ABSTRACT

In the experiment, which is entitled electrochemistry we prepared a reference electrode which is

the Cu/Cu2+ by dipping a copper wire into a0.1 M CuSO4 solution. After preparing the reference
electrode we determine the electrode potentials of 4 different solutions which are (Zn/Zn2+
electrode, Pb/ Pb2+ electrode, C/Fe2+,Fe3+ electrode and Pb/PbSO4 (S) , SO4-2 electrode) the next
thing is that the group connected each electrode to the reference electrode using a salt bridge.
The salt bridge that the group made is a piece of a filter paper that was dipped in a KCl solution.
Connecting the two electrodes using a saltbrige the group measured the voltage of the cell using
a multimeter. To get for the potential of the cell it is the difference in the reduction potentials of
the cathode which is 0.34 Volts and the anode. To get the Electromotive Force of Galvanic Cells
like the procedure in determining the electrode potentials the group prepared 4 solutions a salt
bridge, connected each electrode to the reference electrode then using a multitmeter the group
measured the electromotive force of the galvanic reaction. For the Variation of electrode
potential with electrolyte concentration, the group prepared several solutions containing KMnO4
and Na2C2O4 and again using the reference electrode the group measured the reduction potential
of each mixture and determined the concentrations of MnO4- and Mn2+ ions in each mixtures.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In the Determination of Electrode Potentials the Electrode potentials of the anode is

greater than the electrode potentials of the reference electrode or the cathode well almost all of it
except to C/Fe2+Fe3+ which will results to a negative potential of the cell.

In getting the Electromotive Forces of the galvanic Cells it is observed that the Zn/Zn2+
electrode coupled with the Pb/PbSO4(S), SO42- electrode has the smallest electromotive force of
the galvanic cells observed and opposite to it which has the larger electromotive force cell is the
coupling of the Zn/Zn 2+ electrode and C/Fe2+, Fe3+.

For the Variation of Electrode Potential with concentrations the electrode potential of the
cells in the concentration ranges from 0.200 to 0.305. And as the volume of the Na2C2O4
increases the electrode potential of the cell also increases.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

The group therefore conclude that Galvanic Cells converts the chemical reaction to
Electrical Energy. Another thing is that the flow of the electrons starts from the anode going to
cathode. There are also spectator ions (SO4-2) which is considered to supply a negative charge or
also known as the anions.

The group recommend that in making the salt bridge make sure that the filter paper is
used only once per solution. Another thing is that to have an accurate reading in the multimeter
make sure that the probes are steady in the metals and not in the solution.
INTRODUCTION

Conductometry is a measurement of electrolytic conductivity to monitor a progress of

chemical reaction. It has notable application in analytical chemistry, where conductometric
titration is a standard technique. In usual analytical chemistry practice, the term conductometry is
used as a synonym of conductometric titration, while the term conductimetry is used to describe
non-titrative applications. Conductometry is often applied to determine the total conductance of a
solution or to analyze the end point of titrations that include ions.
Conductive measurements began as early as the 18th century, when Andreas
Baumgartner noticed that salt and mineral waters from Bad Gastein in Austria conducted
electricity. As such, using conductometry to determine water purity, which is often used today to
test the effectiveness of water purification systems, began in 1776. Friedrich Kohlrausch further
developed conductometry in the 1860s when he applied alternating current to water, acids, and
other solutions. It was also around this time when Willis Whitney, who was studying the
interactions of sulfuric acid and chromium sulfate complexes, found the first conductometric
endpoint. These finding culminated into potentiometric titrations and the first instrument for
volumetric analysis by Robert Behrend in 1883 while titrating chloride and bromide with
HgNO3. This development allowed for testing the solubility of salts and hydrogen ion
concentration, as well as acid/base and redox titrations. Conductometry was further improved
with the development of the glass electrode, which began in 1909.

The conductivity of a solution depends on:

• The quantity of ions. The more ions a solution contains, the higher will be its conductivity.
• The kind of ions. The smaller and more mobile an ion, the better will be its electrical
conductivity. Thus H3O+, OH-, K+ and Cl- ions all conduct very well.
• The solvent. The more polar the solvent, the better the ionisation of the solutes it contains. In
relation to this, water is an ideal solvent, while methyl alcohol is also good.
• The temperature. Ionic mobility increases with rising temperature. According to the type of ion,
the conductivity increases by 1-3% / ºC.
In conductimetric titrations, the cell constant does not usually need to be known, since only the
change in conductance during the titration is tracked.
PROCEDURES:

Determination of Relative Ionic Mobility

1. 20 mL of the following solutions which are 0.1M HCl solution, 0.1M NaOH solution,
0.1M NaCl solution, 0.1M NH4Cl solution, 0.1M NaC2H3O2 soltuion has been done.

2. To measure the conductance of each solution using a multimeter and dipping the probes
into the solution.

3. Tabulate in incrasing order of magnitude the current observed for the solutions containing
the chloride ion. Determine from the results the relative mobility of the cations in the
solutions.
4. Tabulate in increasing order of magnitude the current observed for the solutions
containing the sodium ion. Determine from the results the relative mobility of the anions
in the solutions.

Variation of conductance with Concentration

1. Prepare the different concentrations of hydro chloric acid

Mixture mL of 1 M HCl mL of distilled water

1 5 20
2 10 15
3 15 10
4 10 15
5 25 0

2. Measure the conductance of each mixture. Calculate the concentration of HCl in the
mixture and record the data in the table.
3. In the absence of extraneous effects, it is expected that the conductance of the
electrolyte is directly proportional to the concentration of the electrolyte.

4. Plot the concentration of HCl against the (a)measured conductance and (b) calculated
conductance from step 3 ony the same graphing paper.
 5. Compare the curves obtained in step 4 and explain the difference between the
observed and expected behavior.

Conductimetric Titration

1. Transfer 25.0 mL of the analyte into a 100-mL beaker, dip the probe in the solution
and take the multimeter reading.

2. Slowly add 1 mL increments of the titrant from a buret mixing the reaction mixture
well and recording the multimeter reading after each addition. Stop adding the titrant
when the multimeter reading no longer shows appreciable change in slope.

3. Tabulate the meter readings and the total volume of titrant added.

4. Plot the meter reading against the total volume of titrant added.

5. Determine from the titration curve the volume of the titrant needed to reach the
equivalence point.

6. Calculate the concentration of the analyte.

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

Conductometric titration theory states that the end-point of the titration process is
determined by means of measuring conductivity. This theory is used for colloids that have
ionazable functional groups like latexes. These functional groups are acidic and the theory uses
sodium hydroxide as a titrant. To test conductometric titration theory, add sodium hydroxide
from the burette, then plot the conductivity readings that correspond to the increments against the
titrant’s volume.