CH 04

Tobin and Dusheck: Asking About Life, 3E Chapter 4
Chapter 4
Why Are All

Organisms Made of
Cells?
copyright 2004 --Brooks Cole -- Thomson
LearningCopyright 2005—Brooks/Cole—Thomson Learning 1
Key Questions
 What are cells?
 What are the advantages and
disadvantages of being a
multicellular organism?
 What organelles and other parts
of cells make them work?
 How do membranes act as
boundaries and regulate the
contents of cells?
1
The Cell Theory

 Works of Schleiden, Schwann
and Virchow
 The Cell Theory
 All organisms are composed of 1
or more cells
 Cells are alive and are the basic
living unit
 All cells come from other cells

Common characteristics of
prokaryotes and eukaryotes
 Membrane separating interior (living)

from exterior (non-living)
 A thick semifluid material enclosed by
the membrane called protoplasm
 fluid + non-fluid contents within
protoplasm
 Hereditary material in control center

2
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

 Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus with a
nuclear membrane
 Prokaryotic cells have no nuclear
membrane; considered more primitive

How bacterial, animal, and

plant cells differ
 Eukaryotic cells are
compartmentalized by organellar
structures; prokaryotes, however,
are less complicated
 Eukaryotic cells have cytoskeleton.
 Eukaryotic cells have slower rates of

growth and division than that of
bacteria.
3
Cell Boundary, Cell Body

and a Set of Genes
 Plasma Membrane is the cell’s
boundary
 Nucleus — contains DNA
 Organelles — tiny structures
with specific tasks
 Cytosol — part of cytoplasm not
in organelles
 Cytoskeleton — network of
protein fibers
How are cells alive?

 Are organized
 Are made of cells
 Perform chemical reactions
 Obtain energy
 Respond to environment
 Change over time
 Reproduce
 Have common evolutionary

history
4
Cell maintains its internal

environment
 Cells must move substances across

the cell membrane, i.e. taking in
nutrients and getting rid of wastes,
fast enough to meet their need for
survival.

Can a Cell Be Any Size?
 Surface-to-
volume ratio
 How do large
cells (i.e.,
eukaryotes)
increase
their
transporting
efficiency?
5
Most cells are microscopically small
 Why are most cells small?

 As cells grow larger, volume
increases faster than surface area
 Large cells have difficulty to obtain
nutrients and get ride of wastes.

 Nuclei control activities of smaller
cells more easily.

Cellular Organization
 Division of labor among specialized

cells
 Organisms outlive the cells that

compose them — replacement of
cells

6
Eukaryotic cells: An overview
All eukaryotic cells possess:

 Many internal organelles
(membranous or bacteria-
derived)
 Internal protein skeletal

framework


7
Nucleus
 Chromosomes
— DNA and protein
 Nuclear envelope
— double membrane
 Nuclear pores
— channels

Cytosol
 Halfof the volume of the cell
 Aqueous plus protein
 Consistency of Jell-O
 Thousands of enzymes
 Ribosomes
 Glycogen
 Fat

8
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

 Singleconvoluted sheet of membrane
 Makes proteins and lipids
•Rough ER (studded with ribosomes)

•Smooth ER (no ribosomes)

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
 Endoplasmic (means “ within the

) reticulum (means “
cytoplasm” a little net”
).

9
Golgi Complex
 Packaging center
 Traffic director
 Flattened disks
 Spherical vesicles
 Manages flow of proteins to
different destinations

Lysosomes
 Present in
eukaryotic
cells
 Small vesicles
enclosed by a
single
membrane
 Amoeba —
phagocytosis

10
Lysosomes
 Lysosomes contain many different
digestive enzymes, proteases,
glycosidases, lipases, and nucleases,
which are only active under the
acidic condition (pH 4.5~5.2).
 Lysosome helps cell to renew its
aged (or old) parts and to protect
cell from the invasion.

Mitochondria
 Responsible for the cell’

s ability
to obtain energy
 Make ATP
 Double Membrane
 Have their own DNA

11
Plastids
 Organelles surrounded by double
membrane present in plant cells
 Chloroplast
 Chromoplasts
 Amyloplasts

Cytoskeleton
 Complex network of protein
filaments
 Types of filaments:
•Microtubules: hollow cylinders 9+2
useful in cell division
•Actin filaments: finer tubes,
involved in shape changes
•Intermediate filaments — fibrous,
add strength

12
Functions of Cytoskeleton
 Microfilaments and intermediate
filaments help to support and shape the
cell.
 Microtubule extends from the center of

the cell the plasma membrane and acts
mainly as the intracellular trafficking
network.
A Plasma Membrane

13
Principle components of
membrane
 Principle components of membrane:
phospholipids, cholesterol, and
proteins
 Phospholipids have both a

hydrophilic head and hydrophobic
tail that interacts laterally with
other phospholipids.

Plasma membrane is a double-layered

structure containing phospholipids as major
components.
14
Structure of Membrane
 Fluid Mosaic Model
 Lipid bilayer with 2 sheets of
phospholipids arranged tail to tail
 Proteins are dispersed through the
membrane
 Both protein and lipid molecules
move freely within membrane (fluid
aspect)
 Serves as a hydrophobic barrier
 Some proteins help transport

molecules
Membrane Permeability
 Lipid bilayer
allows only a
few small
uncharged polar
molecules, such
as water (H2O)
and ammonia
(NH3), and some
lipid soluble
substances,
vitamines A, D,
and E, to pass
through.
15
Function of Membranes
 Serve as boundaries that separate

the inside from the outside
 Regulate contents of the enclosed
spaces
 Serve as a “ workbench”for
biochemical reactions
 Participate in energy conversions

Regulation
 Membrane is selectively permeable
 General rules:
 Diffusion — movement of molecules
from an area of high concentration to
low concentration (concentration
gradient)
 Osmosis — movement of water
across any selectively permeable
membrane in response to a
concentration gradient
16
Predicting Movements
 Hypotonic — more water moves

into cell than out
 Isotonic — water movements in
and out are balanced
 Hypertonic — more water moves
out of the cell than in

Vacuoles
 The word “vacuole”means “ empty” .
 Vacuoles are most often found in plant
cells. It makes plant tissues very rigid
and holds up the whole structure.
 In fresh water protists, the vacuoles may
take up extra water that tends to flow into
the organism. Periodically, these
vacuoles expel their contents by fusing
with the plasma membrane.
17
Turgor Pressure
 Occurs in plant cells
 Cell wall encloses all plant cells
 When cells take on water,

pressure is applied against cell
wall — turgor pressure

Passive and Active Transport

 Passive transport occurs
spontaneously, resulting in equal
concentrations of a molecule on the 2
sides of the membrane
 Active transport moves molecules
against a concentration gradient and
requires energy
 Facilitated Diffusion uses a protein to
increase rate of diffusion

18
Membrane Interactions
 ExtracellularMatrix
 Network of carbohydrates and
proteins
 Occurs in both plant and animals

Import and Export of Particles

 Phagocytosis — cells engulf large
particles, membrane extends
outward
 Endocytosis — cells take in tiny
amounts by inward folding
 Types: pinocytosis, receptor
mediated endocytosis
 Exocytosis — reverse of
pinocytosis

19
Cell Communication — Plants

 Immediate
neighbors
 Plasmodesmata
— narrow
channels
between plant
cells; thin
strands of
cytoplasm
stream through

Cell Communication — Animals
 Gap Junctions —
membranes of
animal cells are
close together,
rivet-like
 Adhering
Junctions —
connect internal
cell skeletons
 Tight Junctions —
membranes are
fused
20
Cell Communication —
Distant Cells
 Signaling molecules
 Receptors — specialized proteins
that lie either on the surface of a
cell or within cells
 Examples: hormones such as
estrogen and testosterone

Key Concepts
 Cells have a boundary, a body
and a set of genes
 Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus
and other organelles enclosed by
membranes
 Cytoskeleton serves as an
internal communication system
 Cell membranes establish the
boundaries of the cell
21

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Tobin and Dusheck: Asking About Life, 3E Chapter 4

Why Are All

Tobin and Dusheck: Asking About Life, 3E Chapter 4

The Cell Theory

copyright 2004 --Brooks Cole -- Thomson

Tobin and Dusheck: Asking About Life, 3E Chapter 4

 Membrane separating interior (living)

copyright 2004 --Brooks Cole -- Thomson

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

copyright 2004 --Brooks Cole -- Thomson

Tobin and Dusheck: Asking About Life, 3E Chapter 4

How bacterial, animal, and

 Eukaryotic cells have slower rates of

Cell Boundary, Cell Body

Tobin and Dusheck: Asking About Life, 3E Chapter 4

How are cells alive?

 Perform chemical reactions

 Change over time

 Have common evolutionary

Cell maintains its internal

 Cells must move substances across

copyright 2004 --Brooks Cole -- Thomson

Tobin and Dusheck: Asking About Life, 3E Chapter 4

Can a Cell Be Any Size?

Most cells are microscopically small

 Why are most cells small?

nutrients and get ride of wastes.

cells more easily.

copyright 2004 --Brooks Cole -- Thomson

Tobin and Dusheck: Asking About Life, 3E Chapter 4

 Division of labor among specialized

 Organisms outlive the cells that

copyright 2004 --Brooks Cole -- Thomson

Eukaryotic cells: An overview

All eukaryotic cells possess:

 Internal protein skeletal

copyright 2004 --Brooks Cole -- Thomson

Tobin and Dusheck: Asking About Life, 3E Chapter 4

copyright 2004 --Brooks Cole -- Thomson

copyright 2004 --Brooks Cole -- Thomson

Tobin and Dusheck: Asking About Life, 3E Chapter 4

copyright 2004 --Brooks Cole -- Thomson

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

•Rough ER (studded with ribosomes)

copyright 2004 --Brooks Cole -- Thomson

Tobin and Dusheck: Asking About Life, 3E Chapter 4

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

 Endoplasmic (means “ within the

copyright 2004 --Brooks Cole -- Thomson

copyright 2004 --Brooks Cole -- Thomson

Tobin and Dusheck: Asking About Life, 3E Chapter 4

copyright 2004 --Brooks Cole -- Thomson

copyright 2004 --Brooks Cole -- Thomson

Tobin and Dusheck: Asking About Life, 3E Chapter 4

 Responsible for the cell’

 Have their own DNA

copyright 2004 --Brooks Cole -- Thomson

copyright 2004 --Brooks Cole -- Thomson

Tobin and Dusheck: Asking About Life, 3E Chapter 4

copyright 2004 --Brooks Cole -- Thomson

 Microtubule extends from the center of

Tobin and Dusheck: Asking About Life, 3E Chapter 4

copyright 2004 --Brooks Cole -- Thomson