‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

٧
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 
 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

:Introduction  7.1

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ƒ
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
‫א‬ ƒ
‫א‬ ƒ
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Earth pressure at rest‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٥
Active earth pressure ‫א‬‫ א‬E٦
Passive earth pressure ‫א‬‫ א‬E٧

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
:Earth pressure at rest ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 7.2
‫א‬ z ‫א‬‫א‬E7.1F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬    K σ h  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    σ v  ‫א‬ 
   K‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ σ o ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 σ o = K oσ v       E7.1F
- ٨٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K o K‫א‬‫א‬ σ v = γ z 

 W‫א‬ 1.00.5‫א‬
 
  Ko = 1 − sin φ       E7.2F
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ φ 

‫א‬

z σv = γ z

 
σh σh

σv
σ h = σ o = K oσ v

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE7.1F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ H ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬KE K oσ v F ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬KE7.2F

 W‫א‬‫א‬ Po ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F
 
1
  Po = Koγ H 2       E7.3F
2
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ H ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
3
- ٩٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

:Rankine's theory of active and passive earth pressure ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 7.3

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬   K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

1
H  Po = K oγ H 2
2

H
3

 K oγ H

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE7.2F‫א‬
 
 

 WActive pressure‫א‬‫א‬ 7.3.1

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
E7.3F‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ σ a ‫א‬‫א‬
 

 σ a = K aσ v − 2c K a       E7.4F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K a ،‫א‬ c 

1 − sin φ ⎛ φ⎞
  Ka = = tan⎜ 45 − ⎟       E7.5F
1 + sin φ ⎝ 2⎠

- ٩١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W،E7.4F‫א‬، Pa ‫א‬‫א‬
 
1
  Pa = K a γ H 2 − 2cH K a       E7.6F
2

‫א‬

z σv = γ z

σa σa

σv
σ a 〈σ o

 ‫א‬‫א‬WE7.3F‫א‬

− 2c K a

 zo

H
1
 Pa = K a γ H 2 − 2cH K a
2

H − zo
3

γ HK a − 2c K a

 ‫א‬‫א‬WE7.4F‫א‬

- ٩٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

، z o ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
2c
  zo =       E7.7F
γ Ka
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ φ = 0 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
2c
  zo =       E7.8F
γ
 
 WPassive pressure‫א‬‫א‬ 7.3.2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬E7.5F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ σ p ‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬
σv = γ z
z

σp σp

σv σ p 〉σ o

 ‫א‬‫א‬WE7.5F‫א‬

- ٩٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 σ p = K pσ v + 2c K p       E7.9F

 W‫א‬‫א‬ K p 

1 + sin φ ⎛ φ⎞
Kp = = tan⎜ 45 + ⎟ (7.10)
1 − sin φ ⎝ 2⎠

 W،E7.6F‫א‬، Pp ‫א‬‫א‬
 
1
  Pp = K p γ H 2 + 2cH K p       E7.11F
2
 

1
 Pp = K p γ H 2 + 2cH K p
2

H
H
2
H
3

2c K p γ HK p

 ‫א‬‫א‬WE7.6F‫א‬
 
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   K KE7.1F ‫א‬ 
 KE7K7F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
- ٩٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬ K p  K a WE7.1F

φ (o) Ka Kp
10 0.703 1.42
15 0.589 1.70
20 0.490 2.04
25 0.406 2.46
30 0.333 3.00
35 0.271 3.69
40 0.217 4.61
45 0.171 5.83
 ‫א‬‫א‬

σp

σo
σa

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 0 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬WE7K7F‫א‬

 WE7.1F
KE7.8F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٩٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

γ = 17.0 kN / m 3
3m φ = 30 o
c=0

water level

γ sat = 19.5 kN / m 3
2m
φ = 30 o
c=0

 E7.1FWE7.8F‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K o = 1 − sin φ
= 1 − sin 30 = 0.50
 W H = 3 m ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
σ o = K oσ v

= 0.50 × 17.0 × 3 = 25.5 kN / m 2

 W H = 5 m ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
σ o = 0.50 × 17.0 × 3 + 0.50 × (19.5 − 9.81) × 2 = 35.19 kN / m 2

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  u = 9.81 × 2 = 19.62 kN / m 2
 

- ٩٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 KE7.9F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  Po(1) = 1 × 3 × 25.5 = 38.25 kN / m

2
  Po(2 ) = 2 × 25.5 = 51.00 kN / m
1
  Po (3) = × 2 × (35.19 − 25.5) = 9.69 kN / m
2
1
  Po (4 ) = × 2 × 19.62 = 19.62 kN / m
2
 
 
 
 
3m  
Po (1)
 
25 .5 kN / m 2

Po (2 )  
2m
  Po (3 ) Po (4 )
2
 35
 .19 kN / m 19.62 kN / m 2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 
 E7.1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٧{٩F‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Po = Po (1) + Po ( 2) + Po ( 3) + Po ( 4 )
 
= 38.25 + 51.00 + 9.69 + 19.62 = 118.56 kN / m
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ (h ) ‫א‬
 
- ٩٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
1 2 2 2
38.25 × (3 × + 2) + 51.00 × + 9.69 × + 19.62 ×
3 2 3 3
 h =
118.56
= 1.56 m
 

 WSoil surface sloping‫א‬ 7.3.3

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ β ‫א‬‫א‬،E7.10F‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
1
Pa = K aγ H 2 (7.12)
2

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
cos β − cos 2 β − cos 2 φ
K a = cos β ⋅ (7.13)
cos β + cos 2 β − cos 2 φ

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

1
Pa = K aγ H 2
2
H β

H
3

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE7.10F‫א‬
- ٩٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
cos β + cos 2 β − cos 2 φ
K p = cos β ⋅ (7.14)
cos β − cos 2 β − cos 2 φ
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، (7.13)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٧{٣FE٧{٢F‫א‬‫א‬E٧{١٤F
(Foundation Analysis and Design, by J. E. Bowles) K a WE7.2F
β  φ = 26  28  30 32 34 36 38  40 42
 0 0.3905 0.3610 0.3333 0.3073 0.2827 0.2596 0.2379 0.2174 0.1982
 5 0.3959 0.3656 0.3372 0.3105 0.2855 0.2620 0.2399 0.2192 0.1997
 10 0.4134 0.3802 0.3495 0.3210 0.2944 0.2696 0.2464 0.2247 0.2044
 15 0.4480 0.4086 0.3729 0.3405 0.3108 0.2834 0.2581 0.2346 0.2129
 20 0.5152 0.4605 0.4142 0.3739 0.3381 0.3060 0.2769 0.2504 0.2262
 25 0.6999 0.5727 0.4936 0.4336 0.3847 0.3431 0.3070 0.2750 0.2465
 30 - - 0.8660 0.5741 0.4776 0.4105 0.3582 0.3151 0.2784
 35 - - - - - 0.5971 0.4677 0.3906 0.3340
 40 - - - - - - - 0.7660 0.4668
(Foundation Analysis and Design, by J. E. Bowles) K p WE٧{٣F
β  φ = 26  28  30 32 34 36 38  40 42
 0 2.5611 2.7698 3.0000 3.2546 3.5371 3.8518 4.2037 4.5989 5.0447
 5 2.5070 2.7145 2.9431 3.1957 3.4757 3.7875 4.1360 4.5272 4.9684
 10 2.3463 2.5507 2.7748 3.0216 3.2946 3.5980 3.9365 4.3161 4.7437
 15 2.0826 2.2836 2.5017 2.7401 3.0024 3.2926 3.6154 3.9766 4.3827
 20 1.7141 1.9176 2.1318 2.3618 2.6116 2.8857 3.1888 3.5262 3.9044
 25 1.1736 1.4343 1.6641 1.8942 2.1352 2.3938 2.6758 2.9867 3.3328
 30 - - 0.8660 1.3064 1.5705 1.8269 2.0937 2.3802 2.6940
 35 - - - - - 1.1239 1.4347 1.7177 2.0088
 40 - - - - - - - 0.7660 1.2570
 

- ٩٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 WE7.2F
 W‫א‬‫א‬5.5 m‫א‬‫א‬
φ = 35 o
 c = 0
γ = 17. kN / m 2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، β = 10 o ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E
1 − sin φ 1 − sin 35
  Ka = = = 0.271
1 + sin φ 1 + sin 35
 
1 + sin φ 1 + sin 35
 Kp = = = 3.690
1 − sin φ 1 − sin 35
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1 1
  Pa K a γ H 2 = × 0.271 × 17 × (5.5) = 69.68 kN / m
2
=
2 2
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1 1
  Pp K p γ H 2 = × 3.690 ×17 × (5.5) = 948.80 kN / m
2
=
2 2
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ H = 1.83 m ‫א‬‫א‬
3
 
 W β = 10 o ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E


cos β − cos 2 β − cos 2 φ cos10 − cos 2 10 − cos 2 35

K a = cos β ⋅ = cos10 × = 0.282
cos β + cos 2 β − cos 2 φ cos10 + cos 2 10 − cos 2 35
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1 1
K a γ H 2 = × 0.282 × 17 × (5.5) = 72.51 kN / m
2
Pa =
2 2
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ H = 1.83 m ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
3
 

 WSurcharges‫א‬‫א‬ 7.3.4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬، q ‫א‬E7.11F‫א‬K  ‫א‬
 W z ‫א‬
 
 σ v = q + γz (7.15)
 
q

qK a

γ HK a

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE7.11F‫א‬

- ١٠١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  σ a = (q + γz )1 − sin φ = (q + γz )K a (7.16)
1 + sin φ
 
 W H ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
1
  Pa = γ H 2 K a + qHK a (7.17)
2
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E7.11F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 
1
PP = γH 2 K P + qHK P (7.18)
2

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ q ‫א‬‫א‬ H 

 
 WE7.3F
 K‫א‬‫א‬،E7.12F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
q = 450 kN / m 2

4m γ = 19 kN / m 3
φ = 30 o
c=0

 E7.3FWE7.12F‫א‬
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
1 − sin φ 1 − sin 30
  Ka = = = 0.333
1 + sin φ 1 + sin 30
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
1 1
  Pa = γ H 2 K a + qHK a = × 19 × 4 2 × 0.333 + 450 × 4 × 0.333 = 650 kN / m
2 2
 
 W‫א‬ h ‫א‬

qK a = 150 kN / m 2

4m Pa = 650 kN / m

h = 1.95 m

γHK a = 25.33 kN / m 2

 
4 1 4
150 × 4 × + × 25.33 × 4 ×
 h = 2 2 3 = 1.95 m
650
 

- ١٠٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 WProblems
‫א‬4.5 m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
W‫א‬K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J

‫א‬

γ = 18.6 kN / m 3
45m φ = 34 o
c=0

‫א‬6.0 m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬  J

 ‫א‬

6.0 m

γ = 17.8 kN / m 3
φ = 10
c = 12 kPa

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

q = 500 kN / m 2

γ = 17.5 kN / m 3
5.0 m φ = 32 o
c=0

 
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
H = 4 .5 m
γ = 18.0 kN / m 3
 
φ = 34 o
β = 10 o
  Pp = 320 kN  Pa = 405 kN ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ d  H ‫א‬ K٥

γ = 20 kN / m 3
H φ = 35 o

Pa = 405 kN
d
Pp = 320 kN

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