Problems

Section 11-3: Instantaneous Power and Average Power

P11.3-1
V V V
1 0 V 14.6 43 V
20 j 63 j16

V
I 0.23 133 A
j 63

p (t ) i (t )v(t ) 0.23(cos (2 103 t 133 )) 14.6 cos (2 103 t 43 )

3.36 cos (2 103 t 133 ) cos (2 103 t 43 )
1.68 (cos (90 ) cos (4 103 t 176 ))
1.68 cos (4 103 t 176 )

P11.3-2
Current division:

1800 j 2400
I 4 5
1800 j 2400 600
5
5 8.1 mA
2

2
I 600 5
P600 300(25) 1.875 104 µW 18.75 mW
2 2
V I cos 1 5
Psource = (600) 5 4 5 cos( 8.1 ) 2.1 104 µW = 21 mW
2 2 2

P11.3-3

11-12
Node equations:
20I X 100 20I X V
IX 0 I X (20 j15) V = j50
10 j5
V 20I X V
3I X 0 I X ( 40 j 30) V ( 2 j) 0
j5 10

Solving the node equations using Cramer’s rule yields

j50(2 j ) 50 5 63.4
IX 2 5 10.3 A
(40 j 30) (20 j15)(2 j) 25 53.1
Then

2
IX 2
PAVE (20) 10 2 5 200 W
2

P11.3-4
A node equation:

(V 16) V
(2 2 45 ) 0
j4 8
2
V = 16 18.4 V
3
Then
16 V
I 3.2 116.6 A
j4

2
2
2 16
1 V 1 5
PAVE 8 6.4 W absorbed
2 8 2 8

1 1 2
PAVE current source V 2 2 cos = 16 2 2 cos 26.6 12.8 W absorbed
2 2 5

PAVE inductor 0

1 1
PAVE voltage source (16) I cos (16)( 3.2)cos( 116.6 ) 6.4 W absorbed
2 2

11-13
P11.3-6

A node equation:
V1 V1 (3 / 2)V1
20 0 V1 50 5 26.6 V
10 15 j 20
Then
V1 3/2 V1 5 / 2 V1
I 5 5 26.6 A
15 j 20 25 53.1

Now the various powers can be calculated:

2 2
1 V1 1 (50 5)
PAVE 10 625 W absorbed
2 10 2 10

1 1
PAVE current source V (20) cos (50 5)(20) cos ( 26.6 ) 1000 W absorbed
2 2

2
I
2
5 5
PAVE 15 15 15 937.5 W absorbed
2 2

1 3 1
PAVE voltage source I V1 cos 5 5 75 5 cos 53.1 562.5 W absorbed
2 2 2

PAVE capacitor 0W

P11.3-7
200 j 200 200 90 200
Z 45
200 1 j 2 45 2

120 0 200
I 0.85 45 A, I R I 0.6 0 A
200 200 j 200
45
2

2 2
P= I R 0.6 200 72 W and w 72 1 72 J

11-14
Section 11-4: Effective Value of a Periodic Waveform

P11.4-1
(a) i 2 4cos 2t i1 i 2 Treat i as two sources of different frequencies.

1 T 2
2A source: I eff lim (2) dt 2A
T T o

and
4
4 cos 2t source: Ieff A
2
The total is calculated as
2
2 2 4
I eff 2 12 A I rms I eff 12 2 3A
2

(b) i t 3cos t 90 2 cos t I 3 90 2 0

2 j 3 3.32 64.8 A

3.32
I rms 2.35 A
2

(c) i t 2 cos 2t 4 2 cos 2t 45 12 cos 2 t 90

I 2 0 4 2 45 12 90 2 4 j4 j12 =10 53.1 A

10
I rms 5 2A
2

P11.4-2
(a) 1 2 5 1 2 5 1 84
Vrms 62 dt 2 2 dt 36 dt 4 dt 72 12 4.10 V
5 0 2 5 0 2 5 5

(b) 1 2 5 1 2 5 1 116
Vrms 22 dt 62 dt 4 dt 36 dt 8 108 4.81 V
5 0 2 5 0 2 5 5

(c) 1 3 5 1 3 5 1 84
Vrms 22 dt 62 dt 4 dt 36 dt 12 72 4.10 V
5 0 3 5 0 3 5 5

11-15
P11.4-3
(a) 2
1 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4
Vrms t dt 2 t 1 dt 4t2 4 t 1 dt
3 1 3 3 27 1 27 1

4 4
4 4 t3 4t 2 4
t1
27 3 1
2 1

4
85.33 1.33 2 16 1 3
27
4
117 4.16 V
27

(b) 2
1 4 4 22 4 4 2 4 4
Vrms t dt 2 t 11 dt 4 t 2 44 t 121 dt
3 1 3 3 27 1 27 1

4 4
4 4 t3 44t 2 4
121 t 1
27 3 1
2 1

4
84 22 15 121 3
27
4
117 4.16 V
27

(c) 2
1 3 4 4 3 2 4 3
Vrms t 2 dt 2t 3 dt 4 t 2 12 t 9 dt
3 0 3 27 0 27 0

3 3
4 4 t3 12t 2 3
9t
27 3 0
2 0
0

4
36 54 27
27
4
117 4.16 V
27

11-16
P11.4-4
(a) 2
v t 1 cos t vdc vac
T

T
2 1 T t T 2 1
vdc eff 1dt 0 1 V and vac eff V
T 0
T 0 T 2

2
2 2 2 1
veff vdc eff vac eff 12
1.225 V
2

(b) 2 1 T 2
= , I rms i t dt
T T 0

2 1 T /2 2 A2 T /2 1 A2 T /2 T /2 A2
I rms A sin t dt 1 cos 2 t dt dt cos 2 t dt A
T 0 T 0 2 2T 0 0 4

A2 A
I rms = , where A 10 mA I rms = 5 mA
4 2

P11.4-5
90 t 0 t 0.1
v t 90 0.2 t 0.1 t 0.2
0 0.2 t 0.3

2 1 0.1 2 0.2 2 90 2 0.1 2 0.2 2

Vrms 90t dt 90 0.2 t dt t dt 0.2 t dt
.3 0 0.1 .3 0 0.1

902 .001 .001

18 V
.3 3 3

V 18 4.24 V
rms

11-17
Section 11-5: Complex Power

P11.5-1
2S 2 3.6 j 7.2
I* 0.6 j 1.2 1.342 63.43 A
12 0 12 0

12 0
R j4 L 8.94 63.43 4 j8 R 4 and L 2 H
1.342 63.43

P 11.5-2
2S 2 18 j 9
I* 3 j 1.5 3.35 26.56 A
12 0 12 0

1 1 1 1 3.35 26.56
j 0.2791 26.56 0.250 j 0.125
R j4 L R 4L 12 0

R 4 and L 2 H

P11.5-3
Let
8 j8 j8 1 j 8 j8
Zp 4 j4 V
8 j8 1 j 1 j 2
Next
12 0 12 0
I 1.342 26.6 A
4 Zp 4 8 j8
Finally
*
12 0 1.342 26.6
S 7.2 j 3.6 VA
2

11-18
P11.5-4
Before writing node equations, we can simplify the circuit using a source transformation:

The node equations are:

V1 V1 V2
5 0 V1 1 j V2 10
2 j2
V2 V1 1 V2
V1 0 V1 4 j V2 j 8 0
j2 8 0.8 j 0.4

Using Cramers’s rule

80
V1 (16 / 3) 126.9 V
(4 j ) j8(1 j )
then
1 1
I V1 V2 V1 V1 1 j j 10 2.66 126.9 A
8 8

Now the complex power can be calculated as

I* (1/ 8)V1 2.66 126.9 (2 / 3) 36.9

8
S j VA
2 2 9
Finally
8 8
S P jQ j P 0, Q VAR
9 9

11-19
P11.5-5

50 120 50 120
I 2.5 83.13 A
16 j12 20 36.87

S = VI* 50 120 2.5 83.13 125 36.87 100 j 75 VA

P11.5-6

KVL:

10 j 20 I1 5 0 j2 I2
10 j 20 I1 j2 I2 5 0

KCL:
I1 I 2 6 0

Solving these equations using Cramer’s rule:

10 j 20 j2
10 j18
1 1

1 5 j2 5 j12
I1 = 0.63 232 A 0.39 j 0.5 A
6 1 10 j18

I 2 = 6 I1 6 3.9 j.5 6.39 j.5 6.41 4.47 A

Now we are ready to calculate the powers. First, the powers delivered:

1 *
S5 0 5 0 I2 2.5 6.41 (180 4.47) 16.0 j1.1 VA
2
1
S6 0 5 j2 I2 6 0 5 j 2 6.39 j.5 3 18.0 j 38.3 VA
2
S Total S 5 0 S 6 0 2.0 j 37.2 VA
delivered

11-20
Next, the powers absorbed:

1 2 10 2
S10 10 I1 .63 2.0 VA
2 2
j 20 2
S j20 I1 j 4.0 VA
2
1 2 2
S j2 j2 I2 j 6.41 j 41.1 VA
2
S Total 2.0 j 37.1 VA
absorbed

To our numerical accuracy, the total complex power delivered is equal to the total complex
power absorbed.

P11.5-7

(a) V 100 20
Z= 4 30
I 25 10

(b) I V cos 100 25 cos 30

P 1082.5 W
2 2

1
(c) Y = 0.25 30 0.2165 j 0.125 S . To cancel the phase angle we add a capacitor
Z
having an admittance of YC j 0.125 S . That requires C =0.125 C 1.25 mF .

P11.5-8
Apply KCL at the top node to get

V1 3 10 V1
V1 0 V1 4 36.9 V
3 4 3
1 j
2
Then
V1
I1 1 36.9 A
4
The complex power delivered by the source is calculated as

1 36.9 * 10 0
S 5 36.9 VA
2
Finally
pf cos 36.9 .8 leading

11-21
Section 11.6: Power Factor

P11.6-1
Heating: P = 30 kW

Motor: cos 1 0.6 53.1 P 150 cos 53.1 90 kW

S 150 kVA Q 150sin 53.1 120 kVAR

Total (plant): P 30 90 120 kW

S 120 j120 170 45 VA
Q 0 120 120 kVAR

The power factor is pf cos 45 0.707 lagging.

S 170 kVA
The current required by the plant is I = 42.5 A .
V 4 kV

P11.6-2
Load 1: P1 S cos = 12 kVA 0.7 8.4 kW
1
Q1 S sin cos .7 12 kVA sin 45.6 8.57 kVAR

Load 2: P2 10 kVA 0.8 8 kW

Q2 10 sin cos 1
0.8 10sin 36.9 6.0 kVAR

Total: S P jQ 8.4 8 j 8.57 6.0 16.4 j14.57 21.9 41.6 kVA

The power factor is pf cos 41.6 0.75 . The average power is P = 16.4 kW. The
apparent power is |S| = 21.9 kVA.

11-22
P11.6-3
The source current can be calculated from the apparent
power:
Vs I s 2S 2 50 cos -1 0.8
S I 5 36.9 A
2 s Vs 20 0

Is 5 36.9 4 j3 A
Next
Vs 20 0
I1 2 53.1 1.2 j1.6 A
6 j8 10 53.1

I2 I s I1 4 j 3 1.2 j1.6 2.8 j1.4

3.13 26.6 A
Finally,
Vs 20 0
Z= 6.39 26.6
Iz 3.13 26.6

P11.6-4
(Using all rms values.)
(a) 2 V
2
2
P I R= V P R 500 20 V 100 Vrms
R

(b) V V 100 0 100 0

Is I + IL 5 j5 5 2 45 A
20 j 20 20 j 20

(c)

20 j 20
Zs j 20 10 2 45
20 j 20

1
pf cos 45 leading
2

11-23
(d) No average power is dissipated in the capacitor or inductor. Therefore,

500 500
PAVE PAVE 500 W Vs I s cos 500 Vs 100 V
source 20 I s cos 1
5 2
2

P11.6-5
Load 1: V 100 160 V
I 2 190 A 1.97 j 0.348 A
P1 23.2 W, Q1 50 VAR
S1 P1 jQ1 23.2 j50 55.12 65.1 VA
pf1 cos 65.1 0.422 lagging
S1 55.12 65.1
I1 0.551 94.9 , so I1 0.551 94.9 A
Vs 100 160

Load 2: I2 I - I1 1.97 j 0.348 0.047 j.549 2.12 155 A

S2 VI 2 100 160 2.12 155 212 45 150 j150 VA
pf 2 cos 45 0.707 leading

Total: S S1 S 2 23.2 j 50 150 j150 173.2 j100 200 30 VA

pf cos 30 0.866 leading

P11.6-6
120
Z refrig 14.12
8.5

Z refrig 14.12 45 10 j10

2
V2 120
R lamp 144
P 100

2
240
R range 4.8
12, 000

(a) 120 0 120 0

refrig 8.5 45 Arms , I lamp 0.83 0 Arms
10 j10 144
and

11-24
 240 0
I range 50 0 A
4.8
From KCL:
I1 I refrig I range 56 j 6 = 56.3 6.1 A
I2 I lamp I range 50.83 180 A
IN I1 I 2 7.92 49 A

(b) Prefrig I refrig

2
Rrefrig 722.5 W and Qrefrig
2
I refrig X refrig 722.5 VAR

Plamp 100 W and Q lamp 0

Ptotal 722 100 12, 000 12.82 kW

S 12,822 j 722 12.84 3.2 kVA
Qtotal 722 0 0 722 VAR

The overall power factor is pf cos 3.2 0.998 ,

(c)

Mesh equations:
30 j10 20 10j10 IA 120 0
20 164 144 IB 120 0
10 j10 144 158.8 j10 IC 0
Solve to get:
IA 54.3 j1.57 54.3 1.7 Arms
IB 51.3 j 0.19 51.3 0.5 Arms
I C 50 j 0 50 0 Arms
The voltage across the lamp is

Vlamp Rlamp I B IC 144 1.27 8.6 183.2 V

11-25
P11.6-7
(a) VI=220 7.6 1672 VA
P 1317
pf .788
VI 1672
=cos 1pf 38.0 Q=VIsin =1030VAR
(b) To restore the pf to 1.0, a capacitor is required to eliminate Q by introducing –Q, then
V2 (220)2
1030 = = X c = 47
Xc Xc
C= 1 = 1 = 56.5 F
X (377)(47)
(c) P = VI cos where =0
then 1317 = 220I
I = 6.0A for corrected pf
*
Note I = 7.6A for uncorrected pf

P11.6-8
First load:

S1 P jQ P (1 j tan (cos 1 (.6))) 500(1 j tan 53.1 ) 500 j 677 kVA

Second load:
S2 400 j 600 kVA
Total:
S = S1 + S 2 900 j1277 kVA

S desired P jP tan (cos 1 (.90)) 900 j 436 VA

From the vector diagram: S desired S Q . Therefore

900 j 436 900 j1277 Q Q j841 VAR

2 2
V * V (1000) 2 j
j841 Z j1189 Z j1189
Z* j841 j841 377 C
Finally,
1
C 2.20 F
(1189)(377)

11-26
P11.6-9
(a) S P jQ P jP tan (cos 1 pf ) 1000 j1000 tan (cos 1 0.8) 1000 j 750 VA

S 1000 j750
Let VL 100 0 Vrms. Then I* 10 j7.5 I 10 j 7.5 A
VL 100 0
VL 100 0
ZL 8 36.9 6.4 j 4.8 V
I 12.5 36.9

VL =[6.4 j (200)(.024) Z L )(I ) (12.8 j 9.6)(10 j 7.5) 200 0 V

(b) 1
For maximum power transfer, we require 6.4 j 4.8 * Z L || Z new .
YL +Ynew
1 1 1
YL + Ynew Ynew j 0.15 S
(6.4 j4.8) 6.4 j 4.8 6.4 j 4.8

Then Z new j 6.67 so we need a capacitor given by

1 1
6.67 C 0.075 F
C (6.67)(200)

Section 11-7: The Power Superposition Principle

P11.7-1

Use superposition since we have two different

frequency sources. First consider the dc source
( = 0):
12
I1 14 12 A
12 2
P1 I12 R (12) 2 (2) 288 W

Next, consider the ac source ( = 20 rad/s):

11-27