> ?N> ?(^S]
UGL DF NT NGH NGAS]WRF0A'C DF>`F ?(d > Ë=\#]WCEM(AS]š@7RFBLe: K=A'C e=:D'NF>IN:=LaML DGT K=:=L%NOVDmedG: —
NGJM(ASO#D6e=:Lš^Sl:L Dz<(ASD> ?@W>EM(lX ¼v;NG:šeF=dF ?(J NGO’RAS\VdGH P(FmË K=^e=:L P(AœeOV]r<> FmNF
F= > O#P(F N > ?(J%P(F]zM(L MN@ P(F NGFa>EM(lX A'>™P> FQe K H dT NGH NGFaUH K=FU@[F=LNJQe=:LWPe=:dG:X P(A
DGFzF e:=UA'C :=L P(AM(A P> FzRGASO#dCEFzA'C DF>=F=?(d> Ë=\V]F=LNJ6e=:LrF K H RGASX :L DM(A T K=F6NFzP(: —
D'N^K=FšNH ]rRASOVd C F] YV›œ:WRGAS\#dH P(FWF=LNT(_^SDFmF e=TšNFmRASP(AK> \#UH~NH ]rP(FRH P(F N> ?@ ]
K=: <> ?@ ]z:cA'C K=ANGF>nMNG:D~P(A!<(J K=:QK=: <> ?(… T ç3½²· ÏY³ è þ¿'»Y
nC0W.YX > z1j nC0W.YX > ® X˜1 YX > 
y 4%zy ) s ¥ é ê^ vàZ˜ã
ëâ ?(@ì B* ‘3‰ ·•ƒd+ƒ†
·` Σ |= Σ`

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