Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Jill Mansell - Keresd A Parod PDF
Jill Mansell - Keresd A Parod PDF
.(5(6'$352'
$PěHUHGHWLF¯PH
0DNLQJ<RXU0LQG8S
&RS\ULJKWk-LOO0DQVHOO
)RUG¯WRWWD+RSS£Q(V]WHU
0DJ\DUNLDG£Vk/HWWHUR.LDGµ%XGDSHVW
0LQGHQMRJIHQQWDUWYD
$N¸Q\YYDJ\DQQDNU«V]OHWHVHPPLO\HQIRUP£EDQȟVHPHOHNWURQLNXVVHPPHFKDQLNXV¼WRQYDJ\
I«Q\P£VRODWEDQȟVHPN¸]¸OKHWÿDNLDGµHOÿ]HWHV¯U£VEHOLHQJHG«O\HQ«ON¾O
6]HUNHV]Wÿ3DONµ.DWDOLQ
7¸UGHO«V)RUPXOD6W¼GLµ
%RU¯WµWHUYk1LQD&KDNUDEDUWL
(OHNWURQLNXVY£OWR]DW
%«N\Q«.LVV$GULHQ
,6%1HSXE
,6%1PREL
'U£JDDQ\XN£PHPO«N«UH
(OVĉIHMH]HW
ȟ -¼ P««««N PL I¯¯¯¯¯¯¯O ȟ KDUVRJWD /RWWLH &DUO\OH P«O\ £W«O«VVHO WHOL
WRURNEµOȟO£MNHQHFV¸UHOYXPHHHHHHQ
+£W LJHQ D] «QHNO«VEHQ D] D Mµ KRJ\ DPLNRU D I¾OHG Y¯] DODWW YDQ
VRNNDOMREEQDNKDQJ]ROPLQWDYDOµV£JEDQ3HUV]HQ\LOY£QQHPDQQ\LUD
V]XSHUQHN PLQW $GHOH YDJ\ %DUEUD 6WUHLVDQG ȟ QHP OHKHW DN£UPLEÿO
Y£UDW «S¯WHQL XJ\HE£U ȟ GH QHP RO\DQ ULDV]WµDQ URVV]QDN KRJ\ D
NLVJ\HUHNHN V¯UYD E¼MMDQDN D] DV]WDO DO£ YDODK£Q\V]RU GDOUD IDNDGV]
$PLUHSHGLJYROWP£US«OGDDYLO£JW¸UW«QHOHPEHQ
/RWWLH H]«UW LV «UH]WH RO\DQ MµO PDJ£W PRVW D +HVWDFRPEHWµEDQ
3HU]VHOÿHQ IRUUµ DXJXV]WXVL QDS YROW /RWWLH G«OXW£Q QHP GROJR]RWW V
PRVWK£WRQIHNYHOHEHJHWWDY¯]EHQDIHOKÿWOHQNREDOWN«NHJHWE£PXOYD
9DJ\LV D PDMGQHP IHOKÿWOHQW +D G«OXW£Q Q«J\ µUD YDQ «V YDODNL N«W
J\HUPHNE¾V]NH«GHVDQ\MDPLQGLJRWWODSSDQJHJ\]DYDUµNLVIHOKÿFVNHD
O£WKDW£UV]«O«QPLOHJ\HQDYDFVRUD"
/HKHWÿOHJYDODPLRO\DQDPLWQHPWDUW«YHNLJHON«V]¯WHQLP«JLVUHQGHV
«WHOQHNWěQLN2O\DVPLDPLEHQEHQQHYDQD]DN¾O¸Q¸VGRORJDYLWDPLQ
7RY£EE£RO\DVPLDPLW1DW«V5XE\HJ\DU£QWKDMODQGµPHJHQQL
+DK
(VHWOHJW«V]WD"
'H 1DW DNL K«W«YHV FVDN RODMERJ\µYDO «V PHQWDV]µVV]DO HV]L PHJ D
W«V]W£W«V/RWWLHWXGWDKRJ\P£UHJ\GDUDERODMERJ\µVLQFVDKěWÿEHQ
2N«DNNRUHVHWOHJUL]RWWµEDFRQQHO«VJRPE£YDO'H5XE\NLSLV]N£OQ£
DJRPE£WPRQGY£QQ\£ON£VPLQWDFVLJDDEDFRQWPHJD]«UWQHPHQQ«
PHJPHUWD]ȟSIXMȟGLV]QµV£J
6¾OW ]¸OGV«J" $] D]W£Q P£U W«Q\OHJ D IDQW£]LD ELURGDOPD 5XE\ «OHWH
NLOHQF«YHDODWWHJ\V]HUVHPHYHWW¼J\]¸OGV«JHWKRJ\WXGRWWYROQDUµOD
$OHJW¸EEEDEDHOVÿV]DYDRO\DVPLKRJ\PDPDPHJSDSD5XE\«PLGÿQ
HOÿV]¸UV]HPEHV¾OWHJ\EURNNROLUµ]V£YDOH]YROWXQGL
/RWWLH IHOVµKDMWRWW «V OHKXQ\WD D V]HP«W 0LN¸]EHQ D Wµ KěV YL]H D
KDO£QW«N£W VLPRJDWWD OXVW£Q OHS¸FFLQWHWW HJ\ URYDUW DPL D FVXNOµM£UD
V]£OOW,O\HQEHV]ěN¾OWN¸]¸QV«JQHNIÿ]QLW«Q\OHJDOHJDOMD7DO£QKDHO«J
VRN£LJ PDUDG LGHNLQW FVDN K¯YMD YDODNL D J\HUPHNY«GHOPHW DNLN
NLN¾OGHQHN YDODNLW HJ\ KDUFL E£UGGDO 5XE\W «V 1DWHW HOYLV]LN YDODPL
GLFNHQVL J\HUPHNRWWKRQED DKRO PDMG N«Q\WHOHQHN OHV]QHN WLV]W¯WDWODQ
P£MDW «V KLGHJ IHK«UU«SDOHYHVW HQQL 1«K£Q\ K«W XW£Q EL]WRVDQ
PHJWDQXOQ£N «UW«NHOQL KRJ\ PLO\HQ URKDGWXO K£O£WODQ IHODGDW
IRO\DPDWRVDQNLWDO£OQLYDODPLWDPLWDILQQ\£VNLVYDNDUFVRNPHJHV]QHN
)UHGGLH0DVWHUVRQD+HVWDFRPEH+RXVHQDSSDOLM£EDQ£OOW«VD]LVPHUÿV
¾G¯Wÿ «U]«V W¸OW¸WWH HO PLN¸]EHQ J\¸Q\¸UN¸G¸WW D W£MEDQ 9«OHP«Q\H
V]HULQW LQQHQ Q\¯OW D OHJFVRG£ODWRVDEE NLO£W£V HJ«V] &RWVZROGVEDQ $
Y¸OJ\ W¼OROGDO£Q K£]DNNDO I£NNDO WHKHQHNNHO «V E£U£Q\RNNDO SHWW\H]HWW
KHJ\HN HPHONHGWHN (OÿWW¾N D Q£GDVVDO V]HJHWW Wµ FVLOO£PORWW D G«OXW£QL
QDSI«Q\EHQ V P«J HQQ«O LV N¸]HOHEE RWW SRPS£]RWW D NHUWMH WHOH
YLU£JJDO «V D Wµ IHO« OHMWÿ IULVVHQ Q\¯UW VPDUDJG]¸OG S£]VLWWDO $
IXNV]LDERNURN E«N«VHQ EµORJDWWDN DKRJ\ D SRV]P«KHN PRKµQ
V]£OOGRVWDN HJ\LN W¸U«NHQ\ YLU£JUµO D P£VLNUD .«W KDUN£O\ WXUN£OW
HQHUJLNXVDQDIěEHQI«UJHNXW£QNXWDWYDD]W£QK£WUDQ«]WHN«VXQGRUUDO
IHOU¸SSHQWHN DPLNRU «V]UHYHWW«N KRJ\ HJ\ HPEHU N¸]HOHGLN IHO«M¾N D
NHVNHQ\¸VY«Q\HQ
)UHGGLH ILJ\HOWH DKRJ\ 7\OHU .OHLQ RGD«U D Q\£UL ODNKR] PHJ£OO «V
PHJFVRG£OMDDO£WY£Q\W)UHGGLHWXGWDKRJ\DN£UFVDNÿWD]DPHULNDLWLV
UDEXO HMWHWWH D W£M $ PHJEHV]«O«V MµO DODNXOW 7\OHU N«WV«JN¯Y¾O RNRV
HPEHU«VP£UD]HOVÿSHUFEHQPHJWDO£OW£NDN¸]¸VKDQJRW(O«JS«Q]HLV
YDQ KRJ\ PHJYHJ\H D] ¾]OHWHW V PLQGHGGLJ ¼J\ WěQLN KRJ\ WHWV]LN
QHNLDPLWO£W
0L«UWLVQHWHWV]HQH"
7\OHU .OHLQPRVWD]ROGDOVµNDSX IHO« WDUWRWW PHO\NLYH]HWHWWD]¼WUD
/D]£Q D Y£OO£UD YHWHWW V¸W«WN«N ]DNµM£YDO «V D Q\DN£Q£O NLJRPEROW OLOD
LQJ«YHO UXJDQ\RV O«SWHLYHO LQN£EE WěQW VSRUWROµQDN PLQW
¾]OHWHPEHUQHN 2O\DQ D KDMD PLQW &ODUN *DEOHQHN JRQGROWD )UHGGLH
MDYDU«V]W K£WUDQ\DOYD HJ\HWOHQ ]DERO£WODQXO HOÿUHKXOOµ V¸W«W WLQFFVHO
,P£GRWW IHOHV«J«QHN 0DU\QHN PLQGLJ LV J\HQJ«MH YROW &ODUN *DEOH
)UHGGLH E£QDWRVDQ VLP¯WRWW Y«JLJ NRSDV]RGµ IHM«Q 6]HJ«Q\ DVV]RQ\QDN
Y«J¾OYHOHNHOOHWWEH«UQLHȪ
O«QN W¾UNL]N«N YLOODQ£V V]¼UW D V]HPH VDUN£ED V )UHGGLH HJ\ IXWµ
SLOODQDWLJ D]W KLWWH KRJ\ M«JPDGDUDW O£WRWW D Wµ I¸O¸WW $]W£Q
HOPRVRO\RGRWW PHUW DPLQW D V]HPH DONDOPD]NRGRWW O£WWD KRJ\ /RWWLH
D] YDGRQDW¼M W¾UNL]N«N ELNLQLM«EHQ OXVW£Q OHEHJYH D Y¯]HQ PLQW HJ\
V¾WN«UH]ÿ WHNQÿV +D PHJPRQGDQ£ QHNL KRJ\ ¸VV]HW«YHV]WHWWH HJ\
M«JPDG£UUDO/RWWLHEL]WRVDQD]WIHOHOQ«
Ȧ)UHGGLHLGHMHOHQQHPHJYL]VJ£OWDWQLDV]HP«Wȥ
)UHGGLHQHPPRQGWDHOQHNLKRJ\PHJWHWWH
0HJDW¸EELWVH
$+HVWDFRPEH+RXVHNHUWMHPHOOHWWL¼WNHVNHQ\YROW«VPLQGN«WROGDOUµO
SLSDFV WXUERO\D «V V]HGHU V]HJ«O\H]WH 7\OHU .OHLQ ¼J\ Y«OWH KRJ\ KD
EDOUDIRUGXODNNRUYLVV]DMXW+HVWDFRPEHIDOXM£ED-REEUDSHGLJDWµYDQ
0LN¸]EHQ DUUD LQGXOW 7\OHU V]DODGµ O£EDN GRERJ£V£W «V NXQFRJ£VW
KDOORWW
$]HOVÿNDQ\DUXW£QN«WNLVJ\HUHNHWSLOODQWRWWPHJN¸U¾OEHO¾OWL]HQ¸W
P«WHUUH DNLN «SS HJ\ O«WU£Q P£V]WDN IHO $ N«W U¸YLGQDGU£JRV SµOµV
EDVHEDOOVDSN£V DODN N¸]¾O D] HOVÿ HJ\ IHOWHNHUW V£UJDIHK«U FV¯NRV
W¸U¾ON¸]ÿW V]RURQJDWRWW D P£VRGLN SHGLJ HJ\ KDORP PLQGHQI«OH UXK£W
$PLNRUD]¼WIHO«Q«]WHN«VPHJO£WW£N7\OHUWPHJLQWNXQFRJQLNH]GWHN
«VOHXJURWWDNDP£VLNROGDORQHOWHU¾OÿJDERQDPH]ÿUH0LUH7\OHURGD«UW
P£U HOLV]NROWDN Q\LOY£Q YDODPL U¸YLGHEE ¼WRQ D IDOX IHO« HJ\ J\RUV
SDQFVRO£VXW£Q
$] ¼W KRPRNRV PH]ÿEH WRUNROORWW PHO\ ODQN£VDQ HUHV]NHGHWW OH D
PHVWHUV«JHV WµSDUWUD )UHGGLH 0DVWHUVRQ FVLQ£OWDWWD VRN «YYHO H]HOÿWW
IÿOHJDQ\DUDOµMDYHQG«JHLNHGY««UWGHȟPLQWD]W7\OHUPRVWLVO£WKDWWD
ȟ+HVWDFRPEHODNµLLVNL«OYH]W«NDKHO\£OG£VDLW(O£UQ\«NROWDDV]HP«WD
WµW¾NU«UÿOYLVV]DYHUÿGÿG«OXW£QLQDSHOÿO«VHJ\W¾UNL]N«NELNLQLVO£Q\W
SLOODQWRWW PHJ DNL OXVW£Q OHEHJHWW D K£W£Q D Y¯]HQ +DON I¸OG¸QW¼OL
MDMRQJ£VI«OHV«J KDOODWV]RWW GH 7\OHU QHP WXGWD PHJ£OODS¯WDQL KRQQDQ
HUHG $]W£Q D KDQJ ȟ «QHNO«V" ȟ DEEDPDUDGW 1«K£Q\ SLOODQDW P¼OYD D
O£Q\£WIRUGXOWDKDV£UD«VODVVDQ¼V]QLNH]GHWWDSDUWIHO«
$ MHOHQHW DN£U D 'U 1R F¯Pě ILOPEÿO LV V]£UPD]KDWRWW YROQD DPLNRU
6HDQ &RQQHU\ PHJO£WMD D WUµSXVL WHQJHUEÿO LVWHQQÿN«QW NLHPHONHGÿ
8UVXOD $QGUHVVW&VDN«SSHQÿ QHPDER]µWRVEDQUHMWÿ]LN«VPHJYDQD
VDM£WKDMD9DODPLQWDO£Q\FRPEM£UDQHPYROWRGDV]¯MD]YDHJ\QDJ\N«V
VQHPLVYROWV]ÿNH+RVV]¼V¸W«WKDMDN¯J\µV]HUěI¾UW¸NEHQWDSDGWD
Y£OO£UD D WHVWH IRUP£V «V QDSEDUQ¯WRWW 7\OHUW OHQ\ěJ¸]WH D O£WY£Q\ ȟ
LO\HQ W¯SXV¼ WDO£ONR]£VUD HJ\£OWDO£Q QHP V]£P¯WRWW ȟ «V EDU£WV£JRVDQ
RGDELFFHQWHWWDPLNRUDO£Q\PHJ£OOWKRJ\NLFVDYDUMDDKDM£EµODYL]HW
ȟ-µYROWD]¼V]£V"
$ O£Q\ V]HP¾J\UH YHWWH D]W£Q N¸UEHQ«]HWW D U¸YLG SDUWV]DNDV]RQ
9«J¾ODQQ\LWPRQGRWW
ȟ+RODFXFFRP"
&XFF 7\OHU K¸NNHQWHQ Q«]HWW N¸U¾O PDJD LV QRKD IRJDOPD VHP YROW
KRJ\PLWLVNHOONHUHVQLHLJD]£Q(J\EL]DUUSLOODQDWLJDUUDJRQGROWKRJ\
D O£Q\ WDO£Q YDODPL GURJG¯OHUW Y£UW LGH (OY«JUH H]W V]RNW£N PRQGDQL D
G¯OHUHNQHNLV
ȟ0LO\HQFXFFD"
ȟ $] DPLW D] HPEHU £OWDO£EDQ D SDUWRQ KDJ\ DPLNRU EHPHJ\ ¼V]QL
5XKD7¸U¾ON¸]ÿ*\«P£QWI¾OEHYDOµ
ȟ+ROKDJ\WD"ȟN«UGH]WH7\OHU
ȟ3RQWRWWDKROPDJD£OO3RQWRWWȟLVP«WHOWHPHJDO£Q\«VN¸]EHQ
7\OHU I«Q\HV IHNHWH FLSÿM«UH PXWDWRWW VV]HK¼]RWW V]HPPHO PHUHGW D
I«UILUDȟ(]YDODPLYLFF"
ȟ *RQGRORP D] 'H QHP «Q FVLQ£OWDP ȟ 7\OHU I«OLJ K£WUDIRUGXOYD D
NHVNHQ\ ¸VY«Q\UH PXWDWRWW ȟ 1HPU«J PHQWHP HO N«W J\HUHN PHOOHWW
DNLNPLQGHQI«OHFXFFRWYLWWHN
$O£Q\PRVWP£UFV¯SÿUHWHWWHDNH]«W«VKLWHWOHQNHGYHPHUHGW7\OHUUH
ȟVQHPMXWRWWYROQDHV]«EHKRJ\PHJ£OO¯WVDÿNHW"
ȟ $]W KLWWHP D VDM£W FXFFXN ȟ 1HYHWV«JHV (GGLJ «OHW«EHQ ¸VV]HVHQ
QHPPRQGWDNLHQQ\LV]HUDȦFXFFȥV]µWȟ$]WJRQGROWDP¼V]WDNHJ\HWD
WµEDQ
ȟJ\JRQGROWDKRJ\D]¸Y«NDKDUPLQFQ\ROFDVUµ]VDV]¯QUXKDPHJD
KDUPLQFKHWHVH]¾VWV]DQG£O"
$ J¼Q\ ȟ D] D MHOOHJ]HWHV EULW J¼Q\ ȟ I«OUHLVPHUKHWHWOHQ YROW D
KDQJM£EDQ
ȟ$V]DQG£OEHYROWFVRPDJROYDYDODPLUµ]VDV]¯QEHVQHPO£WWDPMµO
DF¯PN«NHW0DMGQHPK¼V]P«WHUUHYROWDP
ȟ 'H DWWµO P«J D]W KLWWH KRJ\ ¼V]QL YROWDN ȟ $ O£Q\ HJ\ GDUDELJ
V]¼UµVDQQ«]WHPDMGPHJN«UGH]WHȟUXOMRQHOYDODPLW0DJDV]HULQWȪ
YL]HVHNYROWDN"
$IUDQFED1HPYROWDNYL]HVHN&VDSQLYDOµGHWHNW¯YOHQQHEHOÿOH7\OHU
D]RQEDQQHPYROWKDMODQGµEHLVPHUQLDYHUHV«J«W
ȟ (YH]KHWWHN LV V PDJD W«Q\OHJ LWW KDJ\WD D J\«P£QW I¾OEHYDOµM£W D
UXK£M£YDOHJ\¾WW"
ȟ 7HOMHVHQ K¾O\«QHN O£WV]RP" 7HUP«V]HWHVHQ QHP $ J\«P£QW QHP
ROGµGLN Y¯]EHQ ȟ $ O£Q\ W¾UHOPHWOHQ¾O K£WUDV¸S¸UWH D KDM£W «V
PHJPXWDWWD D I¾OFLPS£LQ FVLOORJµ N¸YHNHW ȟ V KRJ\ Q«]WHN NL D]RN D
J\HUHNHN"
ȟ 0LQW DII«OH J\HUHNHN 1HP WXGRP ȟ YRQW Y£OODW 7\OHU ȟ 3µOµ YROW
UDMWXND]WKLV]HP0HJȪU¸YLGQDGU£J
$O£Q\IHOYRQWDDV]HP¸OG¸N«W
ȟ(]IDQWDV]WLNXV(ON«SHV]WÿDPHJILJ\HOÿN«SHVV«JH1D«VIL¼NYROWDN
YDJ\O£Q\RN"
ȟ 7DO£QȪ ȟ 7\OHU HGGLJ D]W IHOW«WHOH]WH KRJ\ IL¼N GH D] HJ\LNQHN
PLQWKDKRVV]DEEKDMDOHWWYROQDȟ0LQWPRQGWDPHO«JPHVV]LUÿOO£WWDP
ÿNHWSS£WP£V]WDNHJ\O«WU£Q
ȟ6¸W«WKDMXNYROW"6RY£Q\DNYROWDN"ȟIDJJDWWDWRY£EEDO£Q\ȟ2O\DQ
EDUQDYROWDEÿU¾NPLQWDFVRNRO£G«"
ȟ,JHQ7XGMDNLNYROWDN"9DODPLSUREO«PDYDQYHO¾N"
ȟ 1HP þN PDJXN D SUREO«PD D J\HUHNHLP ȟ /£WYD D 7\OHU DUF£UD
NL¾OÿU«P¾OHWHWDO£Q\SDMNRVDQHOPRVRO\RGRWWȟ1\XJLVHPPLJRQG
ȟ+£WȟPRQGWD7\OHUȟHQQHN¸U¾O¸N
ȟ Q PHJ QHP YHWWHP «V]UH VHPPLW D NLV Q\DYDO\£VRN %L]WRVDQ D
ERNURN N¸]¸WW N¼V]WDN LGH D]W£Q HOURKDQWDN D FXFFRPPDO DPLNRU QHP
Q«]WHPRGD(]P£UFVDN¯J\PHJ\KDD]HPEHUJ\HUHNHLNRPPDQGµVRN
V]HUHWQ«QHN OHQQL 'H DWWµO P«J QHP YLFFHV ȟ $ O£Q\ HONRPRURGRWW «V
W¾UHOPHWOHQ¾O IRO\WDWWD ȟ 1HP KLV]HP HO KRJ\ LO\HQ K¾O\HV«JHW
FVLQ£OQDN1HPJRQGRONRGQDNQPHJLWW£OORNUXKDQ«ON¾OȪ
ȟ6]¯YHVHQN¸OFV¸QDGRPD]DNµPDW
ȟ&LSÿPVLQFV
ȟ $ FLSÿPHW QHP DM£QORP IHO ȟ IHOHOWH 7\OHU ȟ (O«J YLFFHVHQ IHVWHQH
EHQQH9DODPLQWDNNRUQHNHPQHPOHQQHVHPPLDO£EDPRQ
ȟ 3XK£Q\ ȟ $ O£Q\ HOJRQGRONRGRWW ȟ 7HQQH QHNHP HJ\ V]¯YHVV«JHW"
0HQMHQYLVV]DDIDOXEDHODNRFVPDPHOOHWW$K£]DPDKDUPDGLNDMREE
ROGDORQ 3LSHUȢV &RWWDJH D QHYH $ FVHQJÿ URVV] ¼J\KRJ\ G¸U¸PE¸OM¸Q
0RQGMD PHJ 5XE\QDN «V 1DWQHN KRJ\ DGM£N RGD PDJ£QDN D UXK£LPDW
$]W£QKR]]DOHQHNHPLGH(KKH]PLWV]µO"
$ O£Q\ PRJ\RUµEDUQD V]HP«EH EHOHIRO\W D Y¯] D KDM£UµO D FVHSSHN
PHJFVLOODQWDN EDUQD EÿU«Q +µIHK«UHQ YLO£J¯WRWWDN D IRJDL «V QDJ\RQ
PHJJ\ÿ]ÿVW¯OXVDYROW7\OHUDKRPORN£WU£QFROWD
ȟVPLYDQKDDJ\HUHNHNQLQFVHQHNRWWKRQ"
ȟ 7XGMD QHP «SSHQ LGH£OLV D KHO\]HW GH PDJ£QDN RO\DQ EHFV¾OHWHV
DUFD YDQ ¼J\KRJ\ N«Q\WHOHQ OHV]HN PHJE¯]QL PDJ£EDQ +D QLQFVHQHN
RWWKRQ DNNRU QLQFV PHVH NLYHV]L D NXOFVRW D PXVN£WOLV FVHU«S DOµO «V
EHPHJ\ $ K£OµV]RE£P EDOUD YDQ D O«SFVÿ WHWHM«Q &VDN NDSMRQ IHO
YDODPLWDJDUGUµEEµOȟ0HJU£QGXOWDV]£MDȟVHV]«EHQHMXVVRQEHOHVQL
D] DOVµQHPěV ILµNRPED &VDN V]HUH]]HQ YDODPL UXK£W PHJ FLSÿW D]W£Q
M¸MM¸QYLVV]D7¯]SHUFDODWWPHJM£UMD
ȟ(]WQHP WHKHWHP ȟU£]WDD IHM«W 7\OHUȟ+LV] QHPLVLVPHUHQJHP
1HPIRJRNEHW¸UQLHJ\LGHJHQK£]£EDVKDDJ\HUHNHLRWWYDQQDNȪQRV
D]P«JURVV]DEE
ȟ +HOOµ ȟ UDJDGWD PHJ 7\OHU NH]«W D O£Q\ «V OHONHVHQ PHJU£]WD ȟ
/RWWLH &DUO\OH YDJ\RN J\KRJ\ PRVW P£U LVPHU V D K£]DP VHP RO\DQ
V]¸UQ\ě7DO£QHJ\NLFVLWUHQGHWOHQGHDQQ\LEHOHI«U0DJ£WKRJ\K¯YM£N"
ȟ7\OHU7\OHU.OHLQ'H¯J\VHWHV]HPPHJ
ȟ .¸V] VRNDW VHJ¯WHWW -µ NLV O£WY£Q\RVV£J OHV]HN DPLQW ¯J\
Y«JLJPHJ\HNDIDOXQ
ȟ0£UPRQGWDPV]¯YHVHQRGDDGRPD]DNµPDW
7HNLQWYH KRJ\ D O£Q\UµO FV¸S¸J¸WW D Y¯] D ]DNµ SHGLJ VHO\HPPHO YROW
E«OHOYH«VP«UHJGU£JDYROW7\OHUH]WPHJOHKHWÿVHQQDJ\OHONěDM£QODWQDN
«UH]WH/RWWLH&DUO\OHWD]RQEDQO£WKDWµDQQHPVLNHU¾OWPHJKDWQLD
ȟ $NNRU LV K¾O\«Q Q«]Q«N NL (VHWOHJ PHJNDSKDWQ£P D] LQJ«W" ȟ
N«UGH]WHEHK¯]HOJÿKDQJRQ/RWWLHȟ$]VRNNDOMREEOHQQH
7\OHU¾]OHWL¾J\EHQM£UW1HP£OOWV]£QG«N£EDQOHYHWQLD]LQJ«W
ȟ1HPKLQQ«PKRJ\PHJ\DGRORJ9DJ\D]DNµYDJ\VHPPLȟN¸]¸OWH
HOW¸N«OWHQ
/£WYDKRJ\HQQ«OW¸EEHWQHPWXGNLFVLNDUQL/RWWLH&DUO\OHHOIRJDGWDD
]DNµW«VIHOYHWWH
ȟ0DJDD]W£QNHP«Q\HQDONXV]LN5¸KHMHVHQIHVWHNQHP"
ȟ'H
ȟ1HK¯]HOHJMHQȟQ«]HWWOHV]RPRU¼DQFVXSDV]O£E£UD/RWWLHȟ(VHWOHJ
HOYLQQHDK£W£Q"
7\OHUNH]GHWWHJ«V]MµOV]µUDNR]QL
ȟ1HN¯V«UWVHDV]HUHQFV«M«W
ȟ$]WDNDUMDPRQGDQLKRJ\N¸Y«UYDJ\RN"
ȟ*RQGROQRPNHOODMµK¯UHPUH
/RWWLH«UGHNOÿGYHY«JLJP«UWH
ȟ$P¼J\PLWNHUHVHUUHIHO«"(EEHQDPHQÿY£URVL¸OW¸Q\EHQ«VI«Q\HV
FLSÿEHQ"
+HVWDFRPEHEDQ Q\LOY£QYDOµDQ QHP YROW GLYDW D] ¸OW¸Q\ 0LNRU
PHJIRUGXOWDN «V HOLQGXOWDN 7\OHU YLVV]DQ«]HWW D WµUD PHO\QHN IHOV]¯QH
IHOHWWV]LWDN¸WÿNVXUURJWDN«VHJ\NDFVDFVDO£G¼V]RWWEH«SSHQDN«SEH
/D]£QD]WIHOHOWH
ȟ&VDNO£WRJDWµEDQYDJ\RN
$ O£Q\ µYDWRVDQ O«SNHGHWW D N¸YHV HJ\HQHWOHQ WDODMRQ D]W£Q
MHOHQWÿV«JWHOMHVHQIHOMDMGXOW
ȟ$¼$O£EDP
/RWWLH&DUO\OHPHJOHKHWÿVHQQDJ\IHOWěQ«VWNHOWHWWPLN¸]EHQ£WKDODGWDN
+HVWDFRPEHRQ 9DODPL D]W V¼JWD 7\OHUQHN KRJ\ D O£Q\RQ E£UPL
OHKHWQH DNNRU LV H] OHQQH D KHO\]HW (OVXKDQµ PRWRURVRN YLJ\RURJWDN
HOLVPHUÿHQ GXG£OWDN D NHUWM¾NEHQ GROJR]JDWµ IDOXVLDN LQWHJHWWHN «V
SDMNRVPHJMHJ\]«VHNHWWHWWHN/RWWLHSHGLJY£ODV]XOSRQWRVDQHOPRQGWD
KRJ\PLWIRJ FVLQ£OQL5XE\YDO«V1DWWHOKDHJ\V]HUDNH]«EHNDSDULQWMD
ÿNHW
0LNRUN¸]HOHEE«UWHND3LSHUȢV&RWWDJHKR]«V]UHYHWW«NDJ\HUHNHNHW
DNLN D] ¸QW¸]ÿNDQQ£YDO M£WV]RWWDN D NHUWEHQ «V IHOY£OWYD ORFVROJDWW£N
HJ\P£VW
ȟ *\HQJH LGHJ]HWěHN PRVW QH Q«]]HQHN LGH ȟ PRQGWD /RWWLH ȟ 0RVW
£WY£OWRNY«UDQ\D¾]HPPµGEDȟ .LHUHV]WHWWHDKDQJM£Wȟ+«WLNHWWHQ
$]RQQDOWHJ\«WHNOHDORFVROµNDQQ£W
$ J\HUHNHN D] DQ\MXNUD SLOODQWRWWDN OHFVDSW£N D NDQQ£W «V NDFDJYD
IHON¼V]WDNDK£]IURQWM£QDNW£PDV]NRGµDOPDID£JDLN¸]«
ȟ7XGRPPLWPěYHOWHWHNȟ%H«UYHDNHUWEH/RWWLHIHOSLOODQWRWWDI£UD
ȟVHOKLKHWLWHNKRJ\QDJ\EDMEDQYDJ\WRN
$OHYHOHV£JDNN¸]¾O£UWDWODQKDQJRFVNDV]µODOWPHJ
ȟ&VDNDYLU£JRNDWORFVROWXN0HJKDOWDNYROQDV]HJ«Q\HN
ȟQDUXK£LPUµOEHV]«OHN1HPYROWYLFFHV1DW9DODNLQHNDKROPLM£W
HOYLQQLQHPMµSR«Q
ȟ1HPPLFVLQ£OWXNȟY£JWDU£D]RQQDO1DW
ȟ1HPPLYROWXQNȟFVLFVHUHJWH5XE\
7\OHU /RWWLH &DUO\OHUD SLOODQWRWW 7«YHGHWW YROQD" /£WYD DJJRGDOPDV
DUF£WDO£Q\«JQHNHPHOWHDV]HP«W
ȟ (J\ V]DYXNDW VH KLJJ\H 0LQGLJ H]W PRQGM£N +D HONDSRP 1DWHW
KRJ\WHOHDV]£MDFVRNLYDODNNRULVD]WPRQGMDKRJ\KR]]£VHQ\¼OW
ȟ'HW«Q\OHJQHPPLYROWXQNȟLVP«WHOWHPHJ1DW
ȟ1HPPLFVLQ£OWXNȟPRQGWD5XE\ȟ(]D]LJD]V£J
ȟ 0LQ«O V£URVDEEDN DQQ£O MREEDQ WDJDGM£N ȟ /RWWLH PHJ«UH]WH 7\OHU
IHV]HQJ«V«Wȟ0¼OWK«WHQYDODPLFV¼]OLYDOM£WV]RWWDNDI¾UGÿV]RE£EDQ«V
YDODKRJ\ ¸VV]HW¸UW D W¾N¸U V WXGMD PL YROW" 9DODKRJ\ D]W VH ÿN
FVLQ£OW£N
ȟ'HDQ\DPRVWW«Q\OHJQHPPLYLWW¾NHODUXK£GDWȟPRQGWD5XE\
ȟ1HP"1RVH]D]HPEHULWWD]W£OO¯WMDKRJ\LJHQ0HUWO£WRWWWLWHNHWȟ
PDJ\DU£]WD /RWWLH ȟ V WÿOHWHN HOW«UÿHQ ÿ QHP KD]XGLN J\KRJ\
Q\XJRGWDQOHP£V]KDWWRN«VHOÿDGKDWM£WRNDUXK£PDWGHPRVWD]RQQDO
ȟ'HK£WQHPWXGMXNKROYDQQDNȟYLV¯WRWWG¾K¸VHQ5XE\
/RWWLHV]µQ«ON¾OEHPHQW DK£]ED$Q\LWRWWDEODNRQNHUHV]W¾O KDOODQL
OHKHWHWWDV]HNU«Q\DMWµNFVDSµG£V£WD]W£QDO£Q\GLDGDOPDVDQHOÿM¸WWHJ\
Uµ]VDV]¯QUXK£YDOHJ\ODSRVVDUN¼H]¾VWV]DQG£OODOPHJHJ\V£UJDIHK«U
FV¯NRVW¸U¾ON¸]ÿYHO
ȟ1HPPLYROWXQNȟQ\¸JWHNL1DW
ȟUGHNHV$NNRUH]HNPL«UWYROWDNDK£WVµNHUWEHQ"ȟ%HV]«GN¸]EHQ
/RWWLH OHU£]WD PDJ£UµO D W¼OP«UHWH]HWW ]DNµW YLVV]DDGWD 7\OHUQHN «V
EHOHE¼MWJ\ěU¸WWQ\£ULUXK£M£EDȟ0RVWSHGLJLGHKDOOJDVVDWRN$]LVHO«J
URVV]KRJ\HOYLWW«WHNDUXK£PDW'HKRJ\OHWDJDGW£WRN«VKD]XGWDWRND]
P«J URVV]DEE J\KRJ\ HOIHOHMWKHWLWHN D K«WY«JL EDOORQIHV]WLY£OW «V
]VHES«Q]WVHPNDSWRN
ȟ'HK£WYDODNLP£VYROWȟVLS¯WRWWD5XE\
ȟ (] D] HPEHU D]W PRQGMD KRJ\ WL YROWDWRN V K£UPµWRN N¸]¾O
IXUFVDPµG OHJLQN£EE QHNL KLV]HN J\KRJ\ J\HUWHN OH EH D K£]ED «V
UDNMDWRN UHQGHW D V]RE£WRNEDQ V H] NRPRO\ ȟ N¸]¸OWH /RWWLH ȟ 0RVW
D]RQQDO.¾O¸QEHQKDWK«WUHXJURWWD]VHES«Q]
(OÿV]¸U 5XE\ D]W£Q 1DW ]¸WW\HQW OH D] £JDN N¸]¾O $ V¸W«W V]HPHN
HONHVNHQ\HGYH XQGRUUDO PHUHGWHN 7\OHUUH $PLNRU 5XE\ HOPHQW D I«UIL
PHOOHWWRGDPRURJWDQHNL
ȟ0DJDDKD]XJ
ȟ5XE\+DJ\GH]WDEED
1DW £JGDUDERNNDO D KDM£EDQ IHOSLOODQWRWW 7\OHUUH «V URVV]DOOµDQ
PHJMHJ\H]WH
ȟ0HJPRQGDODNDSXN£PQDN
ȟ%L]WRVQDJ\RQPHJLMHGWȟWHUHOWHHO/RWWLHDJ\HUHNHW7\OHUPHOOHWWȟ
%HIHO«'HJ\RUVDQ
1DW «V 5XE\ HOWěQW D K£]EDQ 7\OHU DNL PRVWDQUD P£U NHOOÿN«SSHQ
URVV]XO«UH]WHPDJ£WPHJV]µODOW
ȟ,GHKDOOJDVVRQ/HKHWKRJ\W«YHGWHP
ȟ *\HUHNHN D] D GROJXN KRJ\ URVV]DONRGMDQDN ȟ IHOHOWH EHO£WµDQ
/RWWLHȟ*RQGRORPPDJ£QDNQLQFV
7\OHUPHJU£]WDDIHM«W
ȟ1LQFV
ȟ &VDN D]«UW XW£OM£N PDJ£W PHUW IHOGREWD ÿNHW ȟ /RWWLH V]HPH
IHOV]LNU£]RWW ȟ V PLQGHQW HON¸YHWQHN KRJ\ URVV]XO «UH]]H PDJ£W 'H
¼J\VH O£WMD ÿNHW W¸EEHW JRQGRORP V]µYDO QHP V]£P¯W ȟ 0LN¸]EHQ H]W
PRQGWDYDODNLDK£]EDQ]RNRJ£VEDQW¸UWNLȟ(]1DWOHV]DNLGLUHNWD]
DEODNKR] £OOW KRJ\ EL]WRVDQ MµO KDOOMXN 0HJ YDJ\RN OHSYH DPL«UW QHP
D]W PRQGWD KRJ\ HJ\ VDV UDJDGWD HO D UXK£LPDW KRJ\ D]W£Q D K£WVµ
NHUWEHQ OHSRWW\DQWVD 'H MREE KD PRVW PHJ\HN .¸V]¸Q¸P D ]DNµW
5HP«OHPQHPYL]H]WHPQDJ\RQ¸VV]Hȟ$O£Q\EHOHW¼UWQHGYHVKDM£ED
D]W£QYDN¯WµPRVRO\WYLOODQWRWWDI«UILUDȟU¾OWHPDV]HUHQFV«QHN
ȟ9££££££££££ȟE¸PE¸OWH1DWYLJDV]WDODQXO
ȟ5«V]HPUÿODV]HUHQFVHȟ7\OHUQHNIHONHOOHWWHPHOQLHDKDQJM£WKRJ\
W¼ONLDE£OMDDV]¯YHWW«Sÿ]RNRJ£VW
ȟ9XXXXK¼¼¼K£££YXXXXKK££££
ȟ+£WN¸V]LP«JHJ\V]HUȟ/RWWLHPHJWRUSDQWPLQWKDYDODPLHV]«EH
MXWRWWYROQDȟ(VHWOHJȪKDOORWWHQJHP«QHNHOQL"
ȟ+£WPDJDYROW"ȟ7\OHUHOPRVRO\RGRWWȟ$]«QHNO«VOHWWYROQD"
$V¸W«WV]HPS£USDMNRVDQIHOL]]RWW
ȟ$Y¯]DODWWVRNNDOMREEDQKDQJ]LN
$PLNRUDJ\HUHNV¯U£V¼MXOWHUÿYHOW¸UWHOÿDK£]EµO7\OHUD]WIHOHOWH
ȟ+DPDJDPRQGMDȪ
0£VRGLNIHMH]HW
/RWWLH ]¸OGFLWURP V]¯Qě PHOO«Q\EH «V IHK«U IDUPHUEH E¼MW «V NLPHQW D
+HVWDFRPEH +RXVH P¸J¸WWL V]«OHV WHUDV]UD DKRO )UHGGLH ¾OG¸J«OW D]
DV]WDOQ£O«V«SSHJ\¾YHJERUNLERQW£V£YDOIRJODODWRVNRGRWW
ȟ+£WLWWYDQ5HPHNUHPHNOM¸QOHȟPRQGWD)UHGGLH«VHJ\SRKDUDW
Q\RPRWWDO£Q\NH]«EHȟ,J\RQHJ\HW6]¾NV«JHOHV]U£
ȟ0L«UW"
/RWWLH P£U DP¼J\ LV HO«JJ« FVRG£ONR]RWW PL«UW N«UHWW«N LGH PD HVWH
)UHGGLHQHPYROWW¼OEHV]«GHVVRNV]RUYROWW£YRODQ«ON¾OKRJ\E£UNLQHN
LV PHJPRQGWD YROQD PLUH N«V]¾O 0RVW IHK«U SµOµM£EDQ «V NKDNLV]¯Qě
QDGU£JM£EDQ QDSEDUQ¯WRWWQDN «V VSRUWRVQDN WěQW WDO£Q P«J D
V]RN£VRVQ£OLVNLVV«£SROWDEEQDN&VDNQHPWDO£OWPDJ£QDNY«JUHYDODPL
EDU£WQÿW"
ȟ(J«V]V«J«UHȟNRFFLQWRWW)UHGGLH/RWWLHYDO
1\LOY£QYDOµYROWKRJ\LWWYDODPLWLWRNN«V]¾ONLSDWWDQQL
ȟ (J«V]V«J«UH 'H PRQGDQLD VH NHOO ȟ WDUWRWWD IHO /RWWLH GHUěVHQ D
NH]«WKRJ\HOKDOOJDWWDVVDDI«UILWȟ$]WKLV]HPP£ULVNLWDO£OWDP
ȟ 6]HULQWHP YDOµV]¯QěOHJ QHP ȟ )UHGGLH PRVRO\RJYD K£WUDGÿOW «V
V]LYDUUDJ\¼MWRWWȟ'HPLQGHJ\LV0RQGMDPLUHJRQGRO
ȟ +£W D]W JRQGRORRRRP ȟ Q\¼MWRWWD HO /RWWLH HJ\ NLFVLW D] XWROVµ
V]µWDJRW ȟ KRJ\ V]HUHOHP YDQ D O£WKDW£URQ ȟ -£W«NRVDQ PLV]WLNXVDQ
N¸UWUDM]ROWDOHYHJÿEHȟ$]WKLV]HPKRJ\YDODPLURP£QFN«V]¾OÿGLN
ȟ/RWWLH«QVDMQRVW¼O¸UHJYDJ\RNPDJ£KR]
$O£Q\JULPDV]ROW
ȟ J\ JRQGROWDP KRJ\ YDODNL NRUEDQ PDJ£KR] LOOÿYHO (]HN V]HULQW
W«YHGHN"
ȟ &VDN HJ\ NLFVLW ȟ S¸I«NHOW )UHGGLH «V SHFV«WJ\ěUěMH PHJFVLOODQW D
QDSI«Q\EHQ
ȟ3HGLJMµWWHQQHPDJ£QDN+DWDO£OQDYDODNLW
0DU\ KDO£OD µWD )UHGGLH QHP QDJ\RQ IRJODONR]RWW QÿNNHO GH /RWWLH
WXGWD KRJ\ KD WDO£ONR]QD D] LJD]LYDO DNNRU PHJLQW EROGRJ OHKHWQH
0HJ«UGHPHOQ«
ȟ1RVQHPH]DKHO\]HW,V]LNYDJ\KDJ\MDHOS£URORJQL"
/RWWLHHQJHGHOPHVHQEHOHNRUW\ROWDERUED
ȟ]OLN"ȟQ«]WHGHUěVHQ)UHGGLH
ȟ 0LFVRGD N«UG«V" 9¸U¸V V]£UD] QLQFV EHQQH GXJµ 0£U KRJ\QH
¯]OHQH
ȟ(]LJD]£QUHPHNWHNLQWYHKRJ\Q\ROFYDQQ\ROFDV&K¤WHDX0DUJDX[
/RWWLH DNL N¸U¾OEHO¾O DQQ\LW NRQ\¯WRWW D ERURNKR] PLQW W\¼N D]
£E«F«KH]«UWÿQEµORJDWRWW
ȟ,JHQPLQGM£UWJRQGROWDP
)UHGGLHFVLOORJµV]HPPHOPRQGWD
ȟ.HWWÿ¸WYHQHJ\¾YHJ
ȟ+£WH]UHPHN$NFLµVYROWDV]XSHUPDUNHWEHQ"
ȟ.«WV]£]¸WYHQIRQWPDJDWXGDWODQQÿV]HP«O\
ȟ -HVV]XVRP XJ\H YLFFHO" ȟ /RWWLH SU¾V]N¸OQL NH]GHWW «V NLV K¯M£Q D
IHK«UQDGU£JM£UD¸QW¸WWHDPDUDG«NRW,QN£EED]DV]WDOUDWHWWHDSRKDUDW
$PLNRUO£WWDKRJ\DI«UILQHPYLFFHOWU£NH]GWHȟ0LWPěYHOPDJDKRJ\
LO\HVPLWDGQHNHP"(]DOHJQDJ\REERVWREDV£JDPLWYDODKDKDOORWWDP
ȟ0L«UW"
ȟ0HUWSRQWRVDQWXGMDKRJ\WXGDWODQQÿV]HP«O\YDJ\RN¼J\KRJ\N£U
EHO«P
ȟ$]WPRQGWD¯]OLNPDJ£QDNȟMHJ\H]WHPHJ)UHGGLH
ȟ &VDN «SS QHP «UW«NHOHP HO«JJ« /HG¸QW¸WWHP PLQWKD OLPRQ£G«
YROQDFVDNPHUWPDJDD]WPRQGWD0DJ£QDNDGRPDPDUDG«NRWȟWROWDD
SRKDUDW/RWWLHDI«UILIHO«ȟ0HUW«QXJ\DQHJ\NRUW\RWQHPLV]RPEHOÿOH
W¸EEHW
ȟ.HGYHVHPW¯]«YHYHWWHPH]WDERUWȟIHOHOWH)UHGGLHȟ(J«V]Y«JLJ
RWWYROWDSLQF«EHQ«VFVDNDN¾O¸QOHJHVDONDORPUDY£UW
/RWWLHHONHVHUHGHWWHQ«JQHNHPHOWHDV]HP«W
ȟ +£W H] D PRVWDQL W«Q\OHJ N¾O¸QOHJHV DONDORP $ QDS DPLNRU D]
DVV]LV]WHQVH V]«WORFVROMD D &K¤WHDX 0DUJDX[W D WHUDV]RQ -REEDQ WHWWH
YROQDKDP«JW¯]«YLJDV]DOMDLQN£EEDSLQF«EHQ
ȟ 1R LJHQ 7DO£Q FVDN QHP DNDUWDP .¾O¸QEHQ SHGLJ QHP N«UGH]WH
PHJKRJ\PL«UWRO\DQN¾O¸QOHJHVH]D]DONDORP
ȟ$NNRUPHJN«UGH]HP0RQGMD
)UHGGLH K£WUDGÿOW «V W¸N«OHWHV MµO EHJ\DNRUROW I¾VWNDULN£W I¼MW D
OHYHJÿEH
ȟ(ODGRPD]¾]OHWHW
ȟ(]PHJLQWYDODPLYLFF"ȟK¾OHGH]HWW/RWWLH
ȟ1HPȟU£]WDPHJDIHM«W)UHGGLH
ȟ'HPL«UW"
ȟ+DWYDQQ«J\«YHVYDJ\RN$]HPEHUHNHEEHQDNRUEDQP£UQ\XJG¯MED
YRQXOQDN QHP LJD]" ,GHMH £WDGQL D GROJRNDW «V RO\DVPLYHO IRJODONR]QL
DPLKH] NHGYHP YDQ $P¼J\ PHJ U£WDO£OWDP D] LGH£OLV YHYÿUH 1H
DJJµGMRQ QHP IHQ\HJHWL YHV]«O\ D] £OO£V£W ȟ PRQGWD )UHGGLH FVLOORJµ
V]HPPHO ȟ 6ÿW V]HULQWHP PDJXN NHWWHQ UHPHN¾O NLM¸QQHN PDMG
HJ\P£VVDO
0LYHO H] +HVWDFRPEH YROW QHP SHGLJ YDODPL Q\¾]VJÿ QDJ\Y£URVL
N¸UQ\«NQHPNHOOHWW]VHQLQHNOHQQLDPHJIHMW«VKH]
ȟ 6]µYDO D] DPHULNDL ILFNµ ȟ I¼MWD NL D OHYHJÿW ODVVDQ /RWWLH ȟ $]
¸OW¸Q\¸V
ȟ3RQWRVDQȟEµOLQWRWW)UHGGLHPDMGUDYDV]XOKR]]£WHWWHȟ1HWHJ\HQ
¼J\PLQWKDQHPHPO«NH]QHDQHY«UH
ȟ 7\OHU .OHLQ ȟ )UHGGLHQHN LJD]D YDQ KD HJ\ LGHJHQ LO\HQ MµN«Sě
DNNRU DQQDN D QHY«W QHP IHOHMWL HO D] HPEHU O£Q\D ȟ VV]HIXWRWWXQN D
WµQ£OPDG«OXW£Q
ȟ þ QHP LV HPO¯WHWWH ȟ )UHGGLH MµNHGYěHQ EHOHV]¯YRWW V]LYDUED ȟ
UGHNHVWDO£ONR]£VOHKHWHWWDKRJ\¯J\HOQ«]HP
ȟ0RQGKDWQL'HDNNRUHJ«V]HQSRQWRVDQPLOHV]"0LQGHQWPHJYHV]"
VPDJDHON¸OW¸]LN"-DM)UHGGLHQHPWXGRPHON«S]HOQLH]WDKHO\HWPDJD
Q«ON¾O
V /RWWLH YDOµEDQ ¯J\ LV JRQGROWD )UHGGLH «V 0DU\ 0DVWHUVRQ
KXV]RQN«W «YYHO H]HOÿWW N¸OW¸]WHN EH D +HVWDFRPEH +RXVHED )UHGGLH
HJ\V]HU UDMWDNDSWD ÿW NLOHQF«YHVHQ DPLNRU DOP£W ORSRWW D NHUWEÿO ȟ
XJ\DQDQQ\LLGÿVYROWDNNRUPLQW5XE\PRVW$]¸UHJDIDOXKR]WDUWR]RWW
«VPLQGHQNLQHNKL£Q\R]QLIRJKDHJ\V]HUP£UQHPOHV]LWW
$PHOOHWWV]XSHUIÿQ¸NLV
ȟ$K£]DWQHPDGRPHOFVDND]¾]OHWHW
/RWWLHNLVV«PHJN¸QQ\HEE¾OW
ȟ$NNRUD]QHPLVRO\DQURVV]7RY£EEUDLVLWWPDUDGPDMG1HPLVOHV]
DQQ\LUDP£VDKHO\]HW
$+HVWDFRPEHG¾OÿIDOXW)UHGGLH«V0DU\VLNHUHVY£OODODWELURGDORPP£
«S¯WHWWH IHO D] «YHN VRU£Q Q\ROF J\¸Q\¸UěHQ IHO¼M¯WRWW «S¾OHW YDJ\ D
WµQ£O YDJ\ ȟ D QDJ\REE Q\XJDORP NHGY««UW ȟ W£YRODEE HOGXJYD D I£N
N¸]¸WW $ YHQG«JHN DNLN N¸]¾O VRN YLVV]DM£Uµ W¸U]VYHQG«J YROW DN£U
Q«K£Q\ «MV]DN£UD DN£U KµQDSRNUD E«UHOKHWWHN J\¸Q\¸Uě ODN£VRNDW LWW
DEEDQ D EL]WRV WXGDWEDQ KRJ\ PLQGHQ V]HV]«O\¾NHW WHOMHV¯WLN «V
W¸N«OHWHVHQNLNDSFVROµGKDWQDN&RWVZROGVV]¯Y«EHQ
ȟ ,J\D FVDN PHJ PDJD ȟ WROWD YLVV]D /RWWLH HO« D SRKDUDW )UHGGLH ȟ
7\OHU .OHLQ UHQGHV HPEHU 0LQGHQ UHQGEHQ OHV] ȟ $]W£Q IHOFVLOODQµ
WHNLQWHWWHOKR]]£WHWWHȟ0DJDLVMµNH]HNEHQOHV]
/RWWLHHON«S]HOWH
YDWRVDQ NRUW\ROJDWYD SUµE£OWD W«Q\OHJ NL«OYH]QL D &K¤WHDX 0DUJDX[
N¾O¸QOHJHVV«J«W)LQRPSHUV]HGHPDJ£WµOVRVHM¸WWYROQDU£
ȟVÿKROIRJODNQL"
ȟ $ :ROI &RWWDJHEDQ &VDN Q«K£Q\ IRJODO£VW NHOO P£VKRYD WHQQ¾QN
'HDP¯JDYHQG«JHNMREEKHO\UHNHU¾OQHN£WQHPE£QM£N
$ :ROI &RWWDJH D OHJ¼MDEE V]HU]HP«Q\ D] HOP¼OW KµQDSEDQ MHOHQWÿV
£WDODN¯W£VRQHVHWW£W9DODPLO\HQFVRGDIRO\W£QDPXQN£NKDW£ULGÿHOÿWW
EHIHMH]ÿGWHN (] D NLVHEE K£]DN N¸]« WDUWR]RWW D] ¸VV]HQ\LWRWW HOVÿ
HPHOHWJ\DNRUODWLODJHJ\HWOHQKDWDOPDVK£OµV]REDSDGOµWµOPHQQ\H]HWLJ
«UÿDEODNRNNDOIDQWDV]WLNXVNLO£W£VVDODWµUD
ȟ $] QHP YDODPL QDJ\ ȟ IHOHOWH £UWDWODQXO /RWWLH ȟ $ IHOHV«JH QHP
IRJMDNLFVLQHNWDO£OQL"
)UHGGLHHOYLJ\RURGRWW
ȟ*RQGRORPDUUDN¯Y£QFVLKRJ\QÿVH
(QQ\LWDILQRPNRG£VUµO/RWWLHOHU¼JWDDV]DQG£OM£W«VPDJDDO£K¼]WD
DO£E£W
ȟVD]"
ȟ1HP
5HPHN JRQGROWD /RWWLH ¸U¸PPHO %£U D WDO£ONR]£V D J\HUHNHNNHO
YDOµV]¯QěOHJ¸U¸NUHHOYHWWH7\OHUNHGY«WWÿOH
'HYDODPLP£VLV«UGHNHOWH
ȟ+ROWDO£OWU£"1HNHPP«JFVDNQHPLVHPO¯WHWWHKRJ\HODNDUMDDGQLD
EL]QLV]W
ȟ $ VRUV NH]H ȟ YRQW Y£OODW )UHGGLH «V ¼MUDW¸OW¸WWH D SRKDUDLNDW ȟ
(PO«NV]LN0DUFL£UD«V:DOWHUUH"
+£W SHUV]H 0DUFLD «V :DOWHU .OHLQ 1HZ <RUNEµO .OHLQ«N ¸W «YH
µUDPěSRQWRVV£JJDO PLQGLJ LWW W¸OW¸WW«N D K¼VY«WRW YDODPHO\LN K£]DW
KDV]Q£OYD E£]LVQDN DKKR] KRJ\ WLSLNXV DPHULNDL OHONHVHG«VVHO
IHOIHGH]]«N 6WUDWIRUGXSRQ$YRQW %DWKW &KHOWHQKDPHW ȟ D V]RN£VRV
WXULVWDKHO\HNHW
ȟ $NNRU ÿN D V]¾OHL ȟ /RWWLH PRVW G¸EEHQW U£ KRJ\ D] LP£GRWW IL¼
DNLUÿO 0DUFLD PLQGY«JLJ DQQ\LW £UDGR]RWW WXODMGRQN«SSHQ 7\OHU ȟ 'H
K£W ÿ YDODPL QDJ\PHQÿ :DOO 6WUHHWL EDQN£UI«OH QHP" 0L«UW DGQ£ IHO
PLQGH]WD]«UWKRJ\LGHM¸MM¸Q"0LQWKD+DPLOWRQKDJ\Q£RWWD)RUPDȟ
HWKRJ\WHMHWV]£OO¯WVRQNL
ȟ7\OHUY£OWDQLDNDUW%L]WRVDQHOPRQGMDPDMGD]LQGRNDLW/«Q\HJDPL
O«Q\HJ0DUFLDIHOK¯YRWWQ«K£Q\KHWHKRJ\HOLQW«]]HDN¸YHWNH]ÿK¼VY«WL
IRJODO£VXNDW «V HJ\ NLFVLW EHV]«OJHWW¾QN D YLVV]DYRQXO£VUµO ȟ NH]GWH
)UHGGLH ȟ 7¸UW«QHWHVHQ V]µED NHU¾OW KRJ\ JRQGRONRGRP D] HODG£VRQ
.«W QDSSDO N«VÿEE PHJLQW K¯YRWW «V HOPRQGWD KRJ\ PHJHPO¯WHWWH D
IL£QDN DNLW «UGHNHOQH D GRORJ /£WWD D ZHEROGDOXQNDW V SHUV]H P£U
KDOORWW UµOXQN 0DUFL£«NWµO LV ȟ V]HUHQFV«UH ÿN D] HJHNLJ PDJDV]WDOWDN
J\ D]W£Q 7\OHU IHOK¯YRWW 0HJPRQGWDP QHNL PHQQ\LW N«UHN «V
¸VV]HKR]WDP D N¸Q\YHOÿPPHO KRJ\ PHJQ«]KHVVH D V]£PRNDW 7HJQDS
HVWH V]£OOW OH +HDWKURZQ «V HOM¸WW KRJ\ V]HP«O\HVHQ Q«]]H PHJ D
KHO\HW.«WµU£YDOH]HOÿWWSHGLJWHWWHJ\QDJ\RQNRUUHNWDM£QODWRW
&VDN¯J\
ȟ$PLWPDJDHOIRJDGRWWȟPRQGWD/RWWLH
ȟ$PLW«QHOIRJDGWDP
ȟ%L]WRVEHQQHKRJ\KHO\HVHQWHWWH"
/RWWLH QHP WXGWD HOG¸QWHQL KRJ\ FVDN N«S]HOÿGLN YDJ\ )UHGGLH WDO£Q
P«JVHPDQQ\LUDEROGRJDKHO\]HWWÿOPLQWDKRJ\PXWDWMD
ȟ$EV]RO¼WHȟEµOLQWRWW)UHGGLH
+£WMµ1HNLLVNHOOHJ\NLVV]µUDNR]£V
ȟ (] HVHWEHQ IRJDGMD JUDWXO£FLµPDW V N¯Y£QRN KRVV]¼ EROGRJ
Q\XJG¯MDV «YHNHW ȟ /RWWLH IHOHPHOWH D SRKDU£W «V NRFFLQWRWWDN ȟ
0HJO£WMD UHPHN OHV] ȟ V]µOW E£WRU¯WµDQ ȟ *RQGROMRQ FVDN DUUD D VRN
NODVV]GRORJUDDPLWPDMGFVLQ£OKDWȟ$]W£QPLYHOWXGWDKRJ\)UHGGLH
V]¯YEÿO XW£OMD D JROIRW KR]]£WHWWH ȟ .L WXGMD WDO£Q P«J D JROIIDO LV
PHJSUµE£ONR]KDW
)UHGGLHPRVRO\DQHPYROWLJD]£QÿV]LQWH
ȟVYDQP«JYDODPL
ȟ-DMQH8J\HQHP0RUULVW£QF"
ȟ 5RVV]DEE PLQW D 0RUULVW£QF ȟ $ I«UIL XMMDL U£IHV]¾OWHN D SRK£U
V]«O«UHD]W£QNXUW£QN¸]¸OWHȟ$J\WXPRURPYDQ
+DUPDGLNIHMH]HW
/RWWLHDI«UILUDE£PXOW(]FVDNYDODPLURVV]YLFF$QQDNNHOOOHQQLH+RJ\
N«SHV)UHGGLHLO\HQQ\XJRGWDQ¾OQL«VFVDN¯J\NLMHOHQWHQL"/RWWLH«UH]WH
KRJ\DV]¯YYHU«VHIHOJ\RUVXOV]LQWHKDOODQLOHKHWHWWDGRERJ£VW+RJ\LV
OHKHWQHLJD]"
ȟ-DM)UHGGLH
ȟ 7XGRP H] PHJ¸OL D W£UVDOJ£VW %RFV£QDW ȟ $]W£Q O£WKDWµDQ
PHJN¸QQ\HEE¾OWHQ KRJ\ W¼O YDQ D GROJRQ KR]]£WHWWH ȟ 'H D]W
PRQGKDWRP VRVH JRQGROWDP YROQD KRJ\ YDODKD LV O£WRP PDJ£W DPLQW
HODNDGDV]DYD
/RWWLHSUµE£OWD¸VV]HV]HGQLPDJ£W
ȟ1RVH]H]«UWHO«JNRPRO\VRNN'HD]RUYRVWXGRP£Q\PDQDSV£JP£U
FVRG£NUDN«SHVQHPOHV]VHPPLEDMHJ\V]HUěHQHOLQW«]LNQHPLJD]"V
QHPVRN£UDMREEOHV]PLQW¼MNRU£EDQ
/RWWLH H]W DNDUWD KLQQL GH DPLQW NLPRQGWD WXGWD KRJ\ HQQ«O VRNNDO
URVV]DEE D KHO\]HW (] QHP RO\DQ PLQW DPLNRU D] HPEHU WDSDV]W WHV] D
J\HUHNOHKRU]VROWW«UG«UH«VYLJDV]WDOMDKRJ\QHPNRPRO\DEDM
(]QHPRO\DVPLDPLUHSXV]LWOHKHWDGQL
ȟ 0DJ£QDN PRVW HOPRQGWDP GH N«UHP QH DGMD WRY£EE VHQNLQHN ȟ
N«UWH )UHGGLH ȟ $ WXPRU RSHU£OKDWDWODQ ¼J\KRJ\ D VHE«V]HN
WHKHWHWOHQHN$NHPµ«VDVXJ£UNH]HO«VVHPIRJPHJJ\µJ\¯WDQLE£UWDO£Q
Q\HUKHWQ«N YHOH HJ\ NLV LGÿW 'H YDODPL«UW QHP YRQ] H] D OHKHWÿV«J
¼J\KRJ\D]WPRQGWDPN¸V]QHP
ȟ'HK£WȪ
ȟ $]W LV QDJ\UD «UW«NHOQ«P KD QHP V]DN¯WDQD I«OEH ȟ MHJ\H]WH PHJ
)UHGGLH KLJJDGWDQ ȟ 0RVW KRJ\ EHOHNH]GWHP V]HUHWQ«P EH LV IHMH]QL
$]DO«Q\HJKRJ\KDP£UQLQFVVRNK£WUDD]«OHWHPEÿO¼J\G¸QW¸WWHP
D]W D PDJDP NHGY«UH DNDURP OH«OQL 0LQGNHWWHQ WXGMXN PLQ PHQW
NHUHV]W¾O 0DU\ ȟ Q«]HWW D I«UIL /RWWLHUD ȟ .«W «Y WHOH PěW«WHNNHO
V]¸UQ\ě NH]HO«VHNNHO )£MGDORPPDO +µQDSRNLJ V]HQYHGHWW «V PL
«UWHOPHYROW"$Y«J«Q¯J\LVPHJKDOWJ\KRJ\«QLQN£EENLKDJ\Q£PH]W
D U«V]W $] RUYRVRP V]HULQW WDO£Q HJ\ «YHP YDQ V H] Mµ LV ¯J\ $
OHJW¸EEHW IRJRP NLKR]QL EHOÿOH «V PHJO£WRP PL OHV] )LJ\HOPH]WHWHWW
KRJ\ D] XWROVµ KµQDSRN HVHWOHJ QHP OHV]QHN W¼O NHOOHPHVHN H]«UW
PRQGWDPQHNLKRJ\D]WLVV]HUHWQ«PNLKDJ\QL
(]P£UW¼OVRNYROWHJ\V]HUUH/RWWLHUHPHJÿN«]]HOQ\¼OWDSRKDU£«UW
«V VLNHUHVHQ IHO LV G¸QW¸WWH W SHUFFHO H]HOÿWW P«J XJURWW YROQD KRJ\
IHOQ\DORJDVVDDNL¸PO¸WWQHGěWQHKRJ\N£UEDYHVV]HQ0RVWFVDNW¸OW¸WW
PDJ£QDN¼MDWFVRUGXOWLJ
ȟ6]DEDGP«JN«UGH]QHP"
)UHGGLHQDJ\OHONěHQEµOLQWRWW
ȟ5DMWD
ȟ0LµWDWXGMD"
ȟ .«W KHWH ȟ IHOHOWH )UHGGLH I«OROGDODV PRVROO\DO ȟ 3HUV]H HOÿV]¸U
VRNNROW'HPHJOHSÿHQJ\RUVDQKR]]£OHKHWV]RNQL
ȟ$]WVHWXGWDPKRJ\HJ\£OWDO£QEHWHJ0L«UWQHPV]µOWNRU£EEDQ"
ȟ SS HUUÿO YDQ V]µ (J\£OWDO£Q QHP «U]HP PDJDP EHWHJQHN ȟ W£UWD
V]«WDNH]«W )UHGGLH ȟ1«KDI£MWDIHMHP «VHQQ\L$]WKLWWHPWDO£Q ¼M
ROYDVµV]HP¾YHJ NHOOHQH ¼J\KRJ\ HOPHQWHP D] RSWLNXVRPKR]Ȫ «V
DPLNRU EHOHQ«]HWW D V]HPHPEH D]]DO D N«V]¾O«N«YHO P£U O£WWD KRJ\
YDODPL QHP VWLPPHO (ON¾OG¸WW QHXUROµJXVKR] DKRO FVLQ£OWDN
PLQGHQI«OHYL]VJ£ODWRWVD]W£QKRSSHJ\V]HUFVDNRWWYROWDGLDJQµ]LV
/RWWLHKDV¯UDNNRUPDJ£KR]Y£JRPDSRKDUDPDW$]RQQDOKDJ\MDDEED
/RWWLHVLHWÿVHQYLVV]DSLVORJWDDN¸QQ\HLW]DMRVDQV]LSRJQLNH]GHWW«V
LJ\HNH]HWW ¸VV]HV]HGQL PDJ£W )UHGGLH D]«UW E¯]RWW PHJ EHQQH PHUW
WXGWD KRJ\ QHP IRJ ¸VV]HFVXNODQL PLQW D FROVWRN 1HP YROW D] D V¯UµV
W¯SXV
ȟ5HQGEHQ.«V]ȟ/RWWLHV]LSRJRWWHJ\HWLYRWWHJ\NRUW\ERUWD]W£Q
Y«GHNH]ÿQIRO\WDWWDȟ(OQ«]«VWGHH]¯J\QHPLJD]V£JRV0DJDQHPH]W
«UGHPOL
ȟ 7XGRP «Q N¾O¸QOHJHV YDJ\RN ȟ Q\RPWD HO D V]LYDUW )UHGGLH ȟ
7XODMGRQN«SSHQYDOµV£JRVV]HQW
ȟ)ÿOHJQHPD]XW£QDPL0DU\YHOW¸UW«QW
/RWWLHQDNHOV]RUXOWDWRUNDXW£OWDH]WD]«U]«VW
ȟ.HGYHVHPPDJDFVDNQHOHJ\HQG¾K¸VKHO\HWWHP0DU\QLQFVW¸EE«
ȟ )UHGGLH £WQ\¼OW D] DV]WDORQ PHJIRJWD /RWWLH NH]«W «V E£WRU¯WµDQ
PHJV]RU¯WRWWD ȟ +£W QHP «UWL" (] FVDN N¸QQ\HEE« WHV]L D GROJRNDW $]
KRJ\ WXGRP£VW V]HUH]WHP HUUÿO D YDODPLUÿO D IHMHPEHQ QHP D
OHJURVV]DEEDPLYDODKDW¸UW«QWYHOHP.¸]HOVHP0DU\HOYHV]W«VH«VD]
KRJ\Q«ON¾OHNHOOHWWWRY£EE«OQHPNHQWHUEHYHULH]WDWXPRUW
/RWWLHPRVWW«Q\OHJDKDW£U£QYROWDQQDNKRJ\HOEÿJMHPDJ£W
ȟ(]YROWDOHJURPDQWLNXVDEEGRORJDPLWYDODKDKDOORWWDP
ȟ5RPDQWLNXVȟLVP«WHOWHPHJNXQFRJYD)UHGGLHȟ7XGMDPLDYLFFHV
D] HJ«V]EHQ" +RJ\ LQQHQ M¸Q D EHFHQHYHP 0DU\ PLQGLJ D]W
PRQGRJDWWDKRJ\DQQ\LUDYDJ\RNURPDQWLNXVPLQWHJ\W«JOD3RQWRVDQ
WXGWD PHQQ\LW MHOHQW QHNHP GH V]HUHWW¾N XJUDWQL HJ\P£VW (] D
V]¯YHFVN«VYLU£JFVRNURVGRORJVRVHPYROWU£QNMHOOHP]ÿ
/RWWLH MµO HPO«NH]HWW )UHGGLH «V 0DU\ PLQGLJ RO\DQ IHOKÿWOHQ¾O
EROGRJRN YROWDN HJ\¾WW KRJ\ D K£]DVV£JXN LJD]£Q LQVSLU£Oµ YROW D
V]HP«EHQ.LQHPDSDGµIDQW£]L£YDOFVLSNHOÿGWHNRO\DQV]µUDNR]WDWµDQ
PLQWDOHJMREEW«Y«NRP«GLD(OVHPWXGWDN«S]HOQLPHQQ\LUHKL£Q\R]KDW
)UHGGLHQHND]LP£GRWWDVV]RQ\
(]HNV]HULQW0DU\H]«UWK¯YWD)UHGGLHW7«JO£QDN
$]«OHWLJD]V£JWDODQV£JD¼MUDPHOOEHY£JWD/RWWLHW
ȟ-DM)UHGGLH0L«UWNHOOLO\HVPLQHNW¸UW«QQLHPDJ£YDO"
ȟ +D D Mµ ROGDO£W Q«]]¾N DNNRU PRQGKDWMXN KRJ\ V]HUHQFVH DPL«UW
QHP QHJ\YHQ «YYHO NRU£EEDQ W¸UW«QW ȟ IHOHOWH )UHGGLH ȟ $NNRU D]W£Q
LGHJHV OHWWHP YROQD 'H ¯J\ HO«OWHP KDWYDQQ«J\ «YLJ DPL LJD]£Q QHP
URVV]ȟ6]£PROJDWQLNH]GHWWD]XMMDLQȟ$PLNRUK«W«YHVYROWDPOHHVWHP
HJ\ I£UµO «V HOW¸UW D NDURP $N£U D IHMHPUH LV HVKHWWHP YROQD «V DNNRU
PHJKDORN $PLNRU WL]HQKDW «YHV YROWDP ELFLNOL]«V N¸]EHQ IHOO¸N¸WW HJ\
WHKHUDXWµ «V HOUHSHGW S£U ERUG£P 'H DNNRU LV PHJKDOKDWWDP YROQD V
RWW YROW P«J D] D YDN£FLµ 0DU\YHO *HQIEHQ 8WROVµ HVWH DQQ\LUD
OHUDJDGWXQNDEDU£WDLQNQ£OKRJ\OHPDUDGWXQNDKD]DIHO«LQGXOµM£UDWUµO
VPLW¸UW«QW"$J«SOH]XKDQW
.H]GWH HOUDJDGQL D K«Y /RWWLH P£U Mµ Q«K£Q\V]RU KDOORWWD H]W D
W¸UW«QHWHW
ȟ1HP]XKDQWOHȟMDY¯WRWWDNL)UHGGLHWȟ&VDNNLHVHWWD]HJ\LNNHU«N
«VDUHS¾OÿJ«SD]ROGDO£UDGÿOWDNLIXWµQ6HQNLQHPKDOWPHJ
ȟ'HPHJKDOKDWRWWYROQD6RNDQPHJV«U¾OWHN
ȟ'XGRURN«VKRU]VRO£VRNȟ/RWWLHQHPKDJ\WDPHJLQJDWQLPDJ£WLWW
HOYHNIRURJWDNNRFN£Qȟ$]RNQHPV]£P¯WDQDN
ȟ $] DWWµO I¾JJ PHQQ\LUH V¼O\RVDN ȟ Q«]HWW U£ GHUěVHQ )UHGGLH ȟ
.¸W¸]N¸G¾QNN¸W¸]N¸G¾QN"
ȟ1HP
/RWWLH HOV]«J\HOOWH PDJ£W «V D]RQQDO YLVV]DNR]RWW (J\ KDOGRNOµYDO
KX]DNRGQLȪKRJ\V¾OO\HGKHWHWWLO\HQP«O\UH"
0LQWKDROYDVQDDJRQGRODWDLEDQ)UHGGLHN¸]¸OWH
ȟ 'H LJHQ «V DEED QH PHUMH KDJ\QL +D PDJD QHP KDMODQGµ W¸EEHW
N¸W¸]N¸GQL YHOHP DNNRU PDMG WDO£ORN YDODNLW DNL LJHQ &VDN D]«UW
PRQGWDP HO PDJ£QDN KRJ\ PL D KHO\]HW PHUW ¼J\ JRQGROWDP PDJD
N«SHVQRUP£OLVDQNH]HOQL1HPV]HUHWQ«PKDPRVWDQWµON¯P«OQLDNDUQD
UHQGEHQ"
ȟ 'H D NH]HO«VW D]«UW HOIRJDGKDWQ£ ȟ Y£JRWW YLVV]D /RWWLH KHYHVHQ ȟ
/HKHWKRJ\DVXJ£U]£VYDJ\DNHPµPěN¸GQH
ȟ .¸W¸]N¸GQLH V]DEDG ȟ MHOHQWHWWH NL )UHGGLH ȟ 'H QHP Q\DJJDWKDW
.¾O¸QEHQN«Q\WHOHQOHV]HNHOERFV£WDQL
ȟ'HKLV]HODGMDD]¾]OHWHW
ȟ 3HUV]H GH PRVW LV NLU¼JKDWRP .HGYHVHP IHOQÿWW HPEHU YDJ\RN
0HJKR]WDPHJ\G¸QW«VW+DFVDNKDWMµKµQDSRPPDUDGWH]HQD)¸OG¸Q
DNNRU HEEÿO IRJRP D OHJW¸EEHW NLKR]QL «V HQQ\L ,JD]£EµO LWW M¸Q EH D
N«SEH PDJD ȟ $ I«UIL PRVWDQUD OHKLJJDGW «V OD]£Q HJ\ OHJ\LQW«VVHO
HONHUJHWHWW HJ\ GDUD]VDW ȟ 9DQ YDODPL DPLKH] VHJ¯WV«JUH OHV]
V]¾NV«JHP/RWWLHVD]WV]HUHWQ«PKDPDJDVHJ¯WHQH
/RWWLHHJ\]VLEEDV]WµSLOODQDWLJDUUDJRQGROWKRJ\QHNLNHOO£WVHJ¯WHQLH
DP£VYLO£JUDDI«UILWKDHOM¸QD]LGÿ
ȟ0LO\HQ«UWHOHPEHQ"ȟKHEHJWHG¸EEHQWHQ
ȟ7HMµ«JQHPDUUDJRQGRORNȟ0HJLQWPLQWKDROYDVRWWYROQDDO£Q\
JRQGRODWDLEDQ YDJ\ LQN£EE HOV]¸UQ\HGW DUFNLIHMH]«V«EHQ «V HOQHYHWWH
PDJ£W ȟ /£WWDP PDJ£W DJ\DJJDODPEUD OÿQL V FVDN HJ\ I£W WXGRWW
HOWDO£OQL +D D Y«JVÿ SLOODQDWKR] NHOOHQH PDJ£Q£O MREE O¸Y«V]W
Y£ODV]WDQ«N
ȟ1HWU«I£OMRQH]]HOȟPHUHGWU£G¾K¸VHQ/RWWLHȟ1HPYLFFHV
ȟ (OQ«]«VW ȟ 'H )UHGGLH KDMWKDWDWODQ PDUDGW ȟ %£U D] D JRQGRODW
KRJ\ PDJD U£P F«OR] HJ\ V¸U«WHV SXVN£YDO LJHQLV D] 1«]]H «Q FVDN
SUµE£ORP D] HJ«V]HW D PDJDP PµGM£Q IHOGROJR]QL ȟ IRO\WDWWD
YLJDV]WDOµDQ ȟ (J\V]HU PLQGHQNLQHN HO NHOO PHQQLH QHP LJD]" $N£U
KROQDSLVNDSKDWRNHJ\V]¯YURKDPRW«VKROWDQHVHP¸VV]H(KKH]N«SHVW
KDWKµQDSYDOµV£JRVI«Q\ě]«V(]«UWLVQHPDNDURPHOYHV]WHJHWQL
/RWWLH ¸VV]HK¼]WD PDJ£W )UHGGLH D]W PRQGWD KRJ\ D VHJ¯WV«J«UH YDQ
V]¾NV«JH
ȟ1D«VPLWWHUYH]"
ȟ +£W VRNDW JRQGRONRGWDP H]HQ V D GRORJ LJD]£EµO QHP LV RO\DQ
N¸QQ\ěPLQWN«S]HOQ«ȟILQWRURGRWWHO)UHGGLHȟJ\«UWHPPDJDPLW
FVLQ£OQD"+DDS«Q]QHPV]£P¯WDQD
$] HJ«V] WHOMHVHQ V]¾UUH£OLV YROW 0RUELG «V V]¾UUH£OLV 'H KD )UHGGLH
N«SHVYROWU£DNNRUÿLV
ȟ1DMµ.¸]KHO\HVGHHOYLQQ«PDJ\HUHNHNHW'LVQH\ODQGEH
ȟ 3RQWRVDQ ȟ )UHGGLH HO«JHGHWWHQ EµORJDWRWW ȟ 0HUW WXGMD KRJ\ H]
D]DPLWÿNOHJLQN£EEV]HUHWQ«QHN
ȟQLVLP£GQ£PȟIHOHOWH/RWWLHY«GHNH]ÿQ
ȟ +£W SHUV]H 'H KD D J\HUHNHN QHP WXGQ£QDN HOPHQQL HJ\HG¾O LV
RGDPHQQH"
/HHVHWWDWDQWXV]/RWWLHQHUÿWYHWWDY£J\KRJ\PHJ¸OHOMH)UHGGLHW
'HLQN£EED]WIHOHOWH
ȟ1HPD]WKLV]HPQHPȟ«VNRUW\ROWP«JHJ\HWDERUEµO
ȟ /£WMD" 3RQW HUUH JRQGROWDP ȟ )UHGGLH HOÿUHGÿOW N¸Q\¸N«W D]
DV]WDOUD W£PDV]WRWWD ȟ 6RNVRN «YH PLHOÿWW EHWHJ OHWW 0DU\YHO DUUµO
£OPRGR]WXQNKRJ\HJ\QDSPDMGYLVV]DYRQXOXQN«VEHXWD]]XNDYLO£JRW
þDN¯QDL1DJ\)DORQDNDUWV«W£OQLO£WQLD9LNWµULDY¯]HV«VW«VIHOIHGH]QL
3HUXHOYHV]HWWY£URVDLW$]«QOLVW£PDWHJ\N«WKHWHVWDUWµ]NRG£VYH]HWWHD
YHOHQFHL *ULWWLSDORW£EDQ XW£QD M=«ODQG «V 3ROLQ«]LD $]W£Q
YHV]HNHGQL NH]GW¾QN PHUW D]W PRQGWDP KRJ\ KD P£U QHP E¯UMXN D]
XWD]JDW£VWDNNRUYHQQ¾QNN«QHHJ\NLVYLOO£W7RVFDQ£EDQ0DU\YLV]RQW
DPHOOHWW NDUGRVNRGRWW KRJ\ KD ÿ PHJ DNDU ¸UHJHGQL YDODKRO DNNRU D]
3£UL]V
)UHGGLHHOKDOOJDWRWW«VDPDMGQHP¾UHVERURV¾YHJUHPHUHGW
ȟ 'H K£W H] D O«Q\HJ QHP" $] HJ«V] WHUY DUUµO V]µOW KRJ\ HJ\¾WW
¸UHJV]¾QN PHJ 0RVWDQUD PHJHQJHGKHWHP PDJDPQDN KRJ\ E£UKRY£
HOPHQMHN D YLO£JRQ GH P£U VHPPL «UWHOPH PHUW PL D Mµ DEEDQ KD D]
HPEHU HJ\HG¾O YDQ HJ\ FVRPµ LGHJHQ N¸]¸WW" Q FVDN 0DU\YHO HJ\¾WW
DNDUWDPYROQDO£WQLD]RNDWDKHO\HNHW
/RWWLHHON«S]HOWHDI«UILWYDODPLO£WY£Q\RVV£JHOÿWW¼J\KRJ\QLQFVYHOH
VHQNL DNLYHO PHJRV]WKDWQ£ D] «OP«Q\W þ LV ¯J\ «UH]WH YROQD PDJ£W
HJ\HG¾O HJ\ GLVQH\ODQGL KXOO£PYDV¼W NRFVLM£EDQ 1DW «V 5XE\ Q«ON¾O
KRJ\LVWXGQ£«OYH]QL"
ȟ$NNRUD]XWD]JDW£VNLHVHWW
)UHGGLHEµOLQWRWW
ȟ V ¼J\ G¸QW¸WWHP KRJ\ D] H[WU«P VSRUWRNDW LV NLKDJ\RP $]
HMWÿHUQ\ÿ]«VW V]LNODP£V]£VW YDGY¯]L HYH]«VW ȟ 0HJU£QGXOW D V]£MD ȟ
1HPLJD]£QD]«QYLO£JRP
+RJ\OHKHWLO\HQYLG£P"/RWWLHQHPJ\ÿ]¸WWFVRG£ONR]QL
ȟ$NNRUPLD]DPLWW«Q\OHJHVHQFVLQ£OQLIRJ"
ȟ1RVHPLDWWN«UHPDVHJ¯WV«J«Wȟ)UHGGLHURSSDQWHO«JHGHWWQHNWěQW
¸QPDJ£YDOȟ7XGMDYDQHJ\WHUYHP
1HJ\HGLNIHMH]HW
1DW«V5XE\D]DSMXNQ£OYROWDNHVWH$PLNRU/RWWLHNLOHQFNRUEHIXWRWWD]
DMWµEDQ1DW¾GY¸]¸OWH$]DQ\MDNDUM£EDYHWHWWHPDJ£W«VD]WPRQGWD
ȟ$QQ\LUDMµO«UH]]¾NPDJXQNDW
ȟ+XUU£
0LXW£Q D] HOP¼OW µU£NEDQ D )UHGGLHWÿO KDOORWW PHJU£]µ K¯UHNHW
HP«V]WJHWWH/RWWLHDV]RN£VRVQ£OLVKHYHVHEEHQ¸OHOWH£W
ȟ-DMDQ\DHQJHGMHO$SDPHV«OWQHN¾QNDYRGN£UµO
ȟ7«Q\OHJ"ȟSLVORJRWW/RWWLH
0DULRWHOMHVHQPHJÿU¾OW"
ȟ6]XSHU,P£GRPȟ1DWNLV]DEDG¯WRWWDPDJ£W«VEHU£QJDWWD/RWWLHW
DNRQ\K£EDD]W£QIHONL£OWRWWȟ(J\FVRPµV]RUIRJRPFVLQ£OQL$YRGNDD
NHGYHQFHP
ȟ$]QHPYRGNDWHJ\¸N«UȟMHOHQWHWWHNL5XE\NLOHQF«YHVPLYROW£QDN
PLQGHQV]HOOHPLI¸O«Q\«YHOȟ+DQHPYXGX
ȟ1HPYDJ\RNJ\¸N«U7HYDJ\DJ\¸N«U
ȟ$YRGNDD]YDODPLHJ«V]HQP£V$]Ȫ
ȟ 6]µYDO ȟ Y£JRWW N¸]EH VLHWÿVHQ /RWWLH ȟ PL«UW EHV]«OW QHNWHN HUUÿO
DSD"
ȟ (OPHV«OW¾N QHNL D]W D V]¸UQ\ě E£FVLW ,JD] DSD" ȟ $PLNRU 0DULR
EHO«SHWW D NRQ\K£ED 1DW PRKµQ RGDIRUGXOW KR]]£ ȟ $NL KD]XGRWW
UµOXQN G«OXW£Q V DSD HUUH D]W PRQGWD KRJ\ YHJ\¾N D NH]¾QNEH D
GROJRW«VSUµE£OMXNPHJDYRGN£W
0DULRD]DMWµEDQYLJ\RUJRWW
ȟOWDO£EDQPHJWHV]LDKDW£V£W
ȟ9XGXȟKDQJV¼O\R]WD/RWWLH
ȟ$NNRUYXGX6]µYDODSDHOPRQGWDKRJ\EDE£WNHOOFVLQ£OQLDUUµODNLW
QHPV]HUHWV]«VWěNHWNHOOV]XUN£OQLEHOHJ\KRJ\H]WFVLQ£OWXNȟ1DW
GLDGDOPDVDQ D] DV]WDOKR] URKDQW «V IHONDSRWW HJ\ NRNW«OG£UG£FVN£NNDO
WHOHV]XUN£OW J\XUPDILJXU£W ȟ (] D] D E£FVL O£WRG" V YDODK£Q\V]RU
EHOHV]¼UXQN HJ\ WěW LJD]L I£MGDOPDW «UH] RWW DKRO PHJV]¼UWXN J\ ȟ
IRO\WDWWD1DW N«MHV¸U¸PPHO «V¼MDEENDUGRFVN£W G¸I¸WWDJ\XUPDILJXUD
O£E£EDȟ$]LJD]L«OHWEHQPRVWXJU£O«VD]WNLDE£OMDKRJ\MDM
/RWWLHD]H[I«UM«UHSLOODQWRWW
ȟ.«UOHNHPO«NH]WHVVK£Q\«YHVLVYDJ\"
ȟ1HNDSGIHOHJ\EÿODYL]HWȟYLJ\RUJRWW0DULRȟ(]FVDNHJ\NLVM£W«N
ȟ 0HJ H] LV ȟ 1DW YLG£PDQ KDVED V]¼UWD D NLV DODNRW ȟ 0DMG PRVW
PHJWDQXOMDKRJ\QHKD]XGR]]RQUµOXQN
(J\NLVM£W«N5HPHN/RWWLHQ«KDHOJRQGRONRGRWWD]RQKRJ\0DULµED
V]RUXOWHHJ\£OWDO£QYDODPHQQ\LMµ]DQ«V]
ȟ1HPOHQQHV]DEDGLO\HQGROJRNUDWDQ¯WDQRGÿNHW(]IHOHOÿWOHQV«Jȟ
PRQGWDHONHVHUHGHWWHQ
ȟ1HPD]KDQHPV]XSHUȟ5XE\LVEROGRJDQG¸IN¸GWHDVDM£WEDE£M£WD
NRNW«OS£OFLN£NNDOȟ.¾O¸QEHQVHPLYLWW¾NHODUXK£LGDW«VD]DV]¸UQ\ě
HPEHUPHJ«UGHPOL
ȟ $] D V]¸UQ\ě HPEHU OHV] D] ¼M IÿQ¸N¸P ȟ VµKDMWRWWD /RWWLH ȟ
J\KRJ\N«Q\WHOHQHNOHV]¾QNPDMGPHJV]RNQL
ȟ/£WRG"$NNRUV]HULQWHGLVV]¸UQ\ěȟ1DW«UGHNOÿGYHWDQXOP£Q\R]WD
/RWWLHDUF£Wȟ(]«UWV¯UW£O"
ȟ1HPV¯UWDP&VDNV]«QDQ£WK£VYDJ\RNȟ/RWWLHSUµE£OWD¸VV]HV]HGQL
PDJ£W «V U£G¸EEHQW PLO\HQ QHK«] OHV] WLWRNEDQ WDUWDQLD )UHGGLH
EHWHJV«J«Wȟ*\HUWHNURVV]FVRQWRNLGHMHKD]DPHQQL
ȟ 1H VLHVVHWHN DQQ\LUD $GM QHNLN P«J W¯] SHUFHW D NHUWEHQ ȟ 0DULR
NL]DYDUWDDJ\HUHNHNHWDK£WVµDMWµQD]W£QJ\HQJ«GHQDNRQ\KDLV]«NKH]
NRUP£Q\R]WD/RWWLHWȟJ\IHVWHV]PLQWDNLUHU£I«UHJ\LWDO+R]RNHJ\
V¸UWȟPRQGWD
(J\NLV&K¤WHDX0DUJDX[D]W£QHJ\NLVV¸U9«J¾OLVPL«UWQH"/HU¼JWD
D V]DQG£OM£W «V K£WUDGÿOW 1«]WH DKRJ\ 0DULR NLYHV]L D GRER]RNDW D
KěWÿEÿO D]W£Q IHOQ\¼O D IDOLV]HNU«Q\EH SRKDUDN«UW 7HWV]HWW QHNL H] D]
HOY£OW £OODSRW 0DULµYDO KLV] WRY£EEUD LV PHJFVRG£OKDWWD D I«UIL YRQ]µ
N¾OVHM«W L]PRV DODNM£W J\ VRNNDO N¸QQ\HEE YROW D M£UXO«NRV «U]HOPL
N¸WHO«NHNQ«ON¾O«VD]£OODQGµJ¸UFV¸VV]RURQJ£VQ«ON¾OKRJ\YDODNLYHO
HVHWOHJRV]WR]LNH]HQDWHVWHQ
0HUW Y«J¾O LV H] W¸UW«QW E£U IHOHVOHJHV PRQGDQL KRJ\ WHUP«V]HWHVHQ
QHP0DULRKLE£MDYROW
6RKDVHPPLQHPYROWD]XJ\HE£U
ȟ 7HVV«N (J«V]V«J ȟ 0LXW£Q NLW¸OW¸WWH D +HLQHNHQW D N«W SRK£UED
0DULR D] HJ\LNHW RGDDGWD /RWWLHQDN D P£VLNQDN D SHUHPH I¸O¸WW SHGLJ
V]HP¾J\UHYHWWHDQÿWȟ$NNRUHOPRQGRGPL«UWV¯UW£O"
1HP
/RWWLHPHJU£]WDDIHM«W
ȟ 6HPPL EDM &VDN 0DU\UÿO EHV]«OJHWW¾QN )UHGGLHYHO (J\ NLFVLW
HO«U]«NHQ\¾OW¾QNH]PLQGHQȟWQ\¼OWD]DV]WDORQDJ\XUPDEDE£NKR]
«V QHNL£OOW NLK¼]RJDWQL EHOÿO¾N D S£OFLN£NDW ȟ 1DJ\RQ KL£Q\]LN QHNL
0DU\0LHOVHPWXGMXNN«S]HOQLKRJ\H]PLO\HQOHKHW
ȟQD]WKLWWHPD]]DNODWRWWIHOKRJ\PDYDQDK£]DVV£JL«YIRUGXOµQN
7HMµ«JW«Q\OHJ"$XJXV]WXVD0LO\HQIXUFVDKRJ\PHJIHOHGNH]HWW
UµODVP«JIXUFV£EEKRJ\0DULRYLV]RQWHPO«NH]HWWU£
ȟ 0£U QHP D K£]DVV£JL «YIRUGXOµQN &VDN OHWW YROQD ȟ MDY¯WRWWD NL
/RWWLHȟ+DK£]DVRNPDUDGXQN
ȟ&VDN«SSHQWHHOKDJ\W£OVV]HW¸UWHGDV]¯YHPHW
0DULRPHJJ\ÿ]ÿHQDGWDDNLVHPPL]HWWHW
ȟ0£UHOQ«]«VWGHD]«UWKDJ\WDODNHOPHUWFVDSRG£UDODNYDJ\
ȟ0DYROWW¯]«YHȪȟ0DULRDUFDHOO£J\XOWD]HPO«NWÿOȟ)DQWDV]WLNXV
QDSYROWQHPLJD]"
7«Q\OHJD]YROW/RWWLHHOPRVRO\RGRWWþK¼V]«YHVYROWȟYDOµM£EDQW¼O
ILDWDO ȟ 0DULR KXV]RQK£URP 0DULR RODV] DQ\MD L]JDWRWW URNRQRN HJ«V]
VHUHJ«WK¯YWDPHJ6]LF¯OL£EµOD]DONDORPUD«V/RWWLHEDU£WQÿLWHOEěY¸OWHD
IL¼ XQRNDWHVWY«UHN G¸J¸V V¸W«W WµQXVD «V NHUHV]WDS£V HOHJDQFL£MD $
W£UVDV£J MµNHGYěHQ YHJ\¾OW D] LGÿ J\¸Q\¸Uě YROW «V KDMQDOLJ WDUWRWW D
W£QF/RWWLHKµIHK«UEHQ«V«SSFVDNHJ\NLFVLWWHUKHVHQD]RQWěQÿG¸WW
KRJ\ OHKHWQHH HQQ«O EROGRJDEE 1HPVRN£UD PHJ«UNH]LN D N¸]¸V
J\HUHN¾N D] «OHW QHP LV OHKHWQH V]HEE +LYDWDORVDQ LV W¸N«OHWHV YROW D]
«OHWH
V DPL D]W LOOHWL D] LV PDUDGW D] HOVÿ Q«K£Q\ «YEHQ 0DULR HOEěY¸Oÿ
YROWHOOHQ£OOKDWDWODQVRVHPXQDOPDV«VVRVHPXQRWW5HPHNDSDLVOHWW
LP£GWDDJ\HUHNHLW«VȟDPLN¾O¸Q¸VHQQDJ\V]µȟDSHOHQNDFVHU«WÿOVHP
ULDGWYLVV]D
0DULROHJHQG£VEěYHUHMHD]RQEDQNLNDSµVWHUP«V]HWWHOS£URVXOW«VHJ\
LGÿXW£Q/RWWLHNH]GWHPHJWDSDV]WDOQLDQQDND]£UQ\ROGDODLWKRJ\RO\DQ
I«UIL IHOHV«JH DNL LP£G D ILJ\HOHP N¸]«SSRQWM£EDQ OHQQL 0£V O£Q\RN LV
O£WY£Q\RVDQ «UGHNOÿGWHN 0DULR LU£QW /RWWLH DNL PDJD VHP YROW J\HQJH
YLROD PHJPRQGWD 0DULµQDN KRJ\ KDJ\MD H]W DEED 'H D I«UILQDN LO\HQ
YROW D WHUP«V]HWH (NNRU NH]GÿGWHN D YLW£N (O«JJ« OHV¼MWµ D IHOLVPHU«V
KD D] HPEHU RO\DVYDODNLKH] PHJ\ KR]]£ DNL DODSYHWÿHQ QHP QÿV¾OÿV
W¯SXV9DJ\OHJDO£EELVQHPPRQRJ£PPµGRQ$I«OW«NHQ\V«J«UWHOPHWOHQ
GRORJ /RWWLH VRVHP IRJODONR]RWW YHOH (QQ«O QDJ\REE YROW D]
¸QEHFV¾O«VH+D0DULRQHPN«SHVKěPDUDGQLKR]]£DNNRUQHP«UGHPOL
PHJ ÿW /RWWLH YLV]RQW N«SWHOHQ YROW PHJPDUDGQL RO\DVYDODNL PHOOHWW
DNLEHQ QHP OHKHWHWW PHJE¯]QL WXGWD KRJ\ HOÿEEXWµEE PHJJ\ěO¸OQ«N
HJ\P£VW
ȟ'H«QV]HUHWOHNȟHOOHQNH]HWW0DULR
(]¯J\LVYROW/RWWLHSRQWRVDQWXGWD
ȟ Q LV V]HUHWOHN ȟ $ GRORJ N¾]GHOPHVHEE YROW PLQW DKRJ\ D]W
KDMODQGµ OHWW YROQD EHLVPHUQL ȟ 'H PRVW LV YLV]RQ\RG YDQ D UHFHSFLµV
O£QQ\DO
ȟ 1HP LV ȟ WLOWDNR]RWW IHOK£ERURGRWWDQ 0DULR ȟ $] QHP YLV]RQ\
-HQQLIHU"8J\DQP£U6HPPLWVHPMHOHQWQHNHP
VH]YDOµV]¯QěOHJLJD]LVYROW
ȟ $] OHKHW GH QHNL WH MHOHQWHV] PLQGHQW 6¯UYD K¯YRWW IHO KRJ\
HOPHV«OMH (J\ µU£Q NHUHV]W¾O ȟ /RWWLH IHOVµKDMWRWW ȟ V QH PRQGG
QHNHP KRJ\ PHJY£OWR]RO PHUW PLQGNHWWHQ WXGMXN KRJ\ H] KD]XJV£J
OHQQH-REE¯J\KLJJ\QHNHP
$ S«Q] V]HUHQFV«UH QHP MHOHQWHWW SUREO«P£W 0DULR HJ\ FVLOLYLOL
DXWµV]DORQ YH]HWÿMH YROW &KHOWHQKDPEHQ YLW£Q IHO¾O NLWěQÿ «UW«NHV¯Wÿ
HQQHN PHJIHOHOÿ IL]HW«VVHO 0HJHJ\H]WHN DEEDQ KRJ\ /RWWLH «V D
J\HUHNHND3LSHUȢV&RWWDJHEDQPDUDGQDN0DULRSHGLJPHJYHV]LD]HJ\LN
¼MK£]DWDIDOXP£VLNY«J«Q(J\LN¾NQHNVHPIRUGXOWPHJDIHM«EHQKRJ\
QH PDUDGQ£QDN +HVWDFRPEHEDQ 1DW «V 5XE\ WRY£EEUD LV O£WKDWM£N
0DULµWDPLNRUFVDNDNDUM£N¯J\MµDSMXNWXGPDUDGQL
$] HJ«V] KLKHWHWOHQ¾O MµO EHY£OW (J\ K£]DVV£J Y«JH VRVHP PHQWHV D
I£MGDORPWµO «V D V]RPRU¼V£JWµO GH /RWWLH ¾J\HVHQ SDO£VWROWD D VDM£WM£W
VP£UHOÿWWHLVU«JHQWXGWDKRJ\MµG¸QW«VWKR]RWW2O\DQYROWPLQWKD
Y«JUH NL«UQH D VHN«O\ Y¯]EH W¼O VRN N«WV«JEHHVHWW WDSRV£V XW£Q 0DULR
&DUO\OHNRU£QWVHP YROWLGH£OLV I«UMGHH[QHNN¯Y£QQLVHPOHKHWHWWYROQD
MREEDW
.LY«YH RO\DQNRU DPLNRU DUUD WDQ¯WMD D J\HUHNHNHW KRJ\ S£OFLN£NDW
E¸N¸GMHQHND]¼MIÿQ¸NHJ\XUPDILJXU£M£ED
W¸GLNIHMH]HW
ȟ+DKµ0HUUHM£UV]"ȟLQWHJHWHWW0DULRD]DUFDHOÿWW
ȟ %RFV ȟ /RWWLH YLVV]D]¸NNHQW D YDOµV£JED ȟ &VDN D]RQ
JRQGRONRGWDP PHQQ\LYHO NHOOHPHVHEE ¯J\ KRJ\ P£U QHP YDJ\RN D
IHOHV«JHG
ȟ 9DJ\ E£UNL P£V IHOHV«JH ȟ 0DULR V]HUHWHWW YLFFHOÿGQL /RWWLH QHP
O«WH]ÿV]HUHOPL«OHW«Qȟ9LJ\£]]PDJDGUDPHUWKDPDURVDQY«QO£Q\OHV]
EHOÿOHG 7¼OV£JRVDQ EHOHU£]µGV] D] HJ\HG¾OO«WEH 7¯] «Y P¼OYD
NLUHS¾OQHNDJ\HUHNHN«VDNNRURWWPDUDGV]HJ\HG¾ODKLQWDV]«NHGEHQD
W«Y«GGHO«VQHPHQJHGHGEHDJ£]µUDOHROYDVµWFVDNPHUWI«UIL
/RWWLHKR]]£Y£JWDDJRO\µY£J\¼UWJ\XUP£W
ȟ7¯]«YP¼OYDQHJ\YHQOHV]HN
0DULR]DYDUWDODQXOIRO\WDWWD
ȟ V U£]QL IRJRG D ERWRGDW E£UNLUH DNL Q\ROFV]£] P«WHUQ«O MREEDQ
PHJN¸]HO¯W 7H OHV]HO D] LMHV]Wÿ ¸UHJDVV]RQ\ DNLQHN D K£]D WHOH YDQ
EDE£NNDO.LVFVLSN«VUXK£FVN£NDWFVLQ£OV]PDMGQHNLNHOQHYH]HGÿNHW«V
ODSRWN¾OGHV]DV]¾OHW«VQDSMXNUD
ȟ1HJ\YHQ«YHVHQP«JQHP +DWYDQ¸W «YHVNRURP HOÿWWQHPWHUYH]HN
LO\HVPLW ȟ HOOHQNH]HWW /RWWLH ȟ .¾O¸QEHQ PHJ QHP YDJ\RN U£V]RUXOYD
KRJ\ HONDSMDP D] HOVÿ DUUD M£Uµ SDVLW 7HOMHVHQ MµO PHJYDJ\RN HJ\HG¾O
7XODMGRQN«SSHQ«OYH]HPDSLKHQ«VWȟ5DJ\RJµPRVRO\WYHWHWW0DULµUD
ȟ(J\V]HUWHLVNLSUµE£OKDWQ£G
0LYHOH]N¸U¾OEHO¾ORO\DQYROWPLQWKD0DULµQDNEDOHWWFLSÿEHQNHOOHQH
PHJP£V]QLDD0DWWHUKRUQWDI«UILHOHQJHGWHDI¾OHPHOOHWWDF«O]£VW
ȟ .RPRO\DQ EHV]«OHN $PLµWD V]«WPHQW¾QN HJ\HWOHQHJ\V]HU VHP
UDQGL]W£O ȟ WDUWRWWD IHO 0DULR D K¾YHO\NXMM£W KD HVHWOHJ /RWWLH QHP
«UWHQ« ȟ V O£WKDWRG PL D] HUHGP«Q\ /RWWLH H] HJ\V]HUěHQ QHP
QRUP£OLV
7«Q\OHJ QHP" (ON«S]HOKHWÿ GH /RWWLH FVHSSHW VHP DJJµGRWW J\
«UH]WH VRNNDO N¸QQ\HEE V]DEDGQDN «V V]LQJOLQHN OHQQL PLQW RO\DQ
NDWDV]WURI£OLV UDQGLNUD N«Q\V]HU¯WHQL PDJ£W PLQW WDYDO\ &VDN D]«UW
PHQW EHOH KRJ\ HJ\¾WW YDFVRU£]]RQ 5£QJDWµ]µV 0HOYYHO PHUW D] P£U
KDUPDGV]RU N«UWH «V QHNL QHP YROW V]¯YH ¼MUD HOXWDV¯WDQL .¾O¸QEHQ LV
NHGYHV N«V]V«JHV I«UIL D] D IDMWD DNL VRVHP WXGQD URVV]XO E£QQL HJ\
QÿYHOVY«JW«UHLVFVDNHJ\YDFVRU£UµOYROWV]µQHPLJD]"0LEDMOHKHW
EHOÿOH"
6DMQRV HO«J VRN 0HOY\Q LGHJUHQGV]HUH LV EHOHM£WV]RWW HEEH GH QHK«]
MµO «UH]QL PDJXQNDW HJ\ RO\DQ I«UIL ȟ QD Mµ DGµHOOHQÿU ȟ W£UVDV£J£EDQ
DNLQHN LGHJHV¯Wÿ WLNMH YDQ «V D] HOVÿ µU£EDQ Y«JLJ D] DGµ
YLVV]DW«U¯W«VHNUÿO «UWHNH]LN /RWWLHQDN DNL HOÿ]ÿ HVWH MµIRUP£Q Y«JLJ
IHQW YROW 1DWWHO KDVPHQ«V QHP W¼O NHOOHPHV PDMGQHP NLXJURWW D]
£OONDSFVD HUÿON¸G«V«EHQ KRJ\ QH £V¯WVRQ EHOH 0HOY\Q J¸UFV¸V
PDJ\DU£]DWDLED DUUµO KRJ\ HJ\HVHN PLO\HQ RVWRE£Q SUµE£OM£N HONHU¾OQL
D]DGµ]£VW$PLNRUY«JH]WHND]HOÿ«WHOOHO/RWWLHNLKDV]Q£OWDD]DONDOPDW
«VNLPHQWDPRVGµEDKRJ\Y«JUH¸QIHOHGWHQ£V¯WR]KDVVRQ
2WWSHGLJHUÿWYHWWUDMWDDNLPHU¾OWV«J«VPHQWHQHOQ\RPWDD]£ORP
$PLNRUIHO«EUHGWDI¾ON«EHQ«VU£G¸EEHQWKRJ\NLOHQFYHQSHUFWHOWHO
D]HO«JURVV]«U]«VYROW$]SHGLJDPLNRUYLVV]DPHQWD]DV]WDOXNKR]«V
NLGHU¾OW KRJ\ 0HOY\Q P£U IL]HWHWW «V W£YR]RWW P«J URVV]DEE 0LYHO
IHOW«WHOH]WHKRJ\/RWWLHPHJV]¸N¸WWXQDOP£EDQP«JFVDNDSLQF«UQÿYHO
VHPQ«]HWWHPHJKRJ\RWWYDQHDQÿLPRVGµEDQ
ȟ $]W PRQGRJDWWD KRJ\ D] ÿ KLE£MD ȟ LQIRUP£OWD D SLQF«UQÿ FVHYHJÿ
VW¯OXVEDQ /RWWLHW ȟ 0HUW PHJLQW D PXQN£M£UµO EHV]«OW 0DJXQN N¸]W
V]µOYD V]HULQWHP P£U S£UV]RU HOIXWRWWDN HOÿOH D O£Q\RN 6]HJ«Q\ ILFNµ
¼J\ PHJVDMQ£OWDP 1DJ\RQ OHW¸UWQHN WěQW 'H PHJ LV PRQGWDP QHNL
HJ\HQHVHQ KRJ\ NDPDWO£EDNNDO «V DGµNNDO QHP OHKHW HON£SU£]WDWQL HJ\
QÿW
$ Y«JVÿ PHJDO£]WDW£V DNNRU N¸YHWNH]HWW DPLNRU /RWWLH IHOIHGH]WH
KRJ\ QLQFV Q£OD HO«J S«Q] WD[LUD «V IHO NHOOHWW K¯YQLD 0DULµW KRJ\
PHQMHQ «UWH &KHOWHQKDPEH 0LYHO IDUNDV«KHV YROW KDJ\WD KRJ\ 0DULR
PHJK¯YMD HJ\ WULSOD VDMWEXUJHUUH V¾OW NUXPSOLYDO DPLW D NRFVLEDQ
NHEHOH]HWWEHKD]DIHO«
+RJ\QHYHWHWWUDMWDDNNRU0DULR
'HOHJDO£EE0HOY\QQHPK¯YWDW¸EEHW1«KDDNLVGROJRN«UWLVK£O£VQDN
NHOOOHQQ¾QN
ȟ (J\HWOHQ YDFDN NLV UDQGL ȟ LVP«WHOWH 0DULR PRVRO\RJYD ȟ
5£QJDWµ]µV 0HOYYHO $] QHP LV YROW HJ\ HJ«V] LQN£EE FVDN HJ\ I«O
5HP«Q\WHOHQHVHWYDJ\
ȟ $ K£]DVV£JXQN WHKHW UµOD (J\ «OHWUH PHJVHE]HWW ȟ PRQGWD OD]£Q
/RWWLH
ȟ7¼OY£ORJDWµVYDJ\D]DWHEDMRG
ȟ6]HPEHQYHOHG7H«SSDY£ORJDWµVHOOHQW«WHYDJ\
ȟ.¸V]LV]«SHQ0DMGPHJPRQGRP$PEHUQHNKRJ\H]WPRQGWDG6ÿW
ȟQ«]HWWROGDOUDDEHKDMWµUD«UNH]ÿDXWµ]DM£UDȟP£ULVPHJPRQGRP
ȟ$PEHUWÿOHOWHNLQWYHȟIHOHOWH/RWWLH
$Y£O£VµWDHOWHOWK£URP«YEHQEDU£WQÿNYDOµV£JRVVHUHJHPDV¯UR]RWW£W
0DULR «OHW«Q $PLYHO QHP OHWW YROQD VHPPL EDM /RWWLH U«V]«UÿO KD QHP
OHWWHNYROQDDJ\HUHNHN$OHJW¸EELO\HQIXWµEDU£WQÿHO«JJ«DONDOPDWODQ
SµWDQ\DYROW/RWWLHQHPDNDUWD*RQRV]1\XJDWL%RV]RUN£Q\YDJ\DW¾]HW
RN£GµI«OW«NHQ\H[QHMV]HUHS«EHQWHWV]HOHJQL«VW¸QNUHWHQQLDYROWI«UMH
PLQGHQ HJ\HV ¼M NDSFVRODW£W GH KRJ\ LV WHKHWHWW YROQD ¼J\ PLQWKD
¸U¾OQHQHNLNKDFVDNHJ\NLFVLHV«O\LVYROWDUUDKRJ\DJ\HUHNHL«OHW«QHN
U«V]«Y«Y£OMDQDN"
1HP PLQWKD H]HN D O£Q\RN URVV]DN JRQRV]DN YDJ\ V]£QG«NRVDQ
XQGRNRN OHWWHN YROQD ȟ LO\HVPLUÿO QHP YROW V]µ &VDN «SSHQ
«UGHNWHOHQHNJRQGDWODQRNYROWDNYDJ\QHPWXGWDNIHOQÿQLDIHODGDWKR]
3HUV]H PLQG ¼J\ WHWW PLQWKD LP£GQ£ 1DWHW «V 5XE\W KLV] SUµE£OWDN Mµ
EHQ\RP£VWWHQQL0DULµUD-µLQGXODWXNHOQ\HU«VH«UGHN«EHQ«GHVV«JJHO«V
IDJ\LYDO KDOPR]W£N HO D J\HUHNHNHW $] HJ\LN ¾UHVIHMě V]ÿNHV«J
IHODM£QORWWD 5XE\QDN KRJ\ V]ÿNH FV¯NRNDW FVLQ£OWDW D KDM£ED DPLEÿO Mµ
NLVKLV]WLNHUHNHGHWWDPLNRU/RWWLHPHJPDJ\DU£]WD5XE\QDNKRJ\HUUÿO
V]µ VHP OHKHW (J\ P£VLN O£Q\ LSDUL HUHMě FV¼]OLW DM£QG«NR]RWW 1DWQHN
7DYDO\SHGLJHJ\%DEVQHYěFVLSRJµKDQJ¼EDUQDO£Q\WXWLUDPHJ¯J«UWH
5XE\QDN ȟ SHUV]H /RWWLH«N PHJN«UGH]«VH Q«ON¾O ȟ KRJ\ D NLOHQFHGLN
V]¾OHW«VQDSM£Q EHYLV]L &KHOWHQKDPEH «V FVLQ£OWDW QHNL HJ\
N¸OG¸NSLHUFLQJHW
(]HNXW£Q%DEVKDPDUODS£WUDNHU¾OW,VWHQWXGMDPLO\HQ¸WOHWHLOHWWHN
YROQD P«J (VHWOHJ HO DNDUWD YROQD YLQQL 1DWHW HJ\ WHWRY£OµV]DORQED
YDODPL$FWLRQ0DQILJXU£WU£YDUUDWQL
(GGLJ $PEHU EL]RQ\XOW D OHJWDUWµVDEE EDU£WQÿQHN «V ÿ P£V LV YROW
þV]LQW«Q NHGYHOWH 0DULR J\HUHNHLW «V /RWWLH LV NHGYHOWH ÿW
7XODMGRQN«SSHQQDJ\RQLV+DHOUHQGH]KHWWHYROQDPLQGHQNL«OHW«WȟK£W
QHP OHQQH QDJ\V]HUě" ȟ /RWWLH D]W Y£ODV]WRWWD YROQD KRJ\ $PEHU
£OODSRGMRQ PHJ 0DULR PHOOHWW V]HO¯G¯WVH PHJ PHQMHQ KR]]£ «V OHJ\HQ
5XE\«N SµWDQ\MD 3HUV]H HKKH] D] LV NHOOHWW YROQD KRJ\ 0DULR
HQJHGHOPHV NXW\XVN£Y£ Y£OWR]]RQ GH K£W H] YDQ 0£VN«SS QHP OHKHW
NRUG£EDQWDUWDQL
$WWµO P«J /RWWLH PLQGHQW HON¸YHWHWW KRJ\ W£PRJDVVD 0DULµ«N
NDSFVRODW£W%£UPLWPHJWHWWYROQDKRJ\QHM¸MM¸QHJ\¼MDEE%DEVKRJ\ÿ
OHJ\HQDN¸YHWNH]ÿ0UV&DUO\OH
1\¯OW PDMG FVXNµGRWW D EHM£UDWL DMWµ «V $PEHU MHOHQW PHJ D
NRQ\K£EDQ 6]ÿNH YROW «V DSUµ WHUPHWě SDMNRV PRVROO\DO «V HUÿV
YRQ]DORPPDO D U¸YLG V]RNQ\£N «V D V]«G¯WÿHQ PDJDV VDUN¼ FLSÿN LU£QW
(OVÿ O£W£VUDQHP WěQW«SSLGH£OLVQHYHOÿDQ\£QDNGH DP«O\HQ GHNROW£OW
IHOVÿN DODWW DUDQ\ V]¯Y UHMWÿ]¸WW $PEHU E£WRU YROW V]RUJDOPDV «V
V]HUHWWH D FVLOORJµ «NV]HUHNHW 0£U KHWHGLN KµQDSMD YROWDN HJ\¾WW
0DULµYDO «V QHP D] D IDMWD YROW DNL EH«UL ¾UHV PHOO«EHV]«O«VVHO (GGLJ
VLNHU¾OWN«]EHQWDUWDQLDDI«UILW/RWWLHDPDJDU«V]«UÿOQDJ\RQUHP«OWH
KRJ\H]WRY£EEUDLV¯J\OHV]
ȟ6]LD6]¸UQ\HNYDQQDNDNHUWEHQ"
ȟ1\XJLP£UYLV]HPLVÿNHWKD]DȟQ\¼MWRWWD/RWWLHDO£Q\QDNDV¸UW
DPLEÿODOLJLYRWWȟ%«N«QKDJ\XQNEHQQHWHNHW-µQDSRGYROW"
$PEHUQHNVDM£WIRGU£V]V]DORQMDYROW7HWEXU\EHQQ«J\U«V]PXQNDLGÿV
IRGU£VV]DO«VV]«OHVHON¸WHOH]HWWW¸U]VN¸]¸QV«JHW«S¯WHWWNLPDJ£QDN
ȟ ,QN£EE «UGHNHV .DSWDP HJ\ DM£QODWRW HJ\ LQJ\HQYDN£FLµUD '«O
)UDQFLDRUV]£JED
ȟ $] VHPPL ȟ PRQGWD 0DULR ȟ $PLNRU PD UHJJHO NLQ\LWRWWDP D
SRVW£PDW QHNHP KXV]RQ¸W OHSHGÿW ¯J«UWHN PHJ HJ\ XWD]£VW
$XV]WU£OL£ED 'U£J£P H]W ¼J\ K¯YM£N KRJ\ OHY«OV]HP«W ,JD]£EµO QHP
DGQDNLO\HQGROJRNDWLQJ\HQ
ȟ1DJ\RQYLFFHVYDJ\(]HJ\LJD]LDM£QODWYROWȟ=¸UJÿNDUSHUHFHNNHO
WXUN£OQL NH]GHWW Uµ]VDV]¯Q VWUDVV]RV K£WL]V£NM£EDQ HOÿNRWRUW HJ\
EURV¼U£W«VRGDK¼]RWWHJ\V]«NHW/RWWLHPHOO«ȟ*\HUWHNPHJPXWDWRP
$] HJ\LN YHQG«JHP OHIRJODOW HJ\ N«WKHWHV Q\DUDO£VW PDJ£QDN PHJ D
SDVLM£QDN 6DLQW7URSH]ED GH P¼OW K«WHQ V]DN¯WRWWDN 0HJN«UGH]HWW
KRJ\ QHP «UGHNHOH 7HVV«N LWW YDQ KDUPLQFKHWHGLN ROGDO 9DQ
PHGHQFH PHJ PLQGHQ «V FVDN ¸W SHUFUH YDQ D NLN¸WÿWÿO DKRO D
PLOOLRPRVRNWDUWM£NDMDFKWMDLNDW
ȟ 7\ěKD $] DSDUWPDQ VH VHPPL ȟ KDMROW /RWWLH D N«S I¸O« ȟ V PL D
KHO\]HWDNLO£W£VVDODP£VLN¸E¸OUH"
0RVWP£U0DULµWLV«UGHNHOQLNH]GWHDGRORJ
ȟ0«JVRVHPYROWDP6DLQW7URSH]EDQ0LNRUUDYDQIRJODOYD"
ȟ 6]HSWHPEHU HOHM«UH -¼OLXVEDQ «V DXJXV]WXVEDQ EL]WRVDQ QDJ\RQ
PHOHJYDQMREELO\HQNRU
ȟ 0LQGHQNL WRSOHVV M£UN£O D VWUDQGRQ ȟ SLOODQWRWW /RWWLH HJ\¾WW«U]ÿQ
0DULµUDȟ8W£OQ£G
ȟ 7XODMGRQN«SSHQȪ ȟ NH]GWH $PEHU GH 0DULR P£U HO LV YHWWH WÿOH D
SURVSHNWXVW
ȟ 0HJ WXGQ«N ROGDQL N«W KHWHW DEEDQ D] LGÿV]DNEDQ 0«J YDQ K£URP
KHWHPD]«YY«J«LJ7DO£Q«SSH]D]DPLNHOOQHN¾QNȟQ«]HWW$PEHUUH
ȟ (J\ NLFVLW IHO NHOO IULVV¯WHQHP D IUDQFLDWXG£VRPDW HOÿWWH 9RXOH]YRXV
FRXFKHUDYHFPRLPRQDQJHPDSHWLWHPRQSHWLWFKRXȪ
ȟ0RQSHWLWFKRX ȟ K¼]WD HO D V]£M£W /RWWLH ȟ (]W VRVHP «UWHWWHP +D
YDODNLN£SRV]W£QDNQHYH]QHOHW«SQ«PDI¾O«W
ȟ $PL D]W LOOHWL ȟ V]µOW N¸]EH J\RUVDQ $PEHU ȟ D O£Q\ FVDN HQJHP
K¯YRWWW«JHGQHP
0DULR]DYDURGRWWQDNWěQW
ȟ'HK£WD]WPRQGWDGȪ
ȟ 0DQG\ V]DN¯WRWW D SDVLM£YDO GH DWWµO P«J HO DNDU PHQQL Q\DUDOQL
(QJHPDSDVLKHO\HWWK¯YRWW
ȟUWHPȟYRQWY£OODWHODQ\£WODQRGYD0DULRȟVFVDNDYHQG«JHG"
ȟ$]GHDEDU£WQÿPLV+£URP«YHPLQGHQK«WHQM¸Q0LQGLJWXGXQN
PLUÿOEHV]«OQL$Q\DUDO£VP£UOHYDQIRJODOYD«VNLYDQIL]HWYHKµQDSRN
µWDHUUHY£UW'HHJ\HG¾OQHPDNDUHOPHQQL«VDEDU£WDLN¸]¾OVHQNLP£V
QHPWXGMDHON¯V«UQLLO\HQKLUWHOHQJ\KRJ\PHJN«UWHQJHPȟUDJ\RJRWW
IHO$PEHUȟQPHJDUUDJRQGROWDPKRJ\LWWHJ\MµNLVLQJ\HQQ\DUDO£V
PL«UWQH"
0DULRG¸EEHQWQHNWěQW
ȟ(]HNV]HULQWP£ULJHQWPRQGW£O
ȟ +£W SHUV]H ȟ EµOLQWRWW $PEHU «V KRVV]¼ H]¾VW I¾OEHYDOµL W£QFRW
M£UWDN D Y£OOD N¸U¾O ȟ +¾O\H OHQQ«N KD YLVV]DXWDV¯WDQ«N HJ\ LO\HQ
DM£QODWRW QHP LJD]" 3DWV\ PHJ /L] PDMG KHO\HWWHV¯WHQHN D] ¾]OHWEHQ
1LQFVU£RNRPKRJ\QHPHQMHN0£ULVWHOMHVHQEHYDJ\RNVµ]YD
/RWWLHLJD]£Q¸U¾OW$PEHU¸U¸P«QHNDNLDOHON«WNLGROJR]WD«VLJD]£Q
PHJ«UGHPHO HJ\NLVSLKHQ«VWGHÿ WXGRWW HJ\RNRWDPL«UWQHP NHOOHQH
HOPHQQLH +D PDJ£UD KDJ\MD 0DULµW WHOMHV N«W K«WUH NL WXGMD PL
W¸UW«QLN"$PEHUWXGW£QN¯Y¾OYHV]«O\EHVRGRUKDWMDDNDSFVRODWXNDW
'HKL£EDQHPDNDUWDH]W/RWWLHQHPV]µOKDWRWWEHOH$OLJKDPRQGKDWWD
YROQD D]W $PEHUQHN KRJ\ KD EL]WRV DNDU OHQQL 0DULR KěV«J«EHQ DNNRU
MREEDQ WHV]L KD OHPRQGMD D Q\DUDO£VW 9DJ\ HOLQW«]L KRJ\ 0DULµW
E¸UW¸QEH FVXNM£N DUUD D N«W K«WUH ȟ SHUV]H FVDN KD HJ\LN E¸UW¸QÿU VHP
Qÿ
ȟ -DM SIXM V]¸UQ\HN ȟ NDSWD D] DUFD HO« D SURVSHNWXVW WHWWHWHWW
U«P¾OHWWHO $PEHU DPLNRU D J\HUHNHN EHURQWRWWDN D NRQ\K£ED ȟ $
N¸]HOHPEHQHHQJHGM«WHNÿNHWRO\DQURQG£N
ȟ 7H W«Q\OHJ V]HUHWV] PLQNHW ȟ UDJ\RJRWW 1DW «V D O£Q\ V]«N«UH
W£PDV]NRGRWWȟ$]W¯J«UWHGKRJ\N£UW\£]XQNDPLNRUOHJN¸]HOHEEM¸VV]
ȟ ,JHQ 'H VDMQRV D] DQ\XN£WRNQDN PRVW KD]D NHOO YLQQLH WLWHNHW
0LFVRGDPHJN¸QQ\HEE¾O«VȟPRQGWD$PEHUȟ9DJ\LVPLFVRGDWUDJ«GLD
$QQ\LUDFVDOµGRWWYDJ\RN
ȟ0DMGOHJN¸]HOHEEM£WV]XQN+R]W£OQHN¾QN«GHVV«JHW"
ȟ1HPQHPKR]WDP$]«GHVV«JWÿOHOURKDG«VNLKXOOLNDIRJDWRN0£U
¯J\ LV «SS HO«J LMHV]WÿHN YDJ\WRN ȟ $PEHU FVLNODQGR]QL NH]GWH 1DW
ROGDO£W V]DN«UWÿ PµGRQ YLV¯WR]µNDFDJµ ODEG£Y£ Y£OWR]WDWYD 1DWHW
D]W£QRGDNL£OWRWWD5XE\QDNȟ.«S]HOGNLYROWPDEHQWDV]DORQEDQ
ȟ%XII\DY£PS¯UYDG£V]"
ȟ 1HP HJ«V]HQ 7HWEXU\EHQ VDMQRV QLQFV W¼O VRN Y£PS¯U 1HP H] D
K¸OJ\Y«OHWOHQ¾OPHJHPO¯WHWWHKRJ\D]2DNOHDOWDO£QRVEDQWDQ¯W0LUH
«QV]HJ«Q\N«PLVPHUHNS£UV]¸UQ\HWDNLNRGDM£UQDN
ȟ.LYROWD]"ȟN«UGH]WHL]JDWRWWDQ5XE\
$PEHU¸VV]HHVN¾YÿKDQJRQVXWWRJWD
ȟ0UV$VKWRQ
ȟ0UV$VKWRQ"þD]RV]W£O\IÿQ¸N¸P
ȟ 7XGRP 0RQGWD (OPHV«OWHP QHNL KRJ\ D] HJ«V] Q\£UL V]¾QHWHW
WDQXO£VVDOPHJJ\DNRUO£VVDOW¸OW¸WWHG
5XE\NXQFRJRWW
ȟVHOKLWWH"
ȟ(J\SLOODQDWLJVH$]WPRQGWDKRJ\EL]WRVHJ\P£VLN5XE\&DUO\OH
UµOEHV]«OHN
ȟVPLWFVLQ£OW£ODKDM£YDO"ȟN«UGH]WHPHJEěY¸OWHQ5XE\
ȟ+£W QDJ\RQVRN£ WDUWRWWDP¯JVLNHU¾OWEHIHVWHQL«O«QN Uµ]VDV]¯QUH
$]W£QU£NHOOHWWUDNQLHJ\FVRPµSODWLQDV]ÿNHKRVV]DEE¯W£VW1«PHO\LNHW
EHJ¸QG¸U¯WHWWHP Q«PHO\LNHW EHIRQWDP ȟ PDJ\DU£]WD $PEHU ȟ V D
Y«J«UH V]XSHU¾O Q«]HWW NL YDODKRJ\ ¼J\ PLQW &KULVWLQD $JXLOHUD D
0RXOLQ5RXJHEDQ'HN«WK«WP¼OYDPHJLQWM¸QPHUWPLUHNH]GÿGLND]
LVNROD YLVV]D NHOO FVLQ£OQL D] HJ«V]HW $PLNRU PDMG ¼MUD O£WM£WRN 0UV
$VKWRQWPHJLQWHJ\V]HUěU¸YLGEDUQDKDMDOHV]IUXIUXYDO0LQWKDPLVHP
W¸UW«QWYROQD
5XE\ «V 1DW ¸VV]HQ«]HWW D KLWHWOHQNHG«V «V D] HOUDJDGWDWRWWV£J N¸]W
K£Q\µGYD
ȟ7«Q\OHJ"ȟN«UGH]WHY«J¾O5XE\
ȟ0LD]QHPKLV]WHNQHNHP"ȟQ«]HWWQDJ\RW$PEHUȟ0LQGHQWDQ£U
H]WFVLQ£OMD,VNRODLGÿEHQUHQGHVWDQ£URVKDMXNYDQGHDQ\£ULV]¾QHWEHQ
WHOMHVHQPHJYDGXOQDNQHNHPHOKLKHWLWHN
ȟ 0U 2YHUWRQ QHP YDGXOKDW PHJ ȟ MHJ\H]WH PHJ 1DW ȟ 1HNL
HJ\£OWDO£QQLQFVKDMD
ȟ'HO£WQRGN«QHDV]¾QLGHLSDUµN£LW
0LN¸]EHQ D N¸QQ\HG «YÿG«VW ILJ\HOWH /RWWLH «UH]WH KRJ\ D V]¯YH
PHJWHOLN V]HUHWHWWHO (J\ GROJRW DNDUW FVDN D YLO£JRQ KRJ\ D J\HUHNHL
EROGRJRN OHJ\HQHN +D ÿ PHJKDOQD «V D VU£FRN 0DULµKR] NHU¾OQ«QHN
$PEHUQ«OMREEQHYHOÿDQ\£WHOVHPOHKHWQHN«S]HOQLQHNLN
,VWHQHPQHKDJ\GKRJ\0DULRPLQGHQW¸VV]HNDYDUMRQ(VHWOHJHON«QH
W¸UQLDO£E£WKRJ\JLSV]EHQIHN¾GM¸QN«WK«WLJDP¯J$PEHUW£YROYDQ
+DWRGLNIHMH]HW
+RJ\DQ YHV]¯WV¾N HO D EDU£WDLQNDW «V ERVV]DQWVXN IHO MµO D] HPEHUHNHW
JRQGROWD &UHVVLGD «V D EÿUH EL]VHUJHWW ]DYDU£EDQ DPLDWW DPLW WHQQL
N«V]¾OW
0£VIHOÿOYLV]RQWQ\LOY£QYDOµDQV]¯YHVV«JHWWHV]HQQHND]HPEHUQHNV
YROWYDODPLDI«UILEDQDPLPLDWWNHGYHW£PDGWEHV]«OJHWQLYHOHP«JKD
HJ\HOÿUHNLVV«VDEORQRVDQLV
$PHGGLJ D]W QHP KLV]L PDMG UµOD KRJ\ HV]HPHQW ÿU¾OW %HOHW¼UW
V]HUWH£OOµEDUQDKDM£EDȟLJHQP«JLWWDKHVWDFRPEHLIDOXVLEROWEDQLV
V]HUWHV]«W£OOWȟ«VPDJ£EDQJ\DNRUROQLNH]GWHPLWIRJPRQGDQL
7HG D] ¾]OHWYH]HWÿ «SSHQ NLV]ROJ£OW YDODNLW D SXOWQ£O EH¾W¸JHWWH D
GROJRNDW D S«Q]W£UJ«SEH «V MµLQGXODW¼DQ PRUJROµGRWW D OHJIULVVHEE
NULNHWWHUHGP«Q\HN PLDWW $ EROW K£WXOM£EDQ £OOW D I«UIL DNLW &UHVVLGD EH
DNDUW FVHUN«V]QL «V OHKDQJROWDQ NHUHVJ«OW D OH«UW«NHOW ¾GY¸]OÿODSRN
N¸]¸WWPDMGD]WPRURJWDDIL£QDN
ȟ 1LQFV LWW VHPPL Mµ 0XV]£M OHV] EHPHQQ¾QN 6WURXGED KD YDODPL
QRUP£OLVDWDNDUXQN
$IL¼NLVV«V]µUDNR]RWWQDNWěQW$]W£QP«OWDWODQNRGQLNH]GHWWLPP£U
P£VRGV]RU
ȟ'HDSD¼J\YROWKRJ\KRUJ£V]QLPHJ\¾QN0HJ¯J«UWHG
ȟ 7XGRP GH HOÿEE H]W PHJ NHOO FVLQ£OQXQN +ROQDS YDQ D QDJ\L
V]¾OHW«VQDSMD«VWXGRGPLO\HQKDD]¾GY¸]OÿODSRNUµOYDQV]µ
ȟ$NNRUYHGGPHJQHNLH]WȟPRQGWDFVDOµGRWWDQDWL]HQQ«J\«YN¸U¾OL
VU£F«VOHNDSRWWHJ\ODSRWDUR]RJDIRUJµ£OOY£Q\UµO
&UHVVLGD D V]HPH VDUN£EµO O£WWD KRJ\ D Y£ODV]WRWW N«SHVODSRQ HJ\
N¸Y«UN«VQ\XV]LYDQYLU£JFVRNRUUDO$]DSDWRPS£QIHOMDMGXOW
ȟ(]WXW£OQ£$]WJRQGROQ£KRJ\QHPV]£QWDPU£D]LGÿWKRJ\YDODPL
UHQGHVHW Y£ODVV]DN 1«]G KD PRVW EHPHJ\¾QN 6WURXGED G«OUH
YLVV]D«U¾QN
ȟ 1HP LV DSD ȟ IRUJDWWD D V]HP«W N«WNHGYH D IL¼ ȟ 0LQGLJ D]W
PRQGRGKRJ\PLQGHQJ\RUVDQPHJ\D]W£QP«JLVVRN£LJWDUWD]W£QPHJ
P£UQHPPHJ\¾QNKRUJ£V]QLPHUWW¼ON«VÿYDQȪ
ȟ.KPȟ0LXW£QPHJN¸V]¸U¾OWHDWRUN£W«VPHJJ\ÿ]ÿG¸WWUµODKRJ\
7HG D EROW W¼OVµ Y«J«EHQ IRJODODWRVNRGLN YDODPLYHO &UHVVLGD KDONDQ
PHJV]µODOWȟQWDO£QWXGRNVHJ¯WHQLPDJXNQDN
0HJW¸UW«QW 0£U QHP YROW YLVV]D¼W 2GDPHQW HJ\ YDGLGHJHQKH] HJ\
Q\LOY£QRVKHO\HQ«VV]«J\HQWHOHQ¾ON¯Q£OJDWWDD]£UXM£W
$SD«VILDPHJOHSHWWHQIRUGXOWDNK£WUD
ȟ7HVV«N"ȟN«UGH]HWWYLVV]DD]DSD
(J\NLFVLWW¼OKDQJRVDQ&UHVVLGDWLWRN]DWRVDUFFDON¸]HOHEEO«SHWW
ȟ (OQ«]«VW KRJ\ LO\HQ V]HPWHOHQV«JUH YHWHPHGHP 'H KD DNDUM£N «Q
WXGRNFVLQ£OQLPDJXNQDN¾GY¸]OÿODSRW
ȟ0L"ȟPRQGWDDIL¼
0RVW P£U EL]WRVDQ V¾OW ERORQGQDN Q«]LN $] DMWµFVHQJÿ PHJV]µODOW
HOPHQWDP£VLNYHYÿ+DLWWVXWWRJQDNK£WXOPLQWD]¸VV]HHVN¾YÿND]]DO
EL]WRVDQIHONHOWLN7HGJ\DQDNY£V£W
ȟ GY¸]OÿN£UW\£NDW N«V]¯WHN H] D IRJODONR]£VRP ȟ &UHVVLG£W NLVV«
ERVV]DQWRWWD D IL¼ PRGRUD ȟ ,WW ODNRP D V]RPV]«GEDQ .«W SHUF DODWW
PHJM£URP KD «UGHNOL PDJXNDW D GRORJ +D QHP VHPPL EDM 6WURXGEDQ
UHQJHWHJMµ¾]OHWYDQ
+LUWHOHQ ¼J\ «UH]WH KRJ\ HO£UXOMD 7HGHW «V HOV]«J\HOOWH PDJ£W 0LYHO
WXGDW£EDQYROWKRJ\«JD]DUFD&UHVVLGDOHYHWWHJ\IODNRQPRVRJDWµV]HUW
DSROFUµO«VWRY£EEPHQW$KěWÿSXOWQ£OWHMHW«VYDMDWY«WHOH]HWWD]W£QD
SXOWIHO«LQGXOW
ȟ 1\DYDO\£V Q\DUDOµN ȟ PRURJWD 7HG DPLNRU D] DMWµ EHFVXNµGRWW D
I«UIL«VDILDP¸J¸WW
6]HP«O\HVV«UW«VQHNWHNLQWHWWHKDYDODNLEHM¸Q«VQHPYHV]VHPPLW
&UHVVLGD HPO«NH]WHWWH PDJ£W KRJ\ VHPPL RND EěQWXGDWUD D ILFNµ
DP¼J\ VHP YHWWH YROQD PHJ HJ\LN GDUDERW VHP D V]RPRU¼ NLV
¾GY¸]OÿODSNROOHNFLµEµO
$OHONLLVPHUHWHD]RQEDQQHPKDJ\WDLO\HQN¸QQ\HQQ\XJRGQL
ȟ+£WLJHQQDJ\RQERVV]DQWµDN.«UHNHJ\J\¾P¸OFV¸VU£JµWLV7HG
ȟ'LµVV¾WLW")ULVVHQV¾OWPDUHJJHO
7HGE£WRU¯WµDQEµORJDWRWW«VP£UQ\¼OWLVDGRER]XW£Q
ȟ /HJ\HQ ȟ DGWD PHJ PDJ£W &UHVVLGD 1HPLJHQ WXGRWW HOOHQ£OOQL D
WXNP£O£VQDNȟ(J\GLµVV¾WL
2GDNLQWDI«UIL«VDJ\HUHNI«OV]HJHQY£UDNR]RWWDQDSRQQHPPHVV]HD
EROWWµO&UHVVLGDRGDPHQWKR]]£MXN
ȟ (OQ«]«VW WXGRP KRJ\ HJ\ NLFVLW IXUFV£QDN WěQKHWWHP GH
EL]WRV¯WKDWRP ¸Q¸NHW KRJ\ QHP YDJ\RN D] $] RWW D K£]DP D SDUN
PHOOHWW
ȟ (] D] HJ«V] RO\DQ WLWNRVUHQGÿU¸V ȟ SUµE£ONR]RWW D I«UIL HJ\ NLV
KXPRUUDO «V &UHVVLGD J\RUVDQ N¸U¾OQ«]HWW PLHOÿWW NLQ\LWRWWD
VPDUDJG]¸OGEHM£UDWLDMWDM£W
ȟ7HGQDJ\RQ«U]«NHQ\1HPV]HUHWQ«PKDHJ\«OHWUHNLWLOWDQDDIDOX
HJ\HWOHQEROWM£EµO-¸MMHQHNDPěKHO\HPDIRO\RVµY«J«QYDQ
&UHVVLGD EHYH]HWWH ÿNHW D QDSI«Q\HV HJ\NRUL «WNH]ÿEH DPHO\ V£UJD
IHK«UUH YROW IHVWYH «V GRER]KDOPRN £OOWDN EHQQH PLQGHQIHO« $] HJ\LN
IDOQ£O YROW &UHVVLGD DV]WDOD D V]£P¯WµJ«S«YHO D] LQWHUQHWQHN K£OD PRVW
P£U ¯J\ V]HUH]WH D OHJW¸EE PHJUHQGHO«VW 0HOOHWWH HJ\ P£VLN DV]WDORQ
KHYHUWHND]«SSHQN«V]¾OÿPXQN£L
ȟ 1HP DNDURP VRN£LJ IHOWDUWDQL PDJXNDW WXGRP KRJ\ VLHWQHN
KRUJ£V]QLȟSLOODQWRWW&UHVVLGDDIL¼UDDNLHJ\LNO£E£UµODP£VLNUD£OOW«V
O£WKDWµDQPDJ£EDQ V]£PROWDDP£VRGSHUFHNHWȟ'HKDHOPRQGMDKRJ\
PLW V]HUHW D] «GHVDQ\MD DNNRU J\RUVDQ PHJ LV FVLQ£ORP 0HJUHQGHO«VUH
V]RNWDPGROJR]QL
$ I«UIL D] DV]WDOKR] O«SHWW «V D UHPHJ«VWÿO DPLW D O«SWHL NHOWHWWHN D
SDGOµEDQ«OHWUHNHOWDV]£P¯WµJ«SN«SHUQ\ÿMH0LXW£QV]HP¾J\UHYHWWHD
V¼O\RV N£UW\£NDW D VHO\HP «V E£UVRQ\V]DODJVSXOQLNDW D V]£U¯WRWW
YLU£JV]LUPRNDW WROODNDW «V V]¯QHV ¾YHJJ\¸QJ\¸NHW D I«UIL D N«SHUQ\ÿUH
SLOODQWRWW«VOHROYDVWD
ȟ&UHVVLGD)RUEHV&DUGV(]DPDJDQHYH"
ȟ ,JHQ «Q YDJ\RN D] ȟ &UHVVLGD SUµE£OWD D]W WHQQL DPLW E£UPHO\
PDJ£UDDGµ¾]OHWDVV]RQ\WHQQH«VHOW¼O]RWWDQYLG£PKDQJRQIRO\WDWWDȟ
7¸N«OHWHVN£UW\£NPLQGHQDONDORPUD
$ IL¼ DNLW &UHVVLGD NH]GHWW HJ\UH LQN£EE QHP NHGYHOQL KRUNDQWRWW
HJ\HWPLQWKDD]WPRQGDQ£Ȧ0LFVRGDLGLµWDȥ
ȟ&UHVVLGD0LO\HQV]«SQ«YȟSUµE£OWDD]DSDNLN¸V]¸U¾OQLDFVRUE£W
ȟ $] LVNRO£EDQ QHP W¼O HOÿQ\¸V HOÿV]HUHWHWWHO FV¼IROM£N PLDWWD D]
HPEHUWȟIHOHOWH&UHVVLGDP«O\£W«U]«VVHO
MDEEKRUNDQ£VKDOODWV]RWW
ȟ.UHV],GDȪȟMHJ\H]WHPHJYLJ\RURJYDDIL¼
ȟ +£W LJHQ 2O\DVPL ȟ &UHVVLGD IRJWD D] HJHUHW «V D ZHEROGDO£Q D
PLQW£NUDNDWWLQWRWWD]W£QJ\RUVDQY«JLJS¸UJHWWHÿNHWȟ&VLQ£OKDWRNHJ\
LO\HWD]W£QV]HP«O\UHV]DERP¸Q¸NQHN
$IL¼OHNµNDGW
ȟVD]PHQQ\LLGHLJWDUW"
ȟ 1HP VRN£LJ 0HUW ¾J\HV YDJ\RN .HYHVHEE PLQW I«O µUD ȟ PRQGWD
&UHVVLGDKRJ\IHOYLG¯WVD
ȟ)«OµUD"
ȟ (] LWW WHWV]LN ȟ PXWDWRWW D I«UIL HJ\ OLOD N£UW\£UD PHO\HQ
LPSUHVV]LRQLVWDMHOOHJěNHUWLW£MN«SYROWFVLOORJµ]¸OGJ«]EÿOUµ]VDNYDUF
J\¸QJ\¸NEÿO H]¾VWV]DODJEµO UDM]ROW PHW£O]¸OG I£NNDO &UHVVLG£KR]
IRUGXOW ȟ V U£ WXGQ£ ¯UQL D] HOHM«UH KRJ\ Ȧ$Q\D QDJ\RQ EROGRJ
V]¾OHW«VQDSRWȥ"
ȟ+£WSHUV]Hȟ(]D]WKLV]LKRJ\QHPWXGRN¯UQL"ȟ%£UPLWDPLWFVDN
DNDU
ȟ)«OµUD
ȟ7HVV«Nȟ&UHVVLGDD PRUJROµGµJ\HUHNPHOOHWW D]HJ\LN WHOHW£OF£MD
IHO« Q\¼OW D] DV]WDO£Q «V NLYHWW EHOÿOH HJ\ P£U EHKDMWRWW $¸V OLOD
N£UW\£WPHJHJ\KR]]£LOOÿERU¯W«NRW.LQ\LWRWWDDN£UW\£WD]DSDNH]«EH
Q\RPRWW HJ\ IHNHWH W¸OWÿWROODW «V D]W PRQGWD ȟ UMRQ EHOH «V F¯PH]]H
PHJDERU¯W«NRW$]W£QLV]NLULKRUJ£V]QL'«OUHEHIHMH]HP«VDIHODGRPD
SRVW£Q
ȟ-µGHKRQQDQIRJMXNWXGQLKRJ\W«Q\OHJIHODGWD"
(UUHDIL¼UDU£I«UQHHJ\MµQDJ\VDOOHU
ȟ+DPDMGKROQDSIHOK¯YM£WRNDQDJ\PDP£WKRJ\EROGRJV]¾OHW«VQDSRW
N¯Y£QMDWRNQHNLDNNRUPHJN«UGH]KHWHGKRJ\WHWV]HWWQHNLDODSȟIHOHOWH
«GHVPRVROO\DO&UHVVLGD
ȟ 'RQQ\ YLVHONHGM (OQ«]«V«W N«UHP ȟ $ I«UIL ¯UW YDODPLW D N£UW\D
EHOVHM«UHPHJF¯PH]WHDERU¯W«NRWD]W£QHOÿV]HGWHD W£UF£M£W ȟ1DJ\RQ
NHGYHVPDJ£WµOVDQ\£PLP£GQLIRJMD0HQQ\LYHOWDUWR]RP"
(VWH K«WNRU PHJV]µODOW D FVHQJÿ &UHVVLGD «SSHQ D W«Y« HOÿWW ¾OW LQGLDL
FXUU\V FVLUN«W HYHWW YDFVRU£UD «V ¼J\ VHMWHWWH KRJ\ /RWWLH OHV] D] HJ\
LWDOUDPHJHJ\NLVFVHYHJ«VUH
ȟ
+LUWHOHQU£«EUHGWKRJ\EL]WRVDQFXUU\WÿOV]DJOLNDOHKHOHWHDPLNRUD]
DMWµWNLQ\LWYDNRQVWDW£OWDKRJ\QHP/RWWLHD]
ȟ7¼ONHYHVHWN«UWWÿOHPG«OHOÿWWVEHPXWDWNR]QLVHPYROWDONDOPDP
ȟ 0UV ( 7XUQHU ILD £OOW D N¾V]¸E¸Q QDSEDUQ¯WRWWDQ PRVRO\RJYD WLV]WD
N«NLQJEHQ$NH]«EHQIU«]LDFVRNRUȟ7RP7XUQHU
(J\ VRNNROµ ILDWDONRUL LQFLGHQV PLDWW Ȧ PLO\HQ V]«S YLU£J 1HNHP
KR]WDG"ȥ Ȧ1HP D QDJ\PDP£P V¯UM£UD YLV]HPȥ D YLU£JRW V]RURQJDWµ
I«UILDNNLVHEES£QLNRWNHOWHWWHN&UHVVLG£EDQ=DYDUWDQIHOHOWH
ȟ7RPPLO\HQNHGYHVKRJ\¼MUDHOM¸WW&UHVVLGD)RUEHVYDJ\RN
7RP7XUQHUNLVV«I«OUHELOOHQWHWWHDIHM«W
ȟ7XGRP
ȟ K£W SHUV]H HO LV IHOHMWHWWHP 1RVȪ SRVW£]WDP D] «GHVDQ\MD
N£UW\£M£W
$I«UILPRVWP£UPRVRO\JRWW
ȟ(]WLVWXGRP%HFV¾OHWHVDUFDYDQ
&UHVVLGDHEEHQQHPOHKHWHWWEL]WRVHOOHQEHQU£NY¸U¸VOHWW7RY£EEUDLV
SUµE£OWQHPQ«]QLDIU«]L£UD
ȟ7DO£QQHPH]DPHJIHOHOÿSLOODQDWKRJ\HO£UXOMDPEDQNRWV]RNWDP
UDEROQL
ȟ 7HVV«N ȟ $ I«UIL Y«JUH RGDQ\¼MWRWWD D SDS¯UED EXUNROW FVRNURW ȟ
*RQGROWDP¸U¾OQHQHNLJ\V]HUHWQ«PPHJN¸V]¸QQLKRJ\VHJ¯WHWW
ȟ V]HQW «J ȟ &UHVVLGD ¼J\ WHWW PLQWKD FVDN PRVW YHQQ« «V]UH D
YLU£JRW (OYHWWH «V OHONHVHQ EHV]¯YWD D] LOODW£W ȟ *\¸Q\¸Uě 1DJ\RQ
N¸V]¸Q¸P,JD]£QQHPNHOOHWWYROQD
ȟ0LQWPRQGWDPW¼ONHYHVHWV]£PROWIHO/£WWDPD]£UDNDWDZHEODSM£Q
ȟPRVRO\RGRWWHO7RPȟV'RQQ\YLVHONHG«VHPLDWWLVV]HUHWWHPYROQD
HOQ«]«VWN«UQL$WWµOWDUWRNQHPYROW«SSHQHOEěY¸Oÿ
+£WLJHQ&UHVVLGD£WQ«]HWW7RPY£OODI¸O¸WW
ȟ$EEDQDNRUEDQYDQ$NRFVLEDQY£UMD"
ȟ1HP2WWKDJ\WDPDK£]EDQDWDEOHWM«YHO
&VHQG W£PDGW 7RP FVDN £OOW «V QHP PXWDWRWW KDMODQGµV£JRW D
W£YR]£VUD 0LYHO &UHVVLGD WXGWD KRJ\ FXUU\V D OHKHOHWH GH PHJ DNDUWD
W¸UQLDI«OV]HJKDOOJDW£VWHOP«VHQPHJN«UGH]WH
ȟ1D«VIRJWDNYDODPLW"
7RPPHJOHSHWWQHNO£WV]RWW
ȟ7HVV«N"
ȟ +RUJ£V]QL YROWDN QHP LJD]" ȟ N«UGH]WH VLHWYH &UHVVLGD ȟ J\
«UWHWWHPIRJWDNKDODW"
ȟ-DSHUV]HHOQ«]«VW,JHQVLNHU¾OWHJ\Ȫ
ȟ-¸MM¸QEHHJ\LWDOUD
$ V]HPH VDUN£EµO &UHVVLGD «V]UHYHWWH D EROWRV 7HGHW DNL IHO«M¾N
EDWW\RJRWW ¼WEDQ D KHO\L SXE IHO« DKRO HO V]RNWD K¸US¸OQL V]RN£VRV
K£URP OLWHU *XLQQHVV«W «V PRURJ HJ\ NLFVLW D] RUV]£J £OODSRW£UµO D
Q\DYDO\£V V]XSHUPDUNHWHN YLO£JKµG¯W£V£UµO «V D]RNUµO D] £WNR]RWW E«QD
DPDWÿU¸NUÿODNLND]DQJRONULNHWWFVDSDWQDNQHYH]LNPDJXNDW
&UHVVLGD G¸EEHQWHQ Q\XJW£]WD KRJ\ V]LQWH JRQGRONRG£V Q«ON¾O
NLQ\¼MWMD D NH]«W «V GLFVWHOHQ PµGRQ EHU£QWMD 7RP 7XUQHUW D]
HOÿV]RE£M£EDPDMGEHFVDSMDD]DMWµW
'HLJD]£EµOQHPE£QWD
ȟ0£UD]WKLWWHPVRVHK¯YEHȟMHJ\H]WHPHJGHUěVHQDI«UIL
ȟ (OQ«]«VW 7HG M¸WW HUUH D EROWRV .HU¾OM¸Q EHOMHEE ȟ .LQ\LWRWWD D
NRQ\KDLDEODNRNDW«VEHGREWDDV]HPHWHVEHDPěDQ\DJGRER]WDPLEHQD
PLNUµ]KDWµ FXUU\V FVLUN«W £UXOW£N /HJDO£EE DQQ\LW PHJWHWW KRJ\ XW£QD
W£Q\«UUD WHWWH D] «WHOW ȟ %RFV D FXUU\V]DJ PLDWW 'H PRVW KDGG WHJ\HP
EHOHH]WYDODPLEH7HDN£Y«HJ\SRK£UERU"
7RPDIU«]L£NDWQ«]WHPLN¸]EHQ&UHVVLGDNLERQWRWWDDFVRNURW
ȟ$]WKLV]HPDYL]HWV]HUHWLNDOHJMREEDQ
ȟ 2N« ȟ EµOLQWRWW &UHVVLGD DPLNRU «V]EH NDSRWW KRJ\ PHJLQW
¸VV]HYLVV]D EHV]«O ȟ 9¯] D YLU£JRNQDN 1HN¾QN SHGLJ ERU &VDN LO\HQ
ROFVµEEIDMWDYDQVDMQRV
7RPHOPRVRO\RGRWW
ȟ1HN«UMHQIRO\WRQHOQ«]«VW
.L¾OWHN D YHUDQG£UD «V &UHVVLGD PHJWXGWD KRJ\ 7RP «V D ILD
1HZFDVWOHEÿO M¸WW «V )UHGGLH HJ\LN Q\DUDOµM£EDQ ODNQDN $ N«WKHWHV
Q\DUDO£V KDUPDGLN QDSM£Q M£UQDN «V P«J VRN WRY£EEL KRUJ£V]£VW
WHUYH]QHN'«OXW£QKDWSLV]WU£QJRW«V¸WV¾OOÿWIRJWDN
ȟ'RQQ\QDJ\RQIHOGREµGRWWȟIRO\WDWWD7RPȟ7DO£QH]«UWLVDNDUWDP
¼MUD O£WQL PDJ£W +RJ\ PHJPRQGMDP 'RQQ\ QHP PLQGLJ RO\DQ XQGRN
PLQW DPLO\HQ PD G«OHOÿWW YROW ,JD]£EµO Mµ IHM VU£F &VDN D] HOP¼OW
Q«K£Q\«YHO«JQHK«]YROWQHNL
ȟ(OY£OWDN"
.XOWXU£OWWLSSDSD«VILDN¸]¸VQ\DUDO£VRQ-HJ\J\ěUěVHKRO
7RPEµOLQWRWW
ȟ$QHMHPOHO«SHWWHJ\P£VLNI«UILYDO
ȟ7HMµ«J6DMQ£ORP
$I«UILFVDNPHJYRQWDDY£OO£W
ȟ 'RQQ\W QDJ\RQ URVV]XO «ULQWHWWH 6HPPLW QHP VHMWHWW¾QN $]
DVV]RQ\ HJ\V]HUěHQ HOPHQW HJ\ UHJJHO «V HQQ\L +DJ\RWW HJ\ ¾]HQHWHW
GH P«J FVDN HO VHP E¼FV¼]RWW WÿO¾QN 0RVW 1RUIRONEDQ «O D] ¼M
SDUWQHU«YHO6]HJ«Q\'RQQ\YDOPDJXQNUDPDUDGWXQNQSHUV]HPLQGHQW
HON¸YHWHNKRJ\EROGRJXOMXQN'HD]QHPXJ\DQD]QHPLJD]"
ȟ+£WQHPȟEµOLQWRWW&UHVVLGDHJ\¾WW«U]ÿQ«VV]¸UQ\HQ«UH]WHPDJ£W
DPL«UWG«OHOÿWWIHODNDUWDSRIR]QL'RQQ\W$V]¯YHPHJPHOHJHGHWWDYHOH
V]HPEHQ¾OÿI«UILLU£QWȟ'HPDJ£QDNLVV]¸UQ\ěOHKHWHWW
ȟ0LWLVPRQGKDWQ«N"ȟU£]WDDIHM«W7RPȟ$]«OHWPHJ\WRY£EEIHO
NHOO £OOQL 1HJ\YHQN«W «YHV YDJ\RN HJ\HG¾O QHYHOHP 'RQQ\W 6RVHP
JRQGROWDP KRJ\ HJ\V]HU ¯J\ OHV] P«JLV PHJW¸UW«QW ȟ (ONRPRUXOW D]
DUFD GH D]W£Q HOPRVRO\RGRWW ȟ 'H PRVW «Q N«UHN HOQ«]«VW %HV]«OM¾QN
YLG£PDEE GROJRNUµO .LFVLW IRUG¯WVXQN D W£UVDOJ£VRQ ,QN£EE PHV«OMHQ
PDJ£UµO
9DODPL PHJUHEEHQW &UHVVLGD J\RPU£EDQ ,WW YDQ HJ\ NHGYHV
EDU£WV£JRV N¸QQ\HG PRGRU¼ I«UILYDO V]W¸Q¸VHQ V]HGWH IHO UHJJHO 7HG
EROWM£EDQ «V D SDVL PRVW LWW YDQ ERUW LV]LN D YHUDQG£M£Q «V N«UL KRJ\
PHV«OMHQPDJ£UµO
0LQGLJ LV N¾O¸Q¸V WHKHWV«JH YROW DKKR] KRJ\ D] HOOHQNH]ÿ QHP
OHJ¸Q]ÿEES«OG£Q\DLWJ\ěMWVHEH
0LO\HQN£UKRJ\H]YLV]RQW1HZFDVWOHXSRQ7\QHEDQODNLN
ȟ 1RV «Q QHJ\YHQ«YHV YDJ\RN V HOY£OW ȟ -HVV]XVRP PLQW HJ\
PDJ£Q\RV V]¯YHN NOXEMD KLUGHW«VH &UHVVLGD OHJ\LQWHWW ȟ 'H H] P£U
«YHNNHOH]HOÿWWW¸UW«QWVV]HUHWHNLWW«OQL+HVWDFRPEHEDQYLV]HPDNLV
¾]OHWHPHW+REELN«QWNH]GWHPDPLNRUP«JWLWN£UQÿYROWDPHJ\¾J\Y«GL
LURG£Q£O GH D]W£Q RVWRED PµGRQ YLV]RQ\ED NHYHUHGWHP D IÿQ¸N¸PPHO
&VDNS£UKµQDSLJWDUWRWW«VXW£QDHO«J«UGHNHVYROWHJ\¾WWGROJR]QLYHOH
ȟ$]ȦHO«J«UGHNHVȥ HQ\KHPHJIRJDOPD]£VYROWGH&UHVVLGDPHJ DNDUWD
N¯P«OQL D I«UILW DQQDN OH¯U£V£WµO PLO\HQ «U]«V DPLNRU D IÿQ¸N «SSHQ
GRERWW «V XW£QD D]RQQDO IHOV]HGL D WL]HQNLOHQF «YHV NLV LURGDL OLE£W ȟ
J\KRJ\ NLO«SWHP «V ¼J\ JRQGROWDP PHJSUµE£ONR]RP H]]HO D
N£UW\DGRORJJDO$]HOVÿS£UKµQDSHO«JI«OHOPHWHVYROWȟXWD]JDWWDP«V
SUµE£OWDP EROWRNED PHJ LURG£NED NLKHO\H]QL D PXQN£LPDW ȟ GH ODVVDQ
NH]GHWW EHLQGXOQL D] ¾]OHW V PRVWȪ PRVW V]XSHU 6RVHP IRJRN
PHJJD]GDJRGQL EHOÿOH GH PHJ«OHN «V N¸WHWOHQ D PXQNDLGÿP +D HO
DNDURN PHQQL HJ\ QDSUD EXQJHH MXPSLQJROQL E£UPLNRU PHJWHKHWHP
0£VNRU PHJ HJ«V] «MMHO IHQQ YDJ\RN «V PHJFVLQ£ORN ¸WYHQ HVN¾YÿL
PHJK¯YµW YDJ\ J\HUPHNV]¾OHW«VL «UWHV¯WÿW 6RVHP WXGRP PL OHV] D
N¸YHWNH]ÿPHJUHQGHO«V«VLP£GRP
(]GHUěV«VSR]LW¯YYROWQHPLJD]"7RPQHPLVJRQGROKDWRWWRO\DVPLW
KRJ\ &UHVVLGD D N«W O£ERQ M£Uµ V]RPRU¼V£J 9DGQDN «V V]DEDGQDN
KDQJ]RWWVSRQW£QQDN«VLPSXO]¯YQDNȪ
ȟ%XQJHHMXPSLQJROQL"
ȟ0L«UWLVQH"
&UHVVLGD P«J PLQGLJ FVRG£VDQ YDGQDN «V V]DEDGQDN «UH]WH PDJ£W ȟ
EL]WRVDQ D ERU WHWWH ȟ UDJ\RJµ PRVRO\W YLOODQWRWW D I«UILUD «V OD]£Q
K£WUDYHWHWWH D KDM£W 0LUH D WHNQÿFI«VěN NLUHS¾OWHN D KDM£EµO «V D V]«N
«ULQW«V«YHODSDGOµUDKXOOWDN
ȟ2N«ȟ&UHVVLGDIHODGWDQHPPHJ\QHNLH]DYDG«VV]DEDGGRORJȟ
7DO£QQHPSRQWEXQJHHMXPSLQJROQL'HKD¼J\WDUWMDNHGYHPNLYHKHWHN
HJ\QDSRW«VHOPHKHWHNY£V£UROJDWQL
ȟ1LQFVH]]HOVHPPLEDMȟEµORJDWRWW7RPHJ\HW«UWÿQȟ$PHQQ\LUHD]
H[IHOHV«JHPWÿO WXGRP PLQGHQ K«W DPLNRU QHP YHV]¾QN FLSÿW
HOYHV]WHJHWHWWLGÿ
ȟ(QQ\LUHHOHJ£QVQÿ"
&UHVVLGDPDJDLVV]HUHWHWWYROQDPLQGLJFVLOORJµOHQQLGHWXGWDKRJ\
UHP«Q\WHOHQ $ FVLOORJµ HOHJDQFL£W QHP QHNL WDO£OW£N NL $N£UK£Q\V]RU
HOKDW£UR]WDKRJ\PRVWYDODPLMµOV]DERWW«VVLNNHVUXK£WY£V£URODY«J«Q
PLQGLJHONHU¾OKHWHWOHQ¾OYDODPLKRVV]¼EÿV]RNQ\£Q£OE£UVRQQ\DOYDJ\
FVLSN«YHOV]HJHWWORERJµLQJQ«OYDJ\K¯P]HWWNDE£WQ£ON¸W¸WWNL
ȟ (OHJ£QV" 1HP N¾O¸Q¸VHEEHQ ȟ 7RP HOJRQGRONRGRWW ȟ $QJLH
HJ\V]HUěHQ FVDN V]HUHWWH KD PLQGHQEÿO VRN YDQ QHNL PLQGHQI«OH
V]¯QEHQ'HPLQGLJFVLQRVYROW9DJ\LVȟWHWWHKR]]£ȟP«JPRVWLVD]
0«JYDODPLDPL«QVRVHPOHV]HNJRQGROWD&UHVVLGD$ȦFVLQRVȥD]WLV
MHOHQWLKRJ\YDODNL«UWDJÿ]¸OÿVYDVDOµKR]9DMRQHJ\I«UILDNLQHNYROW
HJ\ FVLQRV IHOHV«JH «UGHNOÿGKHW RO\DVYDODNL LU£QW DNLQHN P«J
YDVDOµGHV]N£MDVLQFV"
0RVW P£U D]W£Q W«Q\OHJ W¼O PHVV]LUH UDJDGW£N D JRQGRODWDL
6]HUHQFV«WOHQFVDND]«UWM¸WWKRJ\PHJN¸V]¸QMHDVHJ¯WV«JHW
ȟ1HPPLQWKD'RQQ\H]W«UW«NHOWHYROQDȟIRO\WDWWDN¸QQ\HGKDQJRQ
7RP ȟ $QJLH PLQGLJ SUµE£OWD ÿW LV V]«SHQ ¸OW¸]WHWQL PLN¸]EHQ ÿ D
OHJV]¯YHVHEEHQ FVDN NLQ\¼OW SXOµYHUEHQ «V WHUHSV]¯Qě QDGU£JEDQ M£UW
YROQD Q PRVW KDJ\RP KRJ\ D]W KRUGMRQ DPLW DNDU $ J\HUHNHNQHN LV
PHJYDQQDNDVDM£WHON«S]HO«VHLNDUUµOKRJ\DQDNDUQDN¸OW¸]N¸GQLQHP
LJD]"%L]WRVDQPDJDLVWXGMD
ȟ1RVȪ
ȟ (OQ«]«VW ȟ /£WYD KRJ\ &UHVVLGD PHJG¸EEHQW 7RP IRO\WDWWD ȟ
/£WWDP D NRQ\K£EDQ D N«SHNHW PDJ£UµO PHJ D O£Q\£UµO ,QQHQ WXGWDP
KRJ\PHJIRJMD«UWHQL'RQQ\WKLV]PDJDLVHJ\HG¾O£OOµV]¾Oÿ
(J\ QHYHW«VVHO OH NHOOHWW YROQD U£]QLD D] HJ«V]HW GH &UHVVLGD LQN£EE
V]RPRU¼V£JJDO YHJ\HV E¾V]NHV«JHW «U]HWW ȟ D I£MGDOPDW HO OHKHW UHMWHQL
GH HO VRVHP P¼OLN $ V]DYDN YDODKRJ\ PHJUHNHGWHN D WRUN£EDQ «V QHP
YROWN«SHVP£VUDPLQWKRJ\LJ\RQP«JHJ\NRUW\ERUW
ȟ+RJ\K¯YM£N"ȟN«UGH]WH7RP
ȟ-RMRȟQ\¸JWHNL&UHVVLGD
ȟ-RMRȟEµOLQWRWW7RPȟVN¸U¾OEHO¾ODQQ\LLGÿVPLQW'RQQ\"
1HP QDJ\ ¾J\ 1HP N¸WHOHV HOPRQGDQL D] HJ«V] V]WRULW J\VH O£WMD
W¸EEHWH]WD]HPEHUW
ȟ -RMR WL]HQQ«J\ «YHV V «Q Y«JWHOHQ¾O LP£GRP ȟ &UHVVLGD PRVRO\W
HUÿOWHWHWW D] DUF£UD PLN¸]EHQ «U]«NHOWH PH]WHOHQ WDOSD DODWW D
QDSV¾W«VWÿO£WPHOHJHGHWWEXUNROµODSRWȟ'HQHPDO£Q\RP&VDNVRNDW
IRJODONR]RPYHOH
1\ROFDGLNIHMH]HW
7\OHU.OHLQO£WWDÿNHWDPLNRUP£VQDSUHJJHOEHDXWµ]RWW+HVWDFRPEHED
.«W J\HUHN DNLN HJ\ PRGHUQ K£]EµO M¸WWHN NL D IDOX V]«O«Q VRUWEDQ
SµOµEDQ «V EDVHEDOOVDSN£EDQ 1HP HVN¾G¸WW YROQD PHJ U£ KRJ\ ÿN
YROWDN D WµQ£O GH QHPVRN£UD NLGHU¾O 7\OHU I«NH]HWW «V PHJ£OOW
PHOOHWW¾N
$ PHOHJ V]LQWH PHOOEH Y£JWD DPLNRU NLV]£OOW D O«JNRQGLFLRQ£OW
E«UDXWµEµO $ J\HUHNHN V]HP«EHQ YLOODQµ IHOLVPHU«V «SS HOHJHQGÿ YROW
7\OHUQHN $] HJ\LNQHN KRVV]DEE YROW D KDMD PLQW D P£VLNQDN GH MµO
JRQGROWDN«WIL¼
ȟ6]LDV]WRNȟPRVRO\RGRWWHOOD]£Q7\OHUȟ7LWHNHWO£WWDODNS£UQDSMDD
WµQ£O"
$J\HUHNHNµYDWRVDQP«UHJHWW«N
ȟ1HPȟPRQGWDY«J¾ODPDJDVDEELN
ȟ%L]WRV"1HPWLV]DODGWDWRNHOYDODNLQHNDUXK£LYDO"
ȟ1HPPLYROWXQN
ȟ )LJ\HOMHWHN QHP OHV] VHPPL EDM EHOÿOH PHJ¯J«UHP &VDN W«Q\OHJ
V]HUHWQ«PWXGQLD]LJD]V£JRW
ȟ 0L QHP YLWW¾N HO VHQNLQHN D UXK£M£W ȟ PRQGWD D NLVHEELN J\HUHN
ÿV]LQWHDUFFDO
'«M¢YX&VDN«SSHQ7\OHUPRVWP£UWXGWDKRJ\LJD]DYDQ
ȟ+£WMµ9DQQDNWHV]WHNLVKRJ\NLOHKHVVHQGHU¯WHQLNLFVLQ£OWD'16
8MMOHQ\RPDW
$ IL¼N P¸J¸WW D] DQ\MXN LV IHOEXNNDQW D] DMWµEDQ ILDWDO N¸Y«UN«V
GHUHN£Q HJ\ P«J N¸Y«UN«VHEE NLVEDE£YDO 6]µWODQXO ILJ\HOWH DKRJ\ D
NLVHEELNIL¼YDOORP£VWWHV]
ȟ'HK£WQHPORSWXNHOYLVV]DYLWW¾NQHNL%HGREWXNDIDORQ£WDNHUWEH
ȟ7XGRPȟEµOLQWRWW7\OHUȟ'HN¸V]KRJ\PHJHUÿV¯WHWWHG
ȟ $¼ ȟ MDMGXOW IHO D NLVIL¼ DPLNRU D E£W\MD NHP«Q\HQ D ERUG£L N¸]«
E¸N¸WW
ȟ7HK¾O\HHO£UXOWDGQHNL
ȟ(]I£MW
$PLNRUHONDSWDD]DQ\MXNSLOODQW£V£W7\OHUD]WPRQGWD
ȟ(OQ«]«VW
ȟ 1H PHQWHJHWÿ]]¸Q 0LQGLJ JRQG YDQ D NLV Q\DYDO\£VRNNDO .LQHN D
UXK£M£WYLWW«NHO"
7\OHUPHJU£]WDDIHM«W
ȟ1HP«UGHNHV
ȟ0DJ£QDNWDO£QQHPGHQHNHPLJHQ+DUU\%HQEHDK£]ED
0LN¸]EHQ D IL¼N D N¸Y«U E«EL E«N«V WHNLQWHWH DODWW EHPHQWHN D]
DVV]RQ\ PLQGNHWWÿQHN UXWLQRVDQ PHJFV¯SWH D I¾O«W $] LGÿVHEELN D
I¾O«KH] NDSRWW «V URVV]LQGXODW¼DQ PHUHGW 7\OHUUH PLHOÿWW HOWěQW YROQD
D]HOÿV]RE£EDQ
7\OHU U£G¸EEHQW KRJ\ +HVWDFRPEH WL]HQHJ\ «YHQ DOXOL ODNRVV£J£Q£O
QDJ\M£EµOHO£VWDPDJ£W
-µNH]GHW
/RWWLH «SS PXQN£EDQ YROW D] LURG£M£EDQ DPLNRU KDOORWWD D 7\OHU .OHLQ
«UNH]«V«W MHO]ÿ NDYLFVFVLNRUJ£VW U¾OW KRJ\ HJ\ NLFVLW DEEDKDJ\KDWMD D
N¸Q\YHO«V IHOGROJR]£V£W )RJWD D] 2UDQJLQ£M£W «V NLPHQW ¾GY¸]¸OQL D
I«UILW
ȟ0£UDV]DEDGV£JRWDGRWWD]¸OW¸Q\QHN"
/RWWLH D +HVWDFRPEH +RXVH]DO V]HPEHQL PHOO«N«S¾OHW DMWµI«OI£M£QDN
W£PDV]NRGYDQ«]WHDKRJ\7\OHUNLV]£OO(]¼WWDOUµ]VDV]¯QFV¯NRVLQJHW«V
NRSWDWRWWIDUPHUWYLVHOW«V¼MIÿQ¸NO«W«UHWDJDGKDWDWODQXOMµOQ«]HWWNL
$PL OHKHWHWW UHPHN GRORJ LV PHJ WHOMHV NDWDV]WUµID LV (]W FVDN D] LGÿ
G¸QWKHWWHHO
ȟ8W£ORPD]¸OW¸Q\W7L]HQN«W«YHP£VWVHKRUGRNȟ7\OHU.OHLQV]HPH
IHOFVLOODQWDPLNRUNH]HWU£]RWW/RWWLHYDOȟ0RVWDQWµOKD¸OW¸Q\EHQO£W
DNNRUWXGKDWMDYDJ\HVN¾YÿUHWDUWRNYDJ\WHPHW«VUH
/RWWLH¸VV]HUH]]HQWDȦWHPHW«VȥV]µUD3HUV]H7\OHUQHPWHKHWHWWUµOD
ÿ QHP WXGWD KRJ\ )UHGGLH EHWHJ $ N«]IRJ£VD NHP«Q\ YROW GH QHP
FVRQWURSRJWDWµVPHJLQWD]D]DUFV]HV]DPLV]LQWHV]DJROWDWMDPDJ£W
DNNRULVDPLNRUDW¾GÿMHOH]KRJ\LGHMHOHQQHNLIHO«LVO«OHJH]QL
ȟ 1RV DNNRU H]HN V]HULQW HJ\¾WW IRJXQN GROJR]QL )UHGGLH PD
&KHOWHQKDPEHQ YDQ GH PRQGWD KRJ\ PDJD V]HUHWQ« PHJQ«]QL KRJ\
PHQQHNLWWDGROJRNȟ/RWWLHD]µU£M£UDSLOODQWRWWȟ$7HDFKHUȢV&RWWDJH
RW «SSHQ WDNDU¯WM£N D] ¼M YHQG«JHN «UNH]«VH HOÿWW 0HJPXWDVVDP
KRJ\DQN«V]¯WM¾NHOÿDK£]DNDW"
7\OHUY£OODWYRQW«VEµOLQWRWW
ȟ0DJDDIÿQ¸N+DMU£
ȟ ,JD]£EµO PDJD D IÿQ¸N ȟ ]£UWD EH PDJD P¸J¸WW D] LURGD DMWDM£W
/RWWLHȟVFVDNUHP«OHPKRJ\QHPIRJNLU¼JQL
$7HDFKHUȢV&RWWDJHQ«J\£J\DVP£VRGRV]W£O\¼Q\DUDOµYROWVDM£WNHUWWHO
N¸U¾OY«YH /RWWLH EHPXWDWWD 7\OHUW /L]QHN D WDNDU¯WµQÿQHN DNL «SSHQ
PHQQLN«V]¾OWD]W£QN¸UEHYH]HWWHDI«UILWDK£]EDQ
ȟ+DJ\XQNIULVVHQQLYDOµWDKěWÿEHQ«VK£]LV¾WLWDNRQ\KDDV]WDORQD]
¼MRQQDQ «UNH]ÿNQHN )ULVV YLU£JRW D QDSSDOLEDQ «V D K£OµNEDQ $
PDJD]LQRN «V N¸Q\YHN N¸UEHM£UQDN ¼J\KRJ\ UHQGV]HUHVHQ FVHU«OM¾N
ÿNHW
ȟ +D P£U D N¸UEHM£U£VUµO YDQ V]µ WDUWR]RP PDJ£QDN HJ\
ERFV£QDWN«U«VVHOȟK¼]WDHODV]£M£W7\OHUȟ$Y«J«QNLGHU¾OWKRJ\NLN
V]DODGWDNHODPDJDUXK£M£YDO
ȟ 1H DJJµGMRQ PLDWWD 9«J¾O «Q LV HOKLWWHP QHNLN ȟ %HV]«G N¸]EHQ
/RWWLH EX]JµQ LJD]JDWWD D N«SHNHW D IDORQ IHOU£]WD D S£UQ£NDW «V NLVV«
DUU«EE WROWD D N£Y«]µDV]WDOW 3HUV]H D N«SHN P£U DP¼J\ LV HJ\HQHVHQ
£OOWDN«VDS£UQ£NIHOYROWDNU£]YDGHQHP£UWKDD]HPEHUPHJPXWDWMD
DIÿQ¸N«QHNPLO\HQKDW«NRQ\«VV]RUJDOPDVȟ.LNYROWDN"
ȟ .«W VU£F ȟ 7\OHUQHN HV]H £J£EDQ VHP YROW HO£UXOQL D QHY¾NHW ȟ 'H
W¸EEHWQHPIRJHOÿIRUGXOQL
ȟ $NNRU %HQ «V +DUU\ -HQNLQV ȟ /RWWLH MµO V]µUDNR]RWW D I«UIL
DUFNLIHMH]«V«Qȟ(]LWWQHP1HZ<RUN,WWPLQGHQNLLVPHUPLQGHQNLW$]
DQ\MXNQ«KDEHVHJ¯WDWDNDU¯W£VEDQ.«UGH]KHWHNPDJ£WµOYDODPLW"
7\OHUV]«WW£UWDDNH]«W
ȟ$PLWFVDNDNDU
ȟ7«Q\OHJLWWDNDUODNQL«VV]HP«O\HVHQYH]HWQLD]¾]OHWHW"9DJ\FVDN
Q«KDOHXJULNLGH«VV]HPUHY«WHOH]LDEHIHNWHW«VW"
ȟ ,WW IRJRN «OQL «V YH]HWHP D Y£OODONR]£VW ȟ 7\OHU IDSRI£W Y£JRWW GH
WHWV]HWWQHNLDV]RNDWODQNLIHMH]«Vȟ8J\DQKRQQDQXJUDQ«NOHLGH"
ȟ 0LW WXGRP «Q 0RQGMXN /RQGRQEµO 9DJ\ 1HZ <RUNEµO 0DJD D
EDQNYLO£JEDQ GROJR]LN ȟ /RWWLH D VDM£W «OHWH DODSM£Q QHP QDJ\RQ WXGWD
HON«S]HOQL D GROJRW ȟ (O«J QDJ\ Y£OW£V QHP LJD]" $]W KLWWHP KRJ\
IRO\WDWQLIRJMDDPLWHGGLJFVLQ£OWH]WPHJEHVXYDV]WMDDV]DEDGLGHM«EH
ȟ1HPJRQGROWDYROQDKRJ\WHOMHVPXQNDLGÿEHQLVHOYLVHOQ«P"
ȟ&VDNQHPRO\DQM¸YHGHOPH]ÿPLQWDS«Q]¾J\LVSHNXO£FLµDWÿ]VGH
D U«V]Y«Q\HN DG£VY«WHOH Y£OODODWRN IHOY£V£UO£VD PHJ LO\HVPL ȟ 0LYHO
«UH]WH KRJ\ S«Q]¾J\L LVPHUHWHL HQ\K«Q V]µOYD J\HQJH O£EDNRQ £OOQDN
/RWWLHJ\RUVDQOHKDMROW«V¼MUDHOUHQGH]JHWWHDPDJD]LQRNDWD]DV]WDORQ
ȟ V KD HO«J JD]GDJ DKKR] KRJ\ PHJ WXGMD YHQQL H]HNHW D
Q\DUDOµK£]DNDW QHP IXUD HJ\ NLFVLW KRJ\ D )R[ &RWWDJHEDQ ODNMRQ"
0£UPLQWKRJ\EL]WRVDQVRNNDOMREEKR]YDQV]RNYD&HQWUDO3DUNUDQ«]ÿ
WHWÿODN£VKR] YDJ\ KDVRQOµ ȟ /RWWLH N¸WHOHVV«J«QHN «UH]WH KRJ\
ILJ\HOPH]WHVVH 7\OHUW ȟ 0LW IRJ FVLQ£OQL DPLNRU YDODPHO\LN YHQG«J
KDMQDOLK£URPNRUIHOK¯YMDKRJ\FVÿW¸U«VYDQ«VDSODIRQEµO¸POLNDY¯]"
9DJ\ HOGXJXOW D Y«F«" 9DJ\ HJHUHW WDO£OWDN D NRQ\K£EDQ" UWL P£U"
+RJ\DQIRJMDNH]HOQLD]LO\HQKHO\]HWHNHW"
ȟ2N«RN«ȟHPHOWHIHODNH]«W7\OHUȟ+DVRNDWDNDUN«UGH]QLDNNRU
Q«KDPXV]£MV]¾QHWHWWDUWDQLDKRJ\DP£VLNY£ODV]ROKDVVRQ
ȟ(OQ«]«VW&VDNN¯Y£QFVLYDJ\RNVW¼OVRNDWEHV]«OHN
%L]RQ\¯WDQGµKRJ\HQQHNHOOHQ«UHNLY£OµPXQNDHUÿ/RWWLHDYLU£JRNDW
NH]GWHUHQGH]JHWQLV]«WY£ODV]WRWWDDV]DJRVE¾NN¸Q\¸NHW«VPěY«V]LHQ
HOUHQGH]WHDS£IU£Q\OHYHOHNHW
ȟ V D]W KLV]L KRJ\ E«QD ¯UµDV]WDOEDQN£U YDJ\RN DNL N«SWHOHQ
PHJN¾O¸QE¸]WHWQL D Y«F«SXPS£W D IUDQFLDNXOFVWµO +DJ\MD P£U E«N«Q
D]RNDWDYLU£JRNDW)UHGGLHWÿOP£UWXGRPKRJ\PDJDQ«ON¾O¸]KHWHWOHQ
ȟ7\OHUEHPHQWDNRQ\K£ED«VPHJQ«]WHDV]HNU«Q\HNHWȟ'HYDOµM£EDQ
QHP YDJ\RN HQQ\LUH UHP«Q\WHOHQ V QHP I«OHN D NHP«Q\ IL]LNDL
PXQN£WµOVHP6HPD]HJHUHNWÿO'HKDYDODPLRO\DVPLDGµGLNDPLYHO«Q
QHPE¯URNHOD]WIRJRPWHQQLDPLWE£UNLP£V«SHV]ěHJ\«QV]DNHPEHUW
K¯YRN
9DMRQ PHJE£QWµGRWW DWWµO KRJ\ W¸EE«NHY«VE« DONDOPDWODQQDN
QHYH]W«N"
ȟ (J\£OWDO£Q QHP JRQGROWDP KRJ\ PDJD SXK£Q\ S«Q]HPEHU ȟ
HOOHQNH]HWW/RWWLHȟ&VDND]WQHP«UWHPPL«UWQHPDNDUWRY£EEEDQN£U
OHQQL
0LXW£Q DODSRVDQ V]«WQ«]HWW D NRQ\K£EDQ 7\OHU QHNLW£PDV]NRGRWW D
JU£QLWSXOWQDN«VNH]«WDIDUPHUMH]VHE«EHGXJWD
ȟ 1D Mµ +DGG PHV«OMHP HO PLO\HQ LV H] D] HJ«V] (] HJ\ LUWµ]DWRVDQ
QDJ\ Q\RP£VVDO M£Uµ «OHWIRUPD .HO«V ¸WNRU PXQND HOÿWW HG]ÿWHUHP
D]W£Q WL]HQN«W µUD D] LURG£EDQ 9«J Q«ON¾OL PHJEHV]«O«VHN DODWWRPRV
YHUVHQ\W£UVDN RO\DQ G¸QW«VHN N«Q\V]HUH PHO\HN HJ«V] Y£OODONR]£VRN
VRUV£UµO G¸QWKHWQHN ȟ YDJ\ «SSHQ «OHWHNUÿO $]W£Q W¸SUHQJ«V KRJ\
PHJIHOHOÿG¸QW«VWKR]WXQNH«VN£UPHQW«VKDYDODPLURVV]XOV¾OHOQ
PRQGRP PDJ£QDN WHOMHVHQ HOXUDOMD D] HPEHU «OHW«W $]W KLVV]¾N KRJ\
O«WHOHP¾QN D Q\RP£V SHGLJ QHP 6HPPL VHP V]£P¯W FVDN D N¸YHWNH]ÿ
EL]QLV]DN¸YHWNH]ÿPLOOLµ*«SS«Y£OWR]XQNȟ7\OHUHOKDOOJDWRWWD]W£Q
WRPS£Q¯J\]£UWDDPRQGDQGµM£WȟVY«J¾OEHOHKDOXQN
$ V¸W«W V]HPS£UEµO V]RPRU¼V£J £UDGW 7H Mµ «J JRQGROWD /RWWLH
QHKRJ\P«JH]LV
.LOHQFHGLNIHMH]HW
ȟ(OPRQGMDPPLW¸UW«QW"ȟN«UGH]WH7\OHU
/RWWLHQ«P£QEµOLQWRWW
ȟ$OHJMREEEDU£WRPKDOWEHOH
ȟ$NNRUMµ9DJ\LVQHPMµGHȪ
ȟ &XUWLV 6HJDO YROW D QHYH ȟ IRO\WDWWD 7\OHU ȟ +DW«YHV NRUXQN µWD
LVPHUW¾NHJ\P£VWXJ\DQDEEDQD]XWF£EDQQÿWW¾QNIHO.¸]HOHEE£OOWXQN
HJ\P£VKR] PLQW KD WHVWY«UHN OHWW¾QN YROQD $ IÿLVNRODL YDN£FLµN DODWW
HJ\¾WW GROJR]WXQN HJ\ Z\RPLQJL IDUPRQ )ÿLVNROD XW£Q XJ\DQDEEDQ D]
¾]OHW£JEDQ NH]GW¾QN GROJR]QL &XUWLVQHN IHOIHO« ¯YHOW D NDUULHUMH HJ\LN
HOÿO«SWHW«VW D P£VLN XW£Q NDSWD D F«J«Q«O GÿOW KR]]£ D S«Q] «V VRVHP
WXGWD NLDOXGQL PDJ£W 'H VSRUWRV VU£F YROW $] HPEHUQHN D KDUPLQFDV
«YHLEHQHV]«EHVHPMXWKRJ\E£UPLURVV]W¸UW«QKHWLJD]"$]W£QHJ\QDS
&XUWLVQHN HJ\ QDJ\ SUH]HQW£FLµW NHOOHWW WDUWDQLD ȟ QHP D OHJQDJ\REEDW
«OHW«EHQGHD]«UWHO«JJ«IRQWRVYROWV¸WSHUFFHODNH]G«VHOÿWWV]µOWD
WLWN£UQÿM«QHN KRJ\I£M DEDONDUMD$WLWN£UQÿ K¯YQL DNDUWDD]RUYRVWGH
&XUWLVQHPKDJ\WDPHUWP£UPLQGHQNLY£UWDDW£UJ\DOµEDQDUUDDQDJ\RQ
IRQWRVSUH]HQW£FLµUD
&VHQGOHWW7\OHUJRQGRODWDLEDPHU¾OYHW£PDV]NRGRWWDSXOWQDN
ȟJ\KRJ\EHPHQW«VY«JLJFVLQ£OWDȟV]µODOWPHJNLVLGÿP¼OYDLVP«W
ȟ 9DJ\LV I«OLJ $]W£Q ¸VV]HHVHWW «V PHJKDOW RWW D W£UJ\DOµEDQ $
PHQWÿNQHJ\YHQSHUFLJ«OHV]WJHWW«NGHKL£ED9«JHYROWVPLWJRQGRO
PLW¸UW«QWH]XW£Q"
ȟ0L"ȟN«UGH]WH/RWWLH
ȟ $ F«JH HOYHV]WHWWH D]W D] ¾]OHWHW $ SDUWQHU ¼J\ G¸QW¸WW KRJ\ QHP
DNDUQD RO\DQ EDQNNDO ¾]OHWHOQL DPHO\LN KDJ\MD KRJ\ D IHOVÿYH]HWÿLN D
Q\¯OWV]¯QHQ¸VV]HHVVHQHN«VPHJKDOMDQDNVWXGMDP«JPLW¸UW«QW"
ȟ0L"
ȟ $ YH]«ULJD]JDWµ QHP WXGRWW HOPHQQL D WHPHW«VUH 0£V SRWHQFL£OLV
¾J\IHOHNNHO NHOOHWW ERUR]JDWQLD «V YDFVRU£]QLD SHUV]H 5«JL SDUWQHUHN
PLDWWDYLO£J«UWNLQHPKDJ\WDYROQD&XUWLVWHPHW«V«WVD]WLVHOPRQGWD
DPLNRU N«VÿEE EHV]«OWHP YHOH KRJ\ N¾OGHWHWW HJ\ K£URPH]HU GROO£URV
NRV]RU¼W
7\OHU V]HPH ¸VV]HV]ěN¾OW D] XQGRUWµO /RWWLH HJ«V]HQ HOO£J\XOW 'H
PLYHOQHP¸OHOKHWWHPHJFVDNDQQ\LWN«UGH]HWW
ȟ(]PLNRUW¸UW«QW"
ȟ W KµQDSMD $NNRU G¸EEHQWHP U£ KRJ\ OHKHWWHP YROQD DN£U «Q LV
3RQWRVDEEDQ«QLVOHKHWHNDN¸YHWNH]ÿ$NNRUG¸QW¸WWHP¯J\ȟFVHWWLQWHWW
D] XMM£YDO 7\OHU ȟ $ &XUWLV WHPHW«VH XW£QL QDS IHOPRQGWDP 0LQGHQNL
D]W PRQGWD PHJÿU¾OWHP 'H «Q WXGWDP KRJ\ KHO\HVHQ FVHOHNV]HP $]
«OHW W¸EEÿO £OO DQQ£O PLQW KRJ\ D] HPEHU V]«WGROJR]]D D] DJ\£W D :DOO
6WUHHWHQ (OUHS¾OWHP :\RPLQJEDHOPHQWHP DUUDDUDQFKUD DKRODQQDN
LGHM«Q GROJR]WDP «V DUUD JRQGROWDP KRJ\ PL«UW QH FVLQ£OKDWQ£P
XJ\DQH]W PHJLQW +LKHWHWOHQ KHO\ FVDN KHJ\HN SXV]W£N «V D] «J 'H
&XUWLV Q«ON¾O P£U VHPPL VHP YROW XJ\DQD] ȟ (OKDOOJDWRWW ȟ $]W£Q
PHJO£WRJDWWDP D V]¾OHLPHW «V ÿN PHJPXWDWW£N D N«SHLNHW D
Q\DUDO£VDLNUµO(OQHP WXGMDN«S]HOQL PHQQ\LUHLP£GM£NH]WD KHO\HWȟ
7\OHU O£WKDWµDQ HOOD]XOW ȟ $] DQ\£P PLQGLJ PRQGRJDWWD KRJ\ £W N«QH
M¸QQ¸P $QJOL£ED FVLQ£OQL HJ\ KRVV]¼ YDN£FLµW PHJQ«]QL D
O£WY£Q\RVV£JRNDW
ȟ J\ D]W£Q D Y«J«Q £WM¸WW «V LQN£EE PHJYHWWH D O£WY£Q\RVV£JRNDW
0HOOHVOHJȟWHWWHKR]]£/RWWLHȟQDJ\RQNHGYHOHPDV]¾OHLW$UDQ\RVDN
7\OHUEµOLQWRWW«VHOPRVRO\RGRWW
ȟ.«WERORQGHJ\S£U9DJ\V]¯YPHOHQJHWÿHQN¾O¸QF¸NDKRJ\PDJXN
DQJRORN PRQGM£N 'H LJHQ D]W KLV]HP PHJYHWWHP D O£WY£Q\RVV£JRNDW
0LQGLJ LV V]HUHWWHP H]W D] RUV]£JRW 1«K£Q\ «YYHO H]HOÿWW GROJR]WDP LV
LWW D EDQN ORQGRQL Y£OODODW£Q£O 1DJ\RQ LQWHQ]¯Y YROW «V FVDN KDW
KµQDSLJ WDUWRWW GH DKKR] HO«J YROW KRJ\ O£VVDP H] RO\DQ KHO\ DKRO
V]¯YHVHQ «OQ«N $]W£Q Q«K£Q\ KHWH EHV]«OWHP DQ\£PPDO $]W PRQGWD
KRJ\OHIRJODOW£NDK£]XNDWM¸YÿK¼VY«WUD«VPHJHPO¯WHWWHKRJ\)UHGGLH
£UXOMD D] ¾]OHWHW .«W SHUF P¼OYD SHGLJ PHJSHQG¯WHWWH KRJ\ PLO\HQ
QDJ\V]HUě YROQD KD «Q YHQQ«P PHJ PHUW DNNRU DSD PHJ ÿ LQJ\HQ
ODNKDWQ£QDNLWW
0LN¸]EHQ7\OHUMµLQGXODW¼DQFVµY£OWD DIHM«W/RWWLH«UH]WHD]ÿV]LQWH
J\HUPHNLV]HUHWHWHWDJHV]WXVEDQ
ȟ0«JV]HUHQFVHKRJ\QHPD7£G]V0DKDOWQ«]WHNLPDJ£QDN
ȟ Q LV H]W PRQGWDP 0HJN«UGH]WHP KRJ\ QHP DNDUQ£H HVHWOHJ D
%OHQKHLPNDVW«O\WȟIRUJDWWDDV]HP«W7\OHUȟ'HD]QDSHVWHV]¯QWLV]WD
N¯Y£QFVLV£JEµO U£Q«]WHP D PDJXN ZHEODSM£UD «V KLUWHOHQ U£«EUHGWHP
KRJ\DN£UPHJLVWHKHWQ«PDPLWDQ\£PPRQGRWW7DO£Q«SSH]OHQQHD]
D Y£OWR]WDW£V DPLUH V]¾NV«JHP YDQ )DQWDV]WLNXV H] D KHO\ ȟ D V]¾OHLP
U«JWXGM£NH]WVKDD]£UWLV]WHVV«JHVDNNRUQLQFVEHQQHNRFN£]DW$]
LO\HQ LQJDWODQRNNDOȪ QRV QHP OHKHW PHOO«IRJQL (NNRU K¯YWDP IHO
)UHGGLHW ȟ 7\OHU HOKDOOJDWRWW «V PHJYRQWD D Y£OO£W ȟ (] DOLJ N«W KHWH
W¸UW«QW0RVWSHGLJLWWYDJ\RN.HQWHUEHYHULD:DOO6WUHHWHW
/RWWLHFVRG£OWD7\OHUN«SHVV«J«WKRJ\PHJWXGRWWKR]QLHJ\LO\HQQDJ\
KRUGHUHMě G¸QW«VW «V Y«JLJ LV FVLQ£OWD &VDN ¼J\ PHJYHWW Q\ROF
Q\DUDOµK£]DW/RWWLHQDNHJ\W«OLNDE£WNLY£ODV]W£VDKRVV]DEELGHLJWDUWRWW
YROQD
ȟ$PDJDV]£M£EµOD]HJ«V]RO\DQHJ\V]HUěHQKDQJ]LN1HPIDJJDWW£N
NLDEHY£QGRUO£VLKDWµV£JRN"ȟN«UGH]WH
ȟ$EULWNRQ]XO£WXVDOLJY£UWDKRJ\Y¯]XPRWDGKDVVRQQHNHPDPLNRU
PHJKDOORWW£N KRJ\ PHQQ\L S«Q]W DNDURN EHIHNWHWQL ȟ IHOHOWH 7\OHU
V]£UD]RQ
7HOH OHKHW S«Q]]HO D SDVL V KD S£U «Y P¼OYD HOXQMD PDJ£W Q\LOY£Q
PDMG HODGMD H]W LV «V WRY£EE£OO 7DO£Q HJ\ DXV]WU£O ELUNDIDUP OHV] D
N¸YHWNH]ÿ
ȟ %L]WRV EHQQH KRJ\ D )R[ &RWWDJH PHJIHOHOÿ OHV] PDJ£QDN" ȟ
N«UGH]WHN¯Y£QFVLDQ/RWWLH
ȟ1HPYDJ\RNSXK£Q\PRQGWDPP£U.¾O¸QEHQLVFVDNS£UKµQDSUµO
YDQV]µ$QQ\LWPLQGHQN«SSNLE¯URN
(]HNV]HULQWFVDNS£UKµQDS/RWWLHUD¼J\WHU¾OWU£DV]RPRU¼V£JPLQW
OHSHGÿDSDSDJ£MNDOLWN£UD)HMEHQPHJU£]WDPDJ£W
ȟVD]W£Q"
ȟ )UHGGLH QHP PRQGWD PDJ£QDN" .DU£FVRQ\ XW£Q NL DNDU N¸OW¸]QL D
+HVWDFRPEH+RXVHEµO+D«UGHNHODNNRUPHJYHKHWHPWÿOH
/RWWLHYDO IRUGXOW HJ\HW D YLO£J 0«J PLQGLJ QHP WXGWD IHOGROJR]QL
KRJ\)UHGGLHDKDO£O£QYDQ.LDNDUN¸OW¸]QL
ȟ1HPWěQLNW¼OIHOGRERWWQDNȟMHJ\H]WHPHJ7\OHU
ȟ1HPQHPHUUÿOYDQV]µȟ7\OHUQHPWXGMD«VÿQHPPRQGKDWMDPHJ
QHNLȟ&VDNȪȟ/RWWLHPHJPHQHN¾OWDWRY£EELN¯QRVPDJ\DU£]NRG£VWµO
PHUW DXWµ]¼J£V KDOODWV]RWW RGDNLQWUÿO 0HJN¸QQ\HEE¾OWHQ Q«]HWW D]
µU£M£UDȟ(]HNEL]WRVDQ+DUULVRQ«N
7\OHUNLPHQWDK£]EµO/RWWLHQ\RP£EDQ$JHV]WHQ\HV]¯QěNLVEXV]DMWµL
NLQ\¯OWDN «V *O\QLV PHJ 'XQFDQ +DUULVRQ YDODPLQW ¸W HOHYHQ J\HUPHN
NHU¾OWHOÿEHOÿOH
ȟ+£WLWWYDQ«VY£UPLQNHWȟNL£OWRWWIHO¸U¸PPHO*O\QLV+DUULVRQ«N
W¯] «YH M£UWDN D 7HDFKHUȢV &RWWDJHED ȟ +HOOµ /RWWLH GU£J£P PLO\HQ
FVRG£VDQQ«]HONLȟ¸OHOWHPDJ£KR]HUÿWHOMHVHQLERO\DLOODW¼DQ/RWWLHW
ȟ0LO\HQMµ¼MUDLWWOHQQL
ȟ Q LV ¸U¾O¸N KRJ\ PHJLQW LWW YDJ\WRN ȟ /RWWLH NRPRO\DQ JRQGROWD
H]WDW¸U]VYHQG«JHNN¸]¾OVRNDWÿV]LQW«QPHJNHGYHOWȟ-µOXWD]WDWRN"
ȟ$]0¸VWIHOW¼UW£N«VDJ\HUHNHNIRO\DPDWRVDQ¸OW«NHJ\P£VWK£WXO
GHHKKH]P£UKR]]£V]RNWXQNVNLH]D]¼U"ȟ*O\QLVHOHUHV]WHWWH/RWWLH
W «V HJ\ SLOODQW£VVDO IHOP«UWH 7\OHUW ȟ 9«JUH V]HUH]W«O HJ\ ¼M EDU£WRW
NHGYHVHP" 1RV Mµ PXQN£W Y«JH]W«O ȟ $] DVV]RQ\ DOLJ Y£UWD KRJ\
EHPXWDVV£N D] LGHJHQQHN $ NH]«W Q\¼MWRWWD «V UDJ\RJµ PRVRO\W YHWHWW
7\OHUUH ȟ SSHQ PRQGWDP 'XQFDQQHN LGHIHO« QHP LJD] 'XQFDQ" ȟ
KRJ\/RWWLHWDO£OKDWQDY«JUHHJ\KHO\HVIL¼WPDJ£QDN
/RWWLH«SSQ\LWRWWDDV]£M£WKRJ\HOOHQWPRQGMRQGH7\OHUPHJHOÿ]WH
0HOHJN«]IRJ£VVDO«VJRQRV]N£VPRVROO\DO¾GY¸]¸OWH*O\QLVW
ȟ 7\OHU .OHLQ U¾O¸N KRJ\ PHJLVPHUKHWWHP ȟ E¼JWD ȟ V WHOMHVHQ
HJ\HW«UWHN PDJ£YDO /RWWLHW LOOHWÿHQ 7«Q\OHJ «SS LGHMH KRJ\ WDO£OMRQ
PDJ£QDNHJ\KHO\HVIL¼W
7L]HGLNIHMH]HW
ȟ&UHVVQ«QLQYDJ\RN
$ K£WVµ DMWµ NLQ\¯OW PDMG FVDSµGRWW MHOH]YH -RMR «UNH]«V«W &UHVVLGD
DNLJRPEDUL]RWWµWN«V]¯WHWWDNRQ\K£EDQNLNLDE£OW
ȟ,WWYDJ\RNNLFVLP
$]W£Q V]«WW£UWD D NDUM£W «V PHJY£UWD KRJ\ -RMR EHM¸MM¸Q £W¸OHOMH «V
PHJSXV]LOMD
ȟ5HS¾OQLWDQXOV]"
ȟ 3UµE£OODN QHP ¸VV]HNHQQL IRNKDJ\P£YDO ȟ PXWDWRWW &UHVVLGD D
Y£JµGHV]N£UD«VPHJPR]JDWWDD]XMMDLWȟ-µQDSRGYROW"
ȟ 5HPHN V]£V WHQLV] PXIILQV¾W«V $NDUWDP QHNHG LV KR]QL GH
PLQGHWPHJHWW¾N
0LYHO PLQGNHWWHQ GROJR]WDN 5REHUW«N EHIL]HWW«N -RMµW HJ\ Q\£UL
W£ERUED D] HJ\LN FKHOWHQKDPL PDJ£QLVNROD V]HUYH]«V«EHQ 6]HUHQFV«UH
-RMR «OYH]WH $ NLVO£Q\ D FVDSKR] PHQW HQJHGHWW PDJ£QDN HJ\ SRK£U
YL]HW «V PHJLWWD &UHVVLG£EDQ SHGLJ PHJLQW IHOL]]RWW D V]HUHWHW LU£QWD
DNL W¸EE EROGRJV£JRW KR]RWW D] «OHW«EH PLQW E£UNL P£V D YLO£JRQ -RMR
LPP£UWL]HQQ«J\«YHVYROWILQRPV]£O¼V]HUWH£OOµV¸W«WKDMMDOD]DQ\MD
V]«S YRQ£VDLYDO «V 5REHUW KRVV]¼ O£E£YDO 0D IDUPHUVRUWRW YLVHOW
WHQJHU]¸OG 7DPP\ SµOµYDO DPLW &UHVVLGD YHWW QHNL WDYDO\ NDU£FVRQ\UD
DODWWD D V]LYDFVRV Uµ]VDV]¯Q PHOOWDUWµYDO DPLUH VHPPL V]¾NV«JH QHP
YROW GH PXV]£M YROW PHJYHQQL PHUW -RMR HUÿVN¸G¸WW KRJ\ PLQGHQNL NL
IRJMDFV¼IROQLDVXOLEDQKDQLQFVPHOOWDUWµMD
ȟ (]HN D NHUWEÿO YDQQDN" ȟ Q«]HWW -RMR D] DV]WDORQ £OOµ Y£]£EDQ
LOODWR]µIU«]L£NUD
ȟ1HP.DSWDP
ȟȟYRQWDIHODV]HP¸OG¸N«W-RMRȟ)«UILWµOYDJ\QÿWÿO"
ȟ(J«V]HQY«OHWOHQ¾OHJ\I«UILWµOȟNRWRUWDEHOH&UHVVLGDDIRNKDJ\P£W
DVHUSHQ\ÿEH«VIHOWHNHUWHDKÿIRNRW
ȟ&UHVVQ«QL9DQHJ\¼MSDVLG"
ȟ&VLQ£OWDPHJ\N£UW\£WD]DQ\M£QDN&VDNPHJDNDUWDN¸V]¸QQLHQQ\L
D]HJ«V]
ȟ 'H K£W YLU£JRW KR]RWW 5HQGHV YLU£JRNDW EROWLDNDW ȟ KDQJV¼O\R]WD
-RMRȟVH]WQHPOHWWYROQDPXV]£MQHPLJD]"7HK£WH]D]WMHOHQWLKRJ\
HVHWOHJV]HUHWQHDSDVLGOHQQL"
,GHMHW«P£WY£OWDQL&UHVVLGDDIRNKDJ\P£WNDYDUJDWWD
ȟ(J\SHUFLJVHPV]DEDGH]WKLQQHP6HJ¯WHV]DJRPE£YDO"
ȟ(]WQHYH]HPW«PDY£OW£VQDN
ȟ 1D Mµ 1HP 1HP DNDU D SDVLP OHQQL V DP¼J\ LV K£URPV]£]
NLORP«WHUUHODNLN9LV]RQWDJRPE£WIHONHOOY£JQL
ȟ'HȪ
ȟ 7XGRG RO\DQ NHOOHPHV YROW H] D G«OXW£Q ȟ IRO\WDWWD &UHVVLGD ȟ
9LVV]DJRQGROWDP D] HOVÿDONDORPUDDPLNRU YLJ\£]WDPU£G7¯]KµQDSRV
YROW£O«VP«JQHPWXGW£OEHV]«OQL
ȟ 7¯] KµQDSRVȪ ȟ (]]HO VLNHU¾OW HOWHUHOQL -RMR ILJ\HOP«W LP£GRWW D
EDEDNRULFV¯Q\WHY«VHLUÿOKDOODQLȟ7XGWDPP£UM£UQL"
ȟ 1HP GH YLO£JEDMQRN N¼V]µ YROW£O 0LQW HJ\ NLV PR]GRQ\ 7L]HQHJ\
KµQDSRVDQNH]GW«OM£UQL
$] HOVÿ VLNHUHV QDS XW£Q 6DFKD HO«JHGHWW YROW $OLJ N«W K«WWHO N«VÿEE
PHJLQWHOK¯YWD&UHVVLG£WEDE£WÿUL]QL«V&UHVVLGDEROGRJDQURKDQW(J\
K«WWHOD]XW£Q5REHUW«NPHJK¯Y£VWNDSWDNHJ\HVN¾YÿUH%HUNVKLUHEH¯J\
-RMR «V &UHVVLGD HJ\ GLFVÿV«JHV QDSRW W¸OWKHWWHN HJ\¾WW DPL DEEDQ
FV¼FVRVRGRWWNLKRJ\-RMRPHJWHWWQ«K£Q\WRW\RJµO«S«VWDQDSSDOLEDQ
PLHOÿWW&UHVVLGDNDUM£EDRPORWWYROQD$PLNRU5REHUW«NHVWH«UWHM¸WWHN
&UHVVLGD PHJ LV MHJ\H]WH KRJ\ D NLVO£Q\ PLO\HQ DNW¯Y YROW 0LUH 6DFKD
¸QHO«J¾OWPRVROO\DOD]WPRQGWD
ȟ1HPVRN£UDP£UM£UQLIRJ1DJ\RQIHMOHWWDNRU£KR]N«SHVW
$VWULG QHP W«UW YLVV]D 0LQGHQI«OH DONDOPDWODQ GDGXVRN M¸WWHN
KHO\HWWH D]W£Q P«J DONDOPDWODQDEE E«ELV]LWWHUHN +D 6DFKD DNNRU D]W
N«UWH YROQD &UHVVLG£WµO KRJ\ DGMD IHO D PXQN£M£W «V Iÿ£OO£VEDQ
YLJ\£]]RQ -RMµUD &UHVVLGD D]RQQDO LJHQW PRQGRWW YROQD 'H HUUH QHP
NHU¾OWVRU7DO£QW¼OUHQGKDJ\µOHWWYROQD9DJ\D]YROWD]RNDKRJ\-RMR
HJ\V]HUY«OHWOHQ¾OPDPLQDNV]µO¯WRWWD&UHVVLG£W0LQGHQHVHWUH&UHVVLGD
WRY£EEUD LV E«ELV]LWWHUNHGHWW KD PHJN«UW«N «V VHJ¯WHWW
Y«V]KHO\]HWHNEHQ0LQGHQNLURSSDQWHO«JHGHWWYROWH]]HODIHO£OO£VVDO
ȟ0LYROWDOHJURVV]DEEDPLWHON¸YHWWHPNLVNRURPEDQ"
-RMROHJDO£EEQHNL£OOWIHOV]HOHWHOQLDJRPE£W
ȟ J\ «UWHG KRJ\ D OHJFLNLEE" 9DOµV]¯QěOHJ D] DPLNRU OHYHWWHG
PDJDGUµODSHOHQN£WDV]XSHUPDUNHWN¸]HS«Q«VRWWKDJ\WDGDW«V]WDUL]V
VRURQȟ&UHVVLGDNLVV]¾QHWXW£QIRO\WDWWDȟVQHPWLV]WDSHOHQNDYROW
ȟ +XK ȟ -RMR D IHM«W U£]WD «V QHYHWHWW ȟ 0RQGG KRJ\ PL YROW D
OHJMREEDPLWFVLQ£OWDP
&UHVVLGDJULPDV]ROW
ȟ1DRO\DQHJ\VHMXWHV]HPEH
ȟ1HPLVLJD]0RQGGFVDN
ȟ-DMNLFVLP$OHJMREE"ȟ&UHVVLGDRWWKDJ\WDDVLVWHUJÿIRNKDJ\P£W«V
£W¸OHOWHDO£Q\Wȟ,JD]£QQHPLVWXGRP7¼OVRNYDQEHOÿOH
7L]HQNHWWHGLNIHMH]HW
ȟ$V]£P¯WµJ«SFVRG£ODWRVGRORJȟPRQGWD)UHGGLH
ȟ9DOµEDQȟEµOLQWRWW/RWWLH
ȟ'HDWWµOP«JXW£ORP
ȟ 7XGRP 0HUW W¼O OXVWD DKKR] KRJ\ PHJWDQXOMD KRJ\DQ NHOO
KDV]Q£OQLȟHPO«NH]WHWWH/RWWLHȟ+DKDJ\Q£KRJ\PHJWDQ¯WVDPȪ
ȟ.¸V]QH
ȟ'HK£WDQQ\LUDȪ
ȟ+DJ\MXNȟHPHOWHIHODNH]«W)UHGGLHIHMFVµY£OYDȟ(J«V]«OHWHPEHQ
J\ěO¸OWHP D WHFKQLN£W 0LQGHQI«OH J«SHW )RJDOPDP VLQFV UµOD KRJ\
PěN¸GLNDNRFVLP«VQHPWXGRPPL«UWPDUDGQDNIHQQDUHS¾OÿJ«SHND
OHYHJÿEHQ'HH]]HOQLQFVLVVHPPLEDMPHUWRWWYDQQDNDV]HUHOÿNPHJD
SLOµW£NDNLNWXGM£N8J\DQ¯J\YDQDV]£P¯WµJ«SHNNHOȟIRO\WDWWDPLHOÿWW
/RWWLH ¼MUD I«OEHV]DN¯WKDWWD YROQD ȟ 0«J KDW KµQDSRP YDQ K£WUD
¼J\KRJ\H]WQHPV]HUHWQ«PDUUDSD]DUROQLKRJ\PHJWDQXORNKDO£V]QLD
K£OµQ
ȟ6]¸UI¸]QL
ȟ 6]¸UI¸]QL VHP DNDURN PHJWDQXOQL 6H Y¯]LV¯]QL 1HP YDJ\RN -DPHV
%RQG
ȟQFVDNȪ
ȟ1HPKDGGPDJ\DU£]]DPPHJȟY£JRWWN¸]EH)UHGGLH«V/RWWLHD]RQ
WěQÿG¸WWKRJ\WDO£QP£UVRKDQHPIHMH]KHWPDMGEHHJ\PRQGDWRWVHP
ȟ1HPDNDURPPHJWDQXOQLH]WDV]£P¯WµJ«SHVKµNXV]SµNXV]W«VQHPLV
IRJRP PHJWDQXOQL PHUW PDJD PHJ WXGMD FVLQ£OQL D] HJ«V]HW KHO\HWWHP
QIHOWHV]HPDN«UG«VHNHWPDJDPHJWDO£OMDDY£ODV]RNDW«VPHJPRQGMD
QHNHP1DJ\RQHJ\V]HUě
ȟ+£WMµ0LQGHQWHOIRJRNN¸YHWQL0LO\HQN«UG«VHNUÿOYDQV]µ"
$PLNRU )UHGGLH HOPRQGWD KRJ\ KDO£ORV EHWHJ D]W LV PHJHPO¯WHWWH
KRJ\ YDQ HJ\ WHUYH GH H]W QHP YROW KDMODQGµ U«V]OHWH]QL 9«OKHWÿHQ
H]]HONDSFVRODWRVDGRORJ
)UHGGLH Y£ODV]XO HJ\ SDS¯UODSRW K¼]RWW HOÿ D ]VHE«EÿO «V
V]«WKDMWRJDWWD
ȟ(]HNHWD]HPEHUHNDNDURPPHJWDO£OQL
W Q«Y £OOW D SDS¯URQ )UHGGLH MHOOHJ]HWHV PDFVNDNDSDU£V£YDO /RWWLH
QDN DOLJ YROW LGHMH U£SLOODQWDQL D] HOVÿ Q«YUH DPLNRU )UHGGLH P£U HO LV
K¼]WDHOÿOHDFHWOLW
ȟ0HJN«UGH]KHWHPKRJ\PL«UW"ȟN«UGH]WHY«J¾O/RWWLH
ȟ0HUW¼MUDO£WQLDNDURPÿNHW
ȟ.LNÿN"
ȟ2O\DQHPEHUHNDNLNIRQWRVDNQHNHP2O\DQRNDNLNHWNHGYHOWHPȟ
)UHGGLH I«OROGDODVDQ HOPRVRO\RGRWW ȟ 2O\DQ HPEHUHN DNLN YDODPLO\HQ
PµGRQDODN¯WRWW£ND]«OHWHPHW-DMH]QDJ\RQJLFFVHVHQKDQJ]LNXJ\H"
ȟ(J\NLFVLW0LQWD]RNDFV¸S¸JÿVV]£QG«NRVDQ«OHWOHQILOPHNDPLNHW
QDSRQWDOHDGQDNNDU£FVRQ\HOÿWW
/RWWLHQDJ\RQV]HUHWWHD]LO\HQILOPHNHWGHWLWNROWD
ȟ +D H] YLJDV]WDOMD DNNRU «Q YDJ\RN D] DNL ¼MUD O£WQL DNDUMD ÿNHW ȟ
PRQGWD )UHGGLH ȟ 1LQFV U£ VHPPL JDUDQFLD KRJ\ ÿN LV O£WQL DNDUQDN
HQJHP
ȟ (VHWOHJ HOPRQGDQ£ D K£WW«UV]WRULW" (OPHV«OQ« KRJ\ PL«UW LV RO\DQ
IRQWRVDNH]HND]HPEHUHN"
ȟ (J\HOÿUH QHP ȟ )UHGGLH MµO V]µUDNR]RWW ȟ J\ JRQGROWDP KRJ\
Y£URNYHOHDP¯JPHJWDO£OMDÿNHWJ\WXGRPKRJ\PLQGHQWHON¸YHW
/RWWLH HOK¼]WD D V]£M£W MDY¯WKDWDWODQXO N¯Y£QFVL YROW «V H]W WXGWD
PDJ£UµO
ȟ $NNRU LV W¸EE DGDWUD YDQ V]¾NV«JHP 0HQQ\L LGÿVHN KRO ODNWDN
U«JHQPLWGROJR]WDNȪ
ȟ0HJDGRNPLQGHQLQIRUP£FLµWDPLWFVDNWXGRN
ȟ/HKHWKRJ\P«JDNNRUVHPIRJRPWXGQLNLQ\RPR]QLÿNHW
ȟ/£VVXNKRJ\DQEROGRJXOXQNMµ"
ȟ+DQHP£UXOMDHONLFVRG£NȟPRQGWD/RWWLHOXVW£QȟDNNRUN«Q\WHOHQ
OHV]HNWDO£OJDWQL
)UHGGLHHOYLJ\RURGRWW
ȟ 7DO£OJDVVRQ FVDN GU£JD NLVO£Q\ $NNRU VH IRJ U£M¸QQL D] LJD]V£JUD
DP¯JPHJQHPWDO£OMDÿNHW'HQHFV¾JJHGMHQ.¸QQ\ěOHV]
ȟ'HD]LVOHKHWKRJ\EDURPLQHK«]OHV]ȟPRQGWDFVDOµGRWWDQ/RWWLH
ȟ $]«UW FVDN HVVHQ QHNL 0LQ«O HOÿEE DQQ£O MREE ȟ )UHGGLH GHUěVHQ
V]LYDUUD J\¼MWRWW ȟ &VDN UHP«Q\NHGKHW KRJ\ QHP IRUGXORN IHO PLHOÿWW
Y«JH]
$UHMW«O\HVOLVWDHOVÿWDJM£WQHYHWV«JHVHQN¸QQ\ěYROWPHJWDO£OQL$OLJ
WHOW ¸W SHUFEH $ QHYH -HII %DUURZFOLIIH YROW «V PRWRUV]HUHOÿ PěKHO\W
ELUWRNROW«V¾]HPHOWHWHWW([PRXWKEDQ
ȟ (] ÿ OHV] ȟ PRQGWD PDJDEL]WRVDQ )UHGGLH D N«SHUQ\ÿW E£PXOYD
/RWWLHY£OODI¸O¸WWȟ-HIIPLQGLJPHJV]£OORWWPRWRURVYROW
$EL]WRQV£JNHGY««UW/RWWLHN¾OG¸WWHJ\HPDLOWDI«UILQDN
.HGYHV0U%DUURZFOLIIH
.¸V]¸QHWWHO
/&DUO\OH
0LQWKDYDU£]VODWW¸UW«QQHNLOHQFYHQP£VRGSHUFP¼OYDM¸WWLVDY£ODV]
,JHQ«QYDJ\RND]0L«UW"
6]RPEDWYROWHE«GLGÿ«V-RMR&UHVVQ«QLK£WVµNHUWM«EHQQDSI¾UGÿ]¸WW
NH]«EHQD3KHZPDJD]LQOHJ¼MDEES«OG£Q\£YDO$YULO/DYLJQHWKDOOJDWYD
D PRELOM£Q $ V]¾OHL JULOOSDUWLW DGWDN G«OXW£Q «V D K£]XN WHOH YROW
SDUWLV]HUYH]ÿNNHO PHUW H] QHP D] D IDMWD ¸QIHOHGW EXOL YROW DPLUH D]
HPEHUDV]RPV]«GRNDWPHJDKDYHURNDWK¯YMDPHJ«VDY«J«QPLQGHQNL
NLYRQXOD]XWF£UDW£QFROQL$V]RN£VRVPµGRQH]DSDUWLOHJLQN£EED]WD
F«OW V]ROJ£OWD KRJ\ -RMR DSMD «V DQ\MD ¼MDEE J\¾P¸OFV¸]ÿ ¾]OHWL
NDSFVRODWRNDW «S¯WVHQ NL $ OHHQGÿ ¾J\IHOHN OHQ\ěJ¸]«VH YROW D O«Q\HJ
D]KRJ\QHDGMȢLVWHQMµO«UH]]«NPDJXNDWQHPV]HUHSHOWDSURJUDPEDQ
$PLNRU -RMR IHOYHWHWWH KRJ\ HVHWOHJ £WPHQQH LQN£EE &UHVV Q«QLKH] D]
DQ\MDMµOO£WKDWµPHJN¸QQ\HEE¾O«VVHOIHOVµKDMWRWW
ȟ5HPHN¸WOHWNLFVLN«P,WWDP¼J\VHPV]µUDNR]Q£OYDODPLMµO
-RMR¸U¾OWKRJ\HOV]DEDGXOKDWRWW&UHVVQ«QLSHGLJ¸U¾OWKRJ\O£WMD$
QDS LV HOÿE¼MW «V -RMR NLIHN¾GW HJ\ Q\XJ£J\UD KDOY£Q\N«N WRSM£EDQ «V
P£O\YDV]¯Q FV¯NRV VRUWM£EDQ &UHVVLGD SHGLJ HOURKDQW D V]XSHUPDUNHWEH
HJ\ NLV N«V]OHWIHOW¸OW«VUH 0HJ¯J«UWH -RMµQDN KRJ\ NHWWÿUH YLVV]D«U
FLWURPKDEFVµNIDJ\LYDO«VW¸EEP£OQ£VM«JS£OFLN£YDOPLQWDPLWN«WK«W
DODWWHOOHKHWQHIRJ\DV]WDQL3HUV]HD]HGGLJLWDSDV]WDODWRNDODSM£Q¯J\LV
MµHV«O\YROWU£KRJ\HVW«UHD]¸VV]HVHWHOW¾QWHWLN
-RMRY«J]HWWDFLNNHODPLWROYDVRWWȟHJ\O£Q\UµOV]µODNLQHNWHWV]HWWD
IL]LNDWDQ£UD $YULO /DYLJQH NH]GHWW XQDOPDVV£ Y£OQL «V NLNDSFVROWD D
]HQ«W /HFVDSWD D PDJD]LQW «V NLYHWWH D I¾O«EÿO D I¾OKDOOJDWµW (NNRU
KDOORWWDPHJDFV¸QJHW«VW
0LUHNLQ\LWRWWDD]DMWµWDO£WRJDWµNP£UIHODGW£N«VHOLQGXOWDN-RMRD
N¾V]¸EUÿO Q«]WH ÿNHW «V D]RQ JRQGRONRGRWW KRJ\ XW£QXN NLDE£OMRQH
$]W£Q PLQWKD PHJ«UH]WH YROQD KRJ\ Q«]LN D I«UIL K£WUDIRUGXOW «V
PHJO£WWD 0RQGRWW YDODPLW D IL¼QDN DNL YHOH YROW «V YLVV]DURKDQW «SS
DPLNRU -RMµQDN HV]«EH MXWRWW KRJ\ D] RUUD EH YDQ NHQYH IHK«U
QDSNU«PPHO *\RUVDQ PHJSUµE£OWD OHW¸U¸OQL DPLYHO FVDN D]W «UWH HO
KRJ\UDJDFVRVOHWWDWHQ\HUH
ȟ+HOOµȟPRQGWDDI«UILEDU£WV£JRVDQȟ0£UD]WKLWW¾NQLQFVLWWKRQ
VHQNL(]HU«YLJQ\RPWDPDFVHQJÿW
ȟ (OQ«]«VW NLQW YROWDP D NHUWEHQ ȟ -RMR D I¾O«UH E¸N¸WW ȟ V
I¾OKDOOJDWµYROWUDMWDP
ȟ-DDILDPLVH]WFVLQ£OMDȟPXWDWRWWDI«UILDNDSXQ£OW«EO£EROµVU£FUD
PDJDP¸J¸WWȟ'HHUUHVLQFVV]¾NV«JHDKKR]KRJ\QHKDOOMDPHJDPLW
PRQGRN$GDP$QW
0LFVRGD"
ȟ(]DQHYH"ȟN«UGH]WH-RMR«UWHWOHQ¾O
ȟ 1HP QHP FVDN ¼J\ «UWHWWHP KRJ\ ¼J\ Q«]HO NL PLQW $GDP $QW
D]RNNDO D IHK«U FV¯NRNNDO D] DUFRGRQ ȟ $ I«UIL PHJFVµY£OWD D IHM«W ȟ
%RFV Q\LOY£Q QHP WXGRG NLUÿO EHV]«OHN 7¼O ILDWDO YDJ\ 'H EL]WRVDQ WH
YDJ\-RMR$ȪL]«&UHVVLGDLWWKRQYDQ"
ȟ(OPHQWEHY£V£UROQLȟ0LYHO&UHVVQ«QLQ«OQHPQDJ\RQNRSRJWDWWDN
LGHJHQ I«UILDN -RMµQDN PHJYROW D PDJD HON«S]HO«VH DUUµO KRJ\ NL OHKHW
H]ȟ0DJDDYLU£JRVHPEHU"ȟN«UGH]WHPHJ¼MXOW«UGHNOÿG«VVHO
0RVWDI«UILWěQW«UWHWOHQQHN
ȟ9LU£JRVHPEHU"
ȟ$NLYHWWHJ\N£UW\£W«VP£VQDSN¸V]¸QHWN«SSHQYLU£JRWKR]RWW&UHVV
Q«QLQHN
ȟ -D LJHQ SHUV]H ȟ GHU¾OW IHO D I«UIL DUFD ȟ ,JHQ «Q YDJ\RN 0LW
JRQGROV]PLNRUM¸QYLVV]D"
ȟ .£E« NHWWÿ N¸U¾O ȟ -RMR PLQGHQN«SS V]HUHWHWW YROQD VHJ¯WHQL ȟ
6]HUHWQHP«JHJ\ODSRW"
ȟ1HPQHP«SSHQ
ȟ $NNRU PLUÿO YDQ V]µ" +D ¾]HQ YDODPLW EL]WRV OHKHW EHQQH KRJ\
£WDGRP 9£UMRQ YDQ HJ\ MHJ\]HWW¸PE D WHOHIRQQ£O ȟ -RMR HOYHWWH D]
DV]WDORQ O«Yÿ W¸PE¸W D SLURV ILOFFHO HJ\ ¾UHV ROGDOUD ODSR]RWW «V
Y£UDNR]µQ£OOWPLQWHJ\SLQF«UQÿȟ0RQGMDFVDN
ȟ+£WȪ7DO£QPDMGN«VÿEEK¯YRP
$ I«UIL HQ\K«Q HOSLUXOW «V -RMR O£WWD KRJ\ ]DYDUEDQ YDQ 0LN¸]EHQ
HJ\LN O£E£UµO D P£VLNUD £OOW «V LQGXOQL N«V]¾OW -RMµQDN KLUWHOHQ OHHVHWW
KRJ\EL]WRVDQUDQGLUDDNDUMDK¯YQL&UHVVQ«QLW$PLQGHQLWÿFVDNYLFFHOW
H]]HODYLU£JRVHVHWXW£QGHH]HNV]HULQWLJD]DYROW(J«V]HQIHOGREWDH]
DIHOIHGH]«VȟPHJD]KRJ\DPDJD]LQM£EDQ«SSHQPRVWROYDVWDHJ\O£Q\
OHYHO«W DNL WXGQL V]HUHWWH YROQD PL«UW PRQGM£N QHNL PLQGLJ D IL¼N D]W
KRJ\PDMGIHOK¯YM£ND]W£QVRVHPWHV]LNPHJȟ«VHOKDW£UR]WDKRJ\QHP
IRJMDIXWQLKDJ\QLDSDVLW
ȟ 9DJ\ IHO¯URP D V]£P£W «V DNNRU &UHVV Q«QL YLVV]D WXGMD K¯YQL ȟ
PRQGWD J\RUVDQ D]RQ D V]XSHUKDW«NRQ\ KDQJRQ DPLW D] DQ\MD V]RNRWW
KDV]Q£OQL D WHOHIRQEDQ DPLNRU OH DNDU ]£UQL YDODPL QDJ\RQ IRQWRV
PHJ£OODSRG£VW
ȟ+£WȪ
ȟ 9DJ\ PHJEHV]«OKHW¾QN HJ\ WDO£ONR]µW P£U PRVW J\ WXGRP &UHVV
Q«QLV]DEDGPDHVWH
ȟ+£WȪ
-RMR HOV]£QW YROW KRJ\ QHP HQJHGL HO ȟ D SDVL ¼J\ IHVWHWW PLQW DNL
E£UPLNRUNLURKDQKDWDNDSXQ$I«UILIHO«Q\¼MWRWWDDSDS¯UWPHJDWROODW
ȟ7HVV«N¯UMDFVDNIHODQHY«W«VDV]£P£W«VDNNRUȪ
ȟ%RFVȟV]µODOWPHJDIL¼DNDSXEµODV]HP«EHK¼]RWWEDVHEDOOVDSND
HOOHQ]ÿMHDOµOȟ7HPLQGLJ¯J\SDUDQFVROJDWV]"
-RMRNLFVLWNLDNDGW
$I«UILK£WUDIRUGXOW
ȟ'RQQ\VHPPLV]¾NV«JJRURPE£VNRG£VUD
ȟ 1HP JRURPE£VNRGWDP ȟ YRQWD PHJ D Y£OO£W GDFRVDQ 'RQQ\ ȟ Q
FVDNIHOWHWWHPHJ\UH£OLVN«UG«VW
ȟQPHJQHPSDUDQFVROJDWRNȟIHV]¾OWPHJ-RMR£OOD
$IL¼IHOYRQWDDV]HP¸OG¸N«W
ȟ%L]WRV"+DOORWWDGPDJDGDWDKRJ\EHV]«OV]"
ȟ'RQQ\
'RQQ\¾J\HWVHPYHWHWWD]DSM£UD
ȟ$]DS£PD]«UWM¸WWKRJ\UDQGLUDK¯YMDDQDJ\Q«Q«GHW
ȟ7XGRPȟY£JRWWYLVV]D-RMRȟQFVDNVHJ¯WHQLDNDUWDP
ȟ6HJ¯WHQL"+DO£OUDU«PLV]WHWWHG0LQWKDQHPOHWWYROQDQHNL¯J\LV«SS
HO«JQHK«]
$I«UILG¸EEHQWHQPHUHGW-RMµUD
ȟ7HWXGWDG"+RQQDQWXGWDG"
ȟ )LJ\HOM LGH ȟ PRQGWD -RMR ]DNODWRWWDQ D NDSXQ£O £OOµ IL¼QDN ȟ 1HP
WHKHWHN UµOD KRJ\ &UHVV Q«QL QLQFV LWW 'H PL OHWW YROQD KD DS£G D]W
PRQGMDKRJ\PDMGWHOHIRQ£O«VQHPWHV]LPHJ"&VDNSUµE£OWDPYDODPLW
¸VV]HKR]QLKRJ\QHWXGMRQNLK£WU£OQL
ȟ$]DS£PVHPPLEÿOQHPV]RNRWWNLK£WU£OQLRN«"
ȟ&VDN«SSDPLNHUWL¸VY«Q\¾QNUÿOȟY£JRWWYLVV]D-RMR
ȟ'HFVDND]«UWPHUWHONH]GWHGYDOODWQL
ȟ+«ȟW«UWPDJ£KR]D]DW\D«VWDSVROWHJ\HWȟ+DJ\M£WRNDEED
ȟþNH]GWHȟPRURJWDDEDMV]DDODWW'RQQ\
ȟ 'RQQ\ N«UOHN 0RVW SHGLJ NH]GM¾N HO¸OUÿO ȟ ,PP£U KDW£UR]RWWDQ
QHP SHGLJ U«P¾OWHQ Q«]HWW -RMµUD «V D]W PRQGWD ȟ ,JHQ D]«UW M¸WWHP
KRJ\PHJN«UGH]]HP&UHVVQ«Q«GHWHOM¸QHYHOHPYDFVRU£]QLGHȪ
ȟ0DHVWH"
ȟ $PLNRU QHNL DONDOPDV 'H PLYHO PRVW QLQFV LWW PDMG N«VÿEE
IHOK¯YRPVH]WYHGG¯J«UHWQHN
ȟ $ PDL HVWH Mµ OHV] ȟ -RMR WRY£EEUD LV HOW¸N«OWHQ LJ\HNH]HWW KRJ\
Q\«OEH¾VVHDPHJ£OODSRG£VWȟ6ÿWW¸N«OHWHV7XGDN¸UQ\«NHQYDODPLMµ
KHO\HW"
$I«UILHOWěQÿG¸WW
ȟ+£WWDO£QȪ
ȟ $ 9¸U¸V 2URV]O£QEDQ V]XSHU D NDMD ȟ Y£JRWW N¸]EH -RMR ȟ
*UHVKDPEHQ &VDN S£U NLORP«WHUUH YDQ LQQHQ 1HPU«J YROWDP RWW D
V]¾OHLPPHO)«OHOPHWHVDUDJDFVRVNDUDPHOOSXGLQJMXN0RQGKDWRP&UHVV
Q«QLQHNKRJ\K«WNRULWWYDQ«UWH"
ȟ 'H KLV] P«J PHJ VHP N«UGH]WHP WÿOH ȟ IHOHOWH D] HON«SHGW I«UIL ȟ
/HKHWKRJ\QHPLVDNDUYHOHPYDFVRU£]QL
ȟ 'HKRJ\QHP ȟ PRQGWD PDJDEL]WRVDQ -RMR ȟ &UHVV Q«QL
HPEHUHPO«NH]HWµWDQHPUDQGL]RWWVHQNLYHO1LQFVW¼OVRNV]HUHQFV«MHD
SDVLNNDO
$I«UILDUF£QDSUµPRVRO\VXKDQW£W
ȟ%L]WRVDQ¸U¾OQHKDKDOODQ£KRJ\LO\HQHNHWPRQGDV]UµOD
ȟ(] D] LJD]V£J ȟ-RMR¼J\ WDO£OWD KRJ\D I«UIL MµQDNWěQLNȟ0LQGLJ
URVV] SDVLNDW IRJ NL $NNRU K£W K«WNRU 7HV]HN UµOD KRJ\ LGÿUH
HON«V]¾OM¸Q
$I«UILPRVWP£UKDW£UR]RWWDQMµOV]µUDNR]RWW
ȟVPLDKHO\]HWYHOHG"
ȟ9HOHP"«QQHPIRJODONR]RPIL¼NNDOȟIHOHOWHW£UJ\LODJRVDQ-RMRȟ
$ODSYHWÿHQPLQGHQIL¼K¾O\H
'RQQ\IHOKRUNDQWDNDSXEDQ
ȟ $UUD JRQGROWDP YDQH YDODPL WHUYHG HVW«UH YDJ\ OHQQH NHGYHG
YHO¾QN WDUWDQL" ȟ $ I«UIL 'RQQ\ IHO« E¸N¸WW DNL «SSHQ PRKDGDUDEN£NDW
V]HGHJHWHWW D NHUWL IDOUµO ȟ &VDN KRJ\ NLHJ\HQO¯WÿGM¸Q D] LYDUDU£Q\
'RQQ\ EL]WRVDQ ¸U¾OQH QHNL KD OHQQH HJ\ YHOH KDVRQOµ NRU¼ DNLYHO
EHV]«OJHWKHWQH
'RQQ\ RO\DQ N«SHW Y£JRWW PLQW DNL D]W LV MREEDQ «OYH]Q« KD D
.DFVDW£QFRWNHOOHQHHOÿDGQLDD]HJ«V]LVNRODHOÿWW0H]WHOHQ¾O-RMRVHP
QDJ\RQWXGWDHON«S]HOQLKRJ\DQV¾OKHWQHHOMµODGRORJ0£VIHOÿOYLV]RQW
WL]HQQ«J\ «YHV YROW DPL D]W MHOHQWHWWH KRJ\ D IHOQÿWWHN QHP V]¯YHVHQ
KDJ\M£N HJ\HG¾O HJ«V] HVW«UH 0L YDQ KD &UHVV Q«QL QHP OHV] KDMODQGµ
HOPHQQL'RQQ\DSM£YDOPHUWQHPDNDUMDÿWLWWKDJ\QL"$]DOWHUQDW¯YDD]
OHQQHKRJ\KD]DPHJ\«VY«JLJV]HQYHGLD]RWWKRQLEDUEHFXHSDUWLW
J\KRJ\LJD]£EµOQLQFVVRNY£ODV]W£VD
ȟ 2N« V]XSHU .¸V]L ȟ -RMR UDJ\RJµDQ PRVRO\JRWW «V 'RQQ\ IHOÿO
¼MDEEPHJYHWÿKRUNDQW£VKDOODWV]RWWȟ0DMGPLOHV]¾QNDJDUGHG£PRN
ȟ $NNRU H]W PHJEHV]«OW¾N ȟ 'RQQ\ DSMD LPP£U VRNNDO GHUěVHEEHQ
IRO\WDWWD ȟ +«W KDUPLQFUD OHIRJODORP D] DV]WDOW ȟ 0DMG MRYL£OLVDQ
KR]]£WHWWHȟVOHV]UDJDFVRVNDUDPHOOSXGLQJ
ȟ8KȟPRURJWD'RQQ\«VK¼]RJDWQLNH]GWHDFLSÿMHWDOS£WDM£UG£Qȟ
$UDJDFVRVNDUDPHOOSXGLQJO£Q\RNQDNYDOµ
ȟ 2WW M¸Q ȟ PRQGWD -RMR DPLNRU &UHVV Q«QL PHJMHOHQW D NHUWEHQ «V D
V]HP«W£UQ\«NROYDDOHQ\XJYµQDSHOÿOK¯YRJDWµDQLQWHJHWQLNH]GHWWN«W
«WODSSDO
ȟ9«JUHȟPRURJWD'RQQ\ȟ0£UPDMG«KHQKDORN(J\µU£MDWLSUµGXQN
LWWNLQW
ȟ 1H Q\DYDO\RJM P£U DQQ\LW V PRVRO\RJM ȟ U¼JWD PHJ -RMR D IL¼W D]
DV]WDO DODWW «V HJ\ NHP«Q\HEE U¼J£VW NDSRWW YLV]RQ]£VXO ȟ 6]LD &UHVV
Q«QL0LDKHO\]HW"
ȟ -µO YDJ\XQN NLFVLP PLQGHQ UHQGEHQ ȟ &UHVVLGD PRVRO\RJYD DGRWW
QHNLN HJ\HJ\ «WODSRW ȟ SS PRVW UHQGHOM¾N PHJ D] «WHOW 7L LV MµO
YDJ\WRN"
ȟ 5HPHN¾O ȟ -RMR PLYHO P£U YROW P£VNRU LV D 9¸U¸V 2URV]O£QEDQ
D]RQQDOU£Y£JWDȟ&VLUNHIDMLWDVVUDJDFVRVNDUDPHOOSXGLQJ7H'RQQ\"
$IL¼I«Q\VHEHVV«JJHOIXWRWWDY«JLJDODSRW
ȟ+DPEXUJHUWN«UHNV¾OWNUXPSOLYDO
ȟ 1H D]W N«UG ȟ MDMGXOW IHO -RMR ȟ $] RO\DQ XQDOPDV .«UM WH LV
FVLUNHIDMLWDVW
ȟQV]HUHWHPDKDPEXUJHUW+DGGN«UMHPP£UD]WDPLW«QDNDURN
ȟ +£W SHUV]H ȟ &UHVVLGD RGDKDMROW KR]]£ ȟ 1H W¸UÿGM -RMµYDO V]HUHW
PLQGLJ PLQGHQW MREEDQ WXGQL V PLO\HQ SXGLQJRW N«UV]" 5DJDFVRV
NDUDPHOOW"
ȟ +PȪ ȟ 'RQQ\ -RMµUD VDQG¯WRWW DNL NRPRO\ DNDUDWHUÿYHO FVXNYD
WDUWRWWDDV]£M£W9«J¾O'RQQ\IHOVµKDMWRWWȟ+£WMµ
ȟ (KHW¾QN LWW NLQW" ȟ N«UGH]WH -RMR ȟ 0£VRN LV D]W FVLQ£OM£N 'H WL
PDUDGKDWWRNEHQWLVKDDNDUWRN
ȟ-µ¸WOHW6]µORNDSLQF«UQHNKRJ\DWL«WHNHWKR]]DLGH1DJ\RQV]«S
LGHNLQWȟPRQGWD&UHVVLGDPDMGGHUěVHQIRO\WDWWDȟ/£WRPMµONLM¸WW¸N
HJ\P£VVDO$]«GHVDS£GȟNDSWDHO'RQQ\WHNLQWHW«WȟD]WMDYDVROWDKRJ\
PHQM¾QNHOKROQDSPLQGQ\£MDQ/RQJOHDWEH0LWV]µOWRNKR]]£"
-RMR ¸U¸PPHO IHOULNNDQWRWW 'RQQ\ SHGLJ HOK¼]WD D V]£M£W GH D]W£Q
EµOLQWRWW«VSUµE£OWPRVRO\RJQL
ȟ $NNRU H]W PHJEHV]«OW¾N ȟ PRQGWD OHONHVHQ &UHVVLGD ȟ 0RVW
YLVV]DPHJ\HNIHODGQLDUHQGHO«VW
ȟ 0£V VH KL£Q\]RWW ȟ PRURJWD 'RQQ\ DPLNRU PDJXNUD PDUDGWDN ȟ
%ROGRJFVDO£GRWM£WV]DQL
ȟ -REE PLQW EROGRJWDODQ FVDO£GRW M£WV]DQL ȟ WRUNROWD OH -RMR $]W£Q
PHJE¸NWHȟ*\HU¾QN¸U¾OMHJ\NLFVLW-µOHV]
ȟ(J\PRKRVY£UȟMDMGXOWIHO'RQQ\ȟ(J«V]QDS9HOHG
ȟ /RQJOHDW W¸N Mµ ȟ -RMR «OYH]WH KRJ\ LQJHUHOKHWL VÿW ERVV]DQWKDWMD
'RQQ\WȟVD]RURV]O£QRNLP£GM£NDPLNRU PRUJµVVU£FRNDWO¸NG¸VQHN
NLDNRFVLNEµOSRQWHO«M¾Nȟ)HOHPHOWHDNH]«W«VD]XMMDLWNDURPV]HUěHQ
EHJ¸UE¯WHWWHȟ*UUUUU
'RQQ\ NLIHMH]«VWHOHQ DUFFDO PHUHGW U£ D]W£Q OHKDMWRWWD D IHM«W «V
K£URPV]RUODVVDQQHNLYHUWHDKRPORN£WD]DV]WDOODSQDN
ȟ7HMµ«J
7L]HQKDWRGLNIHMH]HW
9DV£UQDS UHJJHOL XW£Q )UHGGLH QHNLY£JRWW D] 0¸V ¼WQDN +D Mµ D
IRUJDORP DNNRU Q«K£Q\ µUD DODWW HO«U ([PRXWKED /HHUHV]WHWWH D
NRFVLDEODNRW U£J\¼MWRWW HJ\ V]LYDUUD «V SUµE£OW QHP W¸UÿGQL D WRPSD
NLWDUWµ IHMI£M£VVDO DPHO\ PRVWDQ£EDQ VLVDNN«QW V]RU¯WRWWD D IHM«W $ W£M
RGDNLQWN¸GEHEXUNROµ]RWW«VDQDSN¾V]N¸GYHSUµE£OWHOÿW¸UQL)UHGGLH
P£U DOLJ Y£UWD KRJ\ ¼MUD O£VVD -HIIHW GH HJ\ NLFVLW WDUWRWW LV D
WDO£ONR]£VWµO -HII HO«JJ« V]µIXNDU YROW D WHOHIRQEDQ «UH]KHWÿHQ
PHJG¸EEHQWHWWH D U«J QHP KDOORWW KDQJ ȟ DPLQHN QHP LV ¸U¾OW RO\DQ
QDJ\RQ
'H K£W H] «UWKHWÿ YROW )UHGGLH P«JLV UHP«OWH KRJ\ W¼O WXGQDN O«SQL
H]HQ PHJ D URVV] GROJRNRQ «V OHJDO£EE Q\RPRNEDQ YLVV]DWDO£OQDN D
J\HUHNNRUL EDU£WV£JKR] $NNRU V]«WW«SKHWHWOHQQHN WěQW D N¸WHO«N DPL
¸VV]HIě]WH ÿNHW (ON«S]HOKHWHWOHQ YROW KRJ\ H] QH ¯J\ OHJ\HQ HJ«V]
«OHW¾NEHQ 'H HJ\ VRUVV]HUě «MV]DND NHOOHWW FVXS£Q DKKR] KRJ\
PHJV]DNDGMRQ H] D EDU£WV£J «V H]XW£Q PLQGNHWWHM¾N «OHWH ¸U¸NUH
PHJY£OWR]RWW -HII QDJ\RQ VRNDW V]HQYHGHWW DNNRU H] EL]WRV 'H YDMRQ
D]µWD LV V]HQYHG QHJ\YHQ «YH" )UHGGLH QHP WXGWD D Y£ODV]W «V
V]£QG«NRVDQQHPLVN«UGH]WHPHJU¸YLGWHOHIRQEHV]«OJHW«V¾NVRU£Q
.¸]HOHGHWW HJ\ SLKHQÿKHO\ «V )UHGGLH DUUD JRQGROW KRJ\ WDO£Q
PHJ£OOKDWQD HJ\ N£Y«UD PHJ I£MGDORPFVLOODS¯WµUD 'H QHP PHQQLH NHOO
WRY£EEHO«UQL([PRXWKW«V¼MUDO£WQL-HIIHW$P¼OWNRUQHPWHWWHIHOQHNL
DPLQGHQWHOG¸QWÿN«UG«VWGHPRVWP£UWXGQLDNHOO
3HUV]H -HIIQHN PLQGLJ LV OREEDQ«NRQ\ WHUP«V]HWH YROW /HKHW KRJ\
PRVWLVNHP«Q\OHV]
'HY«J¾OLVPHJ«UGHPHOWHPJRQGROWD)UHGGLH
ȟ7¸NU«V]HJȟOHJ\LQWHWWXQGRUUDO*LVHOOHȟ%HU¼JRWWPLQWHJ\V]DP£U
/£EUDVHWXG£OOQLQHPKRJ\KD]DPRWRUR]QL'HKROQDSV]¾NV«JHOHV]U£
KRJ\ PXQN£ED PHQMHQ «V KD 'HUHN HOKR]]D -HIIHW DNNRU D PRWRU LWW
PDUDG«QSHGLJKRJ\DQMXWRNKD]D"7L]HQN«WNLORP«WHUȟ£OODS¯WRWWDPHJ
N«WV«JEHHVHWWHQDO£Q\ȟ(J\¸U¸NN«YDOµV£JPLUHKD]DJ\DORJRORN
6]HJ«Q\ *LVHOOHQHN HOHJH OHWW «V NL KLE£]WDWKDWQ£ H]«UW" )UHGGLH
QDJ\RQMµOWXGWDKRJ\QHPH]D]HOVÿDONDORPDPLNRU-HIINL¾WLPDJ£W
«V EDMW RNR] (J\P£V V]RPV]«GV£J£EDQ QÿWWHN IHO 2[IRUGEDQ «V D
OHJMREE EDU£WRN YROWDN GH -HII QHP LVPHUW NRUO£WRNDW DPLNRU LGÿQN«QW
U£W¸UWHJ\HJ\SL£O£VLURKDP
$]QDS PLQGQ\£MDQ HJ\¾WW PHQWHN HO HJ\ EXOLED $ELQJGRQED HJ\
NRFVP£EDDPLK¯UKHGWYROWD]£UµUDXW£QL]£UWN¸UěWLYRUQ\£LUµO)UHGGLH
'HUHNNHOPHQW¸WHQ]V¼IROµGWDNEH'HUHNIHNHWH0RUULV0LQRUM£ED-HII
«V*LVHOOH-HIIPRWRUM£YDO«UNH]HWWD]LP£GRWW1RUWRQHVVHO
VPRVW-HIIN«SWHOHQYROWKD]DYLQQLDPRWRUW
)UHGGLH *LVHOOHUH SLOODQWRWW $ O£Q\ FVHUHV]Q\HSLURV IHOVÿW «V IHK«U
S¸WW\¸V SLURV V]RNQ\£W YLVHOW 6¸W«W KDM£W OµIDURNED N¸W¸WWH «V HO«JJ«
L]JXOW DPL QHP YROW PHJOHSÿ KLV] P£VQDS UHJJHO PXQN£ED NHOOHWW
PHQQLH 0£U HOP¼OW «MI«O «V D V]¾OHL DJJµGµVDN YROWDN DNLN WěN¸Q ¾OYH
Y£UW£NKRJ\DWL]HQQ\ROF«YHVGU£JDNLVO£Q\XNY«JUHKD]D«UMHQ
1HNLNSHGLJQHPYROWDQQ\LS«Q]¾NKRJ\WD[LWIRJMDQDN
6]HUHQFV«UHHUUHQHPYROWV]¾NV«J
ȟ -HII YLVV]DPHKHW 'HUHN«NNHO Q PDMG KD]DYLV]HP D PRWRUW «V
¼WN¸]EHQOHWHV]OHNW«JHGQ£ODWRN0LWV]µOV]KR]]£"
ȟ 0HJWHQQ«G" ȟ *LVHOOH V]HPH PHJN¸QQ\HEE¾OWHQ IHOFVLOODQW ȟ
)UHGGLH (] UHPHN OHQQH $Q\£P NLN«V]¾O KD N«VÿQ «UHN KD]D
0HJPHQWHWWHGD]«OHWHPHW
+¯UHVXWROVµV]DYDN
-HIIHW NLFLSHOW«N D NRFVP£EµO «V EHJ\¸P¸V]¸OW«N 'HUHN 0RUULV£QDN
K£WVµ¾O«V«UH
ȟVQHPHUMRN£GQLDNRFVLPEDQȟILJ\HOPH]WHWWH'HUHNDPLNRU-HII
IHMHHUQ\HGWHQI«OUHQ\DNORWW
ȟ 0L«UW FVLQ£OMD H]W" ȟ WHWWH IHO D V]µQRNL N«UG«VW *LVHOOH PLN¸]EHQ
OHPRQGµDQ Q«]WH DKRJ\ D NRFVL O£PS£L W£YRORGWDN ȟ 0£VNRU RO\DQ
DUDQ\RV +D QHP LV]LN DNNRU W¸N«OHWHV 'H Q«K£Q\ KDYRQWD HJ\V]HU
WHOMHVHQNL¾WLPDJ£W$]HJ«V]RO\DQRVWRED«V«UWHOPHWOHQ
$]YROWGH)UHGGLH QHPWXGWD U£YHQQLPDJ£WKRJ\ H]WHOLVPHUMH -HII
D] -HII «V ÿ QHP DNDUW KěWOHQ OHQQL D OHJMREE EDU£WM£KR] (KHO\HWW
HUÿOWHWHWWYLG£PV£JJDOD]WPRQGWD
ȟ5HJJHOUHMµOOHV]1«KDPLQGHQNLYHOHOÿIRUGXO*\HUHKD]DYLV]OHN
2[IRUG IHO« WDUWRWWDN D Q«SWHOHQ $HVHQ DPLNRU HJ\ UµND XJURWW NL
HO«M¾N D] ¼WUD )UHGGLH NHP«Q\HQ I«NH]HWW «V HOU£QWRWWD D NRUP£Q\W
KRJ\ NLNHU¾OMH D] £OODWRW HN¸]EHQ «UH]WH KRJ\ D] HUÿV 1RUWRQ NH]G
ROGDOUD FV¼V]QL DODWWD (]XW£Q PLQWKD PLQGHQ ODVV¯WYD W¸UW«QW YROQD
*LVHOOH J¸UFV¸VHQ V]RU¯WRWWD D GHUHN£W )UHGGLH KDOORWWD D O£Q\ VLNRO\£W
DPLNRU ÿ HOYHV]WHWWH XUDOP£W D PRWRU IHOHWW D]W£Q P£U FVDN D]W O£WWD
KRJ\HJ\IDOIHO«VRGUµGQDN
$EHFVDSµG£VKLUWHOHQYROWKDQJRV«VEUXW£OLV*LVHOOHOHUHS¾OWDPRWRU
K£WXOM£UµO «V FV¼Q\D SXIIDQ£VVDO ODQGROW D IDO W¼OROGDO£Q 9DODPLO\HQ
FVRGDIRO\W£Q)UHGGLHROGDOUD]XKDQWDI¾YHVSDGN£UD)£MGDORPKDV¯WRWW
PLQGHQSRUFLN£M£EDGHOHJDO£EE«UH]WHDI£MGDOPDWDPLMREEYROWPLQW
KD QHP «U]HWW YROQD VHPPLW 1DJ\ QHKH]HQ IHOW£S£V]NRGRWW «V
V]«GHOHJYHRGDERWRUN£OWDNÿIDOKR]
ȟ*LVHOOH-µOYDJ\"
6HPPL &VDN N¯V«UWHWLHV FVHQG D 1RUWRQ PRWRUM£EµO W£YR]µ Jÿ]
V]LV]HJ«V«YHO HOOHQSRQWR]YD $ YDNV¸W«WEHQ )UHGGLHQHN YDODKRJ\
VLNHU¾OW £WN¾]GHQLH PDJ£W D IDORQ D PH]ÿUH DKRO *LVHOOH IHN¾GW 9«JUH
PHJKDOORWWDDO£Q\]LK£O£V£WD]W£QDPHUHYWDIWV]RNQ\D]L]HJ«V«WDKRJ\
SUµE£OWIHO¾OQL
ȟ*LVHOOHGHVLVWHQHPȪ
ȟ 6HPPL EDMRP $]W KLV]HP .¸YHNUH HVWHP )£M D O£EDP ȟ VXWWRJWD
*LVHOOHHOI¼OµO«OHJ]HWWHOȟVDK£WDP
$PLNRU D O£Q\ NDUM£KR] «UW YDODPL UDJDFVRVDW WDSLQWRWW 9«U
VV]HV]RUXOWDV]¯YH0DMGQHPPHJ¸OWHDO£Q\WDNLWV]HUHWDO£Q\WDNLD
OHJMREE EDU£WMD MHJ\HVH «V M¸YHQGÿEHOLMH *LVHOOH NH]««UW Q\¼OW
PHJV]RU¯WRWWD«V«UH]WHDKRJ\D]DSUµMHJ\J\ěUěDWHQ\HU«EHY£J
ȟ7HMµ«JPLWWHWWHP"
ȟ J\ IHVW NLFVLQ£OWDG -HII PRWRUM£W ȟ PRUPRJWD *LVHOOH QHK«]NHVHQ
PLN¸]EHQ D EDOMµV V]LV]HJÿ KDQJ HJ\UH HUÿV¸G¸WW ȟ 1HP OHV]
HOUDJDGWDWYDWÿOHG
1HPVRNNDON«VÿEE)UHGGLHOHLQWHWWHJ\DUUDM£UµPRWRURVWDNLEHYLWWH
PLQGNHWWÿM¾NHWD5DGFOLIIH.µUK£]EDOHVHWLRV]W£O\£UD$P¯JDYL]VJ£ODWUD
Y£UWDN *LVHOOH IRO\DPDWRVDQ PRQGRJDWWD )UHGGLHQHN KRJ\ QHP D] ÿ
KLE£MDYROW«VQHPWHWWVHPPLURVV]DW)UHGGLHN¸QQ\HVV]HPPHOU£]WDD
IHM«W
ȟ1HPE¯UQ£PHOYLVHOQLKDYDODPLW¸UW«QWYROQDYHOHG
$]W£Q P£U FVDN D]W WXGWD KRJ\ RWW D EDOHVHWL RV]W£O\ N¸]HS«Q Y«U]ÿ
NDUUDO V£URV «V V]DNDGW FVHUHV]Q\HSLURV IHOVÿM«EHQ *LVHOOH PHJFVµNROWD
$PLNRU D FVµN Y«JHW «UW D O£Q\ J\HQJ«GHQ D NH]H N¸]« IRJWD )UHGGLH
DUF£WPHJO£WWDDU«JµWDWLWNROWLJD]V£JRWDIL¼V]HP«EHQ«VD]WVXWWRJWD
ȟ)UHGGLHK£WQHPO£WRG"0£UPHJW¸UW«QW
$]W£Q EHIXWRWWDN *LVHOOH U«P¾OW V]¾OHL $ O£Q\ EHPXWDWWD QHNLN
)UHGGLHW«VHOPHV«OWHKRJ\DVU£FHJ\UµN£WSUµE£OWNLNHU¾OQL«VQHPÿ
D KLE£V *LVHOOH DSMD DNL KRVV]DQ P«UHJHWWH )UHGGLHW FVDN HQQ\LW
PRQGRWW
ȟVKROYDQDIL¼N£G"
ȟ'HUHNYLWWHKD]DȟIHOHOWHKLJJDGWDQ*LVHOOH
ȟ9DJ\LVPHJLQWEHWLQW£]RWW
ȟ ,JHQ V QHP LV IRJRN KR]]£PHQQL ȟ *LVHOOH OHQ«]HWW D Y«UHV
J\«P£QWV]HPFV«NUHDEDONH]«Q«VNLMHOHQWHWWHȟ(]HQQHOIHOERQWRPD]
HOMHJ\]«VW
$]DQ\MDPHJN¸QQ\HEE¾OWHQHOV¯UWDPDJ£W
ȟ,VWHQQHNK£OD«UWHȟPRQGWDD]DSMDȟ6RVHPYROWKR]]£GYDOµ
*LVHOOH )UHGGLHUH SLOODQWRWW PLUH )UHGGLH V]¯YH FVRUGXOWLJ WHOW
V]HUHOHPPHO«V¼J\«UH]WH¸U¸NUHY«GHOPH]QLDNDUMDH]WDO£Q\WD-HII
I«OH LGLµW£NWµO $]W£Q *LVHOOH V]HPEHIRUGXOW D] DSM£YDO )UHGGLH NH]«EH
FV¼V]WDWWDDNH]«W«VFVDNDQQ\LWPRQGRWW
ȟ1HPW«Q\OHJQHP'HLVPHUHNYDODNLWDNLLJHQ
+£W¯J\W¸UW«QW)UHGGLH«OHWHHJ\HWOHQ«MV]DNDDODWWIHOIRUGXOW0LXW£Q
Q\ROF KµQDSLJ PHVWHULHQ WLWNROWD D] «U]«VHLW *LVHOOH LU£QW PRVW D]]DO D
SUREO«P£YDOWDO£OWDV]HPEHPDJ£WKRJ\NLNHOO£OOQLDYHOHDYLO£J«VIÿOHJ
-HII HO« +DMQDOL I«O Q«J\NRU PHQWHN HO D NµUK£]EµO ¸VV]HYDUUYD «V
EHSµO\£OYDPLQWDP¼PL£N
ȟ 0DMG «Q PHJPRQGRP -HIIQHN RN«" ȟ PRQGWD D O£Q\ ȟ 0«J PD
+RJ\N¸]W¾QNPLQGHQQHNY«JH«VPRVWDQWµOYHOHGYDJ\RN
)UHGGLH QHP DNDUW J\£Y£QDN WěQQL P«JLV KDOORWWD PDJ£W DPLQW ¯J\
V]µO
ȟ(VHWOHJY£UMXQNYHOHHJ\NLFVLW
ȟ0L«UW"
ȟ1RVWXGRGȪȟLQWHWWW«WRY£Q)UHGGLHȟ+RJ\N¯P«OM¾ND]«U]«VHLW
0HJD]W£Q-HIIQHNKHYHVWHUP«V]HWHLVYDQXJ\H
ȟ $] ÿ KLE£MD .«Q\WHOHQ OHV] HJ\¾WW «OQL YHOH ȟ *LVHOOH O£WKDWµDQ
HOKDW£UR]WDPDJ£WȟQQHPIRJRNKD]XGQLQHNL)UHGGLHQQHPLO\HQ
YDJ\RN
ȟ-µȟEµOLQWRWW)UHGGLH«VQDJ\RWQ\HOW
+ROQDS -HII PHJWXGMD KRJ\ D PHQ\DVV]RQ\D GREWD «V KRJ\ LP£GRWW
HV1RUWRQM£QDNLVDQQ\L
VD]WLVPHJWXGMDKRJ\*LVHOOHNL«UWGREWD
)UHGGLHQHPDOXGWW¼OMµOD]RQD]«MV]DN£Q
6]HSWHPEHU HOVÿ QDSMD YROW «V $PEHU «SSHQ LQGXOµEDQ YROW 6DLQW
7URSH]EDDEDU£WQÿM«YHO0DQG\YHO0DULRDNLHJ\HQHVHQPXQN£EµOM¸WW
£W 7HWEXU\EH D O£Q\ DSUµ ODN£V£EDQ ¾OW D] £J\RQ D IRGU£V]DW I¸O¸WW «V
Q«]WHDKRJ\SDNRO
ȟ2N«ȟV]£PROJDWWDD]XMMDLQ$PEHUDGROJRNDWȟ%LNLQL6WUDQGUXKD
(]¾VWSDSXFV5µ]VDV]¯QV]DQG£O+DM£SROµNQDSR]µFXFFRNURYDUULDV]Wµ
IHK«UQDGU£JN¸Q\YHNNDODS
ȟ1HIHOHMWVGDJXPLWȟPRQGWD0DULR
ȟ0£UEHQWYDQ
ȟ -REE OHQQH KD QHP OHQQH ȟ 0DULR HONDSWD $PEHU FVXNOµM£W «V D]
¸O«EH K¼]WD D O£Q\W ȟ ,QN£EE YLVHONHGM UHQGHVHQ Mµ" &VDN VHPPL
IO¸UW¸O«VIUDQFLDPLOOLRPRVRNNDOµUL£VLMDFKWRNRQ
$PEHU£W¸OHOWH0DULRQ\DN£W«VPHJFVµNROWD
ȟ'HD]W£QQHNHGVH
ȟ+HVWDFRPEHEDQQLQFVHQHNKDWDOPDVMDFKWRN
ȟ 3RQWRVDQ WXGRG PLUÿO EHV]«OHN 0£U DNNRU DPLNRU PHJLVPHUWHOHN
WXGWDPPLO\HQYDJ\
ȟ0HJY£OWR]WDPȟ Q«]HWWV«UWHWW£UWDWODQV£JJDO0DULR ȟ(J\V]HUVHP
YROWDPKěWOHQKR]]£G
ȟ 5HPHN GH V]HUHWQ«P KD H] WRY£EEUD LV ¯J\ PDUDGQD $NNRU LV
DPLNRUQHPYDJ\RNLWW0HUWKDQHPȟQ«]HWW0DULRV]HP«EH$PEHUȟ
DNNRUY«JH7HOMHVHQ$NNRUQHPDNDURNWRY£EEYHOHGOHQQL
ȟ1HPIRJRNFVLQ£OQLVHPPLWȟWLOWDNR]RWW0DULR
ȟ $NNRU Mµ ȟ $PEHU FVµNRW Q\RPRWW D I«UIL RUU£UD «V OHP£V]RWW D]
¸O«EÿOȟ/HFNHY«JH6]HULQWHGHO«JWRSRWSDNROWDP"
0DULR Q«]WH DKRJ\ D O£Q\ V]£PRO D]W£Q P«J KR]]£WHV] Q«K£Q\DW
7HOMHVHQ PHJE¯]RWW $PEHUEHQ P«JLV MREEDQ V]HUHWWH YROQD KD D O£Q\
QHPPHJ\HOQ«ON¾OH)UDQFLDRUV]£JED+L£Q\R]QLIRJ1DWQHN«V5XE\QDN
LV7DO£QDPLNRUPDMGYLVV]DM¸QPHJN«QHEHV]«OQLYHOHKRJ\N¸OW¸]]¸Q
KR]]£MXN
$]µU£M£UDQ«]HWW
ȟ+«WWL]HQ¸WYDQ0LNRULQGXOV]"
ȟ.LOHQFNRU1HJ\HGW¯]NRUYHV]HPIHO0DQG\Wȟ$PEHUQHPIRJDGWD
HO0DULRDM£QODW£WKRJ\NLYLV]LDEULVWROLUHSW«UUHPRQGY£QHJ\V]HUěEE
RWWKDJ\QLDDVDM£WNRFVLM£WDKRVV]¼W£Y¼SDUNROµEDQPLQWKRJ\PHJLQW
YLVV]DNHOOMHQPHQQLYDODNLQHN«UWHȟ0L«UW«KHVYDJ\"/HXJRUKDWRN«V
KR]KDWRNYDODPLW
0DULRIHO£OOWPDJ£KR]K¼]WDDO£Q\W«V¼MUDPHJFVµNROWD
ȟ,WWPDUDGV]«VEHIHMH]HGDSDNRO£VW0DMG«QOHPHJ\HNNDM£«UWVKD
HWW¾QNDNNRUPDMGP«JFVLQ£OQXQNNHOOYDODPLW
ȟ ,JHQ" ȟ $PEHU H]¾VWW¾UNL] I¾OEHYDOµL PHJOHQG¾OWHN DPLNRU
M£W«NRVDQD]WPRQGWDȟVPLOHQQHD]"3RUV]¯Yµ]£VYDJ\PRVRJDW£V"
2NRV «V V]HOOHPHV O£Q\ YROW «V 0DULR WXGWD KRJ\ MREEDQ IRJ QHNL
KL£Q\R]QL PLQW JRQGROQ£ 0DULR D V]RNQ\D «V D QDUDQFVV]¯Q U¸YLG WRS
N¸]«FV¼V]WDWWDDNH]«W«VD]WPRUPROWD
ȟ5HQGHVHQHONHOOE¼FV¼]QXQNHJ\P£VWµO$]£J\EDQ
ȟ $Q\X «Q DQQ\LUD XW£ORP D]W D E£FVLW 1H PHQM HO YHOH ȟ N¸Q\¸UJ¸WW
1DWDPLNRUU£M¸WWKRJ\/RWWLHPLUHN«V]¾O
ȟ.LFVLPP£UPHJPRQGWDPQDJ\RQUHQGHVHPEHU
/RWWLH D] HJ\LN NH]«EHQ D V]HPSLOODIHVW«NHW S¼GHUW «V SDUI¾P¸W
HJ\HQV¼O\R]WDPLN¸]EHQDI¾UGÿV]REDLW¾N¸UEHQVPLQNHOW
ȟ1HPUHQGHV,QN£EEQDJ\RQJRQRV]
ȟ2N«ȟ VµKDMWRWWIHO/RWWLHȟ 1HPDNDUWDPQHNWHN HOÿUH HOPRQGDQL
GH7\OHUKR]QHNWHNDM£QG«NRWJ\MREEHJ\NLFVLW"
1DPRVWNLGHU¾OKRJ\PHJY£V£UROKDWµDNHDJ\HUHNHL
1DWDUFDIHOUDJ\RJRWW
ȟ0LO\HQDM£QG«NRW"
ȟ 1HP WXGRP FVDN HVWH KR]]D HO 'H KD XW£ORG DNNRU HVHWOHJ QHP
NHOOHQHȪ
ȟ 1DW DM£QG«NRW NDS DWWµO D] HPEHUWÿO" ȟ 5XE\ D N£G V]«O«Q ¾OW «V
/RWWLH OLOD V]HPIHVW«N«YHO N¯V«UOHWH]HWW D W¾N¸U VHJ¯WV«JH Q«ON¾O $] «OHW
LJD]V£JWDODQV£J£Q IHOEÿV]¾OYH KR]]£WHWWH ȟ 3HGLJ PL IRJODONR]WXQN
1DWWHOHJ«V]Y«JLJDPLNRUEÿJ¸WWPLQWHJ\NLVEDED
ȟ V H]W 7\OHU LV WXGMD ȟ /RWWLH ¾J\HVHQ YLVV]DFVHQWH D V]HPIHVW«N«W
DP¯JP«JPDUDGWEHQQHYDODPLȟ(]«UWKR]RWWQHNHGLVYDODPLW
ȟ7«Q\OHJ"ȟ5XE\PDMGQHPUXK£VWXOEHOHERUXOWDN£GED¸U¸P«EHQȟ
VPLWKR]RWW"
ȟ )RJDOPDP VLQFV &VDN DQQ\LW PRQGRWW KRJ\ D]RQ D 6FKZDU] QHYě
KHO\HQYHWWH1HZ<RUNEDQ«VȪ
ȟ6FKZDU]")$26FKZDU]"ȟSDWWDQWIHO5XE\HONHUHNHGÿV]HPPHO
ȟ7HPHJKRQQDQWXGRGH]W"ȟN«UGH]WH/RWWLHFVRG£ONR]YD
ȟ 0PP $ YLO£J OHJMREE M£W«NEROWMD ȟ OHONHQGH]HWW 1DW ȟ /£WWXN D
W«Y«EHQD&%%&QQDJ\RQV]XSHU
ȟ -REE PLQW 'LVQH\ODQG ȟ FVLSRJRWW N¸]EH 5XE\ ȟ V E£UPLW
PHJYHKHWV]RWWDPLWFVDNDNDUV]1DJ\REEPLQWD%XFNLQJKDPSDORWD
«VPLQGHQ¾NYDQȪ
6]LQWHO£WQLOHKHWHWWDKRJ\FVLOODJRNV]LNU£]QDNDJ\HUHNHNV]HP«EÿO
0LYHO VHMWHWWH KRJ\ 5XE\«N P£U HON«S]HOLN 7\OHUW DPLQW HJ\
WHKHUDXWµQ\LDM£QG«NNDOIRJEHIXWQL/RWWLHVLHWYHPHJMHJ\H]WH
ȟ )LJ\HOMHWHN FVDN HJ\ DM£QG«NRW NDSWRN IHMHQN«QW V PLQW P£U D]
HOÿEEPRQGWDPKDD]WJRQGROM£WRNKRJ\7\OHUV]¸UQ\ěDODNDNNRUQHP
LVQDJ\RQ«UGHPOLWHNPHJ
ȟ +D P£U HJ«V]HQ 1HZ <RUNWµO LG£LJ KR]WD D] DM£QG«NRW QHN¾QN
V]HULQWHP KDJ\QXQN N«QH KRJ\ LGHDGMD ȟ PRQGWD 5XE\ ȟ .¾O¸QEHQ
PHJE£QWDQ£QN
ȟ V KD D )$2 6FKZDU]EDQ YHWWH ÿNHW ȟ WHWWH KR]]£ NRPRO\DQ 1DW ȟ
DNNRUEL]WRVDQV]XSHUDM£QG«NRNDPLNHJ\UDN£VS«Q]EHNHU¾OWHN
0HJY£V£UROKDWµDN"$]ÿJ\HUHNHL"
ȟ$NNRUHOPHKHWHNYHOHYDFVRU£]QL"ȟN«UGH]WH/RWWLH
ȟ6]HULQWHPLJHQȟEµOLQWRWW5XE\«V1DWLVFVDWODNR]RWWKR]]£
ȟ +£W DNNRU KXUU£ V QH IHOHGNH]]HWHN PHJ D Mµ PRGRUUµO ȟ
ILJ\HOPH]WHWWH ÿNHW /RWWLH ȟ %£UPLW KR]RWW LV O£WV]µGMRQ KRJ\ ¸U¾OW¸N
QHNL«VȪ
1DW«V5XE\V]HPIRUJDWYDNµUXVEDQIRO\WDWWD
ȟ.¸V]¸QM¾NPHJV]«SHQ
+XV]DGLNIHMH]HW
$ NLV KDV]RQOHVÿN P£U HJ\ LGHMH RWW OµJWDN 1DW V]RE£M£QDN DEODN£EDQ
PLUH 7\OHU NRFVLMD PHJ£OOW D K£] HOÿWW $] DMWµQ£O D I«UIL KDONDQ D]W
PRUPROWD
ȟ $]W KLV]HP VLNHU¾OW £WW¸U«VW HO«UQ¾QN 1DW «V 5XE\ LQWHJHWHWW
QHNHPVQHPSIXMROWDNQHPGRE£OWDNPHJNÿYHO
/RWWLH KDVL]PDL PHJIHV]¾OWHN D Y£UDNR]£VWµO QDJ\RQ V]HUHWWH YROQD
KRJ\ D J\HUHNHL W¼OWHJ\«N PDJXNDW D 7\OHU LU£QWL HOOHQV]HQYHQ
.DWDV]WURI£OLV YROW D] LQGXO£V GH Q«PL V]HUHQFV«YHO PDJXN P¸J¸WW
KDJ\KDWM£N 1DJ\RQ VRNDW V]£P¯WRWW KRJ\ ÿN K£UPDQ PHJLVPHUM«N «V
PHJNHGYHOM«NHJ\P£VW
$]DM£QG«NRNWDO£QPHJWHV]LNPDMGDPDJXN«W
ȟ 6]LDV]WRN ȟ ¾GY¸]¸OWH ÿNHW 7\OHU OD]£Q DPLNRU 1DW «V 5XE\
NHOOÿN«SSHQDQJ\DOLN«SSHOIHOEXNNDQWDO«SFVÿWHWHM«Qȟ+RJ\YDJ\WRN"
ȟ-µO
1DWQDJ\V]HPHNNHOE£PXOW«VMµNRUDHUÿIHV]¯W«V«EHNHU¾OWKRJ\QHD
7\OHUNH]«EHQO«YÿFVRPDJRNDWQ«]]H
ȟ 5HPHN¾O N¸V]¸QM¾N ȟ IHOHOWH 5XE\ V]XSHUXGYDULDVDQ ȟ -µO «UH]WH
PDJ£W$PHULN£EDQ"
7\OHUO£WKDWµDQPHJN¸QQ\HEE¾OWDIDQWDV]WLNXV£WDODNXO£VRQ
ȟ1DJ\RQMµOGHP«JMREEYROWYLVV]DM¸QQLVWXGM£WRNPLW"+R]WDP
QHNWHNYDODPLW
/RWWLHSUµE£OWQHPHOPRVRO\RGQLDPLNRU1DW«V5XE\¼J\WHWWPLQWKD
FVDNPRVWYHQQ«N«V]UHDFVLOORJµJ\¸Q\¸UěHQEHFVRPDJROWGRER]RNDW
ȟ(]DWL«GȟQ\¼MWRWWDDMREENH]«EHQO«YÿSDNNRW5XE\IHO«7\OHUȟ(]
SHGLJDWL«GȟPXWDWWDIHODP£VLNDW1DWQHN
$J\HUHNHNHJ\¾WWPHQWHNOHDO«SFVÿQHOYHWW«NDPDJXNFVRPDJM£W«V
XGYDULDVDQPRQGW£N
ȟ.¸V]¸QM¾N0U.OHLQ
ȟ1DJ\RQV]¯YHVHQȟ7\OHU¼J\¸U¾OWPLQWKD«SSHQPRVWQ\HUWHYROQD
PHJ D] 2VFDUW ȟ V Q\XJRGWDQ WHJH]]HWHN VÿW WHJH]ÿGM¾QN
PLQGDQQ\LDQ
/RWWLHKHO\HVHOWPDMG£WWHUHOWPLQGHQNLWDQDSSDOLED«VDK£WDP¸J¸WW
NHUHV]WH]WHD]XMMDLWDPLNRUDJ\HUHNHNQHNLHVWHNDFVRPDJROµSDS¯UQDN
(GGLJ VRNNDO MREEDQ PHQWHN D GROJRN PLQW D]W HJ\ K«WWHO NRU£EEDQ
Y£UWD«VRO\DQMµOHQQHKDȪ
-DMQH
8UDPDW\£P
ȟ3HUV]HIRJDOPDPVHPYROWKRJ\PLWN«QHKR]QRPQHNHGȟPRQGWD
7\OHU «SSHQ 5XE\QDN ȟ GH YROW HJ\ QDJ\RQ VHJ¯WÿN«V] HODGµQÿ DNL D]W
PRQGWDKRJ\H]EL]WRVDQMµOHV]
6]¯Q«V]NHGM N¸Q\¸UJ¸WW Q«P£Q /RWWLH V]¯Q«V]NHGM DKRJ\ P£VNRU VRKD
3UµE£OWD £WVXJ£UR]QL H]W D JRQGRODWRW 5XE\ED DNL PHJN¸Y¾OWHQ PHUHGW
D] £WO£WV]µ GRER]EDQ £OOµ G¯V]HV YLNWRUL£QXV UXK£ED ¸OW¸]WHWHWW Uµ]V£V
DUF¼SRUFHO£QEDE£UD
9DQQDN NLOHQF«YHVHN DNLN LP£GM£N D EDE£NDW (J\HVHN P«J D]RNDW D
EDE£NDWLVLP£GM£NDPHO\HNPěDQ\DJGRER]EDQYDQQDN«VQHPLVOHKHW
YHO¾N M£WV]DQL 'H 5XE\ HGGLJ NL]£UµODJ D YXGXEDE£N LU£QW PXWDWRWW
«UGHNOÿG«VW
ȟ *\¸Q\¸Uě ȟ PRQGWD 5XE\ E£WUDQ «V UHPHJHWW D] £OOD
HUÿIHV]¯W«V«EHQ KRJ\ SDO£VWROMD D FVDOµGRWWV£J£W ȟ +D PHJG¸QWM¾N
EHFVXNMDDV]HP«W.¸V]¸Q¸P0U.OHLQ
ȟ 7\OHU ȟ PRQGWD D I«UIL DNLQHN IRJDOPD VHP YROW UµOD KRJ\ HQQ«O
URVV]DEEDM£QG«NRWQHPLVY£ODV]WKDWRWWYROQDȟU¾O¸NKRJ\WHWV]LN
ȟ 1DJ\RQ V]«S ȟ Q\¸JWH NL /RWWLH PLHOÿWW N«Q\HOPHWOHQ FVHQG
W£PDGKDWRWW YROQD ȟ 1«]G FVDN D KDM£W 0HJ D FLSÿM«W 'H Mµ QHNHG
5XE\ 1DW WH KRJ\ EROGRJXOV]" ȟ IRUGXOW D IL£KR] DNLQHN Q«PL JRQGMD
DNDGWDV]DN«UWÿHQEHFVRPDJROW«VOHUDJDV]WRWWGRER]]DOȟ0LWNDSW£O"
9«JUH D] XWROVµ U«WHJ SDS¯U LV IHOV]DNDGW «V /RWWLHQDN HO£OOW D
V]¯YYHU«VH
ȟ :DUKDPPHU ȟ PRQGWD 1DW V]¯QWHOHQ KDQJRQ ȟ .¸V]¸Q¸P V]«SHQ
0U7\OHU
:DUKDPPHUWHMµ«J$PLKH]I«OHOPHWHV¸VV]SRQWRV¯W£V¾J\HVN«]«V
Y«JWHOHQW¾UHOHPNHOOȟDPHO\HNN¸]¾O1DWHJ\LNNHOVHPUHQGHONH]LN
ȟ$K¸OJ\D]WPRQGWDKRJ\UHQJHWHJHWDGQDNHOEHOÿOHVDJ\HUHNHN
LP£GM£N ȟ MHJ\H]WH PHJ E¾V]N«Q 7\OHU ȟ U£NLJ N«SHVHN UDJDV]WJDWQL
PHJIHVWHJHWQL+HWHNLJHOOHKHWV]YHOH
1DWRO\DQDUFRWY£JRWWPLQWDNLPHQWHQHOV¯UMDPDJ£W/RWWLHJ\RUVDQ
N¸]EHV]µOW
ȟ+£WQHPV]XSHU",P£GQLIRJRGDPRGHOOH]«VWQHPLJD]"
1DW EµOLQWRWW «V Y«JLJVLP¯WRWW D GRER] WHWHM«Q PXWDWYD PHQQ\LUH
WHWV]LNQHNL+DORY£Q\UHV]NHWHJKDQJRQPRQGWD
ȟ,JHQ
ȟ+HOOµPHJM¸WWHPȟY£JµGRWWNLDEHM£UDWLDMWµ«V0DULRO«SHWWEHȟ
(OQ«]«VWKRJ\N«VWHPHJ\NLFVLW$PEHU«SSPRVWK¯YRWW1DJ\RQMµO«U]L
PDJ£W «V PLQGHQNLW ¾GY¸]¸O +ě LWW PHJ PL IRO\LN" ȟ WRUSDQW PHJ D]
DMWµEDQ DPLNRU O£WWD D] DM£QG«NRNDW V]£QDOPDVDQ V]RURQJDWµ
J\HUHNHNHWȟ1HPLVWXGWDPKRJ\NDU£FVRQ\YDQ
ȟ1LQFVLVȟ5XE\RWWKDJ\WDD]DM£QG«N£W«VD]DSM£KR]IXWRWWȟ$SD
P£V]XQNI£UD"
ȟVYDG£V]XQNN¯J\µUD"ȟN«UGH]WH1DW
ȟ $NNRU PL PHJ\¾QN LV ȟ /RWWLH LJ\HNH]HWW NLKDV]Q£OQL D NHGYH]ÿ
SLOODQDWRW«VPLQGHQNLWY«JLJSXV]LOWȟUH]]«WHNMµOPDJDWRNDW
ȟ7HLVȟPRQGWD0DULRȟ-µOHJ\«O«VQHJ\HUHN«VÿQ
0LYHO /RWWLH I«OW KRJ\ 0DULR P«J KR]]£WHV]L Ȧ9DJ\ KD P£U Mµ QHP
YDJ\ OHJDO£EE µYDWRV OHJ\«Oȥ YDJ\ YDODPL KDVRQOµW J\RUVDQ NLWHUHOWH D
K£]EµO7\OHUW
ȟ 0L D] NLFVLP" ȟ /RWWLH EROGRJ PRVROO\DO VLPRJDWWD PHJ D] L]JDWRWW
NLVO£Q\ DUF£W 7H Mµ «J H] D]W£Q E£UPL OHKHW 7\OHU HOLQW«]WH KRJ\
%H\RQF«LVEHXJRUMRQKR]]£MXN"9DJ\2UODQGR%ORRPY£UDNR]LNDK£WVµ
NHUWEHQ"
ȟ9DQHJ\P£VLNPHJOHSHW«VLVȟKDGDUWD5XE\ȟ$NRQ\K£EDQ
(]VH URVV] ȟ2UODQGR %ORRP DNRQ\K£EDQ9DJ\ P«JMREEȟ 2UODQGR
%ORRPDPLQWHOPRVRJDW
ȟ 1HP E¯URP D IHV]NµW ȟ NL£OWRWWD /RWWLH ȟ 9DJ\ PHJPXWDWM£WRN
YDJ\Ȫ
ȟ $W\D«J ȟ V]DNDGW NL 7\OHUEÿO «V U¼JRWW HJ\HW /RWWLH G¸EEHQWHQ
SLVORJRWW«VYDODPLV¸W«WGRORJVXKDQW£WDO£WµPH]HM«Q0LHOÿWWE£UNLLV
PR]GXOKDWRWW YROQD D YDODPL QDJ\ ]DMMDO QHNL¾WN¸]¸WW D V]HPN¸]WL
IDOQDN 7\OHU YLOO£PVHEHVV«JJHO HONDSWD 1DWHW «V 5XE\W «V D] DMWµ IHO«
WXV]NROWD ÿNHW ȟ 2N« VU£FRN PHQMHWHN NL FVXNM£WRN EH D] DMWµW «V
PHQMHWHNIHOD]HPHOHWUH
ȟ (] PHJ PL" ȟ NL£OWRWWD /RWWLH PHUW E£UPL YROW LV D] OHFV¼V]RWW D
IDOUµO«VHOWěQWDN¸Q\YHVSROFP¸J¸WW
ȟ$IUDQFEDȟVµKDMWRWWIHO0DULR
$KDM£EDW¼UW«VHOLQGXOWDSROFIHO«
ȟ $SX DSX H] %HUQDUG YROW" ȟ 5XE\ HOÿM¸WW 7\OHU NDUMD DOµO «V D
KDQJM£EDQ I«OHOHP UHPHJHWW 2GDURKDQW 0DULµKR] «V YDGXO HONH]GWH
OHGRE£OQL D N¸Q\YHNHW D SROFUµO ȟ %HUQDUG KRO YDJ\" 6HPPL EDM P£U
HOÿM¸KHWV]
ȟ+£WH]WQHPKLV]HPHOȟPRURJWD7\OHU
/RWWLHO£WWDKRJ\HJ«V]HQHOV£SDGW
/RWWLHFVRG£ONR]YD£PLJHQURVV]HOÿ«U]HWWHOWHWWHIHODN«UG«VW
ȟ.LD]D%HUQDUG"
ȟ$]«QPHJOHSHW«VHPȟ5XE\EÿV]HQQ\¼ON£OWDSROFP¸J«ȟ3RQWÿW
DNDUWDP PHJPXWDWQL 0D HVWH WDO£OWXN D] HUGÿEHQ «V DSX D]W PRQGWD
PHJWDUWKDWMXNȪ0L«UWLVM¸WWNL"%HUQDUGKROYDJ\"6HPPLEDMQHI«OM
ȟ(OPRQGDQ£Y«JUHYDODNLKRJ\NLD]D%HUQDUG"ȟN«UGH]WH/RWWLH
ȟ(J\N¯J\µȟFVµY£OWDDIHM«W7\OHUȟUH]WHPYDODPLWDO£EDPRQ«V
DPLNRUOHQ«]WHPHJ\N¯J\µWO£WWDP$U¼J£VFVDNUHIOH[YROWOHDNDUWDP
U£]QL *\HUHNNRURPEDQ VRNDW YROWDP :\RPLQJEDQ ȟ KD PHJPDU HJ\
FV¸UJÿN¯J\µDNNRUY«JHG
ȟ ,WW QLQFVHQHN FV¸UJÿN¯J\µN ȟ IHOHOWH KLJJDGWDQ 0DULR ȟ %HUQDUG
O£EDWODQ J\¯N P£V Q«YHQ NXV]PD $ O£EDWODQ J\¯NRN WHOMHVHQ
£UWDOPDWODQRNȟIRO\WDWWDȟ1HPKDUDSQDN0«JFVDNQHPLVN¯J\µN«VȪ
-DM
/RWWLHQDN QHP NHOOHWW U£N«UGH]QLH KRJ\ PLW MHOHQW H] D MDM 7XGWD
+LWHWOHQNHGYH V]RU¯WRWWD D] ROGDO£KR] 1DWHW PLN¸]EHQ 0DULR EHQ\¼OW D
OHJDOVµSROFDO£«VODVVDQHOÿK¼]WD%HUQDUGRW$K¯Q£UEDUQDI«OP«WHUHV
MµV]£J O£WKDWµDQ KDORWW YROW 5XE\QDN DNL D] DSMD PHOOHWW W«UGHOW
HOERUXOW D] DUFD D]W£Q V]RPRU¼DQ IHOMDMGXOW WYHWWH %HUQDUGRW «V D]
¸O«EHQULQJDWWDD]«OHWWHOHQWHVWHW
ȟ$IUDQFEDȟPRURJWD7\OHUȟ0£UPHJLQW
/RWWLHQ£O HOV]DNDGW D F«UQD $PLNRU P£U NH]GWH D]W KLQQL KRJ\
PLQGHQ UHQGEHQ OHV] YDODPLQHN PHJLQW W¸UW«QQLH NHOOHWW (O YDQ
£WNR]YDYDJ\PL"
ȟ 1DJ\RQ VDMQ£ORP ȟ VµKDMWRWW QDJ\RW 7\OHU ȟ 'H DPLNRU OHQ«]WHP
QHPV]£P¯WRWWDPU£KRJ\HJ\N¯J\µOHV]DO£EDPRQ
ȟ 1HP OHWW YROQD V]DEDG D O£EDGRQ OHQQLH ȟ MHOHQWHWWH NL /RWWLH ȟ $
NRQ\K£EDQ NHOOHWW YROQD WDUWµ]NRGQLD 0L«UW QHP YROW EHFVXNYD D
NRQ\KDDMWµ"
ȟ (J\ NDUWRQGRER]ED WHWW¾N DPLW V]DOP£YDO E«OHOW¾QN NL ȟ 1DWQHN
UHPHJHWW D] DOVµ DMND ȟ 1HP OHWW YROQD V]DEDG NLP£V]QLD EHOÿOH &VDN
HJ\NLFVLWNLQ\LWRWWDPDWHWHM«WKRJ\NDSMRQOHYHJÿW
ȟ5XE\VDMQ£ORPȟSUµE£ONR]RWW¼MUD7\OHUȟ1HPDNDUWDPPHJ¸OQLȪ
ȟ .«WV«JEHHVHWWHQ IRO\WDWWD ȟ 9DQQDN LWW NLV£OODWEROWRN" ,GHKDOOJDVV
YHV]HNQHNHGHJ\P£VLNN¯J\µW%£UPLO\HWDPLO\HWFVDNDNDUV]
5XE\ RUUD KHJ\«UÿO N¸QQ\FVHSSHN KXOOWDN D] ¸O«EHQ WDUWRWW KDORWW
£OODWUD6]LSRJRWWHJ\HWD]W£Q7\OHUUHQ«]HWW
ȟ 1HP DNDURP KRJ\ ¼M N¯J\µW YHJ\«O %L]WRVDQ YDODPL URQG£W YHQQ«O
SRUFHO£QDUFFDO PHJ FVLSN«YHO PHJ U«JLPµGL UXK£NNDO V P«J KD LJD]L
SLWRQW YHQQ«O DNNRU VH DNDUQ£P PHUW XW£OODN «V XW£ORP D]W D K¾O\H
EDE£W LV DPLW DGW£O «V PHJ¸OWHG %HUQDUGRW LV V D]W DNDURP KRJ\ QH
J\HUHLGHP£VNRUVRKDW¸EEHW
7\OHUJRQGRONR]RWWHJ\NLFVLWD]W£QEµOLQWRWW
ȟ 7XGRG D]W KLV]HP QHP LV DNDURN ȟ $]W£Q RGDV¼JWD /RWWLHQDN ȟ
+ROQDSWDO£ONR]XQND]LURG£EDQ
/RWWLH]VLEEDGWDQEµOLQWRWW
ȟVQHPDNDURPKRJ\PHJLQWHOYLGGD]DQ\XN£PDWȟY£JWDP«JRGD
5XE\
7\OHUHUUHQHPY£ODV]ROW
ȟV1DWLVXW£OMDD:DUKDPPHUPRGHOOHNHWȟNLDE£OWDXW£QDDNLVO£Q\
DPLNRU7\OHUD]DMWµIHO«LQGXOWȟ'HD]QHPEDMPHUWDSDD]WPRQGMD
KRJ\D]H%D\HQN¸QQ\HQHOWXGMXNDGQL
/RWWLH QHP I£UDGW D]]DO KRJ\ NLN¯V«UMH 7\OHUW (] D PDL YDOµV]¯QěOHJ
QHPDPLQGHQWHOG¸QWÿHOVÿFVµN«MV]DN£MD
6]LD&UHVVLGD
&UHVVLG£QDNLWWPHJGREEDQWDV]¯YHD]RVWREDUHP«Q\NHG«VEHQ
'HD]WNRPRO\DQUHP«OHPKRJ\M¸YēK¼VY«WNRUHJ\K«WUH
VLNHU¾OIRJODOQLYDODPLW
+DLJHQDNNRUUHP«OHPKRJ\¼MUDWDO£ONR]KDWXQN
'HPRVWPHJ\HNY£UDPXQND
0LQGHQMµW
7RP7XUQHU
/£WWDDW¾N¸UN«S«WDPRQLWRURQȟ¼J\YLJ\RUJRWWDN£UHJ\LGLµWD1DJ\RQ
MµYROWKDOODQL7RPUµOD]HOÿ]ÿK«WUHWWHQHWHVHQODVVDQWHOWPRVWKRJ\D
I«UIL HOXWD]RWW V D]]DO NH]GWH KRJ\ FVDN U¸YLGHQ ¯U GH Y«J¾O HJ«V]HQ
KRVV]¼OHWWQHPLJD]"5¸YLGHPDLOQHNHO«JJ«WHUMHGHOPHVUHVLNHU¾OWV
QHPOHWWYROQDPXV]£M7RPQDNPHJHPO¯WHQLH«VPHJN¸V]¸QQLHDN£UW\£W
ȟV]HP«O\HVHQP£UU«JPHJWHWWH
(J\V]µYDO &UHVVLGD ¼J\ «UH]WH PLQGH] QDJ\RQ ¯J«UHWHV MHO DPL D]W
PXWDWMD KRJ\ 7RP QHP DNDUMD PHJV]DN¯WDQL YHOH D NDSFVRODWRW «V
WDO£QȪ
ȟ&UHVVQ«QLYDODNLHVN¾YÿLPHJK¯YµNDWDNDUUHQGHOQL
&UHVVLGDPDMGDSODIRQLJXJURWWDPLNRUNLQ\¯OWD]DMWµ«VEHO«SHWW-RMR
NH]«EHQ D WHOHIRQQDO $QQ\LUD OHIRJODOWD 7RP HPDLOMH KRJ\ PHJ VH
KDOORWWD D FV¸UJ«VW *\RUVDQ EěQWXGDWRVDQ NDWWLQWRWWD HO D OHYHOHW D
N«SHUQ\ÿUÿO£WYHWWHDPRELOW-RMµWµO«VSUµE£OWDERUQHPRXWKLURSSDQW
L]JDWRWWDUDMHO¸OWHVN¾YÿLHON«S]HO«VHLUHNRQFHQWU£OQL
$PLNRU D K¯Y£V Y«JHW «UW ȟ «V -RMR P£U YLVV]DPHQW D NRQ\K£ED ȟ
&UHVVLGD ¼MUD IHOKR]WD D N«SHUQ\ÿUH 7RP OHYHO«W «V PHJLQW HOROYDVWD
$QQ\LUD I«OW D] ¾]HQHW HOWěQ«V«WÿO KRJ\ EHNDSFVROWD D Q\RPWDWµW «V
NLSULQWHOWH(]P£UVRNNDOMREELJD]LOHY«OLJD]LSDS¯URQ7HUP«V]HWHVHQ
Y£ODV]ROQLIRJU£GHPDMGN«VÿEE3HUFHNHQEHO¾OYLVV]D¯UQLHJ\£WODJRV
EDU£WL HPDLOUH NLVV« PRKµV£JQDN KDWQD J\ OHJDO£EE OHV] LGHMH QDJ\
QHKH]HQPHJIRJDOPD]QLDPHJIHOHOÿHQOD]D«VEDU£WLY£ODV]W
VHVWHHON¾OGL
$]DMWµPHJLQWNLQ\¯OW«V-RMRH]¼WWDOOLV]WHVRUUDO«VIUXIUXYDOGXJWDEH
DIHM«W
ȟ-µK¯U"
ȟ5HPHNK¯UȟIHOHOWHEROGRJDQ&UHVVLGD
ȟ0HQQ\L"
ȟ0LPHQQ\L"
ȟ0HQQ\LPHJK¯YµWUHQGHOW"
ȟ-D+£WȪK¼V]DW
-RMRHOK¼]WDDV]£M£W
ȟ+£WD]QHPW¼OVRN
ȟ7XGRP'HFVDNNLFVLPHJKLWWHVN¾YÿOHV]
ȟ$NNRUPLDUHPHNK¯U"
ȟ $ NLV HVN¾YÿN RO\DQ URPDQWLNXVDN ȟ &UHVVLGD D ILµNM£ED FV¼V]WDWWD
7RPOHYHO«WȟVȪRO\DQEROGRJYROWDKDQJMD
ȟ 6]HULQWHP LQN£EE U«V]HJQHN WěQW ȟ -RMR IXUD SLOODQW£VW YHWHWW U£ ȟ
-µOYDJ\"
ȟ +RJ\ «Q" 3HUV]H UHPHN¾O ȟ 1HK«] NRQFHQWU£OQL DPLNRU D] HPEHU
PDJ£EDQ «SSHQ HJ\ OD]D EDU£WL HPDLOW IRJDOPD] ȟ +RJ\ £OOV] D
PXIILQRNNDO"
ȟ$V¾WÿEHQYDQQDN0«JNLOHQFSHUF+DPHJFVLQ£OWDPDP£]DWFVRNLW
V]µUMDNYDJ\NRNW«OFVHUHV]Q\«WWHJ\HNDWHWHM«UH"
Ȧ.HGYHV 7RP ¸U¾O¸N KRJ\ KDOORN IHOÿOHG 1H YDFDNROM D IRJODO£VVDO
Q\XJRGWDQ OHM¸KHWWHN D K«WY«J«Q KR]]£QN LV 'RQQ\ HODOKDW D
YHQG«JV]RE£EDQWHSHGLJQ£ODPPLWV]µOV]Ȫȥ
ȟ&UHVVQ«QL
ȟ.KPȪȟ&UHVVLGDNL]¸NNHQWD]£OPRGR]£VEµOȟ/HJ\HQPLQGNHWWÿ
ȟ0RVWFVDNH]DNHWWÿOHV]"ȟ«UGHNOÿG¸WWHS«VHQ0HUU\
)«OWL]HQHJ\YROW«V0DULRP£UKDUPDGV]RUPHQWEH¼MDEEN¸U«UW
ȟ &VDN NHWWÿ ȟ IHOHOWH 0DULR ȟ $] HJ\LN Q\DUDOµK£]EDQ ODNQDN $
NHGYHV PDPD HOI£UDGW ¼J\KRJ\ P£U HOPHQW DOXGQL 5HQGEHQ YDQ ¯J\
0HUU\"
$]DVV]RQ\U£Q«]HWW
ȟ 1HNHP UHQGEHQ NHGYHVHP (] KR]]D D S«Q]W ,QN£EE D]RQ
JRQGRONRGRPKRJ\$PEHUQHNLVUHQGEHQOHQQHH
&VRG£ODWRVD]«OHWIDOXKHO\HQ
ȟ 1HP WXGRP 0DMG PHJFV¸UJHWHP «V HQJHG«O\W N«UHN WÿOH Mµ" ȟ
0DULR HOWHWWH D] DSUµW «V IHONDSWD D] LWDORNDW ȟ 0LQGHQHVHWUH QHP
FVLQ£ORNVHPPLURVV]DW2WW¾O¾QNDNLUDNDWEDQPLQGHQNLV]HPHO£WW£UD
.DUHQQHN K¯YM£N V]DN¯WRWW D YÿOHJ«Q\«YHO «V PRVWDQ£EDQ HO«JJ«
HON£PSLFVRURGRWW J\KRJ\ D] DQ\MD NLYHWW HJ\ K£]DW HJ\ K«WUH KRJ\
OD]¯WVRQNLFVLW«VNLYHUMHDIHM«EÿOD]H[«W
ȟ+P
(]DK¾PP¸J«VVRNPLQGHQWNLIHMH]HWW
ȟ 0«J VRVHP M£UWDN D] RUV]£JQDN HEEHQ D U«V]«EHQ ȟ IRO\WDWWD
]DYDUWDODQXO 0DULR ȟ 0D YROWDN %DWKEDQ Y£V£UROJDWQL H]«UW I£UDGW HO
0DULO\Q D PDPD .DUHQ P«J QHP YROW £OPRV ¼J\KRJ\ LQN£EE PDUDGW
P«JHJ\LWDOUD1\XJLQHPV]H[HO¾QNRGDNLQW
ȟ (]W ¸U¸PPHO KDOORP ȟ IHOHOWH 0HUU\ ȟ (OY«JUH LO\HVPLUH QLQFV
HQJHG«O\¾QN
ȟ &VDN EHV]«OJHW¾QN UWDOPDWODQXO $KRJ\ £OWDO£EDQ D NRFVP£EDQ
V]RN£VVÿNNH]GW«NDW£UVDOJ£VWQHP«Q
ȟ1DJ\RQFVLQRVO£Q\
ȟ $] ȟ IHOHOWH 0DULR ȟ (]«UW K£O£VQDN NHOO OHQQHP QHP LJD]" 7H
JRQGRVNRGV]UµODKRJ\HO¸OQH¾OMHQHNE£Q\DU«PHN
ȟ .LY«YH D]W D] HJ\HW D QDUDQFVV£UJD QDGU£JEDQ DPHO\LN RO\DQ PLQW
HJ\ Oµ ȟ K¼]WD HO D V]£M£W 0HUU\ ȟ 'H D %DOODQW\QHW£UVDV£JJDO YDQ
¼J\KRJ\QHPDNDG£O\R]KDWWDPPHJ
ȟ7HUHOV]
ȟ7HLVȟIHOHOWH0HUU\
ȟ Q FVDN SUµE£ORN EDU£WV£JRV OHQQL +D $PEHU QLQFV LWWKRQ D] D]W
MHOHQWL KRJ\ QHP O«SKHWHN NL D K£]EµO" 7DO£Q D G¯Y£Q\KR] NHOOHQH
ELOLQFVHOQHPPDJDPȟYRQWDIHODV]HP¸OG¸N«W0DULRȟ«VVRUR]DWRNDW
Q«]QL D W«Y«EHQ" .RQ]HUYOHYHVHQ «OMHN «V NL VH PHQMHN NDM£«UW QHKRJ\
U£YHVVHPPDJDPDO£Q\UDDSXOWQ£O"
ȟ0RVWOHJDO£EEYDQPLWHON«S]HOQHPȟPRQGWD0HUU\
ȟ+£WHUUHQHPYDJ\RNKDMODQGµ,WWYDJ\RNJ\¸Q\¸UěHQYLVHONHGHP
V]µYDOQHPNHOOV]HPPHOWDUWDQRG
ȟ $NNRU V]DODGM FVDN QHKRJ\ D NLVO£Q\ DJJµGMRQ .¾O¸QEHQ QDJ\RQ
V]«SHQ EHV]«OW«O ȟ NL£OWRWWD XW£QD 0HUU\ ȟ 0DMGQHP PLQWKD W«Q\OHJ
NRPRO\DQJRQGROQ£G
+XV]RQKDUPDGLNIHMH]HW
$PLNRUYLVV]D«UWD]LURG£M£EDIHOLVK¯YWD
ȟ6]LD«QYDJ\RN0LWFVLQ£OV]PDHVWH"
ȟ1HLVN«UGH]G/HV]HJ\XQDOPDV¾]OHWLWDO£ONR]µP
$IHQ«EHLVGHMµOFVLQ£OMD$KD]XJV]DYDNI«OHOPHWHVN¸QQ\HGV«JJHO
KDJ\W£NHO0DULRV]£M£W+LKHWHWOHQHJ\DODN
ȟ +D]XGV] ȟ /RWWLH EHOHJRQGROW KRJ\ K£Q\V]RU KDOOKDWRWW LO\HQ
KD]XJV£JRNDWD]«YHNVRU£Qȟ.DUHQ&UDQHQHOWDO£ONR]RO
ȟ 0RQGWDP KRJ\ XQDOPDV ¾]OHWL WDO£ONR]µ OHV] ȟ IRO\WDWWD
]DYDUWDODQXO0DULRȟUGHNOLD]¼M$XGL4XDWWUR
ȟ Q PHJ D GDODL O£PD YDJ\RN 0LQGNHWWHQ WXGMXN KRJ\ PL «UGHNOL
.DUHQW ȟ /RWWLH W¾VN«V G¾K¸V V¾QW UDM]ROJDWRWW D MHJ\]HWW¸PEM«UH ȟ
1HNHGHOPHQWD]HV]HG$]«JV]HUHOP«UHPLQGHQ£URQD]WDNDURGKRJ\
$PEHUODS£WUDWHJ\HQ"
0DULRIHOVµKDMWRWW
ȟ(]RVWREDV£J%L]WRVDQ0HUU\PRQGWD
ȟ1HPGHDNNRUYHOHLVEHV]«OHN
ȟ 1«]G FVDN EHV]«OJHWW¾QN WHJQDS HVWH &VDN SUµE£OWDP EDU£WV£JRV
OHQQLVQHPQHPFVµNROWDPPHJVQHPLVWHUYH]HP
ȟ(OK¯YWDGPDHVW«UH
ȟ 1HP QHP «Q K¯YWDP þ K¯YRWW HO HQJHP $NDU HJ\ NLV W£UVDV£JRW ȟ
WLOWDNR]RWW0DULRȟ+RJ\OHJ\HQNLKH]V]µOQLDJ\KRJ\LJHQWPRQGWDP
2O\DQUHWWHQHWHVH]"
/RWWLHV]HPH¸VV]HV]ěN¾OW
ȟ1D«VKRY£YLV]HG"
ȟ0DLV0HUU\Q«OWDO£ONR]XQN1\¯OWN£UW\£NNDO
ȟVXW£QD"
ȟ(VHWOHJHJ\SL]]D&KHOWHQKDPEHQ9DJ\QHP7HMµ«J/RWWLHPL«UW
QHP YDJ\ N«SHV PHJE¯]QL EHQQHP" 1HP QDJ\ ¾J\ D] HJ«V] &VDN PHUW
Y«OHWOHQ¾OQÿQHPěȟIRO\WDWWD0DULRȟ+DIL¼YROQDQHPFVLQ£OQ£OLO\HQ
IHV]WLY£OW
0LO\HQORJLNXV«UYHO«V
ȟ9DOµV]¯QěOHJQHP'HKD]XGW£ODUUµOKRJ\NLYHOWDO£ONR]ROPDHVWH
ȟ 0HUW WXGWDP KRJ\ U£P V]£OOQ£O )LJ\HOM PRVW PHQQHP NHOO -HUU\
«SS PRVW SUµE£O U£Vµ]QL HJ\ 0D]GD 0;¸VW YDODPL Y«QV«JUH 0DMG
EHV]«O¾QNMµ"V¯J«UHPKRJ\MµOIRJRNYLVHONHGQLHVWH
/RWWLHHJ\SLOODQDWUDVHPKLWWQHNLȟPLQWKDHJ\O£Q\¾OQHHJ\W£OI£QN
PHOOHWW«VD]WPRQGDQ£Ȧ1HPV]DEDGW«Q\OHJQHPV]DEDGGHW«Q\OHJ
GL«W£]RPȪQDMµFVDNHJ\HWOHQHJ\HWȥ
ȟ%¯]]EHQQHPȟPRQGWD0DULRDPLNRU/RWWLHQHPIHOHOWȟ$OHKHWÿ
OHJMREEDQIRJRNYLVHONHGQL
+P/RWWLHHJ\V]LJRQ\WUDM]ROWDPLDV¾QIHO«UHS¾OW
ȟ&VDND]W£QW«Q\OHJ¼J\LVOHJ\HQ
+XV]RQQHJ\HGLNIHMH]HW
7\OHUDNLP£UEHODNWDD)R[&RWWDJHRW«SSHQWHOHIRQ£OWDPLNRU/RWWLH
PHJ«UNH]HWW D M¸Yÿ «YL S«Q]¾J\L DGDWRNNDO ,QWHWW D O£Q\QDN KRJ\
PDUDGMRQ «V IRO\WDWWD D EHV]«OJHW«VW D N¸Q\YHOÿM«YHO V H]DODWW /RWWLH
NHGY«UH N¸U¾OQ«]KHWHWW 6]HP¾J\UH YHWWH D '9'J\ěMWHP«Q\«W «V
PHJN¸QQ\HEE¾OWHQO£WWDKRJ\7\OHUQHPPHJV]£OORWWFRXQWU\]HQHYDJ\
VFLILUDMRQJµ 9DJ\ KD D] LV DNNRU H]HNHW D NLQFVHNHW YDODKRO P£VXWW
ÿUL]JHWL
&VDNQHKRJ\W«Q\OHJ¯J\OHJ\HQ
0LYHODQDSSDOLYDOKDPDUY«J]HWWȟ7\OHUQHPYROWD]DUHQGHWOHQW¯SXV
ȟ /RWWLH NLPHQW D NHUWEH 0«KHN V]£OOWDN G¸QJLFV«OYH YLU£JUµO YLU£JUD
SLOODQJµN FVDSRQJWDN JRQGWDODQXO PLQW O£Q\RN HJ\ NHUWL SDUWLQ «V D
OHYHJÿORQFLOODW£WµOYROWWHUKHV$NLVS£]VLWRWV]£]V]RUV]«SHNERJO£UN£N
SHWW\H]W«N «V HJ\ SLQW\S£U V]¸NG«FVHOW HQQLYDOµW NHUHVYH /RWWLH
EHOHGXJWD D] RUU£W HJ\ P£O\Y£ED KRJ\ PHJV]DJROMD «V PDMGQHP
EHV]LSSDQWRWW HJ\ GDUD]VDW +£WUDXJURWW «V D NH]«YHO HO]DYDUWD D FV¯NRV
URYDUW GH N¸]EHQ PHJ¾W¸WWH D P£O\Y£W LV $ GDU£]V HOV]£OOW D P£O\YD
V]£UD SHGLJ YLVV]DFVDSµGRWW «V «O«QNV£UJD YLU£JSRUUDO V]µUWD EH /RWWLH
EO¼]£QDNHOHM«W
$EO¼]WHUP«V]HWHVHQKDOY£Q\Uµ]VDV]¯QYROW,O\HQDWHUP«V]HW
ȟ9DODPLJRQGYDQ"ȟEXNNDQWHOÿ7\OHUDK£WDP¸J¸WWDWHOHIRQK¯Y£V
Y«JH]W«YHO
ȟ&VDNHJ\NLVKDUFDQ¸Y«Q\V]¸UQQ\HO
ȟJ\O£WRPWHYHV]WHWW«OȟMHJ\H]WHPHJNRPRO\DQ7\OHU
ȟ /HJ\HQ FVDN D NH]HPEHQ HJ\ PDFKHWH PDMG DNNRU PHJNDSMD D
PDJ£«W ȟ SRUROWD OH PDJ£W /RWWLH J\RUVDQ GH LQN£EE FVDN HONHQQLH
VLNHU¾OW D ILQRP YLU£JSRUW D EO¼]£Q ȟ 0XV]£M OHV] KD]DPHQQHP
£W¸OW¸]QL$S«Q]¾J\LPDSSDRWWYDQD]DV]WDORGRQ
ȟ.¸V]L'HQHPHQMP«Jȟ7\OHUDO£Q\Y£OO£UDWHWWHDNH]«Wȟ1«]G
WXGRPKRJ\HGGLJQHPV]HUHSHOWHPYDODPLI«Q\HVHQGHPLWFVLQ£OV]PD
HVWH"*RQGROWDP£WPHKHWQ«QN%DWKEDKRJ\PHJQ«]]¾QNHJ\Ȫ
ȟ1HPPHJ\ȟ£OO¯WRWWDOH/RWWLHȟ'ROJRPYDQHVWH
ȟ 2N« ȟ 7\OHU HOKDOOJDWRWW ȟ (] D] XGYDULDV PHJIRJDOPD]£VD DQQDN
KRJ\NRSMDNOH"
ȟ1HPGHKRJ\7«Q\OHJPHJNHOOFVLQ£OQRPYDODPLW
ȟ0HUWWXGRPKRJ\ QHPN¸QQ\ěQHNHGH]D]HJ«V]KRJ\ DJ\HUHNHN
HQQ\LUHXW£OQDNHQJHPGHWDO£QKDHJ\LGÿUHW£YROWDUWRPPDJDPWÿO¾N
VHJ¯WKHW YDODPLW ȟ PRVRO\RGRWW HO KDOY£Q\DQ 7\OHU ȟ /HJMREE KD
HJ\£OWDO£Q QHP WDO£ONR]RP YHO¾N $]W£Q Q«PL V]HUHQFV«YHO
KR]]£V]RNQDNPDMGDKHO\]HWKH]«VHJ\LGÿXW£QSUµE£ONR]KDWXQN¼MUD
(]KRJ\KDQJ]LN"
0LQW DPLNRU EL]RQ\RV «WHOHNHW WHOMHVHQ PHOOÿ]Q¸G NHOO D GL«W£GEDQ
JRQGROWD /RWWLH $]W£Q DPLNRU ¼MUD HKHWHG ÿNHW NLGHU¾O KRJ\ DOOHUJL£V
YDJ\U£MXN$EDMD]YROWKRJ\D]HPEHULWHVWQHPW¼OHJ\¾WW«U]ÿMµV]£J
1HPV]£QPHJD]]DOKRJ\PHJJRQGROMDPDJ£W«VP«JVHPOHV]DOOHUJL£V
D Y¸U¸VERUUD YDJ\ D FVRNLUD FVDN D]«UW PHUW WXGMD KRJ\ PHQQ\LUH
V]HUHWHGÿNHW
1DWQ«O«V5XE\Q£OLVH]YROWDKHO\]HW
'H/RWWLHQDNQHPYROWV]¯YHH]WPHJPRQGDQL,QN£EEEµOLQWRWW«VD]W
PRQGWD
ȟ(]ȪUHPHN¾OKDQJ]LN
ȟ%L]WRV"ȟYRQWDIHODV]HP¸OG¸N«W7\OHU
ȟ%L]WRV
ȟ$NNRUPLWV]µOQ£ODKROQDSHVW«KH]"
/RWWLHQDJ\RQV]HUHWWHYROQDW«Q\OHJ
ȟ 1RVȪ QHP KDODV]WKDWQ£QN HO S£U QDSSDO" ȟ /RWWLHQDN NLV]£UDGW D
V]£MD «V ¸VV]H NHOOHWW V]HGQLH PLQGHQ HUHM«W ȟ (J\ NLFVLW HO YDJ\RN
KDYD]YDH]HQDK«WHQ
(QQ\LW D OHONLHUÿUÿO 0LQWKD HJ\ ¸WFVLOODJRV PDXULWLXVL YDN£FLµW
XWDV¯WRWW YROQD YLVV]D HJ\ FOHHWKRUSHVL µFVND ODNµNRFVL«UW 0LQWKD D]W
PRQGDQ£ Ȧ-DM QHP WH HJ\«O FVDN E«OV]¯QW V¾OW NUXPSOLYDO QHNHP Mµ D
KLGHJ ]DEN£VD LVȥ 0LQWKD Y£ODV]WDQLD NHOOHQH HJ\ YDGRQDW¼M 3RUVFKH «V
HJ\UR]RJDU«JLPRSHGN¸]¸WWȪ
ȟ +D SUµE£ORG QHKH]HQ PHJV]HUH]KHWÿQHN PXWDWQL PDJDG DNNRU
QDJ\RQMµOFVLQ£ORGȟMHJ\H]WHPHJ7\OHU
ȟ 1HP SUµE£ORP ȟ /RWWLH PDMGQHP NLE¸NWH KRJ\ «SSHQ D]
HOOHQNH]ÿM«WÿOWDUWQHPDNDUN¸QQ\ěSU«G£QDNPXWDWNR]QL$]W£QDY£J\
KLUWHOHQURKDP£EDQD]WPRQGWDȟ$M¸YÿK«WP£UMµOHV]
ȟ 2N« 0£U KD QHP HVLN N¼WED D GRORJ ȟ $ I«UIL PRVRO\£EDQ Q«PL
NLK¯Y£VODSSDQJRWWȟ$NNRUK«WIÿ"
/RWWLHEDQV]«W£UDGWDPHJN¸QQ\HEE¾O«V«V«O«QNHQU£EµOLQWRWW
ȟ+«WIÿ
ȟ*\HUHYLU£JSRUYDQD]RUURGRQ
/RWWLH HQJHGHOPHVHQ N¸]HOHEE O«SHWW «V KDJ\WD KRJ\ D I«UIL
OHV¸SU¸JHVVH
ȟVLWWLV
7\OHU J\HQJ«GHQ PHJG¸U]V¸OWH D O£Q\ EDO V]HP¸OG¸N«W LV PLUH /RWWLH
KDVDNHOOHPHVHQ¸VV]HU£QGXOW
ȟVLWWLVYDQHJ\NLFVLȟIRO\WDWWD«VY«JLJVLP¯WRWW/RWWLHDUF£QDNMREE
ROGDO£Q
/RWWLHQDNPRVWDO£EXMMDNH]GHWWEL]VHUHJQL(JHNPLM¸KHWH]XW£Q"
ȟ0RVWP£UQLQFVW¸EE"ȟPRUPRJWD/RWWLH
ȟ1LQFV&VDNP«JH]D]XWROVµȪȟ7\OHUPHJ«ULQWHWWH/RWWLHDMN£W«V
N¸QQ\HG«QY«JLJVLP¯WRWWDN¸UYRQDO£Q
$]W£Q P«J N¸]HOHEE K¼]µGRWW OHHUHV]WHWWH D NH]«W «V PHJFVµNROWD D
O£Q\W .¸QQ\HG«Q «V EL]VHUJHWÿHQ 7\ěKD /RWWLH OHKXQ\W V]HPPHO
«UH]WHDKRJ\DI«UILNH]HHOLQGXOIHOIHO«DWDUNµM£QþLV7\OHUQ\DNDN¸U«
IRQWD D NDUM£W YHN KRVV]¼ «YHN µWD QHP FVµNROµ]RWW ¯J\ 0£U HO LV
IHOHMWHWWHPLO\HQMµWXGOHQQL
ȟ 0RVW P£U VRNNDO MREE ȟ K¼]µGRWW YLVV]D 7\OHU KRJ\ O£VVD D O£Q\
DUF£W$V]£MDV]«OHPHJU£QGXOWHJ\SLFLWȟ/HJDO£EELVNH]GHWQHN
/RWWLH EµOLQWRWW «V SUµE£OW ¼MUD QRUP£OLVDQ O«OHJH]QL 1HP VHPPL
NH]GHWYROW+DOORWWDKRJ\DQOHQJHQHNP¸J¸WWHD]£JDNDM£W«NRVDQI£UµO
I£UD XJU£Oµ PµNXVRN DODWW 0DGDUDN «QHNHOWHN «V D J\HS I¸O¸WW
UµNDOHSNHS£U SLUXHWWH]HWW /RWWLH KLUWHOHQ PLQWKD HJ\ 'LVQH\ILOPEHQ
WDO£OWD YROQD PDJ£W PLQGM£UW NLERPODQDN D YLU£JELPEµN «V Q\¼OFVDO£G
XJULNHOÿKRJ\GDOUDIDNDGMRQȪ
ȟ0£UKHWHNµWDY£UWDPHUUHȟMHJ\H]WHPHJ7\OHU
ȟQLV
/RWWLHV]¯YHYDGXOGREROWDERUG£LP¸J¸WW
ȟVQHPWXGRNHON«S]HOQLVHPPLV]HEEHWDQQ£OPLQWKRJ\IRO\WDVVXN
ȟYLOODQWPHJDV]¾UNHV]HPS£Uȟ'HD]WKLV]HPHQQ«OHJ\NLFVLWSURILEE
PµGRQN«QHPHJSUµE£OQXQN
/RWWLH «O«QNHQ EµORJDWRWW KRJ\ NLU£]]D D IHM«EÿO D PLQGHQW
HOKRP£O\RV¯WµV]«G¾O«VW
ȟ $EV]RO¼WH 6RNNDO SURILEEDQ 9DOµEDQ ȟ 9DMRQ PL OHQQH D OHJMREE
V]µ"0HJYDQȟ6]DNV]HUěHQ
ȟ.«Q\WHOHQOHV]HNYLVHONHGQL/HJDO£EELVK«WIÿLJȟPRQGWD7\OHU
ȟ+«WIÿLJ
/RWWLHLJD]£EµOP£UDOLJY£UWDKRJ\7\OHUHJ\NLFVLWURVV]DONRGMRQ
ȟ6HPPL5XE\VHPPL1DW&VDNWHPHJ«Q
ȟ ,JHQ ȟ +RSS£ RWW HJ\ YLU£JSRUV]HPFVH 7\OHU LQJ«QHN HOHM«Q DKRO
KR]]£VLPXOW /RWWLH HJ\ GDUDELJ KL£EDYDOµDQ G¸U]V¸OJHWWH D]W£Q D]W
PRQGWDȟ1«]GPLWWHWWHPYHOHG
7\OHUGHUěVHQIHOYRQWDDV]HP¸OG¸N«W
ȟ (] D OHJNHYHVHEE DPLW FVLQ£OKDWV] 'H JRQGRORP MREE OHQQH KD
LQJHWY£OWDQ«N.¾O¸QEHQOHEXNRP
$Uµ]VDV]¯QIHOKÿHOV]£OOW7\OHUV]«J\HOOQ«ÿW"
ȟ1HPDNDURGKRJ\YDODNLPHJWXGMD"
ȟ0LO\HQ«U]«NHQ\YDJ\ȟ7\OHUPLQWKDUHPHN¾OV]µUDNR]RWWYROQDȟ
(J\£OWDO£Q QHP HUUÿO YDQ V]µ &VDN DUUD JRQGROWDP KRJ\ WDO£Q MREE
V]HUHWQ«GKD1DW«V5XE\QHPWXGQ£PHJ1HKRJ\EDMRGOHJ\HQEHOÿOH
/RWWLHPHJN¸QQ\HEE¾OWHQQ\HOWHJ\HW«VEµOLQWRWW
ȟ(EEHQYDQYDODPL
&V¸U¸JQLNH]GHWW7\OHUWHOHIRQMD
ȟ0XV]£MIHOYHQQHP
ȟ$NNRUY£OWVLQJHWLVQLVPHJ\HN«VOHFVHU«OHPD]HQ\«PHW
7\OHUIXWµODJPHJV]RU¯WRWWD/RWWLHNH]«WD]W£QEHPHQWDK£]ED/RWWLH
PDJ£EDQPRVRO\RJYDLQGXOWYLVV]DD]¸VY«Q\HQ0HJYROWD]HOVÿFVµN
0LOHV]LWWK«WIÿQ"
$PLNRU HOWěQW V]HP HOÿO D -HQNLQV IL¼N %HQ «V +DUU\ PHJE¸NW«N
HJ\P£VW«VKDONDQNXQFRJWDN,GÿQN«QWDPLNRUHOE¼MWDNYDODPHO\LNI£Q
VHPPL L]JDOPDV QHP W¸UW«QW «V D]]DO NHOOHWW HO¾WQL¾N D] LGÿW KRJ\
FV¼Q\D V]DYDNDW Y«VQHN D N«UHJEH 0£VNRU D]]DO V]µUDNR]WDN KRJ\
£JDNDW OHYHOHNHW «V ERJDUDNDW GRE£OWDN OH D PLW VHP VHMWÿ M£UµNHOÿN
IHM«UH
'H H] PRVW V]XSHU YROW )HOQÿWWHN FVµNROµ]£V£W Q«]QL H]HUV]HU MREE
PLQWERJDUDNDWGRE£OQLVQHPLVDN£UPLO\HQIHOQÿWWHNYROWDN$]¼MSDVL
$PHULN£EµO«V1DWPHJ5XE\&DUO\OHDQ\MDKHKH
0LXW£QHOOHQÿUL]W«NKRJ\WLV]WDDOHYHJÿ%HQ«NNLVQLQG]V£NPµGM£UD
QHV]WHOHQ¾O OHKXSSDQWDN D I£UµO «V HOLV]NROWDN D] DOMQ¸Y«Q\]HWEHQ
$PLNRUDEDUODQJMXNEL]WRQV£J£ED«UWHN¸NO¸]QLNH]GW«NHJ\P£VWD]W£Q
QHYHWYHOHURJ\WDNDSRURVI¸OGUH
ȟ6P£UROWDN
ȟ-DVP£UROWDN
ȟ+DK«WIÿHVWHLVHOE¼MXQNDNNRUO£WQLIRJMXNKRJ\D]WFVLQ£OM£N
ȟ0LWFVLQ£OQDN"
ȟ $]W WH J\¸N«U ȟ PR]JDWWD D FV¯SÿM«W +DUU\ HOÿUHK£WUD PLQWHJ\
GHPRQVWU£FLµN«SSHQ
ȟ-DSHUV]H
%L]WRVW£QFROQDNJRQGROWD%HQ/HKHWKRJ\P«JFVDNK«W«YHVGHD]W
WXGMDKRJ\DO£Q\RNFVµNROµ]QDNDIL¼NNDODPLNRUW£QFROQDNYHO¾N
ȟ (] V]XSHU ȟ FVDSRWW D OHYHJÿEH GLDGDOPDVDQ +DUU\ DNLQHN «OHWF«OMD
YROWKRJ\IHO¾ONHUHNHGMHQDULY£OLVDLQȟ9£UMFVDNDP¯J1DW«V5XE\PHJ
QHPWXGMD
+XV]RQ¸W¸GLNIHMH]HW
ȟ6]«SPXQNDYROWȟPRQGWD0DULRDPLNRUP£VRGV]RULVEH£OOWD3LSHUȢV
&RWWDJHHO«
/RWWLHKLJJDGWDQPRVRO\JRWW
ȟ6]µUDVHP«UGHPHV
ȟ0RVWHO«JHGHWWYDJ\PDJDGGDO"
ȟ,JHQHO«JJ«
ȟ6HPPLV]¾NV«JQHPYROWU£WHLVWXGRG1HNHPQHPNHOOJDUGHG£P
ȟ +£W SHUV]H KRJ\ QHP ȟ YHUHJHWWH PHJ D NDUM£W /RWWLH ȟ 6RVHP
FVDOQ£GPHJ$PEHUW
ȟ$NNRUPL«UWFVLQ£OWDG"
ȟ&VDNEL]WRVDNDUWDPOHQQL$OHKHWÿV«JHWLVHOIRMWDQL
0DULRDV]HP«WIRUJDWWD
ȟ'HPL«UW"
ȟ$]«UWPHUWPDHVWHLWWIRJV]PDUDGQL9HO¾QN
ȟ$WHVWHPHWDNDURG"
ȟQQHPGHLVPHUHNYDODNLWDNLLJHQȟIHOHOWH/RWWLH
ȟþP£UHOPHQW
ȟ3HUV]HGHP«JIHOK¯YKDWN«VÿEE«VMREEEHO£W£VRGHOOHQ«UHU£YHKHW
KRJ\PHJLQWWDO£ONR]]DWRN0LQWDJDUGHG£PRGQDND]«QN¸WHOHVV«JHP
KRJ\ PHJY«GHOPH]]HOHN D JRQRV] QÿV]HP«O\HN HOOHQ 7XODMGRQN«SSHQ
HJ«V]K«WUHLGHNHOOHQHN¸OW¸]Q¸GKR]]£QN$J\HUHNHNLP£GQ£N
ȟV"
ȟ V DNNRU KD $PEHU PHJN«UGH] KRJ\ PLW FVLQ£OW£O WLV]WD O«OHNNHO
PRQGKDWRPQHNLKRJ\MµOYLVHONHGW«O
0DULRPHJFVµY£OWDDIHM«WGHD]«UWHOPRVRO\RGRWW
ȟ1HNHGW«Q\OHJLO\HQVRNDWMHOHQWH]D]HJ«V]"
ȟ $]W DNDURP KRJ\ D J\HUHNHLP EROGRJRN OHJ\HQHN 1HNHP H]
PLQGHQQ«OW¸EEHWMHOHQWVÿNLP£GM£N$PEHUW$]KRJ\WLNHWWHQHJ\¾WW
YDJ\WRNEROGRJJ£WHV]LÿNHWVQHPDNDURPKRJ\HOURQWVG
ȟ2N«RN«(]W«Q\OHJIRQWRV,WWPDUDGRNHJ«V]K«WUH
+HM J\ÿ]HOHP /RWWLH NLXJURWW D NRFVLEµO «V £WW£QFROW D YH]HWÿ
ROGDO£UD $PLNRU 0DULR D PDJD GDOL£V YDOµM£EDQ N«N LQJ«EHQ «V NRSRWW
IDUPHU«EHQ NLV]£OOW D O£Q\ £W¸OHOWH «V K£O£V FVµNRW Q\RPRWW D] DUF£UD
D]W£Q HJ\¾WW HOLQGXOWDN EHIHO« D NHUWL ¸VY«Q\HQ 0«J FVDN W¯] µUD YROW
DPL D]W MHOHQWHWWH KRJ\ D J\HUHNHN IHQQ YDQQDN «V YDOµV]¯QěOHJ HJ\
PDUDWRQL0RQRSRO\PHQHWY£UU£MXN
ȟ&VDNP«JYDODPLȟ£OOWPHJ0DULRPLHOÿWWEHQ\LWRWWYROQD
ȟ0LD]"
ȟ(]D]HJ«V]SU«GLN£FLµDUUµOKRJ\PDUDGMDNHJ\¾WW$PEHUUHOPHUWD
J\HUHNHNLP£GM£N«VKDE£UNLP£VVDO£OORN¸VV]HDNNRUW¸QNUHWHV]HPD]
«OHW¾NHW«VV]LSX]µILDWDONRU¼EěQ¸]ÿNOHV]QHNȪ
ȟ ,JHQ" ȟ /RWWLH PLQGLJ D YHUVHQ\DXWµYDO V]HUHWHWW OHQQL DPLNRU
0RQRSRO\WM£WV]RWWDN
0LQGLJJ\ÿ]¸WWKDD]DXWµYDOYROW
0DULRI¾UN«V]ÿSLOODQW£VWYHWHWWU£
ȟ$NNRUD]PL«UWYDQUHQGEHQKRJ\WHHOM£URJDWV]7\OHU.OHLQQHO"
Ȧ7XQ£MW]GHQ£MWȪODODODODODȥȟ«QHNHOWH/RWWLHKDONDQKRJ\VHQNLVH
KDOOMD PLN¸]EHQ V]HP¾J\UH YHWWH PDJ£W D] ¸OW¸]ÿDV]WDO W¾NU«EHQ
6¸W«WSLURV I«Q\HV UXK£W YLVHOW D V]£M£W XJ\DQLO\HQ V]¯QěUH IHVWHWWH
)«Q\HV FVLJ£NED UHQGH]WH D KDM£W «V FVLOORJRWW D V]HPH $ UXKD DODWW
RO\DQIHNHWHVHO\HPPHOOWDUWµW«VEXJ\LWYLVHOWDPLWHJ\QÿFVDNDEEDQD
UHP«Q\EHQ YHV] IHO KRJ\ PDMG YDODNL O£WMD LV $ V]¯YH G¸U¸PE¸OW D
PHOO«EHQPLN¸]EHQDV]HPSLOODIHVW«N«UWQ\¼OW«VNLK¼]WDDV]HP«W7¯]
SHUFP¼OYDPHJM¸Q$PEHU«V0DULRDJ\HUHNHN«UW1DW«V5XE\Q£OXNIRJ
DOXGQLȪ(]PLQGHQN«SSHPO«NH]HWHVHVWHOHV]0HJIRUGXOW«VROGDOUµOLV
NULWLNXVDQ V]HP¾J\UH YHWWH D] DODNM£W $PLNRU PHJKDOORWWD D MHOOHJ]HWHV
SDSXFVFVDWWRJ£VWNLNLDE£OW
ȟ5XE\*\HUHEH«VQ«]]PHJO«J\V]¯YHV1HPQDJ\DIHQHNHPHEEHQ
DUXK£EDQ"
5XE\PHJMHOHQWDK£OµV]REDDMWDM£EDQ
ȟ'H
ȟ5HPHNȟSDVNROWDPHJ/RWWLHHO«JHGHWWHQIRUP£VK£WVµM£W+DOHKHW
LO\HW PRQGDQL H]W WDUWRWWD D] HJ\LN OHJYRQ]µEE WHVWU«V]«QHN $]W£Q
PHJO£WWD5XE\DUFNLIHMH]«V«Wȟ5XE\0LDEDM"
ȟ1DWQHNI£MDKDVD+£Q\W«VPRVWV¯U
ȟ+£Q\W"ȟURKDQWD]DMWµKR]/RWWLHȟ+RO"
ȟ1HPDV]ÿQ\HJHQ$Y«F«EHQ$]WPRQGMDQDJ\RQI£MDKDVD
(J\¾WW V]£JXOGRWWDN OH O«SFVÿQ 1DW D NDQDS«Q IHN¾GW NH]«W D KDV£UD
V]RU¯WYD«VI£MGDOPDVDQYLQQ\RJRWW/RWWLHOHW«UGHOWPHOO««VVLPRJDWQL
NH]GWHD]DUF£W
ȟ-DMNLFVLP0LNRUNH]GÿG¸WW"
ȟ 1HPU«J 0£U WHDLGÿEHQ LV HJ\ NLFVLW URVV]XO «UH]WHP PDJDP GH
PRVWDQUD OHWW QDJ\RQ URVV] ȟ 1DW DUFD HOWRU]XOW D IRJ£W FVLNRUJDWWD ȟ
$Q\XQDJ\RQI£M
/RWWLHY«JLJVLP¯WRWWDDJ\HUHNKRPORN£W
ȟVPL«UWYDJ\FVXURPYL]HV"ȟN«UGH]WHFVRG£ONR]YD
ȟ0HJPRVWDPD]DUFRPDWPLXW£QK£Q\WDPVOHK¼]WDPDY«F«WKRJ\
PLQGHQOHPHQMHQ
ȟ0HJPRVWDGD]DUFRGDW"VP«JDY«F«WLVOHK¼]WDG"ȟ/RWWLHSUµE£OW
PRVRO\WFVDOQL1DWDUFRFVN£M£UDȟ.«V]NHWWÿVFVRGD
'H1DWD]DQ\MDQ\DN£EDWHPHWWHD]DUF£W«VMDMJDWRWW
ȟOHOMPHJDQ\D$WWµOMREEDQOHV]HN$XP£UPHJLQWK£Q\QRPNHOOȪ
/RWWLH NLVV« ]DNODWRWW OHWW 1DW EHWHJ PLQGLJ LV KDMODPRVDEE YROW
J\RPRUSDQDV]RNUD PLQW 5XE\ $] «YHN VRU£Q QHPHJ\V]HU HOÿIRUGXOW
KRJ\K£Q\WGHP£VQDSUDPLQGLJUHQGEHM¸WW
$ PDL HVWH D]RQEDQ N¾O¸QOHJHV YROW D] ÿ HVW«MH «V QHP DNDUWD KRJ\
«SS PRVW W¸UW«QMHQ LO\HVPL 0£U IHO¸OW¸]¸WW PHJFVLQ£OWD D IUL]XU£M£W
OHERURWY£OWD D O£E£W 7\OHU DOLJ I«O µUD P¼OYD Y£UMD D )R[ &RWWDJHQ£O
+DFVDN OH QHP JXUXO D O«SFVÿQ «V NL QHP W¸UL D Q\DN£W DOLJKD WXGRWW
E£UPLWLVHON«S]HOQLDPLYLVV]DWDUWKDWWDYROQD
3HUV]HERWRUPµGRQPHJIHOHGNH]HWWUµODKRJ\DQ\D
ȟ7HVV«NLWWDY¸G¸UȟPRQGWD5XE\ȟ+RJ\KDPHJLQWK£Q\QLDNHOO
«VJ\RUVDQM¸Q
ȟ .¸V]L ȟ 0LN¸]EHQ 1DW ¼J\ FV¾QJ¸WW UDMWD PLQW HJ\ NLV PDMRP
/RWWLH ¼J\ «UH]WH PDJ£W PLQW DNLQHN NLK¼]W£N D V]£PDLW D ORWWµQ FVDN
«SSD]RQDK«WHQQHPM£WV]RWWȟ'HVRNDWVHJ¯WHQHKDHOÿV]¸UNLYHQQ«G
EHOÿOHDIHOPRVµW
ȟ+ROYDQ$PEHU"ȟN«UGH]WH5XE\DPLNRU0DULRQ«K£Q\SHUFP¼OYD
PHJ«UNH]HWW
ȟ'ROJDYDQ1HPWXG£WM¸QQLPDHVWHȟ0DULRHOKěOYHPHUHGW1DWUH
«VDIHOPRVµY¸G¸UUHȟ0LDKHO\]HW"
1DWHOJ\¸W¸UWSLOODQW£VWYHWHWWU£
ȟ1DJ\RQEHWHJYDJ\RN
0DULR O£WKDWµDQ ¸VV]HK¼]WD PDJ£W PLQWKD 1DW E£UPHO\LN SHUFEHQ
VXJ£UEDQOHK£Q\KDWQ£
ȟ7DO£QP£UQHPIRJK£Q\QLȟPRQGWDUHP«Q\NHGYH/RWWLHȟ&VDNHJ\
NLV J\RPRUURQW£VD YDQ ȟ (ONHVHUHGHWWHQ VLPRJDWWD 1DW DUF£W ȟ 7DO£Q
FVDNDOXGQRGNHOOHQHHJ\HWNLFVLP
ȟ1HHHHHPȟU£]WDDIHM«W1DW«VP«JHUÿVHEEHQFVLPSDV]NRGRWWEHO«
ȟ6]HJ«Q\DQ\Dȟ5XE\HJ\¾WW«U]ÿQHNWěQWȟ/HIRJPDUDGQLDUUµOD]
¾]OHWLYDFVRU£UµO%DWKEDQ
ȟ ]OHWL YDFVRUD" ȟ YRQWD IHO D V]HP¸OG¸N«W J\DQDNYµQ 0DULR D V]ěN
FVLOORJµUXKDO£WW£Q
ȟ $ WXUL]PXVLURGD UHQGH]L (OÿV]¸U PHJEHV]«O«V D]W£Q YDFVRUD ȟ
/RWWLHHJ«V]QDSH]WJ\DNRUROWDȟ$3XPS5RRPVEDQ0LQGHQNLNLOHV]
¸OW¸]YH
1HP PLQWKD V]£P¯WRWW YROQD 0LQGQ\£MDQ WXGW£N KRJ\ ¼J\VH PHJ\
VHKRYD+DFVDNQHPW¸UW«QLNYDODPLFVRGDȪ
ȟ1DWPL«UWQHYLJ\£]KDWQDU£GDSD"þPDMGȪ
ȟ 1HHHHHHP ȟ NDSDV]NRGRWW EHO« 1DW ȟ 1DJ\RQ URVV]XO YDJ\RN 1H
PHQMHODQ\X0DUDGMLWWYHOHP
ȟ0HJLQWHOP«V]"ȟV]¸UQ\HGWHO5XE\
ȟ +RJ\KRJ\ PHJLQW" ȟ /RWWLH PHJURYµQ YRQWD IHO D V]HP¸OG¸N«W
PLN¸]EHQ D UHJJHOL]ÿDV]WDOW WDNDU¯WRWWD ȟ +LV]HQ HVWH VH PHQWHP
VHKRYD
0£VQDSUHJJHOYROW«V1DWJ\DQ¼VDQJ\RUVDQIHO«S¾OWDJ\RPRUEDMEµO
$] £OO¯WµODJRV J\RPRUEDMEµO 0LXW£Q 1DW HOW¾QWHWHWW HJ\ HJ«V] KDORP
JDERQDSHO\KHW P«JKR]]£ UHNRUGJ\RUVDV£JJDO IHOURKDQW D] HPHOHWUH
KRJ\¸VV]HV]HGMHD]LVNRODLKROPLM£W«VP£UY£JWDWRWWLVOHPLN¸]EHQWHOL
WRURNEµO«QHNHOWHD]¼M$YULO/DYLJQHVO£JHUW
5XE\DNLP«JD]DV]WDOQ£O¾OW«VDVDM£WNXNRULFDSHO\K«WHV]HJHWWHȟ
DPL PLQGLJ H]HU «YLJ WDUWRWW PHUW V]HUHWWH V]«W£]WDWQL ȟ D] ¸FFV«UH
SLOODQWRWW DNL «SSHQ EHURQWRWW D NRQ\K£ED «V MHOHQWÿV«JWHOMHVHQ D]W
PRQGWDQHNL
ȟ0£UPHJLQWHODNDUPHQQL
1DWDEEDKDJ\WDD]«QHNO«VW
ȟ0L«UW"
ȟ 0HUW WL £WPHQWHN DS£KR] V¾W¸JHWQL «Q SHGLJ HOPHJ\HN HJ\ HVWL
WDQIRO\DPUD &KHOWHQKDPEH ȟ /RWWLH W¸OW¸WW PDJ£QDN HJ\ HUÿV N£Y«W ȟ
$]WFVDNV]DEDGQHP"
ȟ0LO\HQHVWLWDQIRO\DP"
7«Q\OHJ PLO\HQ" 0DNUDP«" 2URV] Q\HOY NH]GÿNQHN" .¸VV PDJDGQDN
VDM£WHU«Q\¸YHW"
ȟ6RUW£QFȟMHOHQWHWWHNL/RWWLH
$J\HUHNHNKLWHWOHQNHGYHPHUHGWHNU£
ȟ0L"
ȟ-µPµND
ȟ$]RO\DQDKROFRZER\NDODSRWPHJKHJ\HVRUU¼FVL]P£WYLVHOQHN"V
N«W VRUEDQ £OOQDN" ȟ 1DW D V]£MD HO« NDSWD D NH]«W KRJ\ HOQ\RPMD D
YLKRJ£V£Wȟ$]J££££]
ȟ1HPNHOONDODSRWPHJFVL]P£WIHOYHQQL
ȟ$NNRULVJ£]1DJ\RQJ£]&VDNO¸N¸WWHNFVLQ£OQDNLO\HW
/RWWLHD]HJ«V]VRUW£QFRVN¸]¸VV«JY«GHOP«UHDNDUWNHOQLþP«JQHP
SUµE£OWDGHYLFFHVQHNO£WV]RWW
ȟ 3HGLJ «Q LV FVLQ£OQL IRJRP «V «Q QHP YDJ\RN O¸N¸WW ȟ $ QDJ\REE
KDW£VNHGY««UWKR]]£WHWWHȟV$UQROG6FKZDU]HQHJJHUVHPD]SHGLJÿ
LV«YHNµWDFVLQ£OMD
ȟ(]KD]XJV£JȟIDNDGWNLG¾K¸VHQ1DWȟþQHP
ȟ (] D] HJ«V] KD]XJV£J ȟ PRQGWD PHJYHWÿHQ 5XE\ ȟ 1HP PHJ\
VHPPLI«OHWDQIRO\DPUD&VDND]«UWPRQGMDKRJ\PHJLQWWDO£ONR]KDVVRQ
D]]DOD]HPEHUUHO
1DW/RWWLHUDPHUHGW
ȟ(]LJD]"
/RWWLHQDNHOV]RUXOWDV]¯YH0L«UWNHOOHQQHNLO\HQQHK«]QHNOHQQLH"
ȟ1DMµ7«Q\OHJHODNDUWDPPHQQLW£QFROQLȟ*\RUVDQEHV]«OWPHUWD
KD]XJV£J HJ\ GRORJ GH KD UDMWDNDSM£N D] HJ«V]HQ P£V ȟ 'H XW£QD
WDO£ONR]RP7\OHUUHO
5XE\I«OUHWROWDDW£OM£W
ȟ/£WRG"
ȟ1HȟU£]WDDIHM«W1DWȟ$Q\XQHFVLQ£OG
ȟ1DWQHNHGH]VHPPLWVHPV]£P¯W1HNHGQHPNHOOWDO£ONR]QRGYHOH
.¾O¸QEHQLVUHQGHVHPEHUȟPRQGWD/RWWLHWHKHWHWOHQ¾O
1DWD]DMN£WELJJ\HV]WHWWH
ȟ6]µYDOE¯URG
ȟ,JHQE¯URPȟWHWWHOHDN£Y«M£W/RWWLHȟ.LFVLPFVDNHJ\HVW«UÿOYDQ
V]µ(J\MµEDU£WWDO
ȟ$]W£QP«JHJ\UÿOPHJP«JHJ\UÿOPHJP«JHJ\UÿOȟN£QW£OWD5XE\
ȟVQHPEDU£WKDQHPSDVLȟ$]XWROVµV]µW¼J\N¸SWHNLPLQWKDP«UHJ
YROQDȟ$Q\DN«UOHNQHPHQMVHKRYDD]]DOD]HPEHUUHO*\ěO¸OPLQNHW
ȟ 'HKRJ\ J\ěO¸O +RJ\ JRQGROKDWWRN LO\HVPLW" 2N« ȟ WDUWRWWD IHO D
NH]«W /RWWLH DPLNRU PLQG D N«W J\HUHN Q\LWRWWD YROQD D V]£M£W ȟ (UUH
PRVWQLQFVLGÿQN)«ONLOHQFYDQ0DMGLVNRODXW£QPHJEHV]«OM¾N
ȟ 6]XSHU ȟ PRUGXOW IHO 5XE\ «V K£WUDWROWD D V]«N«W /RWWLH SHGLJ
NHUHVQL NH]GWH D NRFVL NXOFVDLW ȟ (] D]W MHOHQWL KRJ\ P«JLV WDO£ONR]RO
YHOHHVWH
9DQ U£ NRPRO\ RND KRJ\ QH WHJ\H" 0LN¸]EHQ PHJIRJWD D I«OLJ WHOL
JDERQDSHO\KHV W£ODW «V ¼J\ «UH]WH KRJ\ LJD]V£JWDODQXO E£QWM£N D]W
PRQGWD
ȟ,JHQWDO£ONR]RPVDOLJY£URP0RVWSHGLJPHQMHWHNIRJDWPRVQL
/RWWLH¼J\«UH]WHPDJ£WPLQWHJ\PXWRJDWµVV]DW¯UȟE£UDNNRUOHJDO£EE
OHWWYROQDHJ\KRVV]¼EDOORQNDE£WMDȟ«VµYDWRVDQO«SNHGHWWDI£NN¸]¸WW
D] XGYDU K£WVµ U«V]H IHO« D]W£Q LQWHJHWQL NH]GHWW 1DW«NQHN DPLNRU
NLWµGXOWDN D W¸EEL J\HUHNNHO HJ\¾WW 0LUH RGDIXWRWWDN KR]]£ P£U
PDMGQHPDNDSXQ£OYROW
ȟ*\HUWHNPHQM¾QNQ«]]«WHNPLW¸UW«QWDV]RNQ\£PPDOȟ7HUHOJHWQL
NH]GWHPDJDHOÿWWDJ\HUHNHNHW5XE\WKDV]Q£OYDSDM]VQDNȟ1DW6LHVV
NLFVLP]XKRJD]HVÿ
ȟ0«JQHPPHKHW¾QN0LVV%DWVRQEHV]«OQLDNDUYHOHG
/RWWLH PHJWRUSDQW 9DMRQ O«WH]LN PRQGDW PHO\ EDOMµVDEE VHMWHOPHNHW
¾OWHWQHHJ\DQ\DV]¯Y«EHPLQWH]"/RWWLHQHPYROWJ\HQJHO«OHNGH1DW
WDQ£UQÿMH W«Q\OHJ I«OHOPHWHV DVV]RQ\ YROW 0LVV %DWVRQ ȟ VHQNL VHP
WXGWD PL D NHUHV]WQHYH WDO£Q P«J D VDM£W DQ\MD VHP ȟ D] ¸WYHQHV «YHL
Y«J«Q M£UW 9DVV]¾UNH KDMD KDUPRQL]£OW D UXK£L V]¯Q«YHO YDODPLQW D
PRGRU£YDO +D ÿ HJ\V]HU D]W ¾]HQWH KRJ\ EHV]«OQL DNDU YDODPHO\LN
V]HUHQFV«WOHQ PLW VHP VHMWÿ V]¾OÿYHO DNNRU WXGQL OHKHWHWW KRJ\ YDQ
PLWÿOI«OQL
ȟ2N«0DMGIHOK¯YRP«VPHJEHV]«OHNYHOHHJ\LGÿSRQWRW
(QQ«OP«JHJ\«U]«VWHOHQ¯W«VQ«ON¾OLDUFIHOYDUU£VLVMREEOHWWYROQDGH
VDMQRVQLQFVPHQHNY«VW¼ONHOOHVQLUDMWD
ȟ1HP0RVWȟHUÿVN¸G¸WW1DW
ȟ=XKRJNLFVLN«PVHOV]DNDGWDV]RNQ\£P0DQHPEHV]«OKHWHNYHOH
/RWWLHSUµE£OWDWRY£EEWDV]LJ£OQL1DWHWGHDNLVIL¼V]LO£UGDQPHJYHWHWWH
DO£E£W
ȟ0XV]£M$]WPRQGWDKRJ\PRVW
/RWWLHQDNJ¸UFVEHU£QGXOWDJ\RPUD
ȟ0L«UW"0LWN¸YHWW«OHO"
ȟ6HPPLWȟKRUJDV]WRWWDOHDIHM«W1DW«VHOU¼JRWWHJ\NDYLFVRW
ȟ$NNRUPL«UWPXV]£MPRVW"
ȟ&VDNPHUWȟPRW\RJWD1DW
5XE\D]XGYDUW¼OVµY«JHIHO«PXWDWRWW
ȟ2WWYDQVW«JHGY£U
7H Mµ «J W«Q\OHJ /RWWLH HOKěOYH SLOODQWRWWD PHJ 0LVV %DWVRQW $]
DMWµEDQ £OOW 0HVV]LUÿO LV O£WV]RWW PLO\HQ NRPRU V LMHV]Wÿ V FVHSSHW
VHP¼J\IHVWPLQWKDYLG£PGDOUDDNDUQDIDNDGQLD0DU\3RSSLQVEµO
0LVV %DWVRQQDN YDOµV]¯QěOHJ D] D NHGYHQF IRJODODWRVV£JD KRJ\
PHJU£JMD«VNLN¸SMHDV]HJ«Q\V]¾OÿNHW
/RWWLH N«]HQ IRJWD 1DWHW «V £WY£JRWW D] XGYDURQ /HJXWµEE DPLNRU
0LVV %DWVRQ K¯YDWWD DUUµO YROW V]µ KRJ\ 1DWHW D] RV]W£O\W£UVDL O£ERQ
V]¼UW£N HJ\ WRPSD FHUX]£YDO PLUH 1DW KHJ\HVVHO V]¼UW YLVV]D /RWWLH
KRVV]DV HOÿDG£VW KDOOJDWKDWRWW Y«JLJ DUUµO KRJ\ D] (UÿV]DNRW 0HQQ\LUH
1HP7ROHU£OM£N,WW$]2DNOHDEHQ«V1DJ\RQ5RVV]6]¾OÿQHN«UH]KHWWH
PDJ£WDPL«UWLO\HQDQWLV]RFL£OLVJ\HUHNHWQHYHOW+DPDURVDQNH]GWH¼J\
«UH]QLKRJ\QHNLLVMµOM¸QQHHJ\MµKHJ\HVFHUX]D
0RVW £]RWWDEEDQ PLQW YDODKD NLSLVORJWD D YL]HW D V]HP«EÿO «V YHWW
Q«K£Q\P«O\O«OHJ]HWHW
ȟ-µQDSRW0LVV%DWVRQ%HV]«OQLDNDUWYHOHP
ȟ0V&DUO\OH-µQDSRW,JHQ¯J\YDQ
ȟ0UVȟMDY¯WRWWDNL/RWWLH
0LVV%DWVRQ¾J\HWVHPYHWHWWDKHO\HVE¯W«VUH%HN¯V«UWH1DW«NHW
ȟ 7L NHWWHQ Y£UDNR]]DWRN D IRO\RVµQ OMHWHN OH D] LVNRODWLWN£U LURG£MD
HOÿWW0V&DUO\OH"ȟELFFHQWHWWV]LJRU¼DQ/RWWLHQDND]DV]WDODHOÿWW£OOµ
HJ\LNV]«NIHO«ȟ+HO\H]]HPDJ£WN«Q\HOHPEH
(] P£U W«Q\OHJ YLFF YROW $ V]¾UNH PěDQ\DJ V]«NHW NLVJ\HUHNHNUH
P«UHWH]W«N /RWWLH W«UGH PDJDVDEEDQ YROW PLQW D IHQHNH D IHQHNH
V]«OHVHEE YROW PLQW D] ¾OÿNH «V E£UPHQQ\LUH SUµE£OWD ¸VV]H]£UQL D
O£E£W D KRVV]¼ KDVDG£V D V]RNQ\£M£Q UHPHN U£O£W£VW EL]WRV¯WRWW 0LVV
%DWVRQQDNDUµ]VDV]¯QWDQJ£UD
(]HQN¯Y¾O ¸VV]HFV¸S¸JWHWWH D SDGOµW «V D PHOOWDUWµMD SLURV NRVDUDL
N¸]OHNHG«VLO£PSDN«QWYLU¯WRWWDNDEO¼]DDOµO
ȟ (OQ«]«VW D V]RNQ\£P PLDWW ȟ PRQGWD /RWWLH HUÿOWHWHWW GHUěYHO ȟ
(OV]DNDGWDPLNRUNLV]£OOWDPDNRFVLEµO3DS¯UIRUPD
ȟ+P1DGHEHV]«OM¾QN1DWUÿOȟ0LVV%DWVRQKDQJMDRO\DQYROWKRJ\
/RWWLH IULYROQDN «V RVWRE£QDN «UH]WH PDJ£W WÿOH ȟ 0HJ NHOO PRQGDQRP
¸QQHN0V&DUO\OHKRJ\URSSDQWXODJJµGRPPLDWWD
/RWWLHQDNNLV]£UDGWDV]£MD
ȟ0LWFVLQ£OW"
ȟ.¸OFV¸QYHWWHJ\YRQDO]µW&KDUORWWH:HVWWÿOPDG«OHOÿWWVQHPYROW
KDMODQGµYLVV]DDGQL
ȟ «UWHP (J\ YRQDO]µW ȟ /RWWLHEDQ ¼J\ £UDGW V]«W D
PHJN¸QQ\HEE¾O«VPLQWD]DONRKROȟ$]D]«UWDQQ\LUDQHPY«V]HVQHP
LJD]" ȟ $PLNRU HONDSWD 0LVV %DWVRQ SLOODQW£V£W J\RUVDQ IRO\WDWWD ȟ
9DJ\LVV]¸UQ\ěGHPDMGEHV]«OHNYHOH«VHOPDJ\DU£]RPQHNLKRJ\QHP
OHKHWȪ
ȟVDPLNRUY«J¾OYLVV]DYHWWHPWÿOHDYRQDO]µW1DWQHPYROWKDMODQGµ
ERFV£QDWRWN«UQLVDPLNRUEHN¾OGWHPDE¾QWHWÿVDURNEDD]VHE«EHWHWW
HJ\NU«W£W«VU£¯UWDIDOUD
ȟVPLW¯UW"
ȟ$]WKRJ\87/20ȟIHOHOWHMHJHVKDQJRQ0LVV%DWVRQȟ(OYHWWHP
WÿOH D NU«W£W 0DMG DPLNRU OHV]LGWDP KRJ\ PHJURQJ£OWD D] LVNRODL
EHUHQGH]«VWV¯UYDIDNDGW
ȟUWHP5HQGEHQ$NNRUH]WLVPHJEHV]«OHPPDMGYHOH
ȟ $] HJ«V] HE«GV]¾QHWHW D]]DO W¸OW¸WWHP KRJ\ Q«J\V]HPN¸]W
EHV]«OJHWWHP YHOH SUµE£OWDP U£M¸QQL PLWÿO RO\DQ QHJDW¯Y $ J\HUHNH
EROGRJWDODQ0V&DUO\OH(OPRQGRWWQHNHPPLQGHQWD]HJ«V]V]WRULWV
«QURSSDQWQ\XJWDODQ¯WµQDNWDO£OWDP5RSSDQWQ\XJWDODQ¯WµQDN
/RWWLH]VLEEDGWDQKLWHWOHQNHGYHN«UGH]WH
ȟ0LI«OHV]WRULW"
ȟ $] ¸Q J\HUPHNH Y£O£VL £OGR]DW 0V &DUO\OH (] ¸QPDJ£EDQ LV «SS
HO«J WUDXPDWLNXV «OP«Q\ HJ\ LO\HQ NLVJ\HUHNQHN (UUH PRVW PDJD PLQW
HJ\HG¾O£OOµV]¾OÿNDSFVRODWEDNH]GHJ\P£VLNI«UILYDO5£DG£VXORO\DQQDO
DNLW1DWQHPNHGYHOȟMHOHQWHWWHNL0LVV%DWVRQV]LO£UGDQ
ȟ'HȪ
ȟVH]NDWDV]WURI£OLVKDW£VVDOYDQ1DWUHȟIRO\WDWWDDQÿURVV]DOOµDQ
ELJJ\HV]WYHD]DMN£Wȟ7HKHWHWOHQQHN«U]LPDJ£W7¸N«OHWHVHQYLO£JRVV£
WHWWH D] ¸Q V]£P£UD D] «U]«VHLW ¸Q P«JLV ¼J\ G¸QW¸WW KRJ\ ILJ\HOPHQ
N¯Y¾OKDJ\MDD]ÿI£MGDOP£W
ȟ'HK£WȪ
ȟ 6ÿW D]W D IHOHWW«EE N¾O¸Q¸V G¸QW«VW KR]WD KRJ\ IRO\WDWMD H]W D QHP
PHJIHOHOÿNDSFVRODWRWWHNLQWHWQ«ON¾ODILD«U]HOPL£OODSRW£UD$PLPHJ
NHOOPRQGDQRPVRNNROHQJHP(J\RO\DQDQ\DDNLDVDM£WEROGRJV£J£WD
J\HUPHNHL«UGHNHHO«KHO\H]LUHQGN¯Y¾O¸Q]ÿPµGRQYLVHONHGLN
/RWWLH G¸EEHQW KDOOJDW£VED EXUNROµ]RWW «V 0LVV %DWVRQ IHMH PHOOHWW D
IDORQ OµJµ $IULNDW«UN«SUH PHUHGW $]W£Q $IULND N¸UYRQDODL NH]GWHN
HOPRVµGQL«V/RWWLHHOV]¸UQ\HGYH«UH]WHKRJ\DV]HPHN¸QQ\EHQ¼V]LN
ȟ.RPRO\DQ£WNHOOJRQGROQLDDSULRULW£VDLW0V&DUO\OH.LIRQWRVDEE
¸QQHN"(]DI«UILYDJ\DILD"ȟ0LVV%DWVRQWDUWRWWHJ\NLVKDW£VV]¾QHWHW
ȟ0HO\LN¾NHWV]HUHWLMREEDQ"
/RWWLHP«JVRKD«OHW«EHQQHP«UH]WHPDJ£WLO\HQNLFVLQHN(O¸QW¸WWHD
V]«J\HQNH]«V «V HJ\ N¸QQ\FVHSS J¸UG¾OW OH D] DUF£Q 0LVV %DWVRQ
Q\LOY£Q D]W JRQGROMD KRJ\ J£WO£VWDODQ DONDOPDWODQ DQ\D Q\LOY£Q
YHOHM«LJURPORWWWHUHPW«VDWěVDUN¼FLSÿM«EHQIHOWěQÿPHOOWDUWµM£EDQ«V
PDJDVDQIHOVOLFFHOWV]RNQ\£M£EDQ
ȟ1RV"ȟGREROWD]XMM£YDO0LVV%DWVRQY£ODV]UDY£UYD
ȟ$ILDPDWMREEDQV]HUHWHPȟVXWWRJWD/RWWLH
ȟ 5HPHN (]W ¸U¸PPHO KDOORP $NNRU JRQGRORP HUUH QHP LV OHV]
V]¾NV«J
ȟ0LUH"ȟ/RWWLHDN£UW\£UD«VUDMWDDWHOHIRQV]£PUDPHUHGW
ȟ$J\HUPHNY«GHOPLV]ROJ£ODWV]£P£UD
ȟ0LFVRGD"
ȟ1DWPLQGHQWHOPRQGRWWQHNHPȟLVP«WHOWH0LVV%DWVRQKěY¸VHQȟ
$]«U]HOPLE£QWDOPD]£VUµODPLQHNH]DPDJD¼J\QHYH]HWWEDU£WMDNLWHWWH
ÿW«VDQÿY«U«W$PLNHWD]HOP¼OWKHWHNEHQWHWW«VPRQGRWWȟK£WKDOODQL
VH YROW Mµ +D HVHWOHJ SµWDS£W DNDU NHUHVQL D J\HUHNHLQHN DNNRU
ILJ\HOHPEH NHOO YHQQLH D] «U]«VHLNHW 0V &DUO\OH þN D]RN DNLN
V]£P¯WDQDN'HDNNRUH]WI«OUHWHVV]¾N/HJDO£EELVHJ\HOÿUH
$WDQ£UQÿNHWW«KDMWRWWDDN£UW\£W«VDILµNM£EDV¾OO\HV]WHWWH
ȟ (J\ SLOODQDW ȟ /RWWLHQDN D] DUF£ED V]¸N¸WW D Y«U DPLNRU
PHJ«UWHWWH PLUH F«OR] 0LVV %DWVRQ ȟ 1HP W¸UW«QW VHPPLI«OH «U]HOPL
E£QWDOPD]£V 7\OHU QHP V]¸UQ\HWHJ 0LQGHQW HON¸YHWHWW KRJ\ Mµ
YLV]RQ\ED NHU¾OM¸Q D J\HUHNHNNHO HV]«EH QHP MXWRWW YROQD IHO]DNODWQL
ÿNHW+DDGWDNYROQDQHNLP«JHJ\HV«O\WDNNRUWXGQ£NKRJ\Ȫ
ȟ7DO£QP«JLVFVDNV]¾NV«JOHV]DUUDDV]£PUDȟLQGXOWDNHO0LVV%DWVRQ
FVRQWRVXMMDLDILµNIHO«
ȟ 1HP OHV] V]¾NV«J ȟ /RWWLH D OHJV]¯YHVHEEHQ OHV]¼UWD YROQD HJ\
KHJ\HV FHUX]£YDO ȟ Q FVDN D]W DNDUWDP HOPRQGDQL KRJ\ H] D] HJ«V]
GRORJW¼OV£JRVDQIHOYDQI¼MYD
ȟ Q SHGLJ D]W SUµE£ORP HOPRQGDQL ȟ PDJ\DU£]WD 0LVV %DWVRQ
KLJJDGWDQȟKRJ\PDQHPHE«GHOWHPFVDNKRJ\IHOLWDVVDPHJ\K«W«YHV
J\HUHN N¸QQ\HLW «V PHJKDOOJDVVDP DKRJ\ NL¸QWL QHNHP D V]¯Y«W DUUµO
PHQQ\LUHOHV¼MWMDHQQHNDI«UILQDNDN«UHWOHQ«UNH]«VHD]«OHW«EH
ȟ'HK£WȪ
ȟ(]PLQGHQ0V&DUO\OHȟ0LVV%DWVRQIHO£OOW«VD]µU£M£UDQ«]HWWȟ
7DO£Q V]¾NV«JWHOHQ PRQGDQRP KRJ\ V]HPPHO IRJMXN WDUWDQL 1DWHW «V
5XE\W D] HON¸YHWNH]ÿ KHWHNEHQ «V KµQDSRNEDQ $] 2DNOHD WDQWHVW¾OHWH
V]£P£UDDWDQXOµNEROGRJV£JD«VMµO«WHPLQGHQQ«OIRQWRVDEE
/RWWLHPHJE£QWYDIHOHOWH
ȟ1HNHPLVD]
ȟ5HPHNVKDH]D]¸QEDU£WMDNLNHU¾ODN«SEÿOEL]RQ\RVDQMHOHQWÿV
MDYXO£VW IRJXQN PDMG WDSDV]WDOQL 5XE\ «V 1DW PHQW£OLV MµO«W«EHQ
.¸V]¸Q¸PKRJ\LGÿWV]£QWU£P
$PLNRU0LVV%DWVRQNLQ\LWRWWDD]DMWµWKRJ\NLHQJHGMHDJ\HUHNHNKH]
/RWWLHD]RQNDSWDPDJ£WKRJ\N£E£QD]WIHOHOL
ȟ.¸V]¸Q¸P
+XV]RQQ\ROFDGLNIHMH]HW
.HGYHV7RP
+DVRNKLE£WHMWHND]D]«UWYDQPHUWUDJDV]WµVXMMDOJ«SHOHN
ȂD]HOP¼OWQ«J\µU£EDQIHK«UPDUDEXWROODNDWUDJDV]WJDWWDP
NHUHV]WHOē«UWHV¯WēNUH «V FVDN D Y«J«Q M¸WWHP U£ KRJ\
HOIRJ\RWW D] DFHWRQ WHK£W QHP WXGRP OHPRVQL D UDJDV]WµW
7HOHYDJ\RNPXQN£YDOHUUHDK«WUHUHQJHWHJDPHJUHQGHO«V
DPL V]XSHU Ȃ FVDN «SSHQ PLQGHQW IHOYHU D J\RP QHNHP
SHGLJQLQFVLGēPIRJODONR]QLYHOH¼J\KRJ\DNHUWRO\DQPLQW
HJ\G]VXQJHO'HFVRNLWHQQLD]«UWYDODKRJ\Q«KDP«JLVYDQ
LGēP
'RQQ\ PHJV]RNWD P£U KRJ\ PHJLQW LVNRO£ED NHOO M£UQL"
-RMR HEEHQ D I«O«YEHQ HONH]GHWW RURV]W WDQXOQL «V QHPU«J
YROWLWWKRJ\VHJ¯WVHNDK£]LIHODGDW£EDQDPLW¼OVRNYROWD]
«QV]HJ«Q\]LO£OWNLVDJ\DPQDN
1«]WHG D]W D NULPLW WHJQDS HVWH D W«Y«EHQ" Q WHOMHVHQ
EL]WRV YROWDP EHQQH KRJ\ D OHON«V] D WHWWHV .¸]EHQ Y«JLJ
D]RQ JRQGRONRGWDP KRJ\ PLEHQ V]HUHSHOW P«J D] D
V]¯Q«V]Qē DNL D IHOHV«J«W M£WV]RWWD 0«J PLQGLJ QHP
HPO«NV]HP«VPHJēU¾O¸NWēOH$PLNRUHOPHQWHPȐ
0HJV]µODOWDFVHQJÿPLUH&UHVVLGDLMHGWHQIHOXJURWW7RPHOVÿPRGRURV
¾]HQHWH µWD P£U PLQGNHWWHQ HOOD]XOWDN «V QDSRQWD OHYHOH]WHN &UHVVLGD
PLQGLJERU]RQJµY£UDNR]£VVDOQ«]WHPHJD]HPDLOMHLWK£WKDM¸QYDODPL
D I«UILWµO (]W FVDO£UG PµGRQ LJ\HNH]HWW LV HOÿVHJ¯WHQL PLQGLJ IHOWHWW
Q«K£Q\N«UG«VWKRJ\Y£ODV]UD¸V]W¸N«OMH7RPRW+DH]NHJ\HVFVDO£VYROW
LV&UHVVLGDQHPE£QWD(GGLJHJ«V]MµOPěN¸G¸WW
ȟ6]LDȟ$PLNRUNLQ\LWRWWDD]DMWµW&UHVVLGDHJ\£]RWWYHUHEHWWDO£OWD
N¾V]¸E¸Q D KµQD DODWW N«W ¾YHJ ERUUDO ȟ (]W QHNHP KR]WDG" .¸V]
9LV]O£W
ȟ&VDNQHRO\DQVLHWYHȟ/RWWLHP£UEHWHWWHDO£E£WD]HOÿV]RE£ED
&UHVVLGDHOYLJ\RURGRWW
ȟ*\HUHFVDNEH5HWWHQHWHVHQQ«]HONL
ȟ .¸V] 7H LV ¯J\ Q«]Q«O NL KD RO\DQ QDSRG OHWW YROQD PLQW QHNHP
'XJµK¼]µWLGHȟDGWDNLD]XWDV¯W£VW«VHJ\HQHVHQDNRQ\KDIHO«LQGXOW
ȟ V SRKDUDNDW 6]HP«O\UH V]DERWW ILJ\HOHP «V UHQJHWHJ HJ\¾WW«U]«V H]
PLQGHQDPLWN«UHNWÿOHG
ȟWHV]HJ«Q\.«WP£VRGSHUF«VLWWYDJ\RN
&UHVVLGDEHURKDQWD]LURG£M£ED«VYLOO£PVHEHVV«JJHOEH¯UWDDJ«S«EH
0RVWPHQQHPNHOO0HJM¸WW/RWWLHEDU£WQēP«VEDMEDQYDQ
0£UQ\LWMDDY¸U¸VERUW6]HUHWHWWHO¸OHO&UHVV[[[
ȟ0LP£VWWHKHWWHPYROQD"ȟ)«OµUDWHOWHOGHD]HOVÿ¾YHJEHQP£UDOLJ
PDUDGW YDODPL /RWWLH HOPHV«OWH D] HJ«V] K£WERU]RQJDWµ HV]PHFVHU«W
0LVV %DWVRQQDO ȟ $]W£Q DPLNRU KD]D«UW¾QN HJ\ NLFVLW EHROYDVWDP
1DWQHNPHJ5XE\QDN.LGHU¾OWKRJ\%HQ«V+DUU\-HQNLQVO£WRWWPLQNHW
7\OHUUHO(J\ NLFVLWHJ\P£VEDJDEDO\RGWXQN 3HUV]HQHPDQQ\LUD ȟWHWWH
KR]]£ Y«GHNH]ÿQ DPLNRU &UHVVLG£QDN IHOV]DODGW D V]HP¸OG¸NH ȟ &VDN
HJ\FVµNYROW'HD]DQ\DYDO\£V%HQPHJ+DUU\ILJ\HOWPLQNHWHJ\I£UµO
«V KDOORWWDN YDODPL RO\DVPLW KRJ\ 7\OHU VRKD W¸EEHW QHP DNDUMD O£WQL
1DWHWPHJ5XE\WV]µYDOD]HJ«V]LQQHQHUHG0LQGHQHVHWUH£WGREWDPD
J\HUHNHNHW 0DULµKR] «V IHOK¯YWDP 7\OHUW KRJ\ PHJPRQGMDP QHNL
W¸EEHW QHP WDO£ONR]KDWXQN 0£UPLQW D PXQN£Q N¯Y¾O J\KRJ\ HQQ\L
YROW 9«JH 1HP URVV] H] D ERU PL" ȟ /RWWLH D SRKDU£ED ORFFVDQWRWWD D
PDUDG«NRWȟVPLQ«OW¸EEHWLV]ROEHOÿOHDQQ£OMREE
&UHVVLGDH]WQHPWXGWDGHD]EL]WRVKRJ\DY£OODHO]VLEEDGWWÿOH
ȟ0LWV]µOW7\OHUDPLNRUHOPRQGWDGQHNL"
ȟ 0LW PRQGKDWRWW YROQD" 1HP NH]GHWW HO W«UGHQ £OOYD N¸Q\¸U¸JQL
KRJ\ JRQGROMDP PHJ PDJDP 3HUV]H WHOHIRQRQ NHUHV]W¾O HO«J QHK«]
W«UGHOQL ȟ VµKDMWRWW IHO /RWWLH ȟ 0LQGHQHVHWUH QHP LV N¸Q\¸UJ¸WW &VDN
D]WPRQGWDKRJ\N£U«VQDJ\RQVDMQ£OMDKRJ\¯J\DODNXOWDNDGROJRN'H
HJ\HW«UWHWWDEEDQKRJ\DJ\HUHNHNPLQGHQHNHOÿWW
ȟ $]W KLV]HP LJD]D YDQ 0£UPLQW KRJ\ QHP QDJ\RQ WHKHWV] P£VW ȟ
PRQGWDHJ\¾WW«U]ÿQ&UHVVLGDȟ0«JLVRO\DQLJD]V£JWDODQQHP"$PLNRU
WL]HQ¸W YDJ\ «V HONH]GHV] M£UQL HJ\ WL]HQQ\ROF «YHVVHO DNNRU OHKHW U£
V]£P¯WDQL KRJ\ D V]¾OHLG HOWLOWDQDN WÿOH 'H DUUD VRVH JRQGROWDP KRJ\
N«VÿEEDJ\HUHNHNFVLQ£OM£NXJ\DQH]W
ȟQVHPVHMWHWWHPKRJ\RO\DQJ\HUHNHLPOHV]QHNPLQW1DW«V5XE\
ȟ /RWWLH V]HPH KLUWHOHQ PHJWHOW N¸QQ\HO ȟ ,VWHQHP DQQ\LUD V]HUHWHP
ÿNHW þN D] «OHWHP 8W£ORP D]W D Q\DYDO\£V Y«Q 0LVV %DWVRQW GH
EL]RQ\RV V]HPSRQWEµO LJD]D YDQ (J\V]HUěHQ QHP IRJWDP IHO KRJ\ PLW
WHV]HNYHO¾N.RPRO\DQ0RJ\RUµW
ȟ7HVV«N"
ȟ 0RJ\RUµW DGM V FVRNLW $] PDMG MREE NHGYUH GHU¯W PLQNHW 1HP
PLQWKD QHNHG V]¾NV«JHG OHQQH U£ ȟ NLDE£OWD /RWWLH DPLNRU &UHVVLGD
NLPHQW D NRQ\K£ED «V IHOSDNROW HJ\ FVRPµ FVHPHJ«W ȟ $PL D]W LOOHWL
IHOGRERWWQDNWěQV]
ȟ3HGLJQHPYDJ\RND]
ȟ'HLJHQ
ȟ1HP
ȟ 'HKRJ\QHP ȟ PRQGWD D] XMM£YDO PHJIHQ\HJHWYH /RWWLH ȟ
)HOGRERWWQDN«V]L]LQHNPLQWKDYDODPLNODVV]WLWNRGOHQQH1HNHPSHGLJ
WXGQRPNHOOKRJ\PLD]DOHONLE«N«P«UGHN«EHQ
&UHVVLGDDNLVRVHPWXGRWWWLWNRWWDUWDQLHOY¸U¸V¸G¸WW«VWHNLQWHWHD]
LURGD IHO« UHEEHQW DKRO WDO£Q P£U Y£UMD 7RP ¼MDEE ¾]HQHWH ROYDV£VUD
FV£E¯WYD
ȟ3DVLGYDQȟYRQWDOHDN¸YHWNH]WHW«VW/RWWLHHEEÿODSLOODQW£VEµO«V
L]JDOP£EDQ PDMGQHP IHOERU¯WRWWD D SRKDU£W ȟ (J\ SDVL UHMWÿ]LN D]
LURG£GEDQ 7H N«SPXWDWµ SHUV]µQD 0H]WHOHQ" &VDN V]H[ YDJ\ LJD]
V]HUHOHP"
ȟ7RP7XUQHUȟQ\¸JWHNL&UHVVLGDȟ'HQLQFVD]LURG£PEDQ&VDNH
PDLOH]JHW¾QNȟ(J\NLVV]¾QHWXW£QKR]]£WHWWHȟ0LQGHQQDS
ȟ 7RP 7XUQHU +£W H] IDQWDV]WLNXV ȟ WDSVLNROW /RWWLH ȟ $NNRU OHKHW
EHOÿOHV]HUHOHP"
6]HUHOHP&UHVVLG£QDNNLVV«¸VV]HV]RUXOWDV]¯YHD]DJJRGDORPWµO
7HMµ«J6]HUHOHP
7L]HQHJ\ µUD YROW /RWWLH PRVW PHQW HO «V &UHVVLGD D V]£P¯WµJ«SH HOÿWW
¾OW ȟ HJ\ SHUFFHO VHP YROW N«SHV WRY£EE HOYLVHOQL D EHQQH PRFRUJµ
I«OHOPHW 3RQWRVDQ XJ\DQ¯J\ «UH]WH PDJ£W D PDWHPDWLND ¯U£VEHOL
«UHWWV«JL XW£Q DPLNRU PLQGHQNL SDQDV]NRGRWW KRJ\ PLO\HQ QHK«] YROW
D]XWROVµN«UG«VPLQGD]¸WSRQWM£WPHJY£ODV]ROQL«V&UHVVLGDU«P¾OWHQ
G¸EEHQWU£KRJ\D]WKLWWHFVDNHJ\UHNHOOIHOHOQL
&VDNKRJ\ D] JRQGDWODQV£JEµO W¸UW«QW I«OUHROYDV£V YROW 0RVW YLV]RQW
DWWµOWDUWRWWKRJ\V¼O\RVDQI«OUH¯UWYDODPLW
$]¾]OHWLOHYHOHNNHOQHPYROWVHPPLEDM$]RNQDNDY«J«UHPLQGLJD]W
¯UWDKRJ\ȦGY¸]OHWWHOȥYDJ\Ȧ7LV]WHOHWWHOȥ
'H DPLNRU -RMR YLFFHV V]HUHWHWWHOMHV HPDLOMHLUH Y£ODV]ROW DPHO\HN
V]LQWHQDSRQWD«UNH]WHNPLQGLJD]W¯UWDKRJ\Ȧ6]HUHWHWWHO¸OHOOHN&UHVV
[[[ȥ
VPRVWD]DV]¸UQ\ě«U]«VHW£PDGWKRJ\D/RWWLH«UNH]«VHXW£QLVLHWÿV
SLOODQDWRNEDQ DPLNRU FVDN YLVV]DURKDQW KRJ\ EHIHMH]]H D OHYHOHW
7RPQDN JRQGRONRG£V Q«ON¾O RGD¯UWDȪ WH Mµ «JȪ KRJ\ Ȧ6]HUHWHWWHO
¸OHOOHN&UHVV[[[ȥ
&UHVVLGD «Jÿ DUFFDO O£]DV VLHWV«JJHO MHOHQWNH]HWW EH PLN¸]EHQ D]
DV]WDORQGREROWD]XMMDLYDOKRJ\O£VVDY£ODV]ROWH7RP
1HPY£ODV]ROW&UHVVLGDLYRWWHJ\NRUW\ERUW1HPOHKHWHWWWXGQLKRJ\
DY£ODV]KL£Q\DD]WMHOHQWL7RPP«JQHPROYDVWDHOYDJ\«SSW¼OV£JRVDQ
PHJOHSÿG¸WWDN¸]YHWOHQVW¯OXVRQ«VQHPWXGMDPLW¯UMRQ
/HKHWKRJ\MµNDWQHYHWPDJ£EDQ9DJ\«SSHQPHJU«P¾OW'HDOHJMREE
OHKHWÿV«JLVQDJ\RQQDJ\RQPHVV]HHVHWWD]¸OHO«VHNWÿO«VFVµNRNWµO
$IUDQFEDKRJ\DQOHKHWQHVHJ¯WHQLDKHO\]HWHQ"
1\LOY£QYDOµKRJ\PHJLQW¯UQLDNHOO
.HGYHV7RP
1HP EL]WRV KRJ\ H]W PHJ N«QH ¯UQRP HJ\ NLFVLW LGHJHV
YDJ\RN GH HOQ«]«VW N«UHN KD D] HOē]ē OHYHOHP Y«J«UH D]W
¯UWDP KRJ\ Ȍ6]HUHWHWWHO ¸OHOOHNȋ $]W DNDUWDP ¯UQL KRJ\
Ȍ0LQGHQMµWȋGH¸VV]H]DYDURGWDPȂPLHEEHQD]¼M"Ȃ«VD]W
KLWWHPKRJ\-RMRYDJ\0£UPLQWD]WKLWWHPKRJ\-RMROHYHO«W
IHMH]HP EH «V QHP D WL«GHW PHUW N¾O¸QEHQ Q\LOY£Q QHP
N¾OGHQ«NQHNHG¸OHO«VW«VFVµNRNDW
0LQGHQMµW
&UHVV
/£WRG"6HPPLFVµN
0«J
-µOHV]¯J\"%DU£WV£JRV«VOD]D0DJ\DU£]DWRWDGP«JLVN¸QQ\HG,JHQMµ
OHV] 7HOMHVHQ Mµ 7RP QHP IRJ PHJV«UWÿGQL YDOµV]¯QěOHJ HO¾WL HJ\
WU«I£YDO«VDII«OHEHOWHUMHVSR«QOHV]PDMGN¸]W¾N
0HJIRJMD«UWHQL
&UHVVLGDP£ULVVRNNDOMREEDQ«UH]WHPDJ£W«VPHJQ\RPWDD.¾OG«VW
7HVV«NN«V]LV
,GHMHOHIHN¾GQL
+XV]RQNLOHQFHGLNIHMH]HW
0LOHKHWDEDM$PEHUUHO"
/RWWLHQDNV]DEDGG«OHOÿWWMHYROW«V«SSHQDIRGU£V]V]DORQEDQWHWHWHWW
Y¸U¸V£UQ\DODWRNDWDKDM£EDHJ\Y£J£VVDON¯V«UYHKRJ\NLFVLWMREENHGYUH
GHU¯WVHPDJ£WD]¸U¸NDJJV]ě]«OHWNH]GHW«QOWDO£EDQV]HUHWHWWLGHM£UQL
V]HUHWWHDQ\¾]VJ«VWDSOHW\N£NDWDIRGU£V]NHOO«NHNPHJQ\XJWDWµLOODW£W
GH D W¸EEL O£Q\ PD QHP GROJR]RWW NHWWHQ YROWDN $PEHUUHO V DPLµWD
/RWWLHD]HV]«WWXGWDPRVWHOÿV]¸UQHPPHQWJ¸UG¾O«NHQ\HQDW£UVDOJ£V
0LW¸EEDEHV]«OJHW«VLN¯V«UOHWHNN¸]WLV]¾QHWHNNH]GWHNN¯QRVV£Y£OQL
0LXW£QP«JYDJ\WL]HQ¸WSHUFLJN¾]G¸WW/RWWLHY«J¾OPHJN«UGH]WH
ȟ$PEHU9DODPLEDMYDQ"
$W¾N¸UEHQO£WWDKRJ\$PEHUY£OODWYRQW
ȟ1HPWXGRP7DO£QYDQ"ȟ(OKDOOJDWRWWȟ7HWXGV]YDODPLW"
%L]WRVDQQHPVWLPPHOYDODPL/RWWLHPHJU£]WDDIHM«W«VDIµOLDFV¯NRN
VS£QLHOI¾OHNN«QWU¸SN¸GWHND]DUFDN¸U¾O
ȟ0LWWXGQ«N"
$PEHU OHWHWWH D ODSRV NHI«W DPLYHO D IHVW«NHW NHQWH V]«W D KDM HJ\HV
U«V]HLQ
ȟ0DULµUµO
ȟ0DULµUµO".¸V]MµOYDQ
/RWWLH DUUDJRQGROWKRJ\$PEHUWDO£QKDOORWWYDODPLWD.DUHQ&UDQH
IO¸UWUÿO
ȟ7XGRPKRJ\MµOYDQȟQ«]HWWNHP«Q\HQDW¾N¸UEH$PEHUȟ&VDND]W
DNDUWDPWXGQLKRJ\WDO£ONR]RWWHYDODNLP£VVDO
/RWWLH I«V]NHOÿGQL NH]GHWW ¸VV]HNXOFVROWD D] XMMDLW D V¸W«WN«N
IRGU£V]SHOHULQDODWW 2O\DQPHJJ\ÿ]ÿHQPRQGWDDPHQQ\LUHFVDNWHOOHWW
WÿOH
ȟ1HPQHPWDO£ONR]RWW
ȟ6]HULQWHPPHJLJHQ
ȟ3«OG£XONLYHO"
MDEEV]¾QHW$]W£Q$PEHUD]WPRQGWD
ȟ3«OG£XOYHOHG
/RWWLHDQQ\LUDPHJN¸QQ\HEE¾OWKRJ\HOQHYHWWHPDJ£W
ȟ 0L H] D] HJ«V]" ȟ PRQGWD Y«J¾O ȟ $]W KLWWHG KRJ\ YDQ YDODPL
N¸]WHP PHJ 0DULR N¸]¸WW" $PEHU KD OHQQH DNNRU QHNHG
PHJPRQGDQ£P 'H QLQFV (V]HP £J£EDQ VH OHQQH VRKD D] «OHWEHQ V
H]WYHGG¯J«UHWQHN
$PEHU ODVVDQ NLI¼MWD D OHYHJÿW 9«J¾O EµOLQWRWW Uµ]VDV]¯QH]¾VW
I¾OEHYDOµLPHJFV¸UUHQWHNDKRJ\DIµOLDIHO«Q\¼OW
ȟ2N«1HKDUDJXGM+LV]HNQHNHG&VDNȪ7HJQDSEHXJURWWDPDEROWED
«V7HGWHOMHVHQPHJYROWOHSYHKRJ\O£W
ȟ&VDNPHUWKHWHNLJW£YROYROW£O
ȟ Q LV H]W KLWWHP $]W£Q D]W PRQGWD KRJ\ D]W KLWWH KRJ\ WH PHJ
0DULR PHJLQW ¸VV]HM¸WWHWHN $]W£Q YDODPL ¸UHJ Q\DQ\D LV KRJ\ ÿ LV
XJ\DQH]WJRQGROWDPLXW£QPLQGHQHVW«WD3LSHUȢV&RWWDJHEDQW¸OW¸WW
)DOXVLSOHW\ND1HPOHKHWQHHJ\V]HUěHQPLQGHW¸VV]HN¸WQL«VEHGREQL
DWµED"
ȟ$NDQDS«QDOXGWȟPRQGWD/RWWLH
$]W£QPHJLQWPHJPR]GXOWPHUWVHMWHWWHKRJ\PLN¸YHWNH]LN
ȟ$NDQDS«QȟEµOLQWRWW$PEHUȟ(]UHPHN'HLJD]£EµOD]WV]HUHWQ«P
WXGQLȟIRO\WDWWDODVVDQȟKRJ\NLQHND]¸WOHWHYROWH]D]RWWDOY£V
ȟ +£W D J\HUHNHN QDJ\RQ ¸U¾OWHN KRJ\ RWW YROW ȟ NH]GWH OHONHVHQ
/RWWLHGH$PEHUHJ\SLOODQW£VVDOEHO«IRMWRWWDDV]µW
ȟ 8J\H WH YROW£O" 7H YHWWHG U£ 0DULµW KRJ\ PLQGHQ HVWH Q£ODWRN
DOXGMRQ 0HUW WXGRG KRJ\ PHJE¯]KDWDWODQ «V ¯J\ V]HPPHO WXGWDG
WDUWDQLQHKRJ\FVLQ£OMRQYDODPLWDP¯J«QW£YROYDJ\RN
$PEHUQHPYROWRVWRED/RWWLHOHJ\ÿ]¸WWHQY£OODWYRQW
ȟ2N«J\JRQGROWDPKRJ\QHPIRJ£UWDQL7XGRGPLO\HQHNDI«UILDN
D QDGU£JMXNEDQ KRUGM£N D] DJ\XNDW 0DULR EL]WRVDQ QHP FVLQ£OW YROQD
VHPPLWV]£QG«NRVDQGHO£VVXNEHHO«JMµSDVLVHJ\HVO£Q\RNEDQQLQFV
HJ\FVHSSJ£WO£VVHP*RQGROWDPQDJ\REEEL]WRQV£JEDQYDQPHOOHWW¾QN
PLQWKDHOPHQQHEXOL]QLDNROO«J£NNDOPXQNDXW£QȪ
ȟVHOIHOHMWHQ«KRJ\YDQEDU£WQÿMHȟMHJ\H]WHPHJ$PEHUȟ+DQHP
O£WM£NP£UPLQGHQWOHKHW9DJ\DPLWDQÿQHPWXGD]QHPI£M
ȟ1HKDUDJXGM$]WKLWWHPMµWWHV]HNȟ/RWWLHDW¾N¸UEÿOQ«]WHDKRJ\
$PEHU ¾J\HVHQ IHOW«SNHGL D PDUDG«N IµOL£W «V PHJW¸UOL D NH]«W ȟ
0DJ£UDNHOOHWWYROQDKDJ\QRP"
$PEHUIHOVµKDMWRWW«VNLV¸S¸UWHQDSV]¯WWDIUXIUXM£WDV]HP«EÿO
ȟ(JHNQHPLVWXGRP0L«UWFVLQ£OWDG"
ȟ 0HUW D]W DNDURP KRJ\ WH PHJ 0DULR EROGRJRN OHJ\HWHN «V HJ\¾WW
PDUDGMDWRN6]HULQWHPQDJ\RQV]«SS£UYDJ\WRNȟIRO\WDWWD/RWWLHȟV
QHPDNDURPKRJ\H]WE£UNLYHV]«O\H]WHVVH
ȟ $ V]¸UQ\HFVN«N NHGY««UW ȟ PRQGWD $PEHU V]£UD]RQ ȟ 0HUW ÿN
V]HUHWQHNHQJHP
ȟ,P£GQDNVH]QDJ\RQIRQWRVȟYDOORWWDEH/RWWLHȟ+£WSHUV]HKRJ\
D]$]WDNDURPKRJ\EROGRJRNOHJ\HQHN&VDNVHJ¯WHQLSUµE£OWDP
$PEHUU£Q«]HWW
ȟVYHOHPPLYDQ"$]«QEROGRJV£JRPPDOQHPW¸UÿGV]"
ȟ'HLJHQ(]DO«Q\HJ
ȟ1HPQHPH]ȟ$PEHURGDK¼]RWWHJ\JXUXOµVV]«NHWȟ$]DO«Q\HJ
KRJ\OHKHWHNHYDODKDLVEROGRJ0DULµYDO9DODNLRO\DQQDODNLEHQWDO£Q
VRVHPOHV]HNN«SHVPHJE¯]QL"
/RWWLHPHJULDGW
ȟ'HK£WP£UQ\ROFKµQDSMDHJ\¾WWYDJ\WRN0LQGLJLVWXGWDGPLO\HQ
0DULRV£UPÿU«VV]HUHWIO¸UW¸OQLGHWHPLQGLJWXGWDGNH]HOQLȪ
ȟ 1HP ȟ U£]WD PHJ D IHM«W $PEHU ȟ &VDN D]W FVLQ£OWDP DPLW PLOOLµ
P£V O£Q\ LV FVLQ£O LO\HQNRU $ V]¯YHP P«O\«Q D]W KLWWHP KRJ\ «Q PDMG
PHJ WXGRP Y£OWR]WDWQL 0HJJ\ÿ]WHP PDJDPDW KRJ\ PRVW PDMG P£V
OHV] P£U WDQXOW D P¼OW KLE£LEµO «V U£M¸WW KRJ\ D PL NDSFVRODWXQN W¼O
N¾O¸QOHJHVDKKR]KRJ\NRFN£UDWHJ\Hȟ$PEHUHOKDOOJDWRWW«VIHOYRQWD
D V]HP¸OG¸N«W ȟ *RQGRORP WH LV XJ\DQH]W KLWWHG QHP LJD]" $PLNRU
KR]]£PHQW«O
+£W LJHQ /RWWLH WLV]W£EDQ YROW YHOH KRJ\ ¯J\ YDQ 3HUV]H KRJ\ ¯J\
JRQGROWD'HÿWL]HQNLOHQF«YHVYROW7L]HQNLOHQF«YHVHQIHOVHPPHU¾OD]
HPEHUEHQKRJ\HVHWOHJQHPN«SHVPHJY£OWR]WDWQLDP£VLNDW
0HJDGµDQY£OODWYRQW
ȟ'HQHPYROWKěWOHQKR]]£G
ȟ +£OD QHNHG «V N¸O\N¸NQHN PHJ D K£]L ÿUL]HWQHN ȟ PRVRO\RGRWW HO
KDORY£Q\DQ$PEHU
ȟ6]HUHWW«JHG
ȟ7XGRP'HYDMRQHO«JJ«V]HUHW"
ȟ$NNRUPRVWPLOHV]"ȟU«P¾OWPHJ/RWWLH
ȟ1HPWXGRP0«JSUµE£ORPNLWDO£OQL
ȟ'H1DW«V5XE\Ȫ
ȟ/RWWLH«QLVLP£GRPÿNHWȟ$PEHUIRJRWWHJ\GDUDEWLV]WDIµOL£W«V
W«SNHGQL NH]GWH ȟ 7XGRG MµO 'H QHP Y£UKDWRG WÿOHP KRJ\ HJ\ RO\DQ
I«UILYDOPDUDGMDNDNLW¸QNUHWHV]FVDNKRJ\EROGRJJ£WHJ\HPDJ\HUHNHLW
ȟVD]H[QHM«WȟHPO«NH]WHWWH/RWWLHȟþWLVEROGRJJ£WHQQ«G
$PEHUQHNPHJU£QGXOWDV]£MD
ȟ7HVHYDJ\YDODPLJ£WO£VRV
ȟ%£UJD]GDJ«VJ£WO£VWDODQOHKHWQ«NȟIHOHOWHV]RPRU¼DQ/RWWLHȟ+D
WHOHOHQQ«NS«Q]]HODNNRUPHJYHV]WHJHWKHWQ«OHNKRJ\PDUDGM
ȟ'HQHPYDJ\D]VPRVWQ«]]¾NKRJ\£OODKDMDGȟ$PEHUN¸]HOHEE
JXUXOW «V NLERQWRWW HJ\ IµOL£W /RWWLH WDUNµM£Q D]W£Q JRQGRVDQ
PHJYL]VJ£OWDD]HUHGP«Q\Wȟ0«JQHPMµ.«UV]HJ\N£Y«W"
ȟ .¸V]L ȟ EµOLQWRWW /RWWLH PHJN¸QQ\HEE¾OWHQ KRJ\ Y«JH OHWW D
IHV]¾OWV«JQHN0RVWOHJDO£EENLEHV]«OW«NDSUREO«P£NDW«VWDO£QHJ\P£V
N¸]W HO LV LQW«]W«N (OK¼]WD D V]£M£W ȟ )«UILDN 0L«UW QHP N«SHVHN
«UW«NHOQLD]WKRJ\PLO\HQV]HUHQFV«VHN"
$PEHU«SSN£Y«WNDQDOD]RWWN«WE¸JU«EH
ȟ1«PHO\LNN«SHVU£
ȟ 0HJOHKHW 'H J\DNRULEE KRJ\ D SDVL I«OUHWHNLQJHW QHP LJD]" 9DJ\
HJ\V]HUěHQ FVDN D]W KLV]L KRJ\ D V]RPV]«G I¾YH WDO£Q ]¸OGHEE ȟ
OHJ\LQWHWW/RWWLHȟ0£UPLQWKDQHNHPYDQHJ\V]XSHUSDVLPHV]HPEHVH
MXWPHJFVDOQLYDJ\KD]XGQLQHNLVQHNHGVH$NNRUPL«UWȪ"
ȟQP£UFVLQ£OWDPLO\HW
ȟ 7«Q\OHJ" ȟ G¸EEHQW PHJ /RWWLH ȟ 0HJFVDOWDG D EDU£WRGDW" 0HO\LN
YROWD]"
$PEHUµYDWRVDQNLW¸OW¸WWHDIRUUµYL]HWDE¸JU«NEHWHMHW¸QW¸WWKR]]£
«VPHJNHYHUWH
ȟ0DULR
/RWWLHPRVWP£UW«Q\OHJHON«SHGWHUUHHJ\£OWDO£QQHPV]£P¯WRWW
ȟ(]NRPRO\"
ȟ,JHQWHOMHVHQNRPRO\&XNURW"
ȟ.HWWÿW7HMµ«JPLNRUW¸UW«QW"
ȟ$Q\DUDO£VRQȟIHOHOWH$PEHU
ȟ 1HP KLV]HP HO 0HJLVPHUNHGW«O YDODNLYHO )UDQFLDRUV]£JEDQ" 7H Mµ
«J
ȟ 7XODMGRQN«SSHQ QHP ȟ DGWD RGD D E¸JU«W /RWWLHQDN D]W£Q OH¾OW D
VDM£WM£YDOȟ(J\¾WWPHQW¾QNNL
/RWWLHQDN PHJOµGXOWDN D JRQGRODWDL PLQWKD D YLG£PSDUNL N¸UKLQW£Q
UHNHGWYROQD
ȟ'HK£WȪD]WPRQGWDGȪ
ȟ7XGRP$]WPRQGWDPPLQGHQNLQHNKRJ\DEDU£WQÿPPHO0DQG\YHO
PHJ\HN ȟ $PEHU GHUěVHQ IRO\WDWWD ȟ V QHP QHP YDJ\RN OHV]ELNXV
1HP0DQG\YHOPHQWHP$]KD]XJV£JYROW
$W\D«J /RWWLH N«Q\WHOHQ YROW OHWHQQL D E¸JU«M«W QHKRJ\ OHIRUU£]]D D
O£E£W
ȟ$NNRUNLYHO"
ȟ4XHQWLQDQHYH
-HVV]XVRP4XHQWLQ"
ȟ 2N« WXGRP PLUH JRQGROV] 1HP «SSHQ V]XSHU Q«Y HJ\ SDVLQDN $
4XHQWLQ QHYě HPEHUHNQHN £OWDO£EDQ QLQFV PR]LV]W£UN¾OOHP¾N «V
GDJDGR]µ ELFHSV]¾N QHP LJD]" +£W ÿ VHP LO\HQ (J\ £WODJRV VU£F
.HGYHV QRUP£OLV £WODJRV 1«K£Q\ «YYHO H]HOÿWW M£UWXQN S£U KµQDSLJ
$PRO\DQN¸QQ\HGNDSFVRODWYROW4XHQWLQWHOHIRQ£OWDPLNRUPHJ¯J«UWH
2WWYROWDPLNRUPHJ¯J«UWH9LU£JRWKR]RWWSROWDPLNRUEHWHJYROWDP
(J\V]HU HJ\ HJ«V] «MV]DN£W £OOW VRUED KRJ\ MHJ\HW V]HUH]]HQ HJ\ (OWRQ
-RKQNRQFHUWUHDV]¾OHW«VQDSRPUD
ȟ 7\ěKD 1RV H]]HO QHP QDJ\RQ OHKHW YLWDWNR]QL ȟ /RWWLH
NLPRQGRWWDQLULJ\NHGHWWDI«ONDUM£WRGDDGWDYROQDHJ\(OWRQNRQFHUW«UW
ȟ0«JLVV]DN¯WRWWDWRN0LW¸UW«QW"
$PEHUY£OODWYRQW
ȟ$]HJ«V]NH]GHWWȪXQDOPDVV£Y£OQLD]WKLV]HP$PLNRUYDODNLLO\HQ
ILJ\HOPHV D] HPEHU NH]GL WHUP«V]HWHVQHN WHNLQWHQL 1LQFV D] D]
DGUHQDOLQ WXGRG" $]W KLV]HP W¸EE L]JDORPUD Y£J\WDP YDODNL RO\DQUD
DNL PHJGRERJWDWMD D V]¯YHPHW «V HOJ\HQJ¯WL D O£EDPDW YDODK£Q\V]RU
PHJO£WRP J\KRJ\ D]W PRQGWDP 4XHQWLQQHN KRJ\ V]HULQWHP QHN¾QN
QLQFVM¸YÿQNHJ\¾WW«VKRJ\ÿW¼OMµKR]]£Pȟ)DQ\DUDUFFDOIRO\WDWWDȟ
0LUH4XHQWLQD]WPRQGWDȦ8J\HLQN£EERO\DWDNDUV]DNLURVV]KR]]£G"ȥ
'HPLYHOWDOSLJ¼ULHPEHUQHPHUÿVN¸G¸WWKRJ\JRQGROMDPPHJPDJDP
$]W PRQGWD UHP«OL KRJ\ PHJWDO£ORP DPLW NHUHVHN «V KRJ\
PHJ«UGHPOHP D EROGRJV£JRW $]W£Q RWWKDJ\WD D] £OO£V£W «V HON¸OW¸]¸WW
/RQGRQED
ȟ0RVWSHGLJYLVV]DW«UW
/RWWLHW HJ\V]HUUH OHQ\ěJ¸]WH «V PHJG¸EEHQWHWWH D W¸UW«QHW 7XGWD
KRJ\QHPOHQQHV]DEDGOHONHVHGQLHGHQHPWHKHWHWWHOOHQH
ȟ 9LVV]D ȟ EµOLQWRWW $PEHU ȟ +DW K«WWHO H]HOÿWW EHXJURWW KRJ\
¾GY¸]¸OM¸QGH«SSHQQ\DNLJYROWDPDPHOµEDQ¼J\KRJ\PRQGWDPQHNL
¾OM¾QNEHLQN£EEHJ\N£Y«UDPXQNDXW£Q&VDNHJ\NLVEHV]«OJHW«VUH-µ
YROW ¼MUD O£WQL HQQ\L D] HJ«V] 0HV«OW D PXQN£M£UµO D WHUYHLUÿO Q LV
PHV«OWHPQHNL0DULµUµO0HJN«UGH]WHKRJ\0DULRHO«JURVV]HKR]]£P
«VKRJ\PHJWDO£OWDPHDPLWNHUHVWHPQPHJD]WPRQGWDPKRJ\QHP
WXGRP GH MµO «U]HP PDJDP V HQQ\L +¼V] SHUFHW W¸OW¸WW¾QN HJ\¾WW D
N£Y«]µEDQȟ$PEHUELUL]J£OQLNH]GWHDI¾OEHYDOµM£Wȟ$]W£QD]QDSHVWH
0DULµYDOHOPHQW¾QNYDODPLSDUWLUD«VHJ\O£Q\U£V]£OOW«VHJ«V]LGÿDODWW
V]µYDO WDUWRWWD 3£UN«QW PHQW¾QN RGD GH 0DULR Y«JLJ ¾J\HW VHP YHWHWW
U£P J\ «UH]WHP PDJDP PLQW +DUU\ 3RWWHU D O£WKDWDWODQQ£ W«Yÿ
N¸SHQ\EHQ 0DULR PHJ ¼J\ IHFVHU«V]HWW D FVDMMDO PLQWKD PLQGHQ D
OHJQDJ\REEUHQGEHQOHQQH0LQWKDQHPYHQQ««V]UHPLWDNDUD]DO£Q\
Q PHJ G¾K¸V OHWWHP V HONH]GWHP JRQGRONRGQL J\KRJ\ DPLNRU
4XHQWLQP£VQDSHVWHPHJFV¸QJHWHWWIHOK¯YWDPHJ\LWDOUD
ȟ&VDNHJ\LWDOUD"ȟN«UGH]WHSDMNRVDQ/RWWLH
ȟ ,JHQ +R]RWW HJ\ NLV FVRNRU IU«]L£W $]W£Q PHJPRQGWD KRJ\ P«J
PLQGLJV]HUHWV«QKLUWHOHQU£G¸EEHQWHPKRJ\YDQQDNURVV]DEEGROJRN
LVHJ\ÿV]LQW«QUHQGHVSDVLV]HUHOP«Q«O
/RWWLHNLFVLWOREEL]RWWDYROWI«UM««UW
ȟ0DULRLVÿV]LQW«QUHQGHVSDVL
ȟ 7XGRP KRJ\ D] 'H YDMRQ W«Q\OHJ EROGRJJ£ WHV]" 9DJ\ ¸VV]HW¸UL D
V]¯YHPHW" ȟ $PEHU Y£OODW YRQW ȟ 0HUW D]«UW H] V]£P¯W V D]W EL]WRVDQ
WXGRPKRJ\4XHQWLQVRVHPIRJMD
ȟ $NNRU PRVW PHQQ\LUH NRPRO\ H] D GRORJ N¸]WHWHN" ȟ /RWWLH WDUNµMD
EL]VHUHJQLNH]GHWWD]L]JDORPWµO
ȟ1HPIHN¾GWHPOHYHOHKDHUUHJRQGROV]ȟPRQGWDFVLOORJµV]HPPHO
$PEHUȟ/HJDO£EELVPRVWQHP
ȟ'HK£WȪHJ\¾WWYROWDWRNYDN£FLµ]QL.«WWHOMHVK«WLJ
ȟ .¾O¸Q K£OµV]RE£QN YROW V D] HJ«V] 4XHQWLQ ¸WOHWH YROW 7XGWD
PHQQ\LUHÿUOÿG¸P+RJ\NHOOHJ\NLVLGÿ0DULRQ«ON¾OPLHOÿWWG¸QW¸Nȟ
(OP«O£]RWW ȟ J\KRJ\ WHFKQLNDL «UWHOHPEHQ QHP YROWDP KěWOHQ $]
V]£P¯WKDHOP«V]HJ\P£VLNSDVLYDOQ\DUDOQLGHLJD]£EµOQHPFVLQ£OWRN
VHPPLW"
/RWWLHNH]GWHHOYHV]WHQLDW¾UHOP«W
ȟ1D«VPRVW"0RVWDQUDHOKDW£UR]WDGPDJDG"
ȟ0DMGQHPȟIHOHOWH$PEHU
ȟ0DMGQHP"0RQGGP£UȟVLS¯WRWWD/RWWLH
ȟ1HP0HUWD]QHPOHQQHVSRUWV]HUě(OÿV]¸UQHNLNNHOOHOPRQGDQRP
ȟ $PEHU LVP«W V]HP¾J\UH YHWWH /RWWLH Y¸U¸V WLQFVHLW ȟ 0RVW P£U N«V]
*\HUHDPRVµED
$ PRVGµNDJ\Oµ PHJWHOW OHV]HGHWW IµOL£NNDO «V PHOHJ Y¯] FV¸UJHGH]HWW
/RWWLHK£WUDKDMWRWWIHM«UH
ȟ 0«J PLQGLJ QHP KLV]HP HO KRJ\ PHJWHWWHG ȟ PRQGWD ȟ $]RQ
DJJµGW£O KRJ\ 0DULR PHJFVDO PLN¸]EHQ WH N«W K«WUH HOP«V] HJ\ P£VLN
SDVLYDO"1HPȪLJD]V£JWDODQH]HJ\NLFVLW"
ȟ0HJOHKHWȟ$PEHUHQHUJLNXVDQPDVV]¯UR]QLNH]GWHDPDQGXODLOODW¼
VDPSRQW /RWWLH KDM£ED ȟ 'H KD 0DULR PHJFVDOW YROQD ÿ D]«UW FVLQ£OWD
YROQD PHUW K¯]HOHJQHN QHNL XQDWNR]LN YDJ\ FVDN NHGYH YDQ HJ\ NLV
HW\HSHW\«UHQYLV]RQWD]«UWPHQWHPHO4XHQWLQQHOPHUWRO\DQG¸QW«VW
NHOOKR]QRPDPLNLKDWD]HJ«V]«OHWHPUH
ȟ$NNRUK£WQHPIHN¾GW«OOH4XHQWLQQHO'HPHJFVµNROWDG"
ȟ,JHQȟ$PEHUKDQJMDRO\DQYROWPLQWKDPRVRO\RJQDȟ6RNV]RUV
WXGRP PLW JRQGROV] +RJ\ N«SPXWDWµ NLV NXUYD YDJ\RN 'H QHP FVDN
V]µUDNR]£VEµO FVLQ£OWDP J\KRJ\ NLY£Oµ RNRP YDQ DUUD PL«UW QHP
YDJ\RNN«SPXWDWµNLVNXUYD
+DUPLQFDGLNIHMH]HW
6]LD&UHVV
0«J FVDN UHJJHO NLOHQF µUD YDQ GH P£ULV EHDUDQ\R]WDG D
QDSRPDW)DQWDV]WLNXVYROWD]HPDLOHG$]W¯URGKRJ\Y£URG
D Y£ODV]RPDW GH «Q P«J MREEDQ Y£URP D WL«GHW H]W
HOPRQGKDWRP 6HPPL V]¾NV«J U£ KRJ\ PHQWHJHWē]] D
Ȍ6]HUHWHWWHO ¸OHOȋ PLDWW DPLW PHOOHVOHJ W«Q\OHJ HON¾OGW«O
K£URPFVµNNDO0HJWLV]WHOēQHNWDUWRPQHPSHGLJN¯QRVQDN
K£ODLVWHQQHN&UHVVLGDODVVDQNLI¼MWDDOHYHJÿW«VV]LQWHEHOHV]«G¾OWD
PHJN¸QQ\HEE¾O«VEH(]HNV]HULQWQHPNHOODWµED¸OQLHPDJ£W
VYDQP«JWRY£EELVȪ
6]HUHWHWWHO¸OHO
7RP[[[[[[
9«OHP«Q\"0HJ¯UQLDY«OHP«Q\«W" &UHVVLGDN«SWHOHQYROW ¾OYHPDUDGQL
)HOSDWWDQW N¸UEHW£QFROW D V]RE£EDQ NLW£UWD D] DEODNRW «V NLNLDE£OWD
KRJ\ Ȧ,JHHHHQȥ $ IRFLVW£N XJ\DQH]W «UH]KHWLN DPLNRU EHU¼JM£N D
Q\HUWHV JµOW D YLO£JEDMQRNV£JRQ 7RPQDN WHWV]HWW D] HPDLOMH 1HP
LMHV]WHWWHHOVHPDNH]GHWLEDOO«S«VVHPDN«VÿEELU«V]HJKDEODW\RO£V6ÿW
V]HUHWHWWHO«V¸OHO«VVHOE¼FV¼]RWW«VK£Q\FVµNNDOLV"+DWWDO
V P«J 1HZFDVWOHEH LV PHJK¯YMD ÿNHW D N¸YHWNH]ÿ K«WY«J«UH ȟ PL
OHKHWQH HQQ«O IDQWDV]WLNXVDEE" &UHVVLGD P£U HO LV N«S]HOWH PDJ£W «V
-RMµW DPLQW HJ\¾WW ¾OQHN D YRQDWRQ D]W£Q 7RP «V 'RQQ\ Y£UMD ÿNHW D]
£OORP£VRQ D]W£Q N¸YHWNH]LN QHJ\YHQQ\ROF µUD PµND «V NDFDJ£V «V
HVHWOHJV]HUHWHW«V¸OHO«VȪ
1D Mµ HJ\ NLFVLW W¼OV£JRVDQ HOÿUHV]DODGW +RO YDQQDN D J£WO£VDL" 'H
EL]WRVDQV]XSHUK«WY«JHOHV]«V-RMRLV«OYH]QLIRJMDÿPLQGLJN«V]HJ\
NLVEXOLUD
0£U PRVW KDJ\KDWQD ¾]HQHWHW -RMµQDN D WHOHIRQM£Q D]W£Q PHJQ«]L D
YRQDWRNDW
-¸Yÿ K«WY«JH &UHVVLGD L]JDWRWWDQ SH]VHJYH Q\¼OW D WHOHIRQ XW£Q V
QHPVRN£UD¼MUDO£WKDWMD7RPRW,JHQ
(J\µUDP¼OYD-RMRY£ODV]ROWȦ-µOKDQJ]LN0£UDOLJY£URP3«QWHNHVWH
LQGXOXQN"3XV]L-[[[ȥ
&UHVVLGD PHJFVµNROWD D WHOHIRQW 7XGWD KRJ\ -RMR QHP IRJMD FVHUEHQ
KDJ\QL
,JHHHQ
$] «OHWH W¸EEL U«V]H WDO£Q QHP WHUY V]HULQW KDODGW GH D
PDJ£QGHWHNW¯YHVGLW «OYH]WH /RWWLH *LVHOOH -RKQVWRQW D P£VRGLN QHYHW
)UHGGLHOLVW£M£UµOQHPWDO£OWDPHJGHPLYHOD-RKQVWRQDOH£Q\NRULQHYH
YROW«VP£UDKDWYDQNHWWHGLN«Y«WWDSRVWDH]DOLJKDOHKHWHWWPHJOHSHW«V
$ N¸YHWNH]ÿ Q«YYHO YLV]RQW P£U QDJ\REE V]HUHQFV«MH YROW )HQHOOD
0F(YR\
ȟ 0HJYDQ ȟ PRQGWD /RWWLH )UHGGLHQHN DPLNRU EHUREEDQW D
+HVWDFRPEH+RXVHQDSSDOLM£EDGLDGDOPDVDQORERJWDWYDHJ\SDS¯UODSRW
ȟ0RVWSHGLJPRQGMDPHJKRJ\NLFVRGDȟ$PLNRUD]¸UHJDSDS¯UXW£Q
Q\¼OW/RWWLHHOK¼]WDHOÿOHȟ&VDNDNNRUDGRPRGD
)HQHOOD)UHGGLHV]LYDUUDJ\¼MWRWW«VPDJ£EDQVRPRO\JRWW(]«UGHNHV
OHV]
ȟ(OÿV]¸UPRQGMDHOKRJ\WDO£OWDPHJ
ȟ +£W IHO¯UWDP D F¯PHW DPLW PDJD PRQGRWW «V D ILFNµ DNL PRVW RWW
ODNLN YLVV]DK¯YRWW þ PHJ D IHOHV«JH YHWW«N PHJ D K£]DW 0F(YR\«NWµO
K¼V] «YYHO H]HOÿWW 0F(YR\«N N¾OI¸OGUH N¸OW¸]WHN 6SDQ\RORUV]£JED 'H
Q«K£Q\ «YYHO H]HOÿWW KDOORWWD KRJ\ )HQHOOD YLVV]DW«UW 2[IRUGED D]W£Q
P¼OW Q\£URQ «SSHQ D K£]XN HOÿWW PHQW HO «V V]µED HOHJ\HGWHN $ Qÿ
HOPRQGWDQHNLKRJ\+XWWRQ&RXUWEDQODNLNHJ\W£UVDVK£]EDQDIRO\µQ£O
«VKRJ\P£UN«WV]HUHOY£OWDPLµWDHOPHQWD&DUOWRQ$YHQXHUµO7HK£Wȟ
MHOHQWHWWH YLG£PDQ /RWWLH ȟ PHJJXJOL]WDP +XWWRQ &RXUWRW «V WDO£OWDP
HJ\ ZHEGL]£MQHUW DNL RWW ODNLN )HOK¯YWDP «V PHJN«UGH]WHP LVPHULH
)HQHOO£W PLUH D]W PRQGWD Ȧ )HQHOOD %ULWWRQUD JRQGRO" )HQW ODNLN D
OHJIHOVÿ HPHOHWHQȥ =VHQL£OLV YDJ\RN ȟ /RWWLH QHP LV DNDUW V]HU«Q\QHN
WěQQLȟ0RQGWDPLVPDJDPQDNKRJ\V]XSHUQHP]HWN¸]LN«POHQQ«N
ȟVPRVWYLVV]D¯UW"
)UHGGLH OH QHP YHWWH D V]HP«W D OHY«OUÿO DPLW /RWWLH ILILN£VDQ ¼J\
WDUWRWWKRJ\QH«UMHHO
ȟ,JHQ0RVWPDJDM¸QȟPRQGWDQHNL/RWWLH
ȟ 0LQGHQNLQHN D] «OHW«EHQ YDQQDN ÿU¾OW SLOODQDWRN ȟ )UHGGLH
EHOHV]¯YRWW D V]LYDUM£ED «V IHOLG«]WH PDJ£EDQ D VRN «YYHO H]HOÿWWL
)HQHOO£W+£WUDGÿOWDEÿUIRWHOEHQȟ1HNHPHJ\KµQDSQ\LYROW*LVHOOHOHO
YROWDP P«J )HQHOOD I«UMHV DVV]RQ\ YROW 'H QHP E¯UWDP PDJDPPDO
2O\DQYROWPLQWYDODPLHOOHQ£OOKDWDWODQGURJ9LV]RQ\XQNOHWW
ȟV«QP«JD]WKLWWHPKRJ\ DNNRULEDQ MREEDNYROWDN D] HUN¸OFV¸Nȟ
FLFFHJHWW/RWWLHPLN¸]EHQ£WDGWDDOHYHOHWȟ7XGMDPLW)UHGGLH"0DJD
D]W£QV]«SNLVDODNYROW.LWHWWODS£WUDNLW"
ȟ þ WHWW ODS£WUD HQJHP DKRJ\ PDJXN ILDWDORN RO\DQ HOEěY¸OÿHQ
PRQGM£N ȟ )UHGGLH HPO«NH]HWW P«J U£ PHQQ\LUH ¸VV]HW¸UW DNNRU
/HYHUWH D KDPXW D V]LYDUUµO ȟ )HQHOOD N¸OWV«JHV Qÿ YROW 0£U YROW HJ\
VLNHUHVI«UMH7XODMGRQN«SSHQD]YROWYHOHPDEDMKRJ\QHPYROWDPHO«J
JD]GDJ
&UHVVLGDOH]¸WW\HQWD]HJ\LNNRQ\KDLV]«NUH(UUHQHPV]£P¯WRWW0LQWKD
NLERQWRWWYROQDHJ\FVRG£ODWRVDQEHFVRPDJROWDM£QG«NRW«VHJ\G¸JO¸WW
SDWN£Q\WWDO£OWYROQDEHQQH
ȟ 1HP V]µ VHP OHKHW UµOD ȟ LVP«WHOWH 6DFKD )RUEHV KDW£UR]RWWDQ ȟ
(OXWD]XQN 5REHUW HJ\LN WHU¾OHWL YH]HWÿMH K£]DVRGLN .HQWEHQ «V OHQW
OHV]¾QNHJ«V]K«WY«J«Q
3XV]WD IRUPDOLW£V YROW FVXS£Q KRJ\ U£WHOHIRQ£OW 6DFK£«NUD D
QHZFDVWOHL K«WY«JH PLDWW -RMµYDO (GGLJ P«J VRKD VHPPLUH QHP
PRQGWDNQHPHWH]«UW&UHVVLG£QDNPHJVHPIRUGXOWDIHM«EHQKRJ\PRVW
P£VN«SSOHKHW
ȟ V -RMR LV YHOHWHN PHJ\" ȟ &UHVVLG£EDQ HJ\UH HUÿV¸G¸WW D S£QLN ȟ
&VDNPHUWHJ\V]µYDOVHPHPO¯WHWWVHPPLI«OHHVN¾YÿW
ȟ 3HGLJ EL]WRVDQ PRQGWDP QHNL 7XGRG PLO\HQHN D WLQLN ȟ IHOHOWH
OD]£Q6DFKDȟ6RVHILJ\HOQHNRGD
ȟ'HK£WD]PXQNDKHO\LW£UVDV£JOHV]ȟSUµE£ONR]RWWN«WV«JEHHVHWWHQ
&UHVVLGD ȟ 6HQNLW QHP IRJ RWW LVPHUQL 1HP KDJ\M£WRN LQN£EE LWWKRQ
YHOHP"$NNRUWLQ\XJRGWDQOD]XOKDWQ£WRNȪ
ȟ1HPQHPP£UN«Vÿ5REHUWIÿQ¸NHLVYLV]LDN¸O\NHLW«VPHJ¯J«UW¾N
QHNLKRJ\-RMRPDMGYLJ\£]U£MXN.¾O¸QEHQIHOIRUGXO£VWFVLQ£OQ£QDN
&UHVVLG£QDNHODNDGWDO«OHJ]HWHHNNRUDLJD]V£JWDODQV£JKDOODW£Q
ȟ'HK£WȪ
ȟ &UHVVLGD -RMR YHO¾QN M¸Q (UUH D] HVN¾YÿUH FVDO£GN«QW PHJ\¾QN
0RVW SHGLJ KD PHJERFV£WDV] HO NHOO LQW«]QHP S£U IRQWRV WHOHIRQW ȟ
0LXW£Q YLO£JRVDQ MHOH]WH KRJ\ P£U ¯J\ LV D NHOOHW«Q«O W¸EEHW V]£QW
«UW«NHV LGHM«EÿO &UHVVLG£UD W¾UHOPHWOHQ¾O IRO\WDWWD ȟ V QHP £UW KD
QHPIHOHGNH]HOPHJDUUµOKRJ\-RMRDPLO£Q\XQNQHPDWL«G
$ K¯Y£V Y«JHW «UW GH D] XWROVµ PHJMHJ\]«V WÿUN«QW G¸I¸WW &UHVVLG£ED
DQQ£OLVLQN£EEPHUW6DFK£QDNLJD]DYROW
.¸QQ\HV OHWW D V]HPH DPLNRU U£G¸EEHQW KRJ\ HVHWOHJ HOQ«]«VW NHOO
N«UQLH 5REHUW«NWÿO (OQ«]«VW N«UQLH «V PHJDO£]NRGQLD 6HPPL «UWHOPH
HJ\P£V HOOHQ IRUG¯WDQL ÿNHW +D PHJ DNDUM£N DNDG£O\R]QL KRJ\ -RMR
HOM£UMRQKR]]£DNNRUPHJWHKHWLN
(]XW£Q¯UW7RPQDN«VN¸]¸OWHKRJ\P«JVHPIRJPHQQLDK«WY«JH$]
KRJ\ ÿ HJ\HG¾O DWWµO P«J HO WXGRWW YROQD PHQQL QHP V]£P¯WRWW D I«UIL
NHWWHM¾NHWK¯YWDKRJ\'RQQ\QDNLVOHJ\HQW£UVDV£JD$]HJ«V]O£WRJDW£V
F«OMD D] OHWW YROQD KRJ\ D J\HUHNHN MµO «UH]]«N PDJXNDW +D HJ\HG¾O
PHJ\D]RO\DQOHQQHPLQWKD'LVQH\ODQGHW¯J«UW«NYROQDEH'RQQ\QDN
«VHKHO\HWWD7HVFµEDYLQQ«N
1HNL¯J\LVRO\DQOHV]H]DK«WY«JH+HVWDFRPEHEDQPLQWKDY«JLJN«QH
M£UQLDD]HJ«V]7HVFµW
0LO\HQN£U¯UWYLVV]D7RPDPXQNDKHO\«UÿOK¼V]SHUFFHON«VÿEE'RQQ\
FVDOµGRWW OHV] 3HUV]H WHWWH KR]]£ VLHWYH" XGYDULDVDQ" ÿ LV D] $ U£
N¸YHWNH]ÿK«WY«J«Q'RQQ\QDNIRFLEDMQRNV£JD YDQGHPLWV]µOQ£QDND]
XW£QDN¸YHWNH]ÿK¸]"
&UHVVLGD EHOHQ«]HWW D QDSW£UM£ED «V O£WWD KRJ\ H] D] D K«WY«JH
DPLNRUUD HO¯J«UNH]HWW D KHO\L NµUK£] £OWDO UHQGH]HWW ÿV]L Y£V£UUD ÿ
YH]HWWH D G«OHOÿWWL WRPERO£W «V D G«OXW£QL N¸Q\YVWDQGRW (QQ\LW DUUµO
KRJ\DMµHOQ\HULP«OWµMXWDOP£W
6¯UQL WXGRWW YROQD 0DFVN£MD VHP YROW PHUW KD OHWW YROQD DNNRU PRVW
EL]WRVDQEHOHU¼J
)HQHOOD¸U¸PPHOVLNNDQWRWWHJ\HW«VNLW£UWDDNDUM£W)UHGGLHIHO«
ȟ GHVHP KDGG Q«]]HOHN (]¾VW KDM GLV]WLQJY£OW PHJMHOHQ«V -REEDQ
Q«]HONLPLQWYDODKD'HMµKRJ\¼MUDO£WODN
)UHGGLHQHN ¼J\ I£MW D IHMH PLQWKD VDWXED V]RU¯WRWW£N YROQD D] DJ\£W
GHKDYDODNLN«SHVYROWHOIHOHGWHWQLYHOHDI£MGDOPDWDNNRUD])HQHOODYROW
D Uµ]VDV]¯QV£UJD Q\£UL UXK£M£EDQ «V D KR]]£ LOOÿ V£OM£EDQ $] DVV]RQ\
V¸W«W V]HPH FVLOORJRWW $ KDM£W P«J PRVW LV D IL¼V $XGUH\ +HSEXUQ
ID]RQEDQ KRUGWD «V D O£ED «SSRO\ NDUFV¼ «V IRUP£V YROW PLQW YDODKD
+DWYDQK£URP «YHV HPO«NH]WHWWH PDJ£W )UHGGLH +D QHP WXGWD YROQD
DNNRU¸WYHQ¸WQ«OQHPQ«]WHYROQDW¸EEQHN
ȟQLV¸U¾O¸NȟKDMROWRGD)HQHOO£KR]%HV]¯YWDDIULVVYLU£JRVLOODWRW
«VFVµNRWOHKHOWD]DVV]RQ\PLQGN«WS¼GHUHVRUF£M£UDȟ.¸V]¸Q¸PKRJ\
HOM¸WW«O+DJ\GPDMG«QHOLQW«]HPȟWHWWHKR]]£DPLNRUDQÿHOÿYHWWHD
W£UF£M£Wȟ(]DOHJNHYHVHEE
)UHGGLHNLIL]HWWHDWD[LVWQDJ\YRQDO¼ERUUDYDOµWLVDGRWWQHNL
ȟ+DPRQGWDGYROQDKRJ\YRQDWR]RONLPHJ\HNHO«G
ȟ 7DO£Q DJJµGWDP KRJ\ PRVW LV D]]DO D V]¸UQ\ě $XVWLQQDO M¸VV] ȟ
)HQHOOD KXQFXW WHNLQWHWH PHJ£OODSRGRWW D FVLOORJµ ERUGµ 'DLPOHUHQ D
NRFVLEH£OOµEDQ ȟ (] W«Q\OHJ D WL«G" J\ O£WRP IHOW¸UW«O «GHV $QQ\LUD
¸U¾O¸NQHNHG
)UHGGLHWXGWDKRJ\¼J\YLVHONHGLNPLQWHJ\Q\ROF«YHVDNLWFV¼IROQDN
DPL«UW QLQFV ELFLNOLMH D]W£Q NDS HJ\ YDGRQDW¼MDW NDU£FVRQ\UD «V QHP
WXGMD PHJ£OOQL KRJ\ D]RQQDO HO QH NH]GMHQ YHOH IHODO£ SDU£G«]QL D]
XWF£Q 1HJ\YHQ «YYHO H]HOÿWW D S«Q]KL£Q\ D]W MHOHQWHWWH KRJ\ )HQHOOD
QHP YHWWH ÿW NRPRO\DQ $]µWD YDOµEDQ IHOW¸UW PHJWROODVRGRWW GH D
V«UHOHP RWW PDUDGW EHQQH PLQW W¾VNH D EÿU DODWW 0RVW KRJ\ ¼MUD
WDO£ONR]WDN«VPHJPXWDWKDWWD)HQHOO£QDNPLWKDJ\RWWNLPLQWKDEH]£UW
YROQD HJ\ N¸UW PLQWKD KDWYDQQ«J\ «YHV Y«QHPEHU O«W«UH SDU£G«]QD D]
XWF£QD]¼MELFLNOLM«YHO
$ W«OLNHUWEHQ HE«GHOWHN «V HOPHV«OW«N HJ\P£VQDN «OHW¾N DODNXO£V£W
)HQHOOD HO YROW UDJDGWDWYD D K£]WµO «V )UHGGLH HOPRQGWD QHNL KRJ\DQ
«S¯WHWWH IHO D] LQJDWODQ¾]OHW«W &VHU«EH PHJWXGWD KRJ\ )HQHOOD «V &\ULO
Y«J¾OP«JLVHOY£OWDNKXV]RQK£URP«YLK£]DVV£JXW£Q
ȟ .RU£Q Q\XJG¯MED YRQXOW «V HON¸OW¸]¸WW 3XHUWR %DQXVED +D HJ\ I«UM
£OODQGµDQ GROJR]LN DNNRU D] DVV]RQ\QDN OHJDO£EE YDQ HJ\ NLV LGHMH
PDJ£UDȟMHJ\H]WHPHJEL]DOPDVDQ)HQHOODȟ'HDKRJ\&\ULODEEDKDJ\WD
D PXQN£W QHP YROW PHQHNY«V HOÿOH 7HOMHVHQ PHJÿUM¯WHWW V P«J FVDN
JROIR]QLYDJ\LQQLVHPNH]GHWWHOD]«JV]HUHOP«UH1HPE¯UWDPWRY£EE
6]«WPHQW¾QN«V¸VV]HM¸WWHP-HUU\%ULWWRQQDO
)UHGGLHDUUDJRQGROWKRJ\YDMRQD-HUU\I«OHDII«UHVHWOHJQHPHOÿ]WHH
PHJDY£O£VW
ȟ $NL PHJV]£OORWWDQ JROIR]RWW «V J\DNRUODWLODJ I«O N«]]HO HOWDUWRWWD
3XHUWR %DQXV ¸VV]HV E£UM£W ȟ IRO\WDWWD )HQHOOD IDQ\DUXO ȟ 'H
V]µUDNR]WDWµ YROW «V PHOOHWWH ¼MUD ILDWDOQDN «V N¯Y£QDWRVQDN «UH]WHP
PDJDP$&\ULO PHOOHWWHOW¸OW¸WWKXV]RQK£URP«Y XW£Q H] QDJ\RQVRNDW
MHOHQWHWWD]WHOPRQGKDWRP
ȟ V KR]]£PHQW«O ȟ )UHGGLH QHP WXGRWW HOOHQ£OOQL D N«UG«VQHN ȟ
*D]GDJYROW"
)HQHOODHOPRVRO\RGRWW
ȟ+£WSHUV]H7DO£QP£UHOP¼OWDPQHJ\YHQGHDOHFN«WPHJWDQXOWDP
-HUU\ OD]£Q V]µUWD D S«Q]W «V LP£GWDP DPLNRU «SS U£P V]µUWD (J«V]
«OHWHPEHQV]¾NV«JHPYROWQ\XJDORPUD«VS«Q]¾J\LEL]WRQV£JUD2VWRED
VHN«O\HVOLEDYROWDPPRVWP£UO£WRP-HUU\UÿOSHUV]HNLGHU¾OWKRJ\DOMDV
JD]HPEHU 0«J VRKD «OHWHPEHQ QHP «UH]WHP PDJDP RO\DQ
Q\RPRU¼V£JRVDQ*\DNUDQNLPDUDGR]RWW«VPHJDO£]RWWDEDU£WDLHOÿWWȪ
N«V] U«P£ORP YROW D] HJ«V] ȟ )HQHOOD OHWHWWH D N«VW «V D YLOO£W «V
V]RPRU¼DQ MHJ\H]WH PHJ ȟ V D] YROW D OHJURVV]DEE KRJ\ D OHONHP
P«O\«Q WXGWDP PHJ«UGHPHOWHP (] YROW D E¾QWHW«VHP DPL«UW RO\DQ
IHOV]¯QHV «V PHJDONXYµ YROWDP HJ«V] «OHWHPEHQ 0HJ«UGHPHOWHP D
YH]HNO«VW«VMµNLDGµVDQPHJLVNDSWDP
ȟ 1H OHJ\«O W¼O V]LJRU¼ ¸QPDJDGKR] /HJDO£EE ÿV]LQW«Q EHO£WWDG ȟ
MHJ\H]WHPHJ)UHGGLH
ȟ /£WKDWRG PLUH PHQWHP YHOH ȟ FVµY£OWD PHJ D IHM«W )HQHOOD ȟ $
OHJYLFFHVHEED]KRJ\Ȫ+DJ\MXNVHPPLIHOHMWVGHO
)UHGGLHQ«]WHDKRJ\OHJ\LQW
ȟ0LYROWDOHJYLFFHVHEE"ȟ«UGHNOÿG¸WW
)HQHOODD&KDEOLVXW£QQ\¼OW
ȟ 1D Mµ GH HOÿUH V]µORN KRJ\ URSSDQW SDWHWLNXVDQ IRJ KDQJ]DQL ȟ
,YRWW HJ\ NRUW\ ERUW «V D I«UIL V]HP«EH Q«]HWW ȟ +L£Q\R]W£O )UHGGLH
6]HUHWWHOHN 6RVH PRQGWDP HO QHNHG GH FVDN D]«UW PHUW QHP YROWDP
N«SHV U£ .L PLQW YHW ¼J\ DUDW 'H VRVHP WXGWDODN HOIHOHMWHQL 0LQGLJ
PLQGHQ I«UILW KR]]£G P«UWHP «V V]HUHWWHP YROQD KD MREEDQ
KDVRQO¯WDQDNU£G
ȟ+DRO\DQRNPLQW«QJD]GDJDEENLDG£VEDQȟIHOHOWHIDQ\DUXO)UHGGLH
ȟ1HP+DRO\DQRNȟHUÿVN¸G¸WW)HQHOODȟ1«]GHJ\GDUDELJHOWDUWRWW
GHY«J¾ODKHO\HPUHNHU¾OWHP$PLNRUHOY£OWDP-HUU\WÿONLKDUFROKDWWDP
YROQDPDJDPQDNHJ\MµNLVE£QDWS«Q]WGHQHPWHWWHP(J\SHQQ\Q«ON¾O
PHQWHP HO WÿOH YLVV]DW«UWHP $QJOL£ED «V HOKDW£UR]WDP KRJ\ MREE
HPEHU OHV]HN 0RVWDQWµO QHP D S«Q] XUDOMD D] «OHWHPHW
0HJLVPHUNHGWHP HJ\ QDJ\RQ NHGYHV I«UILYDO DNL V]HJ«Q\ YROW GH
WLV]WHVV«JHV$]«UW£OODSRGWDPPHJPHOOHWWHPHUWY«J¾OU£M¸WWHPKRJ\D
EROGRJV£JQDNQLQFVN¸]HDEDQNV]£POD¸VV]HJ«KH]
)UHGGLHWOHQ\ěJ¸]W«NDKDOORWWDN
ȟVW«Q\OHJ¯J\OHWW"
ȟ &VDN HJ\ U¸YLG LGÿUH ȟ )HQHOO£QDN HOERUXOW D WHNLQWHWH ȟ ,JD]£Q
FVRG£ODWRV HPEHU YROW 'RXJODVQHN K¯YW£N «V HJ\ NHUW«V]EROWEDQ
GROJR]RWW1HPYROWS«Q]HGHH]QHPLVV]£P¯WRWW5HPHN¾OPHJYROWXQN
HJ\¾WW6]«SUHP«Q\HNNHOWHNLQWHWWHPDM¸YÿEH'HN«WKµQDSSDON«VÿEE
KLUWHOHQHOYLWWHHJ\V]¯YURKDP
ȟ1DJ\RQVDMQ£ORP
ȟ.¸V]6]¸UQ\ěLGÿV]DNYROWHJ\V]HUěHQV]¸UQ\ěJ\«UH]WHPPRVW
NDSRP PHJ D E¾QWHW«VHPHW PLQGHQ URVV] GRORJ«UW DPLW YDODKD LV
WHWWHP (] Q\ROF «YYHO H]HOÿWW YROW ȟ )HQHOOD ]VHENHQGÿW YHWW HOÿ «V
PHJW¸U¸OWH D V]HP«W ȟ $]µWD VLQFV VHQNLP 6]HUHWWHP YROQD KD OHQQH
GHHJ\V]HUěHQQHPM¸WW¸VV]H7DO£QQHYHWV«JHVHQKDQJ]LNGHPRVWP£U
WDO£Q PHJ«UWHG PL«UW OHWWHP RO\DQ L]JDWRWW DPLNRU IHOERQWRWWDP D]W D
OHYHOHWDNLVEDU£WQÿGWÿO/RWWLHWµOVNLGHU¾OWKRJ\WHNHUHVHO«V¼MUD
WDO£ONR]QL DNDUV] YHOHP J\ «UH]WHP PDJDP PLQW HJ\ WLQLO£Q\ 9«JUH
MµY£WHKHWHP DPLW YHOHG PěYHOWHPȪ «V KD NHY«VE« ¸Q]HWOHQ¾O
JRQGRONRGRPWDO£Q«QLVEROGRJOHKHWHND]HOVÿV]HUHOPHPPHO0HUWD]
YROW£O)UHGGLH$NNRUWDO£QN«SWHOHQYROWDPEHYDOODQLGHDWWµOP«JLJD]
7HYROW£OD]HOVÿV]HUHOPHPȟ)HQHOODHOKDOOJDWRWW«VN¸KLQWHWWHJ\HWȟ
0RVWPHJLWWYDJ\RN«VPHJLQWPLQGHQHOURPORWW$]WKLV]HPHOYDJ\RN
£WNR]YD
)UHGGLH«UWHWOHQ¾ON«UGH]WH
ȟ0L«UWOHQQ«OHO£WNR]YD"
ȟ 0HUW DQQDN D] HJ«V]QHN KRJ\ LGHM¸Y¸N «V ¼MUD WDO£ONR]XQNȪ YDJ\
YDODPL ȟ OHJ\LQWHWW PHJLQW ȟ D] OHWW YROQD D] «UWHOPH KRJ\
EHEL]RQ\¯WVDP QHNHG W«Q\OHJ PHJY£OWR]WDP 'H QHP IRJ PHQQL PHUW
P£UQHPYDJ\V]HJ«Q\0LQGHQHGPHJYDQ
)UHGGLHHOPRVRO\RGRWW
ȟ6DMQ£ORP
ȟ)HOHDQQ\LUDVHPVDMQ£ORGPLQW«QDQQ\LV]HQWȟ)HQHOODK£WUDGÿOW
«V D I¾O« P¸J« WěUW HJ\ V¸W«W KDMWLQFVHW ȟ $PLNRU PHJPRQGWDG D
F¯PHGHW D]W JRQGROWDP KRJ\ D +HVWDFRPEH +RXVH YDODPL W£UVDVK£]
+RJ\ £WODJRV QHP W¼O MµPµG¼ HPEHU YDJ\ £WODJRV QHP W¼O I«Q\HV
«OHWWHO V PHJ DNDUWDP QHNHG PXWDWQL KRJ\ QHNHP H] QHP V]£P¯W
$PLNRU D WD[L PHJ£OOW PDMGQHP HO£MXOWDP 6RVHP JRQGROWDP KRJ\ LGH
MXWRWW£OVH]D]WMHOHQWLKRJ\QHPIO¸UW¸OKHWHNYHOHGPHUWEL]WRVDQD]W
KLQQ«GKRJ\FVDNDS«Q]HG«UWFVLQ£ORP
ȟ 1HP LV WXGRP PLW PRQGMDN ȟ )UHGGLH HOKDOOJDWRWW D]W£Q ¼J\
G¸QW¸WWKRJ\NLE¸NLȟ2N«+DÿV]LQWHDNDURNOHQQLDNNRUH]LVD]HJ\LN
RND YROW DQQDN KRJ\ ¼MUD O£WQL DNDUWDODN +RJ\ EHEL]RQ\¯WVDP OHWWHP
YDODNL PLQGHQQHN HOOHQ«UH «V DQQDN GDF£UD KRJ\ ¸VV]HW¸UWHG D
V]¯YHPHW
)HQHOODDV]£M£KR]NDSWDDNH]«W
ȟVV]HW¸UWHPDV]¯YHGHW"7«Q\OHJ"
ȟ,JHQ
ȟQD]WKLWWHPKRJ\HJ\V]HUěHQYLVV]DP«V]DNLVEDU£WQÿGK¸]0LLV
YROWDQHYH"
ȟ*LVHOOHȟU£QGXOW¸VV]H)UHGGLHV]¯YH
ȟ$]D]&VLQRVNLVWHUHPW«VYROW'HPLW¸UW«QW"
ȟ0LQGHQWHOURQWRWWDP$]«QKLE£PYROW0LXW£QYHOHGV]«WPHQW¾QN
V]¸UQ\ěOHWWYHOHP«OQL*LVHOOHQHPWHWWVHPPLURVV]DW«VQHP«UWHWWH
PL«UWW£YRORGWDPHOWÿOH1HPYROWN¸QQ\ěLGÿV]DN
ȟ 7H Mµ «J $QQ\LUD VDMQ£ORP ȟ NL£OWRWW IHO )HQHOOD ȟ 0RVW D]W£Q
W«Q\OHJV]¸UQ\HQ«U]HPPDJDP
ȟ 0HJW¸UW«QLN LO\HVPL 1HYH]G VRUVQDN 0LQGHQHVHWUH Q\ěJOÿGW¾QN
HJ\P£VVDOWRY£EEGHQHPYROWXQNEROGRJRNȟIRO\WDWWD)UHGGLHȟ$]W£Q
WDO£ONR]WDP YDODNLYHO (QQ\L 6]DN¯WRWWDP *LVHOOHOHO (ONH]GWHP M£UQL
D]]DODP£VLNO£QQ\DO
ȟ$NLWKRJ\K¯YWDN"
ȟ0DU\QHN+DWKµQDSVHWHOWEHOH«VP£U¸VV]HLVK£]DVRGWXQN1«J\
«YHKDOWPHJ
ȟ )UHGGLH V EROGRJRN YROWDWRN" +£W SHUV]H ȟ PRQGWD )HQHOOD ȟ
/£WRP D V]HPHGHQ (] FVRG£ODWRV $QQ\LUD ¸U¾O¸N KRJ\ Y«J¾O
PHJWDO£OWDGD]LJD]LW
)UHGGLHHJ\GDUDELJQHPWXGRWWPHJV]µODOQLFVDNEµOLQWRWW
ȟ 6]HJ«Q\ GU£J£P ȟ IRJWD PHJ D NH]«W )HQHOOD ȟ %L]WRVDQ V]¸UQ\HQ
KL£Q\]LN 5HWWHQHWHV D PDJ£Q\ QHP LJD]" +RJ\ QLQFV NLYHO PHJRV]WDQL
D]«OHWHGHW0HJI£MGXODV]¯YHPKDDV]RPRU¼V£JRGUDJRQGRORN
ȟ$J\£V]D]D]£UDPLWDV]HUHOHP«UWIL]HW¾QNȟPRQGWDHJ\V]HUěHQ
)UHGGLH D]W£Q ¸VV]HV]HGWH PDJ£W «V W¸OW¸WW P«J HJ\ NLV ERUW D]
DVV]RQ\QDNȟ'HH]QHPW¼OYLG£PW«PD7DO£QP£UPHJLVE£QWDGKRJ\
HOM¸WW«O
ȟ)UHGGLHQDJ\RQQDJ\RQMµ¼MUDO£WQLW«JHG&VDNQHPE¯URPHOYLVHOQL
D JRQGRODWRW KRJ\ HJ\HG¾O YDJ\ 0«J PRVW LV QDJ\RQ YRQ]µ I«UIL YDJ\
WXGRG"ȟPRVRO\RGRWWHO)HQHOODȟ+DQHPYROQDD]DQ\DYDO\£VS«Q]HG
NLWXGMDPLW¸UW«QKHWQH"J\KRJ\PLNHWWHQ¼MUDWDO£ONR]XQNȪ-DMQHLV
W¸UÿGMYHOHP2VWREDY«QDVV]RQ\YDJ\RNȪ
)UHGGLHU£G¸EEHQWKRJ\¼ULHPEHUN«QWD]OHQQHDGROJDKRJ\J£O£QVDQ
PHJF£IROMD $ IHMH PRVW LV O¾NWHWHWW «V P£U LGÿV]HUě YROW D N¸YHWNH]ÿ
DGDJ I£MGDORPFVLOODS¯Wµ 'H HOÿV]¸U HO DNDUWD PDJ\DU£]QL )HQHOO£QDN
KRJ\DN¸]¸VM¸YÿHJ\V]HUěHQQHPRSFLµ
ȟ +RJ\ OHQQ«O RVWRED 9DJ\ ¸UHJ ȟ PRQGWD VLHWYH ȟ 'H W«Q\OHJ QHP
DNDURN¼MNDSFVRODWRW1HPH]«UWDNDUWDP¼MUDWDO£ONR]QLYHOHG
ȟȟK¸NNHQWPHJ)HQHOOD
ȟ 1H KDUDJXGM KD I«OUHYH]HWWHOHN ȟ )UHGGLHEHQ EěQWXGDW W£PDGW
KLV] Q\LOY£QYDOµDQ H] W¸UW«QW ȟ &VDN ¼J\ JRQGROWDP KRJ\ Mµ OHQQH
PHJWXGQLPLYDQYHOHG«VPLO\HQYROWD]«OHWHG
ȟ +£W ȟ PRQGWD )HQHOOD E£WRU PRVROO\DO ȟ PRVW P£U WXGRG (QQ\L
YROW"0RVWP£UY«JH]WHP«VPHKHWHN"
ȟ1HPQHPQHPȟU£]WDDIHM«WKHYHVHQ)UHGGLHDPLHJ\£OWDO£QQHP
WHWW MµW D IHMI£M£V£QDN ȟ Q FVDN ÿV]LQWH YDJ\RN )HQHOOD HOPRQGRP
QHNHG KRJ\ PL D KHO\]HW 1HP DNDURN VHPPLI«OH URPDQWLNXV
NDSFVRODWRW J\ WLV]WHVV«JHV KRJ\ H]W WXGG 'H QHP DNDURP KRJ\
HOPHQM$WWµOP«JHOW¸OWKHW¾QNHJ\V]«SQDSRWHJ\¾WW
ȟ-µN«SěYDJ\«VURSSDQWPHJJ\ÿ]ÿ+RJ\LVXWDV¯WKDWQ£ODNYLVV]D"ȟ
)HQHOOD SLOODQW£VD HOO£J\XOW (OWROWD D W£Q\«UM£W «V N¸]HOHEE KDMROW ȟ
$NNRUPRVWPHV«OMHOPLQGHQWDUUµODWHFVRG£ODWRVIHOHV«JHGUÿO
+DUPLQFNHWWHGLNIHMH]HW
/RWWLHNH]GHWWU£M¸QQLKRJ\QLQFVDKKR]IRJKDWµN¯QPLQWDPLNRUHJ\¾WW
NHOO GROJR]QRG YDODNLYHO DNLW N¯Y£QV] SHGLJ QHP V]DEDG N¯Y£QQRG $]
KRJ\ FVDN Q«]KHWWH 7\OHUW «V KR]]£ VHP «UKHWHWW NH]GWH HUÿVHQ
PHJYLVHOQL
7\OHUP£UD]LURG£EDQWDUWµ]NRGRWWPLUH/RWWLHNLOHQFNRUEH«UW6]RN£V
V]HULQWIDQWDV]WLNXVDQQ«]HWWNLDN«NSµOµM£EDQ«VDNRSRWWIDUPHU«EHQ
/RWWLHQDND]RQQDOEL]VHUHJQLNH]GHWWDKDVD7\OHUWHOMHVHQIHONDYDUWDD
KRUPRQMDLW 0LQW PLQGLJ /RWWLH IHM«EHQ PRVW LV XJ\DQD] D JRQGRODW
FLN£]RWW£W9DMRQPLO\HQOHKHWD]£J\EDQ"
$PLNRUDI«UILIHOSLOODQWRWWDV]£P¯WµJ«S«UÿO«VHOYLJ\RURGRWWȟ¼MDEE
EL]VHUJ«Vȟ/RWWLHDUUDJRQGROWKRJ\HVHWOHJKDQJRVDQLVNLPRQGWD
ȟ+HOOµ+RJ\YDQQDNDJ\HUHNHN"
(]W PLQGLJ PHJN«UGH]WH (] YROW D] HJ\HWOHQ XWDO£VD KDPY£ED KROW
NDSFVRODWXNUD$]µWDHJ\V]HUVHPSUµE£OWDPHJFVµNROQL/RWWLHW«VQHP
LVSUµE£OWDJ\ÿ]N¸GQL
/RWWLHD]DV]WDOUDGREWDDQDSV]HP¾YHJ«W«VDNXOFVDLWD]W£QPHJQ«]WH
DSRVW£W
ȟ-µO-µOPHJYDQQDNDVXOLEDQ
ȟ(]UHPHN
/RWWLHEµOLQWRWWW«Q\OHJUHPHN+DDVHPPL«UWKR]RWWYROQD£OGR]DWRW
DEEDW«Q\OHJEHOHSXV]WXO
ȟ 9DQ HJ\ «UGHNOÿGÿ D] HJ\LN K£]UD ȟ E¸N¸WW D N«SHUQ\ÿUH 7\OHU ȟ
'HFHPEHUP£VRGLNKHW«UHVD]RQQDOOHDNDUM£NIRJODOQL1£V]¼W
ȟ1HPJRQGH]EL]WRVDQ=DFK«V-HQQ\ȟNL£OWRWWIHO/RWWLHDPLNRU
PHJO£WWD D] HPDLOW ȟ 7DYDO\ YROWDN LWW D EDU£WDLNNDO 1DJ\RQ DUDQ\RV
S£UGH-HQQ\QHPQDJ\RQWXGWDD]ROW£UHO«FLSHOQL=DFKHWPHUWDVU£F
V]¾OHL QDJ\RQ FV¼Q\£Q Y£OWDN HO J\HUHNNRU£EDQ «V ÿ PHJIRJDGWD KRJ\
VRVHP QÿV¾O PHJ ȟ /RWWLHQDN JRPEµF QÿWW D WRUN£EDQ ȟ 0RVW SHGLJ
P«JLVPHJW¸UW«QW+£WQHPIDQWDV]WLNXV"0«JLVYDQQDNKDSS\HQGHN
ȟ +DFVDN D SDVL HVHWOHJ P«J QHP LV WXG UµOD KRJ\ QÿV¾O «V D O£Q\
WLWRNEDQV]HUYH]LD]HJ«V]HWȟMHJ\H]WHPHJ7\OHUȟ0LQGLJVDMQ£ORPD]
LO\HQ ILFNµNDW (OPHQQHN HJ\ HVN¾YÿUH DPLUÿO D]W KLV]LN KRJ\ YDODNL
P£V«D]W£QSXIIQHNLNLGHU¾OKRJ\DIRQGRUODWRVEDU£WQÿM¾NFVLQ£OWHJ\
MµNLVPHJOHSHW«VW
ȟ &VDN HJ\ I«UIL JRQGROKDW LO\HVPLW ȟ FVDSRWW 7\OHU Y£OO£UD HJ\ UDN£V
OHY«OOHO/RWWLHȟ1DJ\RQFLQLNXVYDJ\
ȟ+LGGHODPLNRUW«Q\OHJPHJW¸UW«QLNDNNRUHJ\FVHSSHWVHPYLFFHV
/RWWLHQDNW£WYDPDUDGWDV]£MD
ȟ&VDNQHPYHOHGLVPHJW¸UW«QW"
ȟ7HPLQGHQWHOKLV]HO"ȟNDFVLQWRWWU£7\OHU
ȟ /HJDO£EE YDQ EHQQHP URPDQWLND ȟ FVDSRWW OH PHJLQW /RWWLH D
OHYHOHNNHOȟVQHPYDJ\RNPHJNHVHUHGHWWWRU]«VȪ
ȟ1HOHJ\«OLJD]V£JWDODQȟNDSWDHO¾J\HVHQDFVXNOµM£W7\OHUȟQLV
WXGRNURPDQWLNXVOHQQLKDDNDURN0LQGHQDO£Q\RQP¼OLN
+XK H] YHV]HGHOPHV WHUHS $PLNRU D] DGUHQDOLQ V]«W£UDGW EHQQH
/RWWLHU£G¸EEHQWKRJ\W¼OOÿWWDF«ORQ,GHMHYLVV]DYRQXOµWI¼MQL
&VDN«SSHQQHPYROWKR]]£NHGYH
+DJ\G D IO¸UW¸O«VW «V K¼]µGM HO WÿOH SDUDQFVROWD HJ\ EHOVÿ KDQJ DPL
LMHV]WÿHQHPO«NH]WHWHWW0LVV%DWVRQ«UD+¼]µGMHOWÿOH
/RWWLHK£WU«EEO«SHWW«VYHWWHJ\QDJ\OHYHJÿW
ȟ 0LQGHQHVHWUH )UHGGLH V]HUHWL D KDSS\ HQGHNHW (OPHV«OHP QHNL
=DFKHW«V-HQQ\W(J«V]HQRGDOHV]VDGGLJQHY£ODV]ROMD]HPDLOM¾NUHȟ
V]µOWK£WUD/RWWLHȟ$GM¸WSHUFHW«VKDYLVV]D«UWHPPDMG«Q¯URNQHNLN
/RWWLHDNRQ\K£QNHUHV]W¾OPHQWEHDKRJ\£OWDO£EDQP£VNRULV)UHGGLH
V]LQWHN¸WHOH]ÿMHOOHJJHOPLQGLJD]DV]WDOQ£O¾OWROYDVWDDQDSLVDMWµW«V
U£«UÿVHQUHJJHOL]JHWHWWGHPRVW¾UHVYROWDKHO\LV«J
/RWWLH Y«JLJPHQW D EXUNROW IDO¼ HOÿV]RE£Q D]W£Q O£WWD KRJ\ D
GROJR]µV]RED DMWDMD Q\LWYD YDQ $PLNRU ILµNK¼]£V KDQJM£W KDOORWWD DUUD
JRQGROWKRJ\)UHGGLHEL]WRVDQRWWYDQ
.«VÿEEHOWěQÿG¸WWKRJ\PL«UWLVQHPNLDE£OWD)UHGGLHQHY«WDKRJ\DQ
P£VNRUV]RNWD(J\V]HUěHQFVDNRGDPHQWD]DMWµKR]«VHJ\NDUFV¼V¸W«W
KDM¼ Qÿ K£W£W SLOODQWRWWD PHJ DNL W¼OP«UHWH]HWW N¸QW¸VEHQ £OOW )UHGGLH
DV]WDODHOÿWW
/RWWLH WRY£EE ILJ\HOW D] DMWµ KDVDG«N£Q NHUHV]W¾O PLN¸]EHQ D Qÿ
Y«JLJROYDVWD D NH]«EHQ WDUWRWW SDS¯URNDW D]W£Q YLVV]DWHWWH ÿNHW D MREE
ROGDOL ILµNED %HFVXNWD D]W£Q KDONDQ NLQ\LWRWWD D EDO ROGDOL ILµNRW LV
£WQ«]WHDWDUWDOP£WNLV]HGHWWQ«K£Q\OHYHOHW«VVLHWÿVHQ£WIXWRWWDÿNHW
/RWWLHQDN QHP £OOW V]£QG«N£EDQ N¸]EHDYDWNR]QL GH D N¸YHWNH]ÿ
SLOODQDWEDQ PHJUHFFVHQW D O£ED DODWW HJ\ SDGOµGHV]ND «V D Qÿ
K£WUDIRUGXOW6]µYDOÿ)HQHOOD%ULWWRQ
ȟ0HJN«UGH]Q«PKRJ\PLWFVLQ£OȟMHJ\H]WHPHJOD]£Q/RWWLHȟ'HH]
HO«JRVWREDN«UG«VOHQQH
7H Mµ «J PRVW P«J 0LVV %DWVRQ LV E¾V]NH OHQQH U£ 7DO£Q LGHMH
£WYHQQLHD]LMHV]WÿY«QO£Q\VW¯OXVW«VHONH]GHQLHWZHHGV]RNQ\£EDQPHJ
%LUNHQVWRFNFLSÿEHQM£UQL
ȟ$V]¯YEDMWKR]]DU£Pȟ)HQHOODDV]¯Y«KH]NDSRWW«VDIHM«WFVµY£OWD
ȟ (OQ«]«VW 6HMWHP PLW JRQGRO 'H )UHGGLHUÿO YDQ V]µ $QQ\LUD
DJJµGRP«UWH
/RWWLH LV DJJµGRWW P£U KHWHN µWD %HO«KDV¯WRWW D I«OHOHP KRJ\ K£WKD
URVV]XOOHWWD]«MV]DND
ȟ0L«UW"þKROYDQ"0LW¸UW«QW"
ȟ 6HPPL QHP W¸UW«QW ȟ EDEU£OWD )HQHOOD D] RO¯YD]¸OG N¸QW¸V
KDMWµN£M£Wȟ'HXJ\HYDODPLEDMYDQYHOH"7HOHYROWI£MGDORPFVLOODS¯WµYDO
D I¾UGÿV]RED V YROW N¸]WH HJ\ FVRPµ Y«Q\N¸WHOHV LV ȟ 5£PXWDWRWW D]
¯UµDV]WDORQ KHYHUÿ OHJIHOVÿ OHY«OUH ȟ V H] HJ\ QHXUROµJXVWµO M¸WW
/HOHWHNUÿO¯UPHJYL]VJ£ODWRNUµOPHJKRJ\URVV]DNDNLO£W£VRN,VWHQHP
QHPE¯URPNL$QQ\L«YXW£Q¼MUDU£WDO£OWDP«VU¸JW¸QHOLVYHV]¯WHP$]
«Q)UHGGLHPPHJIRJKDOQL
)HQHOOD %ULWWRQ DUF£Q N¸QQ\HN FVRURJWDN J\ Q«]HWW NL PLQW DNL
PHQWHQ HO£MXO VV]HIRQWD D NDUM£W VRY£Q\ WHVW«Q «V YLVV]DWHWWH D
OHYHOHNHWDILµNED
ȟOM¸QOHȟPRQGWDQHNL/RWWLHȟ+ROYDQ)UHGGLH"
ȟ$]HPHOHWHQ)¾UGLN(OQ«]«VW)HQHOOD%ULWWRQYDJ\RNȟQ\¼MWRWWDNL
W¸U«NHQ\ UHPHJÿ NH]«W D] DVV]RQ\ ȟ 0DJD EL]WRVDQ /RWWLH )UHGGLH
VRNDWPHV«OWPDJ£UµO
/RWWLHQHP£UXOWDHOKRJ\ÿLV«SSHOHJHWKDOORWWP£U)HQHOO£UµO7XGMD
KRJ\ÿD]DNLGREWD)UHGGLHWPHUWQHPYROWHO«JJD]GDJ0RVWPHJLWW
YDQ«VPLXW£QU£M¸WWKRJ\)UHGGLHLGÿN¸]EHQP«JLVFVDNHO«JYDVWDJOHWW
HONH]GV]DJO£V]QL)UHGGLHV]HP«O\HVSDS¯UMDLN¸]¸WW0LW¸EELWWDOXGW
ȟ1HPOHQQHLOGRPRVDEEPHJN«UGH]QLWÿOHKRJ\QLQFVHYDODPLEDM"
/RWWLH D NURNRGLON¸QQ\HN HOOHQ«UH VHP YROW N«SHV IHOHQJHGQL )HQHOOD
%ULWWRQQDOV]HPEHQ
ȟ +D DNDUWD YROQD HOPRQGMD 'H QHP HPO¯WHWWH 7LSLNXV )UHGGLH ȟ
W¸U¸OJHWWH D V]HP«W )HQHOOD ȟ 1HP DNDU IHO]DNODWQL 0LQGLJ LV LO\HQ
ILJ\HOPHV«VWDSLQWDWRVYROW
ȟ1RVPDMGPHJEHV]«OKHWLNDPLNRUOHM¸Q'«OHOÿWWLQGXO"ȟQ«]HWWD]
µU£M£UD/RWWLHȟ0HUWNLWXGRPYLQQLDS£O\DXGYDUUDKDȪ
ȟ+RJ\LVPHKHWQ«NHOPRVWKRJ\P£UWXGRPD]LJD]V£JRW"ȟU£]WDD
IHM«WKHYHVHQD]DVV]RQ\ȟ1HP(J\V]HUP£UFVHUEHQKDJ\WDP)UHGGLH
W 1HP IRJRP PHJLQW PHJWHQQL 6]HJ«Q\ RO\DQ HJ\HG¾O YDQ 6]¾NV«JH
YDQU£P
ȟ&VDNWHJQDSWDO£ONR]WDN¼MUDȟMHJ\H]WHPHJ/RWWLH
+LWHWOHQNHG«V«EHQ«PLJ\DQDNY£VLVYHJ\¾OW)HQHOODEHDNDUN¸OW¸]QLD
+HVWDFRPEH+RXVHED"
ȟ 1HJ\YHQ «YH V]HUHWHP ȟ PRQGWD )HQHOOD HJ\V]HUěHQ ȟ 1LQFV
FVDO£GMD1HPOHKHWPDJ£UDKDJ\QLDEDMEDQ
/RWWLH HOWěQÿG¸WW KRJ\ D ȦQLQFV FVDO£GMDȥ NLW«WHOQHN QHP OHKHWH
YDODPL HJ\«E MHOHQWÿV«JH LV 9DJ\ FVDN ÿ D V]¸UQ\HWHJ DPL«UW LO\HQHNHW
JRQGRO"
ȟ1HPOHV]HJ\HG¾OȟPRQGWDY«J¾O
$]W£QPHJO£WWDD]WDFVLOODQ£VWD]LGÿVHEEQÿV]HP«EHQ«VWXGWDKRJ\
LJD]DYDQ
ȟ 8J\H QHP DNDUMD KRJ\ LWW OHJ\HN" ,QN£EE PHJIRV]WDQ£ )UHGGLHW
DWWµOKRJ\YDODNLPHOOHWWHOHJ\HQ«VW¸UÿGM¸QYHOH9DMRQPL«UW"
)HQHOOD KDQJMD VLPD YROW PLQW D NU«P GH WDJDGKDWDWODQ NLK¯Y£VW
UHMWHWW
ȟ1HPWXGRP9ROWDNEDQNV]£PODNLYRQDWRNLVDEEDQDILµNEDQ"
ȟ 1HP QHP YROWDN ȟ ELFFHQWHWWH ROGDOUD D IHM«W )HQHOOD ȟ +£W H]
DJJDV]WMDPDJ£W")UHGGLHQHNQLQFVVHQNLMHDNLUHDS«Q]«WKDJ\KDWQ£V
PDJDD]WUHP«OWHKRJ\PLQGHQDPDJ£«OHV]
ȟ(O«JHEEÿOȟFVDWWDQWIHOP¸J¸WW¾N)UHGGLHKDQJMDȟ0LIRO\LNLWW"
ȟ5DMWDNDSWDPDKRJ\DPDJDILµNM£EDQNXWDWRWWȟPDJ\DU£]WD/RWWLH
ȟ(OROYDVWDD]RUYRVLOHYHOHNHWPHJP«JLVWHQWXGMDPLW
ȟ0HUWDQQ\LUDDJJµGWDP«UWHGȟURKDQWHO)HQHOOD/RWWLHPHOOHWW«V
IULVVN¸QQ\HNHWKXOODWYD£W¸OHOWH)UHGGLHWȟVPRVWP£U«QLVWXGRPD]
LJD]V£JRW 6]HJ«Q\ GU£J£P H] V]¸UQ\ě +RJ\DQ OHKHW D] «OHW LO\HQ
NHJ\HWOHQ"
)UHGGLH WXODMGRQN«SSHQ PHJN¸QQ\HEE¾OWQHN WěQW /RWWLH O£WWD DKRJ\
NLV]£OO EHOÿOH D IHV]¾OWV«J «V N«W WHQ\HUH N¸]« IRJMD )HQHOOD V]¯Y DODN¼
DUF£W
ȟ6HPPLEDM3V]W1HV¯UM6DMQ£ORP
1HYLJDV]WDOGV]HUHWHWWYROQDU£RUG¯WDQL/RWWLHKDQHPOÿGGOH
ȟ )UHGGLH «Q )UHGGLHP ȟ ]RNRJWD EHOH )HQHOOD D EDUQDIHK«U
NRFN£VLQJHOHM«EH
1HPR]GXOMKR]RPDSXVN£W
ȟ 0RVW P£U WXGRG PL«UW QHP DNDUWDP ¼M NDSFVRODWRW ȟ UHFVHJHWW
)UHGGLHKDQJMDȟ+RJ\LVWHKHWWHPYROQDLO\HWE£UNLYHO"1HPOHWWYROQD
WLV]WHVV«JHV
ȟ«GHVHPK£WQHP«UWHG"0£ULVW¼ON«VÿȟVXWWRJWD)HQHOODȟ1HP
WXGRGLU£Q\¯WDQLD]WKRJ\PLW«U]HOP£VRNLU£QW
Q VH QDJ\RQ WXGRP LU£Q\¯WDQL DPLW LU£QWDG «U]HN JRQGROWD V¸W«WHQ
/RWWLH
ȟ0HJW¸UW«QWȟIRO\WDWWD)HQHOODȟ$N£UDNDUWXNDN£UQHP7DO£QQHP
OHV]N¸QQ\ě«VHOOHQWPRQGDMµ]DQ«V]QHNGHPRVWP£UHJ\¾WWYDJ\XQN
EHQQH 7H PHJ «Q %£UPLEH NHU¾O «V E£UPHGGLJ WDUW LV ȟ 6]HUHWHWWHO
PHJVLPRJDWWD )UHGGLH DUF£W ȟ 0HUW «Q JRQGRVNRGQL IRJRN UµODG
0LQGY«JLJ
0«JPLQGLJRWWYDQDWµJRQGROWD/RWWLHY£J\DNR]YDVV]HN¸W¸]]¾N
«VEHOHOµJDWMXN
)HQHOODD]W£QO£WKDWµDQ¸VV]HV]HGWHPDJ£W
ȟ'U£J£PQHPEDMKDPRVWPHJI¾UG¸P"
ȟ 0HQM FVDN ȟ VLPRJDWWD PHJ D Qÿ KDM£W )UHGGLH ȟ 1H VLHVV FVDN
Q\XJRGWDQ
)HQHOODUHV]NHWHJHQHOPRVRO\RGRWW
ȟ J\ OHV] 7H PHJ EHV]«OJHVV FVDN /RWWLHYDO 0DJ\DU£]G PHJ QHNL
KRJ\«QQHPD*RQRV]1\XJDWL%RV]RUN£Q\YDJ\RN
/RWWLH V]HPH IHOFVLOODQW %RV]RUN£Q\ PLFVRGD ¸WOHW $]RNDW QHP
P£JO\£Q«JHWW«NPHJ"
)HQHOODHOWěQWD]HPHOHWHQDI¾UGÿV]RE£EDQ$NRQ\K£EDQ/RWWLHN£Y«W
FVLQ£OW «V PHJKDOOJDWWD )UHGGLH EHV]£PROµM£W D] HOÿ]ÿ QDSL
HVHP«Q\HNUÿO.¾O¸Q¸VHQWHWV]HWWQHNLD]DU«V]DPLNRU)HQHOODEHO£WWD
PLO\HQ PHJDONXYµ YROW «V HOV]¸UQ\HGW DPLNRU NLGHU¾OW KRJ\ )UHGGLH
PXOWLPLOOLRPRV PHUW ÿ PRVWDQ£EDQ FVDN RO\DQRNNDO KDMODQGµ NH]GHQL
DNLNQHNHJ\ILW\LQJM¾NVLQFV
VQHPQHPDOXGWDNHJ\¾WWD]«MV]DND&VDNQHYHWWHN«VEHV]«OJHWWHN
RO\DQVRN£LJKRJ\)HQHOODOHPDUDGWD]XWROVµYRQDWUµO
0LXW£Q/RWWLHW¸EEHWLVPHJWXGRWWDNHOOHW«Q«OD]WPRQGWD
ȟ 7XGRP KRJ\ VHPPL N¸]¸P KR]]£ )UHGGLH GH «Q WRY£EEUD VHP
E¯]RPDQÿEHQ$PDJDV]HP«O\HVKROPLMDLN¸]¸WWNXWDWRWW
ȟ'HPHJPDJ\DU£]WDKRJ\PL«UWȟ)UHGGLHPLQWKDY«GHNH]HWWYROQD
ȟV«QPRQGWDPQHNLKRJ\«UH]]HPDJ£WRWWKRQ
+£WH]QHPOHV]N¸QQ\ě
ȟ0HJY£GROWKRJ\D]«UWO£WRNYHV]«O\WEHQQHPHUWPDJDPLQGHQWU£P
DNDUKDJ\QL$PLPHOOHVOHJQHPLVLJD]ȟWHWWHKR]]£VLHWYH
)UHGGLHY£OODWYRQW
ȟ0RQGMDPDJD
ȟ'H)UHGGLH1HP¯J\YDQ
ȟ 7XGRP ȟ IHOHOWH D] ¸UHJ GHUěVHQ ȟ 'H )HQHOOD H]W QHP WXGMD QHP
LJD]"0HUWQHPLVPHULPDJ£W0LQWDKRJ\PDJDVHPLVPHULÿW
/RWWLH D OHJV]¯YHVHEEHQ YLVV]DY£JRWW YROQD KRJ\ ȦSHGLJ WXGRP KRJ\
QHNHPYDQLJD]DPȥGHLQN£EEQHPWHWWH)UHGGLHV]HP«EHQ«]HWW
ȟ 7DO£OW V¾OO\HGW 1«]]H «Q FVDN D]W DNDURP KRJ\ PDJD EROGRJ
OHJ\HQ0HJ«UGHPOL&VDNȪQHVLHVVHQHOVHPPLWMµ"
ȟ$UUDJRQGROKRJ\QHURKDQMDND]DQ\DN¸Q\YYH]HWÿK¸]"ȟYRQWDIHOD
V]HP¸OG¸N«W)UHGGLHȟ9DJ\QHY£OWR]WDVVDPPHJDY«JUHQGHOHWHPHW«V
KDJ\MDNPLQGHQW)HQHOO£UD"
3RQWRVDQ3RQWRVDQ
ȟ9DODPLLO\HVPLUHȟIHOHOWH/RWWLH
ȟ1DJ\RQNHGYHVKRJ\DJJµGLN«UWHPNLVO£Q\ȟPRQGWDYLJDV]WDOµDQ
)UHGGLH ȟ 1DJ\UD «UW«NHOHP 'H «Q QHP HJ\ V]HUHOPHV WLQL YDJ\RN V
V]HQLOLV Y«QHPEHU VHP $]W KLV]HP E¯]KDWRN PDJDPEDQ DQQ\LUD KRJ\
QHPUDJDGWDWRPHOPDJDP
/RWWLH DNL HEEHQ QHP YROW RO\DQ EL]WRV KDOOJDWRWW +RJ\ LV E¯]KDWQD
PHJPDJ£EDQ+LV]HQI«UIL
ȟ(O«JKRVV]¼¸WSHUFYROWȟMHJ\H]WHPHJ7\OHUDPLNRU/RWWLHYLVV]D«UW
ȟ%RFV0DMGOHGROJR]RPD]HE«GV]¾QHWEHQ
/RWWLHOH¾OW«VNH]GWH¸VV]H¯UQLDWHHQGÿLW
ȟ0LQGLJY«JLJGROJR]RGD]HE«GV]¾QHWHW
ȟ$NNRUN«Q\WHOHQOHV]HONLU¼JQL(]DURKDGWWROOȟ$PLNRUO£WWDKRJ\
D JRO\µVWROOD QHP IRJ /RWWLH RO\DQ HUÿYHO KDM¯WRWWD £W D V]RE£Q KRJ\ D
V]«NH K£WUDJXUXOW WÿOH $ WROO OHSDWWDQW D V]HPN¸]WL IDOUµO /RWWLH SHGLJ
EHOHYHUWHDIHM«WD]DV]WDODP¸J¸WWLSROFEDȟ$XDIHQ«EH
ȟ 2N« ILJ\HOM 1HP U¼JODN NL KD PHJ¯J«UHG KRJ\ QHP SHUHOV] EH
PXQNDKHO\L EDOHVHW PLDWW 0HUW WHOMHV P«UW«NEHQ D] «Q KLE£P KRJ\
NLIRJ\KDWRWWD]DWROOȟ7\OHUYLW«]¾OSUµE£OWNRPRO\PDUDGQLȟ0LDEDM
/RWWLH"
ȟ0£UPLQW¼J\«UWHGD]RQN¯Y¾OKRJ\EHW¸UWDNRSRQ\£P"ȟG¸UJ¸OWH
PHJDIHM«WDO£Q\ȟSSPRVWWDO£ONR]WDP)UHGGLH¼MK¸OJ\EDU£WM£YDO
ȟ $ U«JL R[IRUGL V]HUHOHP" ȟ 7\OHU «UGHNOÿGÿQHN WěQW ȟ 0£U PHV«OW
UµODQHNHPLV0LO\HQDQÿ"
ȟJ\HOVÿUHD]ȦDUDQ\£VµȥV]µMXWRWWUµODD]HV]HPEH
ȟ+£WLJHQDNLPLQGLJDMµKHO\XW£QPHJ\ȟ7\OHUN¸]¸Q\¸VHQY£OODW
YRQWȟ1D«VH]]DYDUMD)UHGGLHW"
/RWWLHKLWHWOHQNHGYHPHUHGWU£
ȟ7HVV«N"
ȟ0HUWW«JHG]DYDUD]WO£WRP
ȟ &VDOµ D] D Qÿ J\ WHV] PLQWKD V]HUHOPHV OHQQH )UHGGLHEH KRJ\
D]W£QPHJNDSDULQWVDDS«Q]«W
ȟ6]HULQWHG
ȟ7«Q\OHJ
ȟ7DO£QDP¼J\LVNHGYHOLȟY«OWH7\OHUȟVD]KRJ\U£DG£VXOJD]GDJ
LVFVDNEµQXV]
/RWWLH QHP WXGWD HOKLQQL KRJ\ 7\OHU D EDQ\D S£UWM£W IRJMD (]
IHOK£ERU¯Wµ +D OHWW YROQD P«J HJ\ WROO D] DV]WDORQ DNNRU D]W EL]WRVDQ
7\OHUIHM«KH]Y£JMD
ȟ+DJ\GP£UKDGGV]µUDNR]]RQHJ\NLFVLW)UHGGLHȟW£UWDV]«WDNDUM£W
7\OHUȟ+DDQÿW«Q\OHJRO\DQJ£]DNNRUHOÿEEXWµEE£WIRJO£WQLUDMWD
'H Q«]G D Mµ ROGDO£W ȟ IRO\WDWWD ȟ /HKHW KRJ\ W«YHGV] /HKHW KRJ\
W¸N«OHWHVHQ LOOHQHN HJ\P£VKR] «V «GHQL EROGRJV£JEDQ IRJQDN «OQL P«J
KDUPLQF«YLJ
ȟ$]QHPOHKHWȟE¸NWHNL/RWWLHȟ1HNLNFVDNȪ
ȟ &VDN PL" ȟ YRQWD IHO D V]HP¸OG¸N«W 7\OHU DPLNRU /RWWLH KLUWHOHQ
HOKDOOJDWRWW
/RWWLHHOV]«J\HOOWHPDJ£WKRJ\PDMGQHPNLNRW\RJWDDWLWNRW
ȟ6HPPL&VDNQHPIRJPHQQLHQQ\L
+DUPLQFKDUPDGLNIHMH]HW
9DODKRODI¸OGV]LQWHQDMWµQ\LNRUGXOW«V0DULRIHOUH]]HQW
.LVHPNHOOHWWQ\LWQLDDV]HP«W¼J\LVSRQWRVDQWXGWDKROYDQ+L£ED
LYRWWUHQJHWHJHWD]«MV]DNDSRQWRVDQHPO«NH]HWWPLQGHQUH
$]«UW P«JLV NLQ\LWRWWD D V]HP«W «V N¸U¾OQ«]HWW D K£OµV]RE£EDQ D
Uµ]VDV]¯Q I¾JJ¸Q\¸N¸Q D NU«WDN«N IDODNRQ «V D Uµ]VDV]¯Q V]ÿQ\HJHQ $
OHJW¸EEUXK£MDDUDWWDQV]«NUHGREYDKHYHUWFVDND]LQJH«VD]¸YHYROWD
I¸OG¸QD]DEODNDODWW
0DULR QHP «UWH HO D] µU£M£W ¯J\ FVDN D I¾JJ¸Q\¸Q EHV]ěUÿGÿ I«Q\EÿO
VHMWHWWH KRJ\ K«W N¸U¾O M£UKDW +D]D NHOO PHQQLH OH]XKDQ\R]QLD «V
Q\ROFKDUPLQFUDEHQWNHOOOHQQLHDPXQNDKHO\«Q
'HPLWÿOQ\LNRUJRWWD]DMWµRGDOHQQ"
$ Y£ODV] KDPDURVDQ PHJ«UNH]HWW DPLNRU D K£OµV]RED NLOLQFV«W YDODNL
OHQ\RPWD «V HJ\ IHNHWHIHK«U PDFVND VRPSRO\JRWW EH D V]RE£ED
0HJ£OOW DPLNRU PHJO£WWD 0DULµW D]W£Q WLWRN]DWRVDQ SLVORJQL NH]GHWW
8W£QDIHOXJURWWD]£J\UD«VPDQFV£YDOJ\¼UQLNH]GWHDKDOY£Q\Uµ]VDV]¯Q
£J\QHPěW
0DULRDOOHUJL£VYROWDPDFVN£NUDW¾VV]¸J¸WWWÿO¾N
7¾VV]HQWHWW
$PDFVNDPHJYHWÿSLOODQW£VWYHWHWWU£PLQWKDD]WPRQGDQ£$OOHUJL£V"
5£P"0LFVRGDSXK£Q\
0HOOHWWHYDODNLPHJPR]GXOW«VQ\¼MWµ]NRGQLNH]GHWWDWDNDUµDODWW(]
D]WMHOHQWHWWHKRJ\0DULROHJDO£EEDEDONDUM£WYLVV]DNDSWDDPLQHPYROW
K£WU£Q\PLYHO¯J\PHJWXGWDQ«]QLD]µU£M£W$URVV]K¯UYLV]RQWD]YROW
KRJ\¯J\PXV]£MEHV]«OJHWQLHDO£QQ\DODNLYHOD]«MV]DN£WW¸OW¸WWH
WSHUFFHOP¼OWK«W
ȟ6]LDȟPRUPROWD£ORPLWWDVDQ*HPPD«VNµFRVDQEXNNDQWNLDWDNDUµ
DOµOD]]DODN£EDPRVROO\DODPLWÿO¸VV]HV]RUXOW0DULRV]¯YH
0L«UWLVFVLQ£OWD"0L«UWPL«UW"
3HUV]HWXGWDDY£ODV]W$]«UWFVLQ£OWDKRJ\PHJE¾QWHVVH$PEHUWKRJ\
$PEHU PHJE£QMD D G¸QW«V«W KRJ\ O£VVD KRJ\ QHNL WDO£Q QHP NHOO GH
P£VO£Q\RNQDNLJHQ
ȟ 6]LD ȟ IHOHOWH 0DULR 6DMQ£OWD *HPP£W «V P«J LQN£EE ¸QPDJ£W
0HJLQW D] µU£M£UD Q«]HWW P«J PLQGLJ K«W µUD ¸W YROW ȟ $ IUDQFED
HON«VHPDPHOµEµO
ȟ 0«J QHP NHOO LQGXOQRG ȟ *HPPD DNL YDOµV]¯QěOHJ QHP YROW
WXGDW£EDQ DQQDN KRJ\ D] DUF£Q V]«WIRO\W D] HVWL VPLQN SUµE£OW V]H[LQ
FV¾FV¸U¯WHQLȟ+ROD]«QFLFDIL¼P"
(] V]HUHQFV«UH D PDFVN£QDN V]µOW DNL WRY£EEUD LV RWW WUµQROW 0DULR
DUFDHOÿWW«VPHUHGWHQQ«]WH
ȟþ%LQN\ȟPRQGWD*HPPDȟ+£WQHP«GHV"%LQN\N¸V]¸QMV]«SHQ
0DULµQDN
%LQN\QHNV]HUHQFV«UHHV]H£J£EDQVHPYROWN¸V]¸QQL$]P£UW«Q\OHJ
W¼O]£VOHWWYROQD
ȟ$OOHUJL£VYDJ\RNDPDFVN£UDȟMHJ\H]WHPHJ0DULR
0HJU£GLV
ȟ -DM D] QHP OHKHW þ D] «Q NLV DQJ\DON£P $ OHJMREE EDU£WRP ȟ
HOOHQNH]HWW*HPPDȟ+£WQHP¯J\YDQFLFXVN£P"
ȟ-µSHUV]H'HW«Q\OHJPHQQHPNHOO6]XSHUYROWD]«MV]DNDȪ
ȟ8J\H"ȟNL£OWRWWIHOOHONHVHQ*HPPDȟOHWHPOHJMREE«MV]DN£MDYROW
þV]LQW«QV]µOYDQHPLVWXGWDPȪYHNµWDQ«]HJHWOHN
0DULµQDNP«JMREEDQ¸VV]HV]RUXOWDV]¯YH(]D]HJ«V]NH]GOLG«UFHVV«
Y£OQL7HJQDSHVWHPLXW£QPHJYDFVRU£]RWW/RWWLHYDOPHJDJ\HUHNHNNHO
D3L]]D+XWEDQNLUDNWDÿNHWD3LSHUȢV&RWWDJHQ£OD]W£QKD]DIHO«LQGXOW
'HP«JEHVHP£OOWDNRFVLEHKDMWµUDDPLNRUU£G¸EEHQWKRJ\QHPN«SHV
HOYLVHOQLD]¾UHVV«JHW(ONHOOPHQQLHYDODKRY£HPEHUHNN¸]«KRJ\PHJ
WXGMRQIHOHGNH]QLDYLVV]DXWDV¯WRWWV£JKLGHJPDJ£Q\RV«U]«V«UÿO
(OPHQW &KHOWHQKDPEH HJ\ Q«SV]HUě NRFVP£ED D] DXWµV]DORQ
N¸]HO«EHQ -HUU\ PHJ D W¸EELHN LV RWW YROWDN LV]RJDWWDN U¸K¸JFV«OWHN
ELOL£UGR]WDN 0DULR VRNV]RU M£UW P£U RWW GH QHP YROW RO\DQ PHJU¸J]¸WW
W¸U]VYHQG«J PLQW -HUU\ 7£YROUµO HPO«NH]HWW KRJ\ D SXOWRVO£Q\W
*HPP£QDNK¯YM£N«VPLYHONRFVLYDOYROWN«UWHJ\NµO£W
.«WµU£YDON«VÿEE-HUU\PHJE¸NWH
ȟ%HQQHYDJ\DWXWLEDQ$FVDMHJ«V]HVWHE£PXO
0DULµEDQ HNNRU WXGDWRVXOW KRJ\ Y«J¾O LV PHJWHKHWL 0L«UW QH" 0RVW
P£U VHPPL DNDG£O\D QLQFV &VDN ¼J\ V]µUDNR]£VEµO HONH]GHWW IHFVHJQL
*HPP£YDODE£USXOWI¸O¸WW
1HP NHOOHWW KR]]£ VRN LGÿ KRJ\ -HUU\ DNL Q\LOY£Q LULJ\HOWH
RGDFVDSµGMRQ KR]]£MXN «V D PDJD NHUHVHWOHQ PµGM£Q V]¯QSDGLDVDQ
RGDV¼JWD*HPP£QDN
ȟ9LJ\£]]YHOHYDQEDU£WQÿMH
ȟ1LQFVȟIHOHOWH0DULR
-HUU\NXQFRJRWW«VPHJLQWPHJE¸NWH
*HPPDDJJµGQLNH]GHWW
ȟ7«Q\OHJYDQ"
0DULRPHJU£]WDDIHM«W
ȟ1LQFV
7L]HQHJ\NRU D WXODM ]£UµU£W MHOHQWHWW 0DULR D]RQ WěQÿG¸WW KRJ\ PLW
FVLQ£OKDW PRVW $PEHU «V HOMXWRWW D N«]HQIHNYÿ N¸YHWNH]WHW«VUH 1HP
WXGWD NLYHUQL D IHM«EÿO D N«SHW KRJ\ 4XHQWLQQHO KHPSHUHJ D] £J\EDQ
DQQDN HOOHQ«UH KRJ\ IRJDOPD VH YROW UµOD KRJ\ Q«] NL 4XHQWLQ
+µULKRUJDVQDNSXK£Q\QDNQDJ\RQIHK«UEÿUěQHNN«S]HOWHFVRQWRVȟGH
PHJOHSÿHQV]ÿU¸VȟO£E£QRUPµWODQEÿUV]DQG£OODO
0DULRPHJDNDUWDE¾QWHWQL$PEHUW
ȟ +RJ\ P«V] KD]D" ȟ N«UGH]WH D O£Q\WµO DNL IHOUDJ\RJRWW
EROGRJV£J£EDQ
ȟ3£UVDURNQ\LUDODNRPLQQ«W
ȟ$NNRUMµȟYRQWY£OODW0DULR«UGHNWHOHQ¾Oȟ*RQGROWDPHOYLV]OHN
*HPPDIHVWHWWV]HPHIHOFVLOODQW«VHOI¼OµO«OHJ]HWWHOIHOHOWH
ȟ$WWµOP«JHOYLKHWV]
$]W£QD]HVWHWRY£EELU«V]HD]HOÿUHPHJMµVROKDWµPµGRQDODNXOW-HUU\
«V D W¸EELHN PHJLWW£N D PDUDG«N LWDORNDW «V HOPHQWHN NDFVLQJDWYD «V
W¸EEV]¸U ILJ\HOPH]WHWYH 0DULµW KRJ\ P£VQDS PXQND $PLNRU D E£U
NL¾U¾OW*HPPDUHQGHWFVLQ£OW«VI«OWL]HQNHWWÿNRUHJ\¾WWW£YR]WDN
%LOO &OLQWRQKR] KDVRQOµDQ 0DULR LV D]«UW IHN¾GW OH PRVW H]]HO D
O£QQ\DOPHUWPHJWHKHWWH1HP«UH]WHWÿOHMREEDQPDJ£WGHPLUHU£M¸WW
P£UN«VÿYROW«VDPLW¸UW«QWPHJW¸UW«QW
1HP YROW E¾V]NH PDJ£UD $ OHJURVV]DEE U«V] YLV]RQW FVDN PRVW
N¸YHWNH]HWW
*HPPDI«ON¸Q\¸NUHW£PDV]NRGRWW
ȟ0DHVWHQHPGROJR]RP1HPM¸VV]IHOPXQNDXW£Q"
0DULR PRVW P«J HJ\ V]¸UQ\ě P£VQDSRVV£JQDN LV ¸U¾OW YROQD DNNRU
OHJDO£EE OHWW YROQD PLYHO IRJODONR]QLD $] VHP £UWRWW YROQD KD D
Q\DYDO\£VPDFVNDQHPE£PXOMD
ȟ6DMQRVQHPIRJPHQQL
ȟ1D«VKROQDS"%HWHJHWMHOHQWKHWHN«VȪ
ȟ*HPPDDNNRUVHIRJPHQQL1HPOHQQHWLV]WHVV«JHVYHOHGV]HPEHQ
.ODVV]O£Q\YDJ\GH«SSWHJQDSV]DN¯WRWWDPYDODNLYHO
ȟVDNNRU"0RVWP£ULWWYDJ\RNQHNHG«Q
0DULRQHPWXGWDHOYLVHOQLDO£Q\UHP«Q\NHGÿSLOODQW£V£W8W£OWDPDJ£W
0HJU£]WDDIHM«W
ȟ1HKDUDJXGMGHPRVWQHPWXGQ«NVHQNLYHOVHPNDSFVRODWRWNH]GHQL
$]WKLWWHPPHJ«UWHWWHG
*HPPDDUFDHOERUXOW
ȟ(]D]WMHOHQWLKRJ\QHPDNDUV]YHOHPWDO£ONR]QL"6RKDW¸EE«"
ȟ$]WQHPPRQGWDPKRJ\VRKDW¸EE«ȟ0DULRSUµE£OWDN¯P«OQLDO£Q\
«U]«VHLW ȟ &VDN «SSHQ PRVW URVV] SDVV]EDQ YDJ\RN .L WXGMD WDO£Q HJ\
YDJ\N«W«YP¼OYDȪ
ȟ 1HP KLV]HN QHNHG ȟ NLDE£OWD *HPPD PLUH D PDFVND HOIRUG¯WRWWD D
IHM«Wȟ/HIHN¾GW«OYHOHP«VPRVWOHO«SV]
ȟ7HLVOHIHN¾GW«OYHOHPȟYHWHWWHHOOHQH0DULR
ȟ 7H V]HP«WO£GD Q D]«UW IHN¾GWHP OH YHOHG KRJ\ P£VNRU LV
WDO£ONR]]XQN
ȟ1DJ\RQVDMQ£ORPGU£J£P
0LO\HQN¯QRVVP£UK«WK¼V]YDQ
ȟ*UUUUUU
*HPPDO£WWDKRJ\D]µU£M£WQ«]L$O£Q\OHU¼JWDDWDNDUµW«VG¾K¸VHQ
NLSDWWDQW D] £J\EµO $ PDFVND KLUWHOHQ V¸W«WV«JEH NHU¾OYH I¾OV«UWÿHQ
IHOQ\LY£NROW «VYDGXO SUµE£OWNLV]DEDGXOQL$]W£QKLUWHOHQ HOÿEXNNDQWD
N«WU«W KDMWRWW WDNDUµ Y«J«Q«O U£Q«]HWW 0DULµUD «V SRIRQ FVDSWD D
PDQFV£YDO
(]W NDSG NL V]LV]HJWH 7H Q\RPRUXOW I«UHJ KRJ\ PHUWHG H]W WHQQL D]
¼UQÿPPHO"VKDP£ULWWWDUWXQNV]£OOMNLD]£J\DPEµO
ȟ -HVV]XVRP ȟ K¸UG¾OW IHO 0DULR DPLNRU «UH]QL NH]GWH D NDUPRO£V
RNR]WDI£MGDOPDW
V PHJLQW W¾VV]HQWHQLH NHOOHWW $ PDFVND OHXJURWW D] £J\UµO «V ¼J\
URKDQWNLPLQWHJ\PHQHN¾OÿE«UJ\LONRV
ȟ6]«SYROWȟULNROWRWWD*HPPDDNL«SSHQDIHK«UN¸QW¸V«EHSUµE£OW
EHOHE¼MQLȟ5HP«OHPI£M
+DUPLQFQHJ\HGLNIHMH]HW
'«OXW£Q N«W µUD YROW «V *HPPD ¸U¾OKHWHWW KRJ\ OHJDO£EE D] HJ\LN
N¯Y£QV£JD WHOMHV¾OW $ K£URP S£UKX]DPRV NDUPRO£V 0DULR MREE DUF£Q
QHP YROW P«O\ P«JLV PHJOHKHWÿVHQ I£MW 5£DG£VXO Q«PL GHU¾OWV«JHW LV
RNR]RWW D NROO«J£N N¸U«EHQ DNLN HJ«V] G«OHOÿWW 6SDUURZ NDSLW£Q\QDN
V]µO¯WRWW£N.«V]PHJN¸QQ\HEE¾O«VYROWDPLNRUNLPHQWHNHE«GHOQL
$]W£Q DPLNRU 0DULR IHOSLOODQWRWW D SDS¯UMDLEµO $PEHUW O£WWD PHJ D
EHPXWDWµWHUHPEHQ $]RQQDOS¸U¸JQLNH]GHWWD]DJ\D$PEHUD]«UWM¸WW
PHUW EHO£WWD D W«YHG«V«W PHJJRQGROWD PDJ£W «V D NH]«EHQ WDUWRWW
GRER]EDQ YDODPL PHJOHSHW«V YDQ HQJHV]WHO«V¾O ȟ WDO£Q HJ\ FVLOORJµ
K«OLXPRV OXIL Ȧ%2&666 0(* 6=(5(7/(.ȥ IHOLUDWWDO ȟ MHOH]YH KRJ\
YLVV]DIRJDGMD
ȟ6]LDȟ£OOWPHJ$PEHUD]LURGDDMWDM£EDQȟ0LW¸UW«QWD]DUFRGGDO"
ȟ(J\HPEHUHYÿWLJULVVHOELUNµ]WDP
0DULRQHPYROWEHQQHEL]WRVKRJ\HOWXGYLVHOQLHQQ\LDGUHQDOLQW
$PEHUHOPRVRO\RGRWW
ȟ,JD]£EµOPLW¸UW«QW"&V¼Q\£QDNWěQLN
ȟ0HJNDUPROWHJ\PDFVND
ȟ1HPLVLVPHUV]VHQNLWDNLQHNPDFVN£MDYDQ
7«YHG«V JRQGROWD 0DULR FVDN V]HUHWQ«P KD QHP LVPHUQ«N VHQNLW
DNLQHNPDFVN£MDYDQ
9£OODWYRQW
ȟ(J\NµERUVRY£Q\NLVMµV]£JYROW5HJJHOWDO£OWDPDPěKHO\P¸J¸WW
(O DNDUWDP YLQQL D PDFVNDPHQKHO\UH GH QHP QDJ\RQ WHWV]HWW QHNL D]
¸WOHW
8J\DQPLP£VWPRQGKDWRWWYROQD"
ȟ $GDVV EH PDJDGQDN WHWDQXV]W .¾O¸QEHQ PHJ D]«UW M¸WWHP ȟ
PXWDWRWW$PEHUDGRER]UDȟKRJ\YLVV]DKR]]DPDFXFFDLGDW
$NNRUK£WVHPPLK«OLXPRVO«JJ¸PE0DULRSHUV]HP£UNH]GWHVHMWHQL
ȟ0LYDQEHQQH"
ȟ.¸Q\YHN3£UUXKD$V]«SERUGµJ\DSM¼SXOµYHUHGȟWXGRPKRJ\D]
EL]WRVDQNHOOYLVV]D
ȟ7HNHOOHV]YLVV]D
.LPRQGWD 7DO£Q QHP W¼O PHQÿ GRORJ N¸Q\¸U¸JQL GH QHP WHKHWHWW
HOOHQH
ȟ 0DULR ȟ KDUDSWD EH D V]£M£W $PEHU ȟ 1H FVLQ£OG H]W 1HNHP VH
N¸QQ\ěHOKLKHWHG
ȟ$NNRUY£OWR]WDVVDG¸QW«VHGHQ
ȟ1HPOHKHW
ȟ'HKRJ\QHP6]HUHWOHN
$PEHU HJ\ SLOODQDWUD PLQWKD PHJLQJRWW YROQD «V EDEU£OQL NH]GWH D
NDUN¸WÿLW$]W£QPHJU£]WDDIHM«W
ȟ /HKHW KRJ\ V]HUHWV] GH DNNRU VH $ IHQ«EH LV H]«UW KR]WDP LGH D
KROPLGDW«VQHPDK£]DGED$]WKLWWHP¯J\N¸QQ\HEEOHV]
0DULRNLYHWWHJ\NL£OOµ'9'WDGRER]EµO*XQV1Ȣ5RVHVȟKµQDSRNLJ
NHUHVW«N
ȟ(]WKROWDO£OWDGPHJ"
ȟ$NDQDS«P¸J¸WW+ROYROW£OWHJQDSHVWH"
0HJK¼]WDPDSXOWRVO£Q\WDNRFVP£EµOKDP£U¯J\U£N«UGH]W«O1D«VWH
PLWFVLQ£OW£O"
9DJ\LQN£EEP«JVHP
ȟ (OPHQW¾QN D J\HUHNHNNHO D 3L]]D +XWED ȟ IHOHOWH 0DULR PHUW H]
P«JLVFVDNMREEDQKDQJ]RWW
ȟ(]HNV]HULQWHOPRQGWDGQHNLN-µOYLVHOW«N"
ȟ6]HULQWHG"
$PEHUV]HPHFVLOORJQLNH]GHWW
ȟ6DMQ£ORP
ȟ6]HUHWQHNW«JHG7HOMHVHQRGDYDQQDN1DWD]WPRQGWDȪ
ȟ+DKK£WLWWYDQ
0DULR IHOSLOODQWRWW PHUW Q\¯OW D V]DORQ DMWDMD MHOH]YH -HUU\ PHJ D
W¸EELHN«UNH]«V«W$EEµODV]¸JEÿODW¸EELHNFVDN0DULµWO£WW£N$PEHUW
QHP-HUU\YLJ\RURJYDRGDNL£OWRWWD
ȟ .L YROW D URVV] IL¼" 1HP D N£Y«]µED PHQW¾QN HE«GHOQL ,QN£EE D
NRFVP£EDXJURWWXQNEH0LD¼¼¼¼¼¼
0DULµQDN NLIXWRWW D Y«U D] DUF£EµO +D PDJ£UD FVDSMD D] LURGD DMWDM£W
$PEHUEL]WRVDQWXGQLDNDUMDPDMGPL«UW0£ULVIXUFV£QQ«]HWWU£
ȟ-µWEHV]«OJHWWHP*HPP£YDOȟIRO\WDWWD-HUU\O£WKDWµDQHOUDJDGWDWYD
ȟ 1DJ\RQ G¾K¸V U£G KDYHU 0RFVNRV KD]XJ GLV]QµQDN QHYH]HWW «V
SRFV«N V]HUHWÿQHN %£U IHOYHWWH YROQD D PRELOM£YDO DPLNRU D PDFVN£MD
U£GXJURWWD]£J\EDQ«VN«SHQNDUPROW
0DULR N«SWHOHQ YROW $PEHUUH Q«]QL J\ «UH]WH PLQWKD PLQGHQ
OHYHJÿWNLV]¯YWDNYROQDDKHO\LV«JEÿO
ȟ J YHOHG 0DULR ȟ PRQGWD KDONDQ $PEHU ȟ .H]GHV] OHSXV]WXOQL
5«JHEEHQ QHP YROW£O URVV] D] £J\EDQ ȟ WHWWH KR]]£ DOLJ SDO£VWROW
XQGRUUDOD]DMWµEµO
$ZHEGL]£MQHUW3KLO0LFNOHZKLWHQDNK¯YW£N
ȟ +HOOµ ȟ V]µOW EHOH /RWWLH DPLNRU D SDVL D QHJ\HGLN FVHQJ«VUH Y«JUH
IHOYHWWH ȟ 1HP EL]WRV KRJ\ HPO«NV]LN U£P 'H DNNRU EHV]«OW¾QN
DPLNRUȪ
ȟ 6RVHP IHOHMWHN HO HJ\HWOHQ KDQJRW VHP ȟ IHOHOWH 0LFNOHZKLWH
YLG£PDQȟ0DJDK¯YRWWDP¼OWK«WHQ)HQHOOD%ULWWRQPLDWW
ȟ,JHQ«Q$KDQJMDDODSM£QNHGYHVHPEHUQHNWěQLNEHFV¾OHWHVQHN«V
PHJE¯]KDWµQDNȪ
ȟVD]µWDLVFVDNU£PJRQGROȟIRO\WDWWD3KLOȟ.¯V«UWHND]£OPDLEDQ
V V]HP«O\HVHQ LV PHJ DNDU LVPHUQL KRJ\ V]HQYHG«O\HV V]HUHOPL
NDSFVRODWEDNH]GMHQYHOHP7XGRPPLQGLJH]YDQGHPLHOÿWWLGHM¸QQH
N¸WHOHVV«JHPQHN «U]HP ILJ\HOPH]WHWQL KRJ\ ¸WYHQ«YHV YDJ\RN QDJ\RQ
W¼OV¼O\RV«VRO\DQURQGDKRJ\P«JDVDM£WDUDQ\KDODPLVPHJLMHGWÿOHP
/RWWLHHOOD]XOW(J\UHMREEDQNHGYHOWHDSDVLW
ȟ,JD]£EµO)HQHOO£UµOV]HUHWWHPYROQDP«JN«UGH]QL/HKHW"
ȟ 1\XJRGWDQ 'H QHP EL]WRV KRJ\ VHJ¯WKHWHN 1HP WXGRN UµOD W¼O
VRNDWȟ$I«UILHOKDOOJDWRWWȟ0HJN«UGH]KHWHPPL«UW«UGHNOL"
ȟ%¯]KDWRPDGLV]NU«FLµM£EDQ"
ȟ$GLV]NU«FLµYROWDMHOHPD]RYLEDQ
/RWWLHU¸YLGHQY£]ROWDDKHO\]HWHW
ȟ1HP WXG HVHWOHJYDODPLWDPLLJD]ROMDD]HOP«OHWHPHW" 9DJ\«SSHQ
F£IROMD0RQGMXN)HQHOODHVHWOHJOX[XVSURVWLN«QWGROJR]RWWYDJ\LO\HVPL
ȟPRQGWD/RWWLHUHP«Q\NHGYHȟV«MMHOQDSSDOSDVLNM£UWDNKR]]£
ȟ *RQGRORP H] VHJ¯WHQH ȟ IHOHOWH 3KLO GHUěVHQ ȟ 'H DWWµO WDUWRN
VRVHPO£WWDPQ£ODI«UILYHQG«JHW,WWQ\ROFODN£VYDQ«VDODNµNW¸EEV«JH
Q\XJG¯MDV .HOOHPHV Q«SV«J .¸V]¸Q¾QN HJ\P£VQDN «V 5DPVD\«N D
K£UPDVODN£VEµOHWHWLNDKDODPDWDPLNRUW£YROYDJ\RNGHHQQ\LQQHP
YDJ\RN D] D NLPRQGRWW W£UVDV£JL HPEHU 7¸EEQ\LUH FVDN DNNRU NRSRJWDW
EHKR]]£PYDODNLKDSUREO«P£MDYDQ
/RWWLHWXGWDKRJ\V]DOPDV]£OEDNDSDV]NRGLNGHD]«UWPHJN«UGH]WH
ȟ3UREO«P£MD"
ȟUWHNDV]£P¯WµJ«SKH]5DPVD\«NQHNQ«KDOHIDJ\DJ«S¾N%DUNHU«N
V]HQYHG«O\HVY£V£UOµNGHP«JPLQGLJQHPWDQXOW£NPHJKRJ\DQNHOOD
QHWHQIL]HWQL(ULFD]HJ\HVODN£VEµOU«JLI«Q\N«SH]ÿJ«SHNUHYDG£V]LN«V
EHV]£PRO KD WDO£OW YDODPL L]JDOPDVDW 1«KD EHEHQ«]QHN ȟ IRO\WDWWD
3KLO ȟ Q PHJ QHP E£QRP V HPLDWW VHQNL VH V]µO D] HUN«O\O£G£LP
£OODSRWDPLDWW
ȟ)HQHOODLVEHV]RNRWWQ«]QL"
ȟ1HPLJHQ%£UDP¼OWK«WHQ£WM¸WW
ȟ(OURPORWWDODSWRSMD"
ȟ 1HHHP ȟ NXQFRJRWW 3KLO ȟ &VDN QHP YDODPL YLUWXµ] D NHUHV«VEHQ
/H¾OWHWWHP D *RRJOH HO« HOPDJ\DU£]WDP QHNL KRJ\ NHOO D]W£Q
RWWKDJ\WDP
/RWWLHP«JQHPPHUWUHP«Q\NHGQL
ȟ$P¼OWK«WHQPLNRU"
3KLOJRQGRONRGRWWHJ\LGHLJ
ȟ7DO£QHJ\QDSSDOD]XW£QKRJ\PDJDHOÿV]¸UK¯YRWW
/RWWLHPRVWP£UKDW£UR]RWWDQUHP«Q\NHGHWW
ȟ0HJWXGMDQ«]QLPLWNHUHVHWW"
ȟ(J\SLOODQDW
/RWWLHKDOORWWDDELOOHQW\ěNNRSRJ£V£W
ȟJ\O£WRPHJ\+HVWDFRPEH1\DUDOµK£]DNQHYěROGDOWE¸QJ«V]HWW
%LQJµ
ȟ V YDOµEDQ HJ\ QDSSDO D] XW£Q YROW KRJ\ PDJD K¯YRWW ȟ HUÿV¯WHWWH
PHJ3KLO
(J\ QDSSDO D] XW£Q KRJ\ HOVÿEEV«JJHO IHODGWD D OHYHOHW )HQHOO£QDN
DPHO\EHQ PHJ¯UWD KRJ\ )UHGGLH 0DVWHUVRQ WDO£ONR]QL V]HUHWQH YHOH
)UHGGLHQHY«UHHJ\FVRPµWDO£ODWM¸QIHOD+HVWDFRPEH1\DUDOµK£]DNUµO
$ ZHEROGDO V]¸YHJ«W ÿ PDJD ¯UWD NLGRPERU¯WYD )UHGGLH HU«Q\HLW «V
D]WKRJ\DQ«S¯WHWWHIHOD]¾]OHW«WKRVV]¼«YHNV]¯YµVPXQN£M£YDO9ROWDN
N«SHN D] HJ\HV K£]DNUµO «V PDJ£UµO D +HVWDFRPEH +RXVHUµO LV DPHO\
WHOMHV ÿV]L V]«SV«J«EHQ SRPS£]RWW «V HJ\£OWDO£Q QHP WěQW ]V¼IROW
W£UVDVK£]QDN
ȟ7XGWDPVHJ¯WHQL"ȟ«UGHNOÿG¸WW3KLO
ȟ3RQWRVDQHUUHYROWV]¾NV«JHPȟPRQGWDEROGRJDQ/RWWLH+DDILFNµ
RWWYROQDEL]WRVDQPHJFVµNROMDȟ7¸N«OHWHV
)HQHOODPHJGHUPHGW«V)UHGGLHUHE£PXOW
ȟ(]YDODPLYLFF"
ȟ1HPȟU£]WDDIHM«W)UHGGLHȟ$QQDNQHPOHQQHYDODPLMµQHPLJD]"
ȟ $]W DNDURG KRJ\ HOPHQMHN ȟ YLVV]KDQJR]WD )HQHOOD ȟ &VDN PHUW
PHJNHUHVWHOHND]LQWHUQHWHQ
ȟ0HUWQHPYROW£OÿV]LQWHKR]]£PȟSRQWRV¯WRWW)UHGGLH
$QÿKLWHWOHQNHGYHFVµY£OWDDIHM«W
ȟ$]DQ\DYDO\£VO£Q\YROWXJ\H"$NLPLQGHQEHEHOHDYDWNR]LN«VDEED
LV EHOH¾WL D] RUU£W DPLEH QHP N«QH V WH KDJ\RG KRJ\ ÿ Q\HUMHQ Q
V]HUHWOHN)UHGGLHVWHLVV]HUHWV]HQJHP%ROGRJJ£WHKHWQ«QNHJ\P£VW
)HQHOOD K£URP QDSMD UREEDQW EH )UHGGLH «OHW«EH .«W QDSSDO H]HOÿWW
YLVV]DPHQWHN 2[IRUGED «V HOKR]WDN K£URP EÿU¸QGUH YDOµ UXK£W $]W£Q
/RWWLHI«OUHYRQWD)UHGGLHW«VHOPHV«OWHQHNLDPLW3KLO0LFNOHZKLWHWµO
KDOORWW
0RVWSHGLJ)UHGGLHPHJWHWWHDPLWPHJNHOOHWWWHQQLH
ȟ(GGLJP«JVRVHPKD]XGW£OQHNHPȟPRQGWD)UHGGLHȟ$]WKLWWHP
E¯]KDWRPEHQQHG
ȟ0HUWE¯]KDWV]LVȟMHOHQWHWWHNL)HQHOOD
ȟ'HPL«UWPDUDGQ£ORO\DVYDODNLPHOOHWWDNLDKDO£O£QYDQ"
ȟ0HUWQHPWXGQ£PHOYLVHOQLDJRQGRODWRWKRJ\QHOHJ\HNYHOHG
ȟ$NNRUMµȟPRVRO\RGRWWHO)UHGGLHȟ0DUDGKDWV]
)HQHOOD V¸W«W V]HPH IHOUDJ\RJRWW )HOSDWWDQW D KHO\«UÿO «V £W¸OHOWH D
I«UILW3DUI¾PMHLOODWD)UHGGLHRUU£EDFVDSRWW
ȟ'U£J£P7«Q\OHJ"1HPIRJRGPHJE£QQL
ȟ5HP«OHPQHP
ȟ)UHGGLHȪ
ȟ 'H ILJ\HOM ȟ PRQGWD )UHGGLH ȟ 7XGQRG NHOO KRJ\ EHV]«OWHP D]
¾J\Y«GHPPHO $ Y«JUHQGHOHWHP N«V]HQ YDQ «V QHP IRJRN UDMWD
Y£OWR]WDWQL %£UPL W¸UW«QMHQ WH VHPPLW QHP IRJV] NDSQL DPLNRU
PHJKDORN6HLQJDWODQWVHS«Q]WVHPPLWȟ(OKDOOJDWRWW«VKDJ\WDKRJ\
D]LQIRUP£FLµOH¾OHSHGMHQȟ(QQ\L0HJ«UWHOHNKDPHJJRQGRORGPDJDG
7XGWDPLOHV])HQHOODY£ODV]DP«JPLHOÿWWNLPRQGWDYROQDD]XWROVµ
PRQGDWRW $] DVV]RQ\ Y£OOD P£U D] Ȧ¾J\Y«Gȥ V]µUD PHJIHV]¾OW (O£OOW D
O«OHJ]HWH 0LUH HO«UNH]WHN D Ȧ6H LQJDWODQ VH S«Q]ȥ U«V]LJ D NH]H
OHKDQ\DWORWW D I«UIL Y£OO£UµO «V D OHYHJÿ LV PLQWKD «UH]KHWÿHQ OHKěOW
YROQDDWHUDV]RQ
)UHGGLHµYDWRVDQNLERQWDNR]RWWDJ\HQJ¾OÿV]RU¯W£VEµO
ȟ$NNRUNLIRJMDPHJNDSQL"ȟV]µODOWPHJY«J¾O)HQHOODȟ+LV]HQQHP
YLKHWHGPDJDGGDO
Ȧ1HP YLKHWHG PDJDGGDOȥ )UHGGLH HOJRQGRONRGRWW +D PLQGHQ S«Q]«W
J\«P£QWRNEDIHNWHWQ«D]W£QOHQ\HOQ«DN¸YHNHWD]D]WMHOHQWHQ«KRJ\
PDJ£YDOYLV]L"
)HQHOO£WERVV]DQWRWWDDKDOOJDW£VD
ȟ &VDN D]W QH PRQGG KRJ\ YDODPL V]£QDOPDV £OODWPHQKHO\UH KDJ\RG
D]HJ«V]HW
$I«UILDIHM«WU£]WD
ȟ0£UPLQGHQHOYDQUHQGH]YH
ȟ+£WD]WKLV]HPKLE£WN¸YHWV]HO%ROGRJRNOHKHWW¾QNYROQD
ȟ1HPKLQQ«PȟIHOHOWH)UHGGLHȟ1HPLJD]£Q
)HQHOODU£PHUHGW
ȟ $PLNRU PHJNDSWDP D]W D OHYHOHW D]W KLWWHP KRJ\ PHJ DNDUV]
PHQWHQL
)UHGGLHQHNQHP£OOWV]£QG«N£EDQEěQWXGDWRW«UH]QL
ȟ6DMQ£ORP
$] DVV]RQ\ K£WU«EE O«SHWW D]W£Q PHJIRUGXOW «V D FVRG£ODWRV
+HVWDFRPEHWµUDSLOODQWRWW*\RUVDQ¸VV]HV]HGWHPDJ£W
ȟQLVVDMQ£ORP$NNRUPHJ\HN«V¸VV]HSDNRORN/HJDO£EEDYRQDWLJ
NLYLV]YDODNL"
)UHGGLHKDORY£Q\DQHOPRVRO\RGRWW«VEµOLQWRWW
ȟ+£WSHUV]H
+DUPLQF¸W¸GLNIHMH]HW
-µW«NRQ\F«OUDJ\ěMWHQLPLQGLJGLFV«UHWHVFVHOHNHGHW$]WKDOOJDWQLKRJ\
HEEHDQ\RPDV]WµEHWHJV«JEHP«JMREEDQEHOHNHOO£VQLDPDJ£WXQDOPDV
YROW GH «UWKHWÿ PµGRQ V]¾NV«JHV $ WHUHPEHQ PLQGHQNL NRPRO\ DUFFDO
ILJ\HOW/RWWLHNH]«EHQ£VY£Q\Y¯]]HOWHOLSRKDU£YDOD]RQWěQÿG¸WWKRJ\
KR]]£KDVRQOµDQÿNLVD]WJRQGROM£NHKRJ\ȦDQ\£PH]GXUYDȥ
+DH]P«JVRN£LJ¯J\PHJ\WRY£EENRPRO\DQURVV]XOOHV]
$ -XPHH PHJQ\LWµMD YROW HJ\ FVLOLYLOL ¼M «WWHUHP« &KHOWHQKDP PHQÿ
0RQWSHOOLHU QHJ\HG«EHQ /RWWLH V]¯YHVHQ HOM¸WW PHUW LPSRQ£OW QHNL D
PHGLWHUU£QN«N SODV]WLNODSUD HUÿV¯WHWW 'V KRORJUDPRV PHJK¯Yµ «V
V]¯YHVHQ PHJQ«]WH D KHO\HW D M¸YHQGÿEHOL KHVWDFRPEHL WXULVW£N
V]HP«YHOVSHUV]HD]«WHOLVYRQ]RWWD$]DONDORPUDP«JHJ\¼MWHVWUH
VLPXOµIHNHWHDUDQ\UXK£YDOLVPHJDM£QG«NR]WDPDJ£W
(GGLJMµOLVPHQWDGRORJ
&VDN DUUD QHP V]£P¯WRWW KRJ\ Y«JLJ NHOO KDOOJDWQLD HJ\ NRPRO\ ÿV]
KDM¼ GRNWRUQÿW Q\DNLJ EHJRPEROW NDUGLJ£QEDQ «V V]¼UµVQDN WěQÿ
WZHHGV]RNQ\£EDQ DNL HJ\LN J\RPRUIRUJDWµ V]¯QHV N«SHW D P£VLN XW£Q
SUH]HQW£OWDHJ\V]¸UQ\ěEHWHJV«JUÿOȪ
$]HNF«P£UµO
)«O µU£YDO NRU£EEDQ /RWWLH P«J NHOOHPHV EL]VHUJ«VVHO Y£UWD D] HVWH
¸U¸PHLW$NRQ\KDIHOÿOIHQV«JHVLOODWRNV]£OOWDN/RWWLHGLUHNWQHPHYHWW
HJ«V]QDSVHPPLWHJ\.LW.DWNLY«WHO«YHOG«OEHQ'HDJ\RPUDPRVWDQUD
PLQWKD PHJJRQGROWD YROQD PDJ£W Y£UDNR]µ NRUJ£V KHO\HWW NHP«Q\
FVRPµED XJURWW PLQWKD VHPPLI«OH HQQLYDOµW QHP OHQQH KDMODQGµ
EHIRJDGQL
1HP YROW «SSHQ LGH£OLV IHO£OO£V /RWWLH PHJVDMQ£OWD D ILDWDO S£UW DNLN
PLQGHQPHJWDNDU¯W£VXNDWHEEHD]¼MY£OODONR]£VEDIHNWHWW«N0£UEHV]«OW
5REELHYDO «V 0LFKHOOHOHO «V PHJWXGWD KRJ\ U«JL £OPXN YROW HJ\ VDM£W
«WWHUHP $QQDN UHQGMHPµGMD V]HULQW HODGW£N D K£]XNDW OHPHU¯WHWW«N D
V]£PO£MXNDW«VU«P¾OWHQO£WW£NKRJ\P«J¯J\VLQFVHOHJHQGÿS«Q]¾ND]
¾]OHW EHLQG¯W£V£KR] (NNRU O«SHWW D V]¯QUH 0LFKHOOH E£FVLN£MD %LOO HJ\
URSSDQWWHKHWÿV¼ULHPEHUDNLQDJ\OHONěHQNLVHJ¯WHWWHÿNHWQ\ROFYDQH]HU
IRQWWDOþNPHJN¸QQ\HEE¾OWHQ«VK£O£VDQIRJDGW£ND]DGRP£Q\W«VWHWÿ
DO£KR]W£ND-XPHHW
$PLNRU %LOO E£FVL IHOYHWHWWH KRJ\ D PHJQ\LWµW N¸VV«N ¸VV]H HJ\ NLV
DGRP£Q\J\ěMW«VVHO D NHGYHQF MµW«NRQ\V£JL V]HUYH]HWH V]£P£UD LJD]£Q
P«OWDWODQGRORJOHWWYROQDYLVV]DXWDV¯WDQL0«JDNNRULVDPLNRUNLGHU¾OW
KRJ\ D V]µEDQ IRUJµ V]HUYH]HW D &OHDUDZD\ 8. %LOO E£FVL LP£GRWW ILD
0DUFXV V¼O\RV NUµQLNXV HNF«P£EDQ V]HQYHGHWW RO\DQ P«UW«NLJ KRJ\
Y«J¾OP£UKµQDSRNDWW¸OW¸WWNµUK£]EDQ«VLV]RQ\DWRVDQPHJNHVHU¯WHWWH
D]«OHW«WDI£MGDOPDVEHWHJV«J%LOOE£FVLDN¾OGHW«V«QHNWHNLQWHWWHKRJ\
PLQGHQHPEHULOHJOHKHWV«JHVHWPHJWHJ\HQDNµUHOOHQLN¾]GHOHP«UW
0LQGH] QHPHV «V HOLVPHU«VUH P«OWµ Y£OODO£V YROW «V MµO PXWDWWD
PLO\HQ HJ\¾WW«U]ÿ HPEHU P D] O£WV]RWW KRJ\ GU (GZLQD 0XUUD\
PHJK¯Y£VD D &OHDUDZD\ 5HVHDUFK ,QVWLWXWHWµO WDO£Q QHP D
OHJV]HUHQFV«VHEE¸WOHWYROW
ȟ ȪDPLNRU D EÿU PHJUHSHGH]LN «V NLY¸U¸V¸GLN D EHWHJ HJ«V] WHVWH
HJ\HWOHQ¸VV]HI¾JJÿQHGYHG]ÿVHEE«Y£OLN«VPLQGHQNLHOIRUGXODV]LQWH
IHOLVPHUKHWHWOHQ¾O HOFV¼IXOW DUFWµO DNNRU D] «OHW HOYLVHOKHWHWOHQ OHV] ȟ
HFVHWHOWH «SSHQ GU 0XUUD\ ȟ V D PL GROJXQN KRJ\ PLQGHQW
HON¸YHVV¾QNHQQHNDV]HQYHG«VQHND]HQ\K¯W«V«UH
J\WěQWDV]¯QSDGP¸J¸WW5REELH«V0LFKHOOHLVV]¸UQ\ěN¯QRNDW«O£W
'U 0XUUD\ D NDSFVROµKR] Q\¼OW «V D NLYHW¯WÿQ QDJ\ P«UHWě IRWµ MHOHQW
PHJ
ȟ 6]HUHWQ«P KD H]W PLQGHQNL MµO PHJQ«]Q« (] W¸UW«QW D] HJ\LN
KHWYHQK£URP«YHVEHWHJHPPHODNLQHND]HNF«PDPHJW£PDGWDD]HJ«V]
WHVW«W «V P«J HO LV IHUWÿ]ÿG¸WW .«UHP KRJ\ QH IRUG¯WV£N HO D IHM¾NHW ȟ
FVDWWDQWIHO0XUUD\GRNWRUQÿDPLNRUD]HOVÿVRURNEDQ¾OÿNN¸]¾OW¸EEHQ
IHOK¸UG¾OWHN ¸VV]HUH]]HQWHN YDJ\ D V]£MXN HO« NDSW£N D NH]¾NHW
HOV]¸UQ\HG«V¾NEHQȟ$]WV]HUHWQ«PKDPLQGHQNLMµOPHJQ«]Q«H]HNHWD
N«SHNHW «V EHOHJRQGROQD KRJ\ PLO\HQ V]HUHQFV«V DPL«UW QHP NHOO
XJ\DQH]W£W«OQLH
$] HQJHGHOPHVV«JUH V]RU¯WRWW KDOOJDWµV£J G¸EEHQHWWHO PHUHGW D] HOVÿ
V]¯QHV IRWµUD $ O«J\ ]¾PP¸J«V«W LV PHJ OHKHWHWW YROQD KDOODQL D
WHUHPEHQ'U0XUUD\NRPRUDQ V]µQ«ON¾OPXWDWWDIHODP£VRGLN IRWµW
HJ\N¸]HON«SHWDEHWHJO£E£UµO«VȪ
ȟ+8.....Ȫ
(J\NLDGµVK¸UJ«VV]HUěFVXNO£VYROWWDO£QDOHJKDQJRVDEEDPLW/RWWLH
YDODKDKDOORWW0LQGHQNLD]HON¸YHWÿIHO«IRUGXOWDNLHO¸O£OOW/RWWLHWµO
EDOUD 0DJDV WDJEDV]DNDGW I«UIL YROW Eÿ Uµ]VDV]¯Q LQJEHQ NRSRWW
IDUPHUEHQ«VEDVHEDOOVDSN£EDQ
'U0XUUD\G¾K¸VSLOODQW£VWO¸YHOOWU£
ȟ+8.....Ȫ
$ FVXNOµ I«UILQDN HV]H £J£EDQ VHP YROW NLPHQQL 3HUV]H QHP LV OHWW
YROQD N¸QQ\ě D W¸PHJEHQ PHUW D] ¸VV]HJ\ěOWHN D GU 0XUUD\ NHOWHWWH
I«OHOHPWÿOPHJN¸Y¾OWHQHJ\O«S«VWQHPPR]GXOWDN
ȟ +8..... ȟ U£QGXOW PHJ D I«UIL Y£OOD D KDQJJDO HJ\ LGÿEHQ ȟ
+888....
'U 0XUUD\ HNNRU P£U UHV]NHWHWW KDUDJM£EDQ /RWWLH D] ¸V]W¸QHLWÿO
YH]«UHOYH HOQ\RPDNRGRWW D] RWW £OOµ N¸Y«U Qÿ PHOOHWW «V D YLO£J
OHJKDQJRVDEEDQFVXNOµHPEHUHP¸J«QDYLJ£OW
ȟ +8888Ȫ %$66=$ 0(* ȟ RUG¯WRWW IHO D I«UIL «V DNNRU£W XJURWW
PLQWKD £UDP¾W«V «UWH YROQD +£WUDIRUGXOW «V SUµE£OWD NLV]DEDG¯WDQL D
QDGU£JM£EµOD]LQJHDOM£WK£WXOJ\V]HPWÿOV]HPEHNHU¾OW/RWWLHYDO«V
HOQHYHWWHPDJ£Wȟ1HPKLV]HPHO$W¸N«OHWHVVHJJěO£Q\
ȟ+2*<0(56=(/,"ȟG¸U¸JWHGU0XUUD\
6XJGROµ]£V «V NXQFRJ£V W£PDGW $ ILFNµ /RWWLHUD YLJ\RUJRWW MµO
WXGY£Q KRJ\ D ILJ\HOHP N¸]«SSRQWM£ED NHU¾OWHN 0LXW£Q Y«JUH
NLV]DEDG¯WRWWD D] LQJ«W D M«JNRFN£N DPLNHW /RWWLH EHV]µUW D Q\DN£Q£O
NLHVWHN«VV]HUWHIXWRWWDNDODNNR]RWWIDSDGOµQPLQWDNLVFLF£N
ȟ+8.....Ȫ
ȟ .,)(/ ȟ G¸U¸JWH GU 0XUUD\ PLUH D ULDGW KDOOJDWµV£J ¼MUD
HOFVHQGHVHGHWW
6]XSHUPDUNHW 6HE HONDSWD /RWWLH NH]«W «V NLYRQV]ROWD PDJ£YDO $
W¸PHJH]¼WWDOFVRG£VPµGRQV]«WY£OWHOÿWWHPLQWD9¸U¸VWHQJHU0µ]HV
HOÿWW 0LQGHQ V]HP U£MXN V]HJH]ÿG¸WW ȟ D OHJW¸EE Q\¯OW LULJ\V«JJHO ȟ
PLN¸]EHQVLHWYHPHQHN¾OWHNNLIHO«
$PLQW EL]WRQV£JED NHU¾OWHN RGDNLQW D M£UG£Q 6HE HOWROWD PDJ£WµO
/RWWLHW«VNRPRO\DQN«UGH]WH
ȟ1DPLO\HQ"
/RWWLH P«J PLQGLJ V]«GHOJHWW D YLV]RQWO£W£V PHJOHSHW«V«WÿO .£E£Q
WěQÿG¸WW KRJ\ YDMRQ D VU£F D 9HXYH &OLFTXRWUD JRQGROH DPLW D
SDUNROµEDQQ\RPRWWDNH]«EHKRJ\D]W£QHOWěQM¸Q
ȟ -REE KD PHJQ«]HP «Q ȟ 6HE µYDWRVDQ N¸UEHIRUJDWWD /RWWLHW «V
HOLVPHUÿHQEµOLQWRWWȟ0«JPLQGLJPHJYDQ«VWRY£EEUDLVW¸N«OHWHV
(] LJHQFVDN V]H[LVWD PHJMHJ\]«V YROW GH KD EµNUµO YDQ V]µ DNNRU
LO\HVPLW KDOODQL D]W MHOHQWL KRJ\ W«Q\OHJ D OHJMREEDN N¸]« WDUWR]RO
/RWWLHW KDW£UWDODQ ¸U¸PPHO W¸OW¸WWH HO KRJ\ Y«JUH NLV]DEDGXOW
RGDEHQWUÿO «V PLQGHQ ¸QXUDOP£UD V]¾NV«J YROW KRJ\ QH NH]GMHQ HO
GLDGDOPDVDQXJU£OQL
ȟ%RFVDM«J«UW1HPWXGWDPKRJ\WHYDJ\D]&VDNDFVXNO£VWDNDUWDP
HO£OO¯WDQL
ȟ 6LNHU¾OW LV ȟ W£UWD V]«W D NH]«W K¾OHGH]YH 6HE ȟ /£WRG" &VRGD
W¸UW«QW(OP¼OW
ȟ 0LW LV PRQGKDWQ«N HUUH" ȟ YRQWD PHJ D Y£OO£W /RWWLH ȟ UWHP D
GROJRPDW
ȟ (]W PHJ NHOO ¾QQHSHOQ¾QN ȟ 6HE OHNDSWD D EDVHEDOOVDSN£M£W «V
EHOHW¼UW NXV]D V]ÿNH KDM£ED ȟ $ P¼OWNRU ¸VV]HW¸UWHG D V]¯YHPHW
)RO\WRQFVDNU£GJRQGROWDP'HPRVWDVRUV¼MUD¸VV]HKR]RWWPLQNHW«V
¼MDEEHV«O\WDGRWWQHN¾QN
ȟ $ VRUV HJ\ NLFVLW KDPDUDEE LV ¸VV]HKR]KDWRWW YROQD KD HON«UHG D
V]£PRPDW
/RWWLHQHPWXGRWWHOOHQ£OOQLDN«V]WHW«VQHNKRJ\H]WPHJMHJ\H]]H
6HEQHYHWHWW
ȟ7HVHN«UWHGHOD]HQ\«PHW
ȟ(V«O\HPVHYROWRO\DQJ\RUVDQHOK¼]W£O
ȟ 'H PHJWHWWHG YROQD" +£W H] V]XSHU ȟ 6HE HO«JHGHWWQHN WěQW ȟ
6]HUHWHPDKDW£UR]RWWO£Q\RNDW1DGHPLWFVLQ£OMXQN"KHVYDJ\"
(NF«PD 1HGYHG]ÿ VHEHN $ EÿU UHSHG«VHL N¸]¾O NLFVRUJµ V£UJD
JHQQ\Ȫ
ȟ7DO£QIXUDGHQHP
ȟ 5HPHN 0HUW «Q VH ȟ SDVNROWD PHJ 6HE /RWWLH K£WVµM£W ȟ $NNRU
J\HUH PDMG HJ\ LWDO PHOOHWW EHV]«OM¾N PHJ D] ¼M N¸]¸V ¾]OHWL
Y£OODONR]£VXQNDW
ȟ 9DODPLW HO NHOO PRQGDQRP QHNHG ȟ V]µODOW PHJ /RWWLH DPLNRU D WD[L
PHJ£OOWD3LSHUȢV&RWWDJHHOÿWW
ȟ,JHQ«VPLD]"
ȟ5RVV]HPEHUYDJ\ȟE¸NWHPHJ6HEDVWLDQ*LOOWPDJDPHOOHWWDK£WVµ
¾O«VHQDO£Q\«VD]µU£M£UDQ«]HWWȟ1DJ\RQQDJ\RQURVV]+DMQDOLHJ\
YDQ «V WH P£U ¸W µU£MD QDJ\RQ URVV] KDW£VVDO YDJ\ HJ\ £UWDWODQ
KDWYDQK£URP «YHVUH V KD D]W KLV]HG KRJ\ PRVW EHXJRUKDWV] D]
£J\DPEDQDJ\RQW«YHGV]
ȟ 7H PHJ JRQRV] Qÿ YDJ\ ȟ FVµY£OWD D IHM«W J\£V]RVDQ 6HE ȟ 'H
WLV]WHOHWEHQWDUWRPPHUWV]ě]YDJ\$PLD]WKLV]HPQDJ\RQV]«SGRORJ
WÿOHP PHUW H] D NLV WD[L]£V EHQQH OHV] ¸WYHQ IRQWRPED 1D GH
NLV]£OOKDWRNKRJ\DGMDNQHNHGHJ\WHOMHVHQ¼ULHPEHUKH]LOOÿMµ«MWSXV]LW
YDJ\ H]]HO P£U W¼OOÿQ«N D F«ORQ" /HKHW KRJ\ P£U D Q\ROFYDQKHWHW
WDSRVRPGHDWWµOP«JV]HUHWHPNLIHMH]QLDFVRG£ODWRPDWȪ
ȟ0HJWHKHWHG
/RWWLH D] DMWµQ\LWµYDO N¾]G¸WW «V N¸]EHQ FVDN £PXOW KRJ\ 6HE P«J
N«SHV LO\HQ HPHONHGHWW V]µQRNODWUD 5HPHN¾O V]µUDNR]WDN «V PLQ«O
MREEDQ PHJLVPHUWH D I«UILW DQQ£O W¸N«OHWHVHEEQHN O£WWD $ WHOMHV QHYH
6HEDVWLDQ$OR\VLXV*LOODPLYLFFHVGHK£WDP£VRGLNQHY«UÿOVHQNLVHP
WHKHW 1\ROFYDQK«W «YHV GH YDODPL DGPLQLV]WU£FLµV KLED IRO\W£Q D
MRJRV¯WY£Q\D V]HULQW KDUPLQFNHWWÿ .LQJVWRQ $VKEHQ ODNLN I«O¼WRQ
&KHOWHQKDP «V 7HWEXU\ N¸]¸WW «V V]LQW«Q HOY£OW V DPL D Iÿ YDQ HJ\
Q\ROF«YHV NLVO£Q\D 0D\D DPL D]W MHOHQWL KRJ\ YDQ WDSDV]WDODWD
J\HUHNHNNHO«V NHY«VE«YDOµV]¯QěKRJ\RO\DQEDNO¸Y«VHNHWN¸YHVVHQHO
YHO¾NV]HPEHQPLQWHJ\HVHN
1D Mµ /RWWLH HJ\ NLFVLW WDO£Q P£U HO«EH Y£JRWW D] HVHP«Q\HNQHN
DPLNRUHON«S]HOWHPLQGDQQ\LXNDWLGLOOLHQSLNQLNH]QLDWµSDUWRQ&VDN¸W
µU£MDLVPHUL6HEHW'HQDJ\RQ¯J«UHWHVNH]GHWYROW
ȟ 6HJ¯WVHN GU£JD" ȟ $ WD[LV FLJDUHWW£UD J\¼MWRWW PLN¸]EHQ /RWWLH
HOÿP£V]RWW D K£WVµ ¾O«VUÿO «V V]HUHQFV«WOHQNHGQL NH]GHWW D] DMWµQ£O ȟ
%L]WRVH]DPDJDK£]D"
(QQ\LUHURVV]XOQ«]QHNL"
ȟ 6HPPL EDM PLQGHQ RN« ȟ NRWRU£V]RWW /RWWLH D W£VN£M£EDQ ȟ &VDN
NHUHVHPDȪ-DM
ȟ5¼]VRGDW"(OHI£QWRGDW"3LV]WRO\RGDW"ȟWDO£OJDWRWWVHJ¯WÿN«V]HQ6HE
ȟ6HJ¯WVP£UK£Q\V]µWDJEµO£OO
ȟ $ URKDGW NXOFVRPDW NHUHVHP ȟ MDMGXOW IHO /RWWLH D]W£Q OHW«UGHOW «V
YDNRQWDSRJDWµ]QLNH]GHWWDV¸W«WEHQ
ȟ5HPHNK£URPV]µWDJ0LQGLJH]DOHJQHKH]HEEȟ6HELVNLV]£OOW«V
OHW«UGHOWPHOO«ȟ+ROHMWHWWHGHO"
ȟ +D WXGQ£P DNNRU PHJ LV WDO£OQ£P QHP JRQGRORG" ȟ /RWWLH
NXQFRJQLNH]GHWWDPLNRU 6HEDERN£M£KR]«UWȟ$NXOFVWDUWµEHOHDNDGW
YDODPLEHDW£VN£PEDQ«VDPLNRUNLU£QWRWWDPHOUHS¾OWD]HJ«V]
ȟ-DMH]WDQQ\LUDXW£ORPȟN¸]¸OWH6HE
ȟ2N«NRQFHQWU£OMXQN(]PRVWIRQWRV/HKHWD]¼WRQLVYDJ\DM£UG£Q
YDJ\DNHUWEHQYDJ\ȪDN£UKRO
ȟ +D HVHWOHJ EHFV¸QJHWQ«O ȟ SUµE£OW VHJ¯WHQL 6HE ȟ $] LQDV QHP
HQJHGQHEH"
ȟ 6DMQRV PD «SS V]DEDGQDSRV (J\ ]VHEO£PSD MREE OHQQH ȟ /RWWLH
¸VV]HUH]]HQW DPLNRU Y«OHWOHQ¾O FVLJ£ED Q\¼OW NHUHVJ«O«V N¸]EHQ ȟ $
NRQ\K£EDQYDQHJ\Ȫ
ȟ,O\HQHNH]HNDQ\DYDO\£VLQDVRNVRKDQLQFVHQHNRWWDPLNRUV]¾NV«J
YDQ U£MXN ȟ 6HE I¸OHJ\HQHVHGHWW «V RGDV]µOW D WD[LVQDN ȟ 0DJ£QDN
QLQFVY«OHWOHQ¾O"
ȟ,QDVRP"+£WD]QLQFVMµHPEHUȟYLJ\RURGRWWHODVRIÿU«VEHOHV]¯YRWW
DFLJDUHWW£M£EDȟ7¸EEYHO¾NDEDMPLQWDKDV]RQ
6HEDPHOO«KH]HPHOWHDNH]«W
ȟ2UV]£JRPDW2UV]£JRPDWHJ\]VHEO£PS£«UW
/RWWLH HNNRU IRMWRWWDQ IHOVLN¯WRWW «V PDMGQHP EHOHHVHWW D
FVDWRUQDQ\¯O£VED
ȟ 1D GH D] Q\LWMD D] DMWµW" 9DJ\ HVHWOHJ EH WXG FVXVV]DQQL DODWWD «V
NLQ\LWMD EHO¾OUÿO" $PL D]W LOOHWL QDJ\RQ MµO Q«]HO NL ¯J\ 1«J\N«]O£E ȟ
YLOODQWDNPHJ6HEIHK«UIRJDLDV¸W«WEHQȟ2O\DQYDJ\PLQWHJ\M£W«NRV
NXW\D
ȟ(]PLQGQDJ\RQ«UGHNHVȟ£V¯WRWWDVRIÿUȟGHH]]HOQHPNHU¾OW¾QN
N¸]HOHEEDNXOFVKR]LJD]DPYDQ"
ȟ $]«UW PHUW «MV]DND YDQ ȟ P«UWH Y«JLJ /RWWLH IHQVÿV«JHVHQ
NXW\DSµ]EµO D FVDWRUQD PHOOÿO ȟ V N«SWHOHQHN YDJ\XQN PHJWDO£OQL
PHUWQLQFVHJ\URKDGW]VHEO£PS£QN
$WD[LVIHOVµKDMWRWW«VU¾NYHUFEHNDSFVROW
ȟ 9LJ\£]]DQDN QHKRJ\ HO¾VVHP PDJXNDW 7RODWRN «V RGDLU£Q\¯WRP D
I«Q\V]µUµW
ȟ 0LFVRGD UHPHN ¸WOHW ȟ EµORJDWRWW HOLVPHUÿHQ /RWWLH ȟ ,JD]£Q
UHPHN0L«UWLVQHPMXWRWWHV]¾QNEH"
ȟ0HUWU«V]HJHNPLQWD]DWRPȟGREWDNLDFVLNNHWD]DEODNRQDVRIÿU
ȟ 0RVW SHGLJ HO D] ¼WEµO V P«J PLQGLJ NHW\HJ D] µU£P ȟ WHWWH KR]]£
PDQÿYHUH]«VN¸]EHQȟJ\KRJ\UHP«OHPNLWXGM£NIL]HWQL
3HUV]HWHOMHVHQQ\LOY£QYDOµYROWKRJ\DPLNRUDWD[LY«JUHDPHJIHOHOÿ
LU£Q\ED IRUGXOW «V PHJYLO£J¯WRWWD /RWWLH HOÿNHUWM«W HJ\ P£VLN NRFVL M¸WW
DUUD «V QHP I«UW HO /RWWLH PLN¸]EHQ Q«J\N«]O£E NHUHVJ«OW «V
IRK£V]NRGRWW KRJ\ D NXOFV QH D FVDWRUQ£EDQ OHJ\HQ KDOORWWD KRJ\ D
P£VLNNRFVLOHI«NH]«VDWD[LVRGDNLDE£OQHNLYDODPLW
ȟ %RFV KDYHU D] XWDVDLP HOYHV]WHWW«N D JRO\µLNDW (J\ SLOODQDWLJ
Y£UMRQMµ"
ȟ.HWWÿYHOW¸EEI«Q\V]µUµȟ¸UYHQGH]HWW6HEȟ5HPHN
(NNRULVPHUÿVKDQJ¾W¸WWHPHJ/RWWLHI¾O«WPLUHIHONDSWDDIHM«W«VD
KLUWHOHQPR]GXODWEDEHOHV]«G¾OW
ȟ0LWYHV]WHWWHNHO"
/RWWLH PHJGHUPHGW PLQW Q\¼O DȪ I«Q\V]µUµN HOÿWW $]W£Q GDFRVDQ
N¸]¸OWH
ȟ $ VRIÿU¾QN FVDN YLFFHOW $ NXOFVRPDW YHV]WHWWHP HO 'H WHOMHVHQȪ
XUDLYDJ\XQNDKHO\]HWQHN
ȟ (]W ¸U¸PPHO KDOORP ȟ PRQGWD 7\OHU ȟ 0HOOHVOHJ YDQ HJ\ FVLJD D
UXK£GRQ
/RWWLHIRMWRWWDQIHOVLNROWRWW«VOHV¸S¸UWHPDJ£UµODQ\£ON£V£OODWRWDPL
S¸U¸JYHUHS¾OWDERNURNN¸]«(OYDN¯WRWW£NDI«Q\HN$V]HPHHO«WDUWRWWD
DNH]«W
ȟ$]«UWP«JVHJ¯WKHWQ«OȟV]µOWLQJHU¾OWHQȟ0HUWWHOMHVP«UW«NEHQD
WHKLE£GKRJ\QHPWXGRNEHMXWQLDVDM£WK£]DPED
7\OHUIHOYRQWDDV]HP¸OG¸N«W
ȟ'HȪPL«UWLV"
ȟ0HUWKRVV]¼«YHNLJWHOMHVHQMµOHOYROWDP¼J\KRJ\DSµWNXOFVRWWYROW
D PXVN£WOL FVHUHSH DODWW D EHM£UDWQ£O $P¯J WH IHO QHP EXNNDQW£O ȟ
PXWDWRWW Y£GOµQ D I«UILUD /RWWLH ȟ «V D]W QHP PRQGWDG KRJ\ H]
QHYHWV«JHV «V H]]HO D] HUÿYHO PHJK¯YµW LV N¾OGKHWQ«N D EHW¸UÿNQHN
J\KRJ\HOUDNWDPP£VKRY£DNRQ\K£EDD]HYÿHV]N¸]¸VILµNEDDPLPHJ
V]HULQWHPQHYHWV«JHV«VH]«UWPRQGRPD]WKRJ\Ȫ
ȟ0HJYDQȟULNNDQWRWWIHO6HE
ȟ7«Q\OHJ"
/RWWLHWRY£EEUDLVQ«J\N«]O£EPHJN¸QQ\HEE¾OWHQIRUGXOWK£WUD
6HEHOYLJ\RURGRWW
ȟ1HP&VDNYLFFHOWHP
ȟ6]ě]DQ\£P
ȟ'HD]«UWHJ\SLOODQDWLJMREEDQ«UH]WHGPDJDGLJD]"
ȟ &VDNKRJ\ PRVW PHJ URVV]DEEXO «U]HP ȟ MDMGXOW IHO /RWWLH ȟ V
V]HUHWQ«N Y«JUH OHIHN¾GQL FVDN «SS VHQNL QHP VHJ¯W PHJWDO£OQL D]W D
URKDGWNXOFVRW
ȟ 1DJ\RQ MµO £OO QHNHG DPLNRU P«UJHV YDJ\ ȟ .RFVLDMWµ Q\¯OW «V
FVXNµGRWW «V 6HE V]HPEHIRUGXOW 7\OHUUHO ȟ 0DJD V]HULQW LV MµO Q«] NL
DKRJ\DQ D] DUF£ED KXOOLN D KDMD «V YLOORJ D V]HPH" 0LQW HJ\ LGHJHV
VSULQJHUVS£QLHO
7\OHU N¾O¸Q¸V SLOODQW£VW YHWHWW U£ /RWWLH ¼J\ G¸QW¸WW HOHJH YDQ D
NXW\DKDVRQODWEµO 9LJ\£]RWW KRJ\ QH YHV]¯WVH HO D] HJ\HQV¼O\£W
PLN¸]EHQ SUµE£OW IHO£OOQL «VȪ KRSS£ P«JLV PHJELOOHQW SS FVDN HJ\
SLOODQDWUD 1D Mµ W£PDV]NRGMXQN D IDOQDN «V OHJ\¾QN OD]£N 3UµE£OMXQN
Mµ]DQQDN WěQQL 7«Q\OHJ ¼J\ Q«] NL PLQW HJ\ VSULQJHU VS£QLHO" $P¼J\
PHJPLWNHUHVLWW7\OHUD]«MV]DNDN¸]HS«Q"1DJ\RQN«VÿUHM£U
ȟ2N«ȟ7\OHUDM£UG£Q£OOWFV¯SÿUHWHWWN«]]HOȟ+DQHPWXGRGKRYD
HMWHWWHG D NXOFVRGDW P£USHGLJ QHP WXGRG ȟ MHJ\H]WH PHJ SLN¯UWHQ ȟ
DNNRU MREE OHV] KD NLY£URG D UHJJHOW (QJHGG HO D EDU£WRGDW D WD[LM£YDO
$OKDWV]Q£ODP«VUHJJHOPHJNHUHVV¾NDNXOFVRW0LWV]µOV]KR]]£"
/RWWLH HOIRMWRWW HJ\ NDFDMW +RJ\ PLW V]µO" $]W KRJ\ 7\OHU O£WKDWµDQ
QHP DNDUMD KRJ\ 6HE D NHOOHW«Q«O DN£U HJ\ SLOODQDWWDO LV KRVV]DEEDQ
WDUWµ]NRGMRQDK£]DHOÿWW
6HE DNL KDVRQOµ N¸YHWNH]WHW«VUH MXWRWW GHUěVHQ V]HP¾J\UH YHWWH
7\OHUW
ȟ0DJDDI«UMH"
ȟ$IÿQ¸N¸P
/RWWLHDUUDJRQGROWKRJ\DPLNRU7\OHUIHODM£QORWWDDK£]£WD]HVHWOHJD
PXQNDNDSFVRODWQ£OW¸EEHWVXJDOOKDW
ȟ $ ]V«PEHV DODN DNL PLQGLJ HO«JHGHWOHQ D PXQN£GGDO" $NLW NL QHP
£OOKDWV]"
ȟ &VDN YLFFHO ȟ PRQGWD J\RUVDQ /RWWLH ȟ 6HPPL LO\HVPLW QHP
PRQGWDP
9«J¾OIHV]¾OÿKµO\DJMDKR]WDPHJDG¸QW«VWKHO\HWWH*\RUVDQHON¾OGWH
6HEHW D WD[LYDO D]]DO D PHJQ\XJWDWµ WXGDWWDO KRJ\ PRVW P£U
N¸OFV¸Q¸VHQEH¯UW£NHJ\P£VV]£P£WDWHOHIRQMXNED(J\NLVV]HUHQFV«YHO
WDO£QP«JQHPYROWDNDQQ\LUDU«V]HJHNKRJ\DVDM£WV]£PXNDW¯UM£NEHD
VDM£WN«V]¾O«N¾NEHȟD]D]W£QYLFFHVOHQQH
ȟ %RU]DOPDVDQ P£VQDSRV OHV]HO ȟ MHJ\H]WH PHJ 7\OHU PLN¸]EHQ
EHVHJ¯WHWWHDNRFVLM£ED/RWWLHW
ȟ .¸V] D ILJ\HOPH]WHW«VW 0DJDPWµO QHP MXWRWW YROQD HV]HPEH -µO
«UH]W¾NPDJXQNDWȟ/RWWLHHJ\GDUDELJKL£EDYDOµDQN¾]G¸WWDEL]WRQV£JL
¸YYHOD]W£QIHODGWD«VKDJ\WDKRJ\DI«UILVHJ¯WVHQQHNL0LQWKDPHJLQW
KDW«YHVYROQDȟ8J\HV]DEDGMµO«UH]QHPPDJDP"
ȟ$PHQQ\LUHFVDNDNDURGQQHPIRJRPD]XWDGDW£OOQL
/RWWLHHOPRVRO\RGRWWDV¸W«WEHQ
ȟ%L]WRVYDJ\EHQQH"
ȟ 7XGRG KRJ\ JRQGRORP 1\LOY£Q MREEDQ V]HUHWQ«P KD QHP £OOQ£O
¸VV]HYDODPLNRPSOHWWLGLµW£YDO
7\OHUKDQJMDHO£UXOWDKRJ\6HEUÿOSRQWRVDQH]DY«OHP«Q\H
ȟ Q NHGYHOHP 1H URQWVG HO D EXOLPDW ȟ /RWWLHYDO PHJLQW IRURJQL
NH]GHWWDYLO£JDPLNRU7\OHUEHYHWWHDNRFVPDP¸J¸WWL«OHVNDQ\DUWȟV
WHKROYROW£OLO\HQN«VÿQKDP£ULWWWDUWXQN"7DO£QFVDNQHPO£Q\RNXW£Q
NXMWRURJW£O"
ȟ $QGHUVVRQ«N Q\ROFNRU FVHNNROWDN NL KRJ\ YLVV]DUHS¾OMHQHN
6WRFNKROPED V W¯]NRU N«WV«JEHHVHWWHQ K¯YWDN +HDWKURZUµO ȟ IHOHOWH
7\OHUȟ2WWKDJ\W£ND]¼WOHYHOHLNHWDNRQ\K£EDQDNHNV]HVGRER]EDQ
/RWWLH WLWRNEDQ ¸U¾OW KRJ\ 7\OHU QHP FVDMR]QL YROW GH FVDN DQQ\LW
PRQGRWW
ȟVWHXW£QXNYLWWHG0LO\QHPHVFVHOHNHGHW
ȟ 0LQGHQW D YHYÿ«UW 1DJ\RQ K£O£VDN YROWDN ȟ 7\OHU HJ\ LGHLJ
KDOOJDWRWWȟ1DW«V5XE\KROYDQ"
ȟ 0DULµQ£O ȟ /RWWLHQDN FVDN D WRDOHWW M£UW D] HV]«EHQ ȟ 1HP
WXGKDWM£NPHJKRJ\Q£ODGDOV]RP.LDNDGQ£QDN
ȟ 6]HUHQFV«UH QLQFVHQHN EHV]«Oÿ YLV]RQ\EDQ YHOHP ȟ MHJ\H]WH PHJ
N¸QQ\HG«Q7\OHUȟJ\KRJ\WÿOHPQHPIRJM£NKDOODQL
0£U PDMGQHP RGD«UWHN $ NHVNHQ\ WµSDUWL ¼WRQ JXUXOWDN DPL D )R[
&RWWDJHKR]YH]HWHWW-µKHSHKXS£VYROW/RWWLHKÿVLHVHQSUµE£OWDWDUWDQL
PDJ£W
ȟ (J\¾WW LV DOKDWQ£QN «V QHP WXGQ£N PHJ )XUD PL" 'H V]HULQWHP
QHPN«QH1HPOHQQHWLV]WHVV«JHV6HPDJXQNNDOVHYHO¾NV]HPEHQ
$ PLQGHQLW H]W PHJ KRQQDQ V]HGWH" 6]LQWH JRQGRONRG£V Q«ON¾O
PRQGWD NL 7LV]WHVV«JWHOHQ GRORJ DN£U FVDN JRQGROQL LV DUUD KRJ\
OHIHN¾GM¸Q 7\OHUUHO" 3HGLJ P«J PLQGLJ RWW YROW N¸]¸WW¾N D] D N¯Q]µ
EHIHMH]HWOHQȪYDODPL «V 6HE P«J QLQFV M£W«NEDQ HOY«JUH FVDN PD HVWH
LVPHUWHPHJ
ȟ9DODKRJ\¼J\ȟEµOLQWRWW7\OHUȟ9DODPLQWD]D]HOYHP«VSUµE£ORP
LV WDUWDQL PDJDP KR]]£ KRJ\ QHP IHNWHWHN OH RO\DQ QÿNHW DNLN VRNDW
LWWDN
ȟ 1HP" ȟ N«UGH]WH Y«GHNH]ÿQ /RWWLH ȟ 0HUW P£VQDS «EUHG«VNRU
PHJE£QKDWM£NDPLWWHWWHN")«OV]KRJ\EHSHUHOQHN"
ȟ&VHSSHWVHPȟ7\OHUD)R[&RWWDJHHO«NDQ\DURGRWWȟ,QN£EEDWWµO
WDUWRNKRJ\KRUNROQLIRJQDN
0LFVRGD SLPDV]V£J 0LQWKD ÿ YDODKD LV LO\HQ ¼ULQÿK¸] P«OWDWODQ
GROJRWWHQQH/RWWLHDV¾UJHWÿV]¾NV«JWÿOYH]«UHOYHNLSDWWDQWDNRFVLEµO
«VHJ\LNO£E£UµODP£VLNUD£OOYDSUµE£OWDNLQ\LWQLDEHM£UDWLDMWµW
ȟ(]WGLUHNWFVLQ£ORG"
7\OHUPHJOHSHWWHQ£OOWPHJ
ȟ0LWFVLQ£ORNGLUHNW"
ȟ$]WKRJ\LO\HQODVV¼YDJ\
ȟ-DKRJ\D]WȟYLJ\RURGRWWHODI«UILȟ3HUV]H
ȟ8W£OODN
/RWWLH NLNDSWD D NH]«EÿO D NXOFVRW «V YDGXO QHNLHVHWW D ]£UQDN $
WL]HGLNSUµE£ONR]£VUDY«JUHVLNHUUHOM£UW%HO¸NWHD]DMWµW«VIHOURKDQWD]
HPHOHWUHDY«F«EH
PLFVRGD £OGRWW PHJN¸QQ\HEE¾O«VȪ 0RVW P£U N«SHV YROW P£VUD LV
ILJ\HOQLD]RQN¯Y¾OKRJ\N«WV«JEHHVHWWHQ¸VV]HK¼]YDWDUWVDDPHJIHOHOÿ
L]PDLW
+DMQDOLNHWWÿUHM£U«VÿLWWYDQ7\OHUK£]£EDQ-µHJ\NLFVLWWDO£QLYRWW
GH H] QHP D] ÿ KLE£MD /RWWLH PHJPRVWD D NH]«W «V V]HP¾J\UH YHWWH D]
DUF£W D PRVGµ IHOHWWL W¾N¸UEHQ 0L«UW QHP DNDU 7\OHU OHIHN¾GQL YHOH"
+LV]HQ UHPHN¾O Q«] NL %£UPHO\LN QRUP£OLV I«UIL NLKDV]Q£OQ£ D
OHKHWÿV«JHW0«JKDÿD]WPRQGWDLVKRJ\H]QHPOHQQHMµ¸WOHWD]DGRWW
N¸U¾OP«Q\HN N¸]¸WW 0RVW KRJ\ LWW YROWDN NHWWHVEHQ HJ\V]HUUH
«UWHOPHWOHQQHNWěQWKRJ\QHPKDV]Q£OM£NNLD]DONDOPDW
'HPLH]DPHQQ\HLLOODW"
%DFRQ
+DUPLQFKHWHGLNIHMH]HW
ȟQQHPKRUNRORNȟMHOHQWHWWHNL/RWWLHDNRQ\KDDMWµEDQ
7\OHUK£WWDO£OOWQHNL$PLNRUPHJIRUGXOW/RWWLHK£WUDGREWDDKDM£W«V
DOHJFV£ERVDEE/DXUHQ%DFDOOPRVRO\£WYLOODQWRWWDDI«UILUD
ȟ7HVV«N"
ȟ1HPKRUNRORN0HJ¯J«UHP$¼¼¼¼
$ URPDQWLNXV SLOODQDWRW Q«PLOHJ £UQ\DOWD KRJ\ D NRQ\KDDMWµ
YDODPLN«SSHQEHFVXNµGRWW/RWWLHP¸J¸WW«VEHFV¯SWHDNH]«W
ȟ1RVH]W¸U¸PPHOKDOORP
7\OHU ¾J\HVHQ PHJIRUG¯WRWWD D VLVWHUJÿ V]DORQQDFV¯NRNDW D
VHUSHQ\ÿEHQ(JHNPLFVRGDDONDUMDYDQȪ
ȟ Q SHGLJ PHJJRQGROWDP PDJDP D PD «MV]DN£YDO NDSFVRODWEDQ ȟ
IRO\WDWWD /RWWLH «V IHOV]DEDGXOWDQ V]RSRJDWWD EHFV¯SHWW I£Mµ XMMDLW ȟ
/HKHWKRJ\H]D]HJ\HWOHQHV«O\¾QN6]HULQWHPQHKDJ\MXNNL
ȟ.RPRO\DQ"
ȟ .£U OHQQH «UWH (OY«JUH PLQGNHWWHQ WXGMXN KRJ\ PLW DNDUXQN QHP
LJD]"
ȟ+£WL]«Ȫ
ȟ1HWHJ\«O¼J\PLQWKDWHQHPDNDUQ£GȟW£UWDV]«WDNH]«W/RWWLHȟ
$NNRUPL«UWQH"
7\OHUHOJRQGRONRGRWW
ȟ 0HUW U«V]HJ YDJ\ «V MREE V]HUHWQ«P KD Mµ]DQ OHQQ«O" ȟ PRQGWD
D]W£Q
ȟ%RFVȟP«OWDWODQNRGRWW/RWWLHȟ(]HJ\NLFVLWI£MW$UUDF«O]ROKRJ\
U«V]HJHQ QHP FVLQ£ORP MµO" 0HUW V]¯YHVHQ PHJPXWDWRP KRJ\ HJ\N«W
LWDOXW£QLV«SSHQRO\DQIDQWDV]WLNXVYDJ\RND]£J\EDQPLQWV]¯QMµ]DQXO
ȟ'HȪ
ȟ (] ¯J\ LJD] ȟ NL£OWRWW IHO /RWWLH PHUW «UH]WH KRJ\ QHP VLNHU¾OW
WHOMHVHQ PHJJ\ÿ]QLH 7\OHUW ȟ 1\XJRGWDQ PHJN«UGH]KHWHG 0DULµW
3HUV]HQHPPRVW0DMGKROQDS.¾O¸QEHQ«QURSRJµVDQV]HUHWHP
(UUHIHOILJ\HOWDI«UIL0HJ£OOWDNH]«EHQDODS£W
ȟ7HVV«N"
ȟ $ EDFRQW ȟ ELFFHQWHWW /RWWLH D VHUSHQ\ÿ IHO« DPHO\EHQ ¸W
V]DORQQDV]HOHWV¾OWȟ5RSRJµVDQV]HUHWHP.HWWÿOHV]DWL«G«VK£URPD]
HQ\«P"
ȟWD]HQ\«PȟIHOHOWH7\OHUODVVDQȟ7H«WWHUHPPHJQ\LWµQYROW£OD]
HVWHYDJ\QHP"
ȟ'HQHPHWW¾QN.RU£EEDQHONHOOHWWPHQQ¾QN2WWWDO£ONR]WDP¸VV]H
6HEEHOȟUDJ\RJRWWIHO/RWWLHȟ1DJ\RQFVXNORWW«VPXV]£MYROWYDODPLW
FVLQ£OQRP D]W£Q IHOWDO£OWXN D]W D ]VHQL£OLV GL«W£W DPLYHO PLOOLµNDW
NHUHV¾QNPDMGȪ0LQGHJ\KRVV]¼W¸UW«QHWȟ/RWWLHOHONHVHG«VHHOOHQ«UH
7\OHUQHPOHWWNHGYHVHEEDO£Q\UHP«OWHKRJ\QHP¸Q]ÿ«VQHPDNDUMD
PDMGNLV]¼UQLDV]HP«WURQJ\RVN«WV]HOHWEDFRQQHOȟ+£WH]«UWYDJ\RN
«KHV 6ÿW IDUNDV«KHV ȟ 2GDVDVV]«]RWW 7\OHUKH] «V £WIRJWD D GHUHN£W ȟ
0£USHGLJ V]¾NV«J¾QN OHV] D] HQHUJL£UD QHP LJD]" ȟ E¼JWD ȟ +PP"
1HPDNDURNJ\HQJH«V«KHVOHQQLKRJ\Ȫ
ȟ /RWWLH ȟ IRUGXOW K£WUD 7\OHU PLN¸]EHQ /RWWLH FVµNROJDWQL NH]GWH D
ODSRFN£M£W .LERQWDNR]RWW D O£Q\ NDUMDL N¸]¾O «V P«O\HQ D V]HP«EH
Q«]HWW ȟ 1HP WXGRN Iÿ]QL KD HOYRQRG D ILJ\HOPHPHW 7HOMHVHQ LJD]DG
YDQPLQGNHWWÿQNUHU£I«UHJ\UHQGHVHY«V0HQM£WDQDSSDOLEDKHO\H]G
PDJDGN«Q\HOHPEH«VKDN«V]DNDMDEHYLV]HP0LWV]µOV]KR]]£"
ȟ5HPHN¾OKDQJ]LNȟYLJ\RUJRWW/RWWLHPHUW7\OHUQHNLJD]DYROWH]D
W¸N«OHWHV PHJROG£V ȟ .DSKDWRN EXQG£V NHQ\HUHW PHJ JRPE£W «V
SDUDGLFVRPRWLV"
ȟ0LQGHQWȟ¯J«UWH7\OHU
)HONXQNRURGµ V]£MD V]«OH W¼O VRN YROW /RWWLHQDN QHP E¯UW HOOHQ£OOQL
/£EXMMKHJ\UH HPHONHGHWW «V PHJFVµNROWD D I«UILW &VDNLV D] ÿ KLE£MD
KRJ\LO\HQFXNLV]£MDYDQ
ȟ)DQWDV]WLNXVYDJ\ȟVLPRJDWWDPHJ/RWWLH7\OHUNLVV«ERURVW£VDUF£W
ȟ 5HPHN¾O IRJMXN «UH]QL PDJXQNDW 6RVHP IRJMXN HOIHOHMWHQL D PDL
«MV]DN£W
ȟ $] EL]WRV ȟ KHO\HVHOW 7\OHU P«J PLQGLJ PRVRO\RJYD PLN¸]EHQ
HOWROWD PDJ£WµO ȟ 0RVW SHGLJ HO LQQHQ 0LQ«O KDPDUDEE DEEDKDJ\RG D
PROHV]W£O£VRPDWDQQ£OKDPDUDEEOHV]N«V]D]HQQLYDOµ
V DQQ£O KDPDUDEE PHJNDSRP D]W D FVRG£ODWRV WHVWHGHW JRQGROWD
/RWWLH ¸U¸PPHO PLNRU Y«JUH VLNHU¾OW PHJWDO£OQLD D NRQ\KDDMWµW «V
FV£ERV PR]GXODWWDO RGDLQWHWW 7\OHUQHN 7\OHU HOYLJ\RURGRWW «V
YLVV]DLQWHWW
2N«V]µYDODNNRUDQDSSDOL
.DQDS«
9DODPLURPDQWLNXV]HQHLJHQ$]NHOO/RWWLHHOÿYHWWHDPRELOM£W«V
PHJNHUHVWHDNHGYHQF$OLFLD.H\VV]£P£W
,JHQ 7¸N«OHWHV /RWWLH NLE¼MW D FLSÿM«EÿO FV£ERVDQ HOUHQGH]JHWWH
PDJ£W D E£UVRQ\S£UQ£NRQ «V OHVLP¯WRWWD D V]RNQ\£M£W 1D Mµ QHP
WHOMHVHQVLP¯WRWWDOHHJ\NLVIHOJ\ěUÿG«V PDUDGKDW+D7\OHUEHQ\LW HJ\
HOHJ£QVOD]D«VHOOHQ£OOKDWDWODQQÿWIRJPHJSLOODQWDQLȪ
ȟ/RWWLH
ȟ5DJWDSDV]
ȟ/RWWLH«EUHGM
9DODNLU£]WD1\LOY£QXJ\DQD]DNL¸VV]HUDJDV]Wµ]WDDV]HP«W$KRJ\D
U£]£V HUÿV¸G¸WW /RWWLH D] ROGDO£UD IRUGXOW D]W£Q IHOQ\¸J¸WW DPLNRU
YDODPL D IHM«EHQ JXUXOQL NH]GHWW «V NRSRQ\£MD IDO£KR] ¾WÿG¸WW +RSS£
$]DJ\D
/DVVDQNLQ\LWRWWDDV]HP«W$XQDSI«Q\
V7\OHU9LJ\RURJYD
ȟ1HPYDJ\«SSHQD]DSDFVLUWDW¯SXV
7HMµ«J5REEDQ£VV]HUěHQW«UWHNYLVV]DD]HVWHHPO«NHL/RWWLHE£UPLW
PHJDGRWW YROQD D]«UW KRJ\ D WDNDUµ DO£ GXJKDVVD D IHM«W KD OHWW YROQD
'HQHPYROW7\OHURWWKDJ\WDDNDQDS«QHJ«V]«MV]DN£UDHJ\GDUDEURQJ\
Q«ON¾O
ȟ0HQQ\LD]LGÿ"
ȟ1\ROF,GHMHIHONHOQL
/£WV]RWWUDMWDKRJ\V]LNU£Q\LHJ\¾WW«U]«VVLQFVEHQQH'HH]«UWDOLJKD
OHKHW KLE£]WDWQL /RWWLH HON«S]HOWH DPLQW J¸UQ\HGH]LN D Wě]KHO\ IHOHWW
KRJ\ D]W£Q GLDGDOPDVDQ EHYRQXOMRQ D QDSSDOLED HJ\ UDN£V EDFRQQDO
NROE£VV]DOEXQG£VNHQ\«UUHO«VJRPE£YDO«V«GHVGHGHQDOXGYDWDO£OMDD
NDQDS«Q
1HPEHV]«OYHDP£VLN¯J«UHWUÿO
$] WXWL KRJ\ DUUµO MREE QHP LV EHV]«OQL 1HP FVRGD KRJ\ QHP W¼O
HJ\¾WW«U]ÿH]HQDV]«SQDSI«Q\HVUHJJHOHQ
0£USHGLJQDSI«Q\EHQW«Q\OHJQLQFVKL£Q\
ȟ (J\ NLFVLWȪ I£M D IHMHP ȟ /RWWLH HO£UQ\«NROWD D V]HP«W ȟ 1LQFV
Y«OHWOHQ¾OHJ\DV]SLULQHG"
ȟ %RFV GH QLQFV ȟ 7\OHU ILNDUFQ\LW VHP VDMQ£OWD ȟ 0DMG N«VÿEE
KR]KDWRNQHNHGDSDWLN£EµO'HPLYDQDUDJWDSDVV]DO"
ȟ7HVV«N"
ȟ$PLNRUI¸ONHOWHWWHOHND]WPRQGWDGKRJ\UDJWDSDV]
ȟ -D ȟ /RWWLH PRVW P£U HPO«NH]HWW ȟ OPRGWDP )HOERQWRWWDP HJ\
EDQ£QW DPLW QHP NHOOHWW YROQD «V SUµE£OWDP YLVV]DFVXNQL $]W£Q
HOIRJ\RWWDFHOOX[«VȪ
ȟ+PȟYRQWDIHODV]HP¸OG¸N«W7\OHU
/RWWLHP«O\HQHOSLUXOW
ȟ 2N« IHONHOHN V QDJ\RQ VDMQ£ORP KRJ\ HODOXGWDP PLN¸]EHQ WH
QHNHPIÿ]W«O+DQHPGREWDGNLDNNRUV]¯YHVHQPHJHV]HPPRVW
ȟ(]NRPRO\"ȟFVLOODQWPHJKLWHWOHQNHGYHDV]¾UNHV]HPS£U
ȟ+£WSHUV]HKHQKDORN
(]SHUYHU]GRORJYROWGHLJD]/RWWLHQDNDOHJFV¼Q\£EEP£VQDSRVV£J
N¸]HSHWWHLVRO\DQ«WY£J\DYROWPLQWHJ\ODEUDGRUN¸O\¸NQHN
ȟ J\ «UWHP NRPRO\DQ D]W KLWWHG KRJ\ QHNL£OORN Iÿ]QL D] «MV]DND
N¸]HS«Q"
ȟ+£WQHP£OOW£OQHNL"
ȟ $PLNRU SRQWRVDQ WXGWDP KRJ\ KRUW\RJQL IRJV] PLQW HJ\ PHGYH
DPLQW OHIHNV]HO" ȟ 7\OHU «OYH]WH D O£Q\ DUFNLIHMH]«V«W ȟ 0DJDPQDN
FVLQ£OWDP HJ\ EDFRQRV V]HQGYLFVHW )LQRP YROW W V]HOHW EDFRQ FVDN
QHNHPVWXGRGPLW"6]XSHUURSRJµVDNYROWDN
ȟ $NNRU K£W QHP YROW£O LGHJHV DPL«UW HODOXGWDP PLHOÿWWȪ ȟ /RWWLH
N«SWHOHQYROWNLPRQGDQLDW¸EELW
ȟ ,GHJHV" 9LFFHOV]" /£WWDG YROQD PDJDG $] LJD]DW PHJYDOOYD
V]£P¯WRWWDPU£
ȟ
ȟ$]HJ\«MV]DN£VNDODQGQHPD]«QPěIDMRPȟIRO\WDWWD7\OHU
ȟUWHP
/RWWLH NLFVLQHN «V N¸QQ\HQ NDSKDWµQDN «UH]WH PDJ£W 7HJQDS «MV]DND
J\DNRUODWLODJ NLMHOHQWHWWH KRJ\ OH IRJQDN IHN¾GQL HJ\P£VVDO DEEDQ D
WXGDWEDQKRJ\7\OHULVH]WDNDUMD
ȟ)ÿOHJDPLNRUHJ\¾WWNHOOGROJR]QRPYDODNLYHO
ȟ3HUV]H%RFV
0RVW PHJWXGWD PLO\HQ «U]«V OHKHW ¼WV]«OL QÿQHN OHQQL 3HGLJ QHP LV
YROWDN¸UQ\«NHQ¼W
ȟ1HV]DEDGNR]]ȟPRQGWD7\OHUȟ(OIHOHMWM¾ND]HJ«V]HWMµ"
+£WLJHQ(]WLSLNXVDQRO\DQ
ȟ &VLQ£ORN J\RUVDQ HJ\ WH£W ȟ LQGXOW D] DMWµ IHO« 7\OHU ȟ 1\XJRGWDQ
KDV]Q£OGDI¾UGÿV]RE£W9DQ¼MIRJNHIHLVDPRVGµPHOOHWWLSROFRQ
$] ¼M IRJNHIH Q\LOY£Q D]RNQDN D YHQG«JHNQHN YDQ NLN«V]¯WYH DNLN W¼O
U«V]HJHNDKKR]KRJ\KD]DMXVVDQDN«MV]DND/RWWLHIHOW£S£V]NRGRWW
ȟ7«Q\OHJKRUNROWDPPLQWHJ\PHGYH"
7\OHUNRPRO\DQPHUHGWU£Q«K£Q\SLOODQDWLJ
ȟ(]RO\DVPLDPL¸U¸NUHD]«QWLWNRPPDUDGȟY£ODV]ROWDY«J¾Oȟ0HJ
DEDFRQ¸VV]HQGYLFVHP«
+D7\OHUDODFVRQ\¸V]W¸Y«UILFNµOHWWYROQDDNNRUN¸OFV¸QDGKDWRWWYROQD
/RWWLHQDN HJ\ LQJHW PHJ HJ\ IDUPHUW 'H QHP D] YROW «V YDOµV]¯QěOHJ
DP¼J\VHDGRWWYROQDN¸OFV¸QVHPPLW
ȟ0RQGGSRQWRVDQKRO£OOW£ODPLNRUHOHMWHWWHG"ȟN«UGH]WH7\OHU
/RWWLHIHOVµKDMWRWW
ȟ 1HP HMWHWWHP HO $ NXOFVWDUWµ NDULN£MD EHOHDNDGW D VPLQNW£VN£P
FLS]£UM£ED «V DPLNRU HOÿV]HGWHP D W£VN£W D NXOFV SHGLJ OHUHS¾OW UµOD
0LQWKDNLOÿWWHPYROQD
ȟ 2N« ȟ 7\OHU V]£M£EµO H] ¼J\ KDQJ]RWW PLQWKD D]W PRQGWD YROQD
WLSLNXVRVWREDOLEDȟ*RQGRORPDGGLJNHOONHUHVJ«OQ¾QNDP¯JPHJQHP
WDO£OMXN
/RWWLH Y«JWHOHQ¾O QHYHWV«JHVQHN «UH]WH PDJ£W D FVLOORJµ DUDQ\IHNHWH
UXK£M£EDQ «V IHNHWH V]DW«Q WěVDUN¼M£EDQ PLN¸]EHQ KÿVLHVHQ N¾]G¸WW D
P£VQDSRVV£JJDO«VSUµE£OWDIHODGDWUDNRQFHQWU£OQL$P¯JEHQHPMXWD
K£]ED QHP WXG £W¸OW¸]QL 0L W¸EE KD PHJOHV] D NXOFVFVRPµ DNNRU
YLVV]D NHOO PHQQLH &KHOWHQKDPEH «V HOKR]QL D NRFVLM£W DPL MHOHQOHJ D
IL]HWÿV SDUNROµEDQ £OO SDUNROµMHJ\ Q«ON¾O +D XJ\DQ D]µWD HO QHP
V]£OO¯WRWW£N
7HJQDS «MMHO 6HEEHO «SS XJ\DQLWW D M£UG£Q NHUHVJ«OWHN Q«J\N«]O£E
DPLNRUEHIXWRWW7\OHU«VWRY£EEERQ\RO¯WRWWDDGROJRNDW
0RVWP«JHQQ«OLVN¯QRVDEEGRORJW¸UW«QW
(J\NRFVLODVV¯WRWWPHOOHWWH«VNLV]µOWHJ\KDQJ
ȟ 1H KDJ\G KRJ\ PHJV]¸NMHQHN D]RN D NLV KDQJ\£FVN£N .¯Q£OMDWRN
QHNLNS«Q]WDNNRUK£WKDPDUDGQDN«VDEDU£WDLWRNOHV]QHN
5HPHN /RWWLH OHQ\HOWH D FV¯SÿV YLVV]DY£J£VW I«OUHV¸S¸UWH D KDM£W D]
DUF£EµO«VOH¾OWV]DW«QFLSÿVVDUN£UD
ȟ $Q\X 7H PLW FVLQ£OV]" ȟ GXJWD NL D IHM«W 1DW D NRFVL DEODN£Q ȟ
7«Q\OHJKDQJ\£NDWNHUJHWV]"
ȟ+¾O\HYDJ\ȟIHGGWHPHJ 5XE\DK£WVµ¾O«VUÿO ȟ3HUV]HKRJ\QHP
$Q\DH]P«JD]DUXKDDPLWWHJQDSHVWHYHWW«OIHO"
0DULRHOYLJ\RURGRWW
ȟ-µN«UG«V0DJDPLVH]HQWěQÿGWHP
3RQW YROW «V D J\HUHNHN D] LVNRO£ED WDUWRWWDN PDNXO£WODQ N«N
V]¾UNHHJ\HQUXK£MXNEDQ
ȟ &VDN HOHMWHWWHP D NXOFVDLPDW ȟ IHOHOWH /RWWLH ȟ 0DMG N«VÿEE
EHV]«O¾QNMµ"1HKRJ\HON«VVHWHNDVXOLEµO
ȟQV]¯YHVHQHON«VQ«NȟIHOHOWH1DWY£J\DNR]YD
'H5XE\P£U¸VV]HV]ěN¾OWV]HPPHOPHUHGW7\OHUUH
ȟ þ PHJ PLW NHUHV LWW" V KRO D NRFVLG" ȟ $]W£Q PLQW HJ\ PLQLDWěU
IÿLQNYL]¯WRUMHJ\HVKDQJRQN«UGH]WHȟVKRODOXGW£OD]«MV]DND"
(JHN/RWWLH]DYDUWDQE¸NWHNL
ȟ+£WLWWKRQWHUP«V]HWHVHQ
ȟ$NNRUPL«UWYDQUDMWDGP«JPLQGLJH]DUXKD"
ȟ 0HUWȪ PHUW V]HUHWHP V WHJQDS DQQ\LDQ PHJGLFV«UW«N KRJ\
JRQGROWDPPDLVIHOYHV]HP
5XE\FV¾FV¸U¯WHWW
ȟ1D«VDNRFVLG"
(EEÿODJ\HUHNEÿOHJ\V]HUP«JUHWWHJHWW¾J\«V]OHV]
ȟ +£WȪ ȟ /RWWLH W¼O P£VQDSRV YROW DKKR] KRJ\ J\RUVDQ WXGMRQ
JRQGRONRGQLȟQȪ
ȟ/RWWLHQHP«U¾QNU£HJ«V]QDSȟV]µOWN¸]EH7\OHU$]W£QDJ\HUHNHN
IHO«IRUGXOWȟ$Q\£WRNLYRWWHJ\NLFVLWWHJQDSHVWHH]«UWKDJ\WDDNRFVLW
&KHOWHQKDPEHQ0DUHJJHOK¯YRWWIHOHQJHPKRJ\M¸MMHN«UWH«VYLJ\HP
HO D NRFVLM£KR] J\KRJ\ W¯] SHUFH «UWHP LGH «V DPLNRU M¸WW NLIHO«
YDODKROHOHMWHWWHDNXOFVDLW$PLD]WMHOHQWLKRJ\HOIRJXQNN«VQL
1DW «V 5XE\ QHP Q«]HWW 7\OHUUH ¼J\ WHWWHN PLQWKD D YLO£JRQ VHP
YROQD $QQ\LUD LJ\HNH]WHN WDJDGQL P«J D O«WH]«V«W LV KRJ\ PLQGHQIHO«
Q«]WHNFVDN«SSHQIHO«MHQHP
ȟ7HVV«NȟI¼MWDNLDOHYHJÿW/RWWLHPHJN¸QQ\HEE¾OYHȟ0RVW¸U¾OW¸N"
ȟ1HPLVWXGRPȟPRURJWDV¸W«WHQ5XE\DNRFVLK£WXOM£EDQȟ(]PRVW
D]LJD]V£JYDJ\HJ\¼MDEEµUL£VLQDJ\KD]XJV£J"
ȟ5XE\
ȟ 1HP D] RWW" ȟ 1DW NLKDMROW D] DEODNRQ «V HJ\ Uµ]VDERNRU IHO«
PXWDWRWWDK£]HOÿWW
/RWWLH N¸YHWWH D] LU£Q\PXWDW£VW «V O£WWD KRJ\ 1DWQHN LJD]D YDQ $
NXOFVRWWOµJRWWYLG£PDQFVLOORJYDDQDSI«Q\EHQD]HJ\LNDOVµ£JRQ
%H]]HJDYXUVWOLEDQVRVHPYROWN«SHVQ\HUQLDNDULNDGRE£O£VRQ
ȟ+£OȢLVWHQQHNȟ/RWWLHRGDURKDQWDERNRUKR]«VOHV]HGWHDNXOFVRW
1DWUHP«Q\NHGYHN«UGH]WH
ȟ.DSRN«UWHYDODPLW"
ȟ7DO£QPDMGN«VÿEE0RVWX]VJ\LD]LVNRO£ED1HNHPHONHOOPHQQHP
DNRFVLP«UWȟ*\RUVDQY«JLJFVµNROWDÿNHWD]W£QD]µU£M£UDPXWDWRWW«V
D]WPRQGWD0DULµQDNȟ0LVV%DWVRQNLEHOH]KDQLQFVHQHNEHQWLGÿUH
ȟ 0LVV %DWVRQ E¯U HQJHP ȟ PRQGWD YLGRUDQ P£UP£U ¸QHO«J¾OWHQ
0DULR ȟ 1DJ\UD WDUW .¾O¸QEHQ PDMG PHJPRQGRP QHNL KRJ\ EH«UW¾QN
YROQD GH WH DQQ\LUD P£VQDSRV YROW£O KRJ\ QHP WDO£OWDG D
NRFVLNXOFVRGDW
ȟ,JD]£QDUDQ\RVYDJ\+DPHJWHV]HGDNNRUQHYHOKHWHGÿNHWHJ\HG¾Oȟ
IHOHOWH/RWWLHȟVD]WQDJ\RQPHJ«UGHPHOQ«G
+DUPLQFQ\ROFDGLNIHMH]HW
0DULRQHYHWYHKDMWRWWHODJ\HUHNHNNHO/RWWLHEHURQWRWWDK£]EDOHYHWWH
D]RVWREDFVLOORJµUXK£W«VIHK«UQDGU£JEDPHJHJ\V]HUěV]¾UNHIHOVÿEH
¸OW¸]¸WWKHO\HWWHD]W£QNLYHWWHJ\SDODFNMHJHVYL]HWDKěWÿEÿO
ȟ(PO«NV]HOU£KROKDJ\WDGDNRFVLW"ȟN«UGH]WH7\OHUDPLNRUEH«UWHN
&KHOWHQKDPEH
ȟ0£UKRJ\QHHPO«NH]Q«NȟIHOHOWHV«UWÿG¸WWHQ/RWWLH
7DO£QQHPHJ«V]HQSRQWRVDQHPO«NH]HWWU£KROKDJ\WDD]DXWµWGHD]W
WXGWDPHO\LNSDUNROµEDQ
ȟ6]XSHU&VDNN«UGH]WHP9DQRWWHJ\EHQ]LQN¼WȟELFFHQWHWW7\OHUȟ
+DHVHWOHJDNDUV]YDODPLI£MGDORPFVLOODS¯WµW
/RWWLH DNL P£U K£URP DV]SLULQW GRERWW EH RWWKRQ HJ\ I«O OLWHU Y¯]]HO
KÿVLHVHQIHOHOW
ȟ1HPN¸V]-µOYDJ\RN
$PLQHPYROWLJD]$]«MV]DNDIHODM£QONR]RWWDIÿQ¸N«QHN«VXGYDULDV
YLVV]DXWDV¯W£VEDQ U«V]HV¾OW E£U H] QHP MXWRWW HO D WXGDW£LJ «V
PLQGHQQHNDWHWHM«EHHODOXGWDSDVLG¯Y£Q\£Q
1«]]¾QNV]HPEHYHOHPLOHKHWHQQ«OFLNLEE"
ȟ$PRELORGȟPRQGWD7\OHUDPLNRUYDODPLIRMWRWWQHV]V]ěUÿG¸WWNLD
/RWWLHO£E£Q£OKHYHUÿW£VN£EµO
ȟ-µUHJJHOWV]«SV«JHPȟE¼JWD6HEXQGRU¯WµDQIULVVHQ
ȟ -µ UHJJHOW ȟ PRVRO\RGRWW HO /RWWLH DNL «SSHQ QHP «UH]WH PDJ£W W¼O
V]«SQHNGHD]«UW¸U¾OWKRJ\6HEMHOHQWNH]HWW
ȟ$]]DOD]LMHV]WÿIÿQ¸N¸GGHOW¸OW¸WWHGD]«MV]DN£W"
ȟ1HPYROWW¼OVRNY£ODV]W£VRP
ȟ 5HP«OHP MµO YLVHONHGHWW «V QHP SUµE£OWD PHJ NLKDV]Q£OQL D
KHO\]HWHWKRJ\U£GHUÿOWHVVHPDJ£WȪ
ȟ1HPV]µVHPYROWLO\HVPLUÿO
/RWWLHDI¾O«UHV]RU¯WRWWDDWHOHIRQWKRJ\QHKDOODWVV]RQNL6HEKDQJMD
ȟ %HM¸VV] QHNL" (OY«JUH D IÿQ¸N¸G ȟ IRO\WDWWD 6HE ȟ V W¸N«OHWHV
IHQHNHGYDQ1HPOHKHWHJ\V]HUěH]]HOHJ\¾WWGROJR]QLȪ
ȟ$PLD]WLOOHWL«SSHQLWWYDQȟQ\¸JWHNL/RWWLHȟ0HOOHWWHP
6HEIHONDFDJRWW
ȟ 6]HUHQFV«V ILFNµ 'H LJD]£EµO D]«UW K¯YWDODN KRJ\ WDO£ONR]]XQN PD
HVWH
0D HVWH 6]XSHU +¯]HOJÿ DM£QODW FVDN «SS QHP EL]WRV KRJ\ U£ WXGMD
YHQQL0DULµWHJ\P£VRGLNJ\HUHNIHOYLJ\£]µVHVW«UH/RWWLHHOILQWRURGRWW
ȟ$GRORJ¼J\£OOKRJ\NHUHVQHPNHOOHJ\E«ELV]LWWHUW
ȟ KR]KDWRG D J\HUHNHNHW LV ȟ PRQGWD ]DYDUWDODQXO 6HE ȟ 9DQ
YDODPLYXUVWOLD]$PEOHVLGH&RPPRQRQ6]HULQWHG«UGHNHOQ«ÿNHW"
9LG£PSDUNEDQUDQGL]QL"(]NRPRO\"
ȟ%L]WRVKRJ\LP£GQ£N0£USHUV]HKDEL]WRVKRJ\QHPJRQGȟ/RWWLH
]DYDUWDQ «V]OHOWH KRJ\ 7\OHU HJ\ ¼WHO£JD]£VQ£O £OO «V D] ÿ ¼WPXWDW£V£W
Y£UMD ȟ %RFV %DOUD D]W£Q D P£VRGLN OHKHWÿV«JQ«O MREEUD RWW D N«N
WHKHUDXWµQ£O )LJ\HOM 6HE PLQGM£UW YLVV]DK¯YODN SS D NRFVLP«UW
PHJ\¾QN
6HEKDOOJDWRWW
ȟ/HIHN¾GW«OYHOH"$IÿQ¸N¸GGHO
ȟ1HP
ȟ(]WÿLVKDOORWWD"
ȟ,JHQȟIHOHOWH7\OHUȟ+DOORWWD
ȟ $NNRU PDMG EHV]«O¾QN ȟ /RWWLH J\RUVDQ NLQ\RPWD 6HEHW PLHOÿWW
WRY£EELSUREO«PDDGµGKDWRWWYROQDȟ)RUGXOMEDOUDDYLU£JEROWXW£Q0£U
PDMGQHPRWWYDJ\XQN
ȟJ\KDOORPUDQGLGOHV]D]HVWHȟPRQGWD7\OHUN¸]¸PE¸VKDQJRQ
7\OHUW H] «UGHNOL" .RPRO\DQ «UGHNOL" /RWWLHW HO¸QW¸WWH D EěQWXGDW
PHUW KD OHWW YROQD U£ OHKHWÿV«JH QHP 6HEHW Y£ODV]WMD 'H H] QHP YROW
LJD]L GLOHPPD (OY«JUH ÿ DQ\D «V D J\HUHNHL G¸QW¸WWHN KHO\HWWH 1«PL
I«OHOHPPHO YHJ\HV L]JDORP YHUW WDQ\£W D J\RPU£EDQ DPLNRU DUUD
JRQGROWKRJ\EHNHOOPDMGPXWDWQLD6HEHW1DWQHN«V5XE\QDN0LOHV]
KD ÿW LV XJ\DQ¼J\ XW£OM£N PDMG PLQW 7\OHUW" 'H PLQG¸VV]H HQQ\LW
Y£ODV]ROW
ȟJ\WěQLNLJHQ
ȟ 1HP 6]µ VHP OHKHW UµOD 1HP FVLQ£ORP PHJ ȟ MHOHQWHWWH NL 6HE ȟ
%£UPLP£VWFVDNH]WQH
ȟ3HGLJPXV]£Mȟ5XE\NXQFRJYDYRQV]ROWDHODI«UILWDNDULNDGRE£OµV
VWDQGPHOOHWWȟ0DMG«QU£YHV]OHN
6HEV]LQWHDI¸OGEHY£MWDDVDUN£WPLQWHJ\NXW\D
ȟ1HPFVLQ£ORPPHJ
ȟ0L«UWQHP"
ȟ $NDURG WXGQL KRJ\ PL«UW" 5HQGEHQ HOPRQGRP ȟ 6HE V]£PROQL
NH]GHWW D] XMMDLQ ȟ (OÿV]¸U LV PHUW YLV¯WRN PLQW HJ\ O£Q\ 0£VRGV]RU
PHUWYLV¯WRNPLQWHJ\O£Q\VKDUPDGV]RURN£GRN
1DWDP£VLNNDUM£WU£QJDWWD
ȟ1HPIRJV]RN£GQL0XV]£MYHO¾QNM¸QQ¸G$Q\DPRQGGPHJQHNLWH
LV
ȟ0XV]£MȟPRQGWD/RWWLH6HEQHNȟ0HUWYDODNLQHNLWWNHOOPDUDGQLD
KRJ\ YLJ\£]]RQ D SO¾VV¸NUH P£USHGLJ SO¾VVM£W«NRNUD YLJ\£]QL QHP
«SSHQI«UILDVIHODGDW
6HE KDJ\WD PDJ£W HOYRQV]ROQL D V]HOOHPYDV¼WKR] /RWWLH SHGLJ
OHWHOHSHGHWW D IěUH KRJ\ PHJY£UMD ÿNHW $ YLG£PSDUN I«Q\HL YLOOµG]YD
¸UY«Q\OHWWHN N¸U¾O¸WWH «V KRW GRJ V¾OW KDJ\PD NDUDPHOO£V DOPD «V
G¯]HORODMV]DJDWHUMHQJHWW$OLJWXGWDHOKLQQLKRJ\6HEV]ěNN«WµUDDODWW
N¸QQ\HG«Q «V WHOMHVHQ PHJQ\HUWH PDJ£QDN PLQG D N«W J\HUHNHW %£U
LJD]V£J V]HULQW N«W SHUF LV HO«J YROW 9DODKRJ\ PHJYROW D] D P£JLNXV
V]LNUD DPLQW EHPXWDWNR]WDN HJ\P£VQDN 1\LOY£Q D] LV VRNDW VHJ¯WHWW
KRJ\6HEQHNLVYDQJ\HUHNH)HV]WHOHQ¾OOD]£Q«VYLFFHVHQYLVHONHGHWW«V
«UGHNOÿG«VVHO KDOOJDWWD D NLFVLN PRQGDQLYDOµM£W OYH]WH 1DW «V 5XE\
W£UVDV£J£WGHDYLO£J«UWVHPN¸YHWWHYROQDHOD]WDKLE£WKRJ\W¼OV£JRVDQ
LPSRQ£OQLSUµE£OMRQ
VDGRORJPLQGHQY£UDNR]£VRQIHO¾OEHY£OW$]HOP¼OWQ«K£Q\µUDN«V]
IHO¾G¾O«V YROW /RWWLH P£U QHP LV WXGWD HON«S]HOQL KRJ\ D J\HUHNHL
N«SHVHNLO\HQIHOKÿWOHQ¾OMµO«UH]QLPDJXNDWE£UNLYHODNLQHPD]DSMXN
(J\ FLWURP]¸OG NLW¸P¸WW W¾VN«V GLQRV]DXUXV] ERUXOW U£ D O£E£UD
/RWWLH J\RUVDQ IHO£OO¯WRWWD D QHRQV£UJD V]ÿU¸V SµN «V D KDWDOPDV ERUGµ
PDODF PHOO« DPLW D F«OO¸Y¸OG«EHQ Q\HUWHN +RJ\ IHOFVLOODQW D J\HUHNHN
V]HPH DPLNRU 6HE PLQGNHWWHM¾NQHN DGRWW HJ\HJ\ W¯]HVW $PLNRU
WLOWDNR]QLDNDUW6HEQHPKDJ\WDPDJ£W
ȟ 0£VN«SS QHP LJD]V£JRV 0HUW «Q QHP IRJRN PHJ£OOQL DP¯J PHJ
QHPQ\HUHPD]WDERUGµPDODFRW
V¯J\LVOHWW6HEV]£P£UDDȦNXGDUFȥLVPHUHWOHQIRJDORPQDNWěQW0«J
DNNRU LV KD D E«QD EDQG]VD MµV]£J PDMGQHP ¸WYHQ IRQWM£ED NHU¾OW
$PLNRUDF«OO¸Y¸OG«VY«JUHRGDDGWDDPDODFRW1DWPHJN«UGH]WH
ȟ0LO\HQQHYHWDGV]PDMGQHNL"
0LUH6HED]WY£ODV]ROWD
ȟ+£WYDQDK¼JRP7LIIDQ\Ȫ
ȟ 7H Mµ «J LO\HW VRKD W¸EEHW ȟ Q\¸JWH 6HE DPLNRU YLVV]DW«UW D
J\HUHNHNNHOȟ1DJ\RQI«OHOPHWHVYROW,JD]LV]HOOHPHNYROWDN
ȟ7RW£OEHLMHGWȟPRQGWDE¾V]N«Q1DWȟQPHJQHP
ȟ2N«DNNRUYLVV]DDJ«SHNKH]2GDȟPXWDWRWW6HEHJ\DV]HUNH]HWUH
DPL /RWWLH V]£P£UD D OHJLMHV]WÿEE ÿU¾OW J\RUVDQ S¸UJÿIRUJµ
N¸UKLQW£QDNWěQW
ȟ 6]¯YHVHQ PHQQ«N ȟ 0HJYHUHJHWWH D SO¾VVMµV]£JRNDW ȟ 'H YLJ\£]QL
NHOOH]HNUH0HQMHWHNFVDNWL0DMG«QLQQHQQ«]HP
6HEDJ\HUHNHNUHSLOODQWRWW
ȟ(]I«O
ȟ 8J\DQ ȟ IHOHOWH /RWWLH ȟ ,P£GRP D IHMMHO OHIHO« S¸UJÿ L]«NHW FVDN
PRVWȪ
ȟQLVI«OWHPDV]HOOHPYDV¼WRQȟPRQGWD6HEW¾UHOPHVHQȟVQ«]]
U£P/HWXGWDPJ\ÿ]QLDI«OHOPHPHW
ȟ'H«QȪ
ȟ &VDN D J\HUHNHNHW VDMQ£ORP ȟ FVµY£OWD D IHM«W 6HE «V 5XE\«NKR]
IRUGXOWȟ*\HUHNHNVDMQ£OODNWLWHNHW5RVV]OHKHWHJ\LO\HQSXK£Q\DQ\D
ȟ0£UPHJPRQGWDPȟHOOHQNH]HWW/RWWLHȟ9DODNLQHNYLJ\£]QLDNHOOD
Q\HUHP«Q\HNUH
ȟ3RQWRVDQ9DODNLQHNȟ6HEIHOQ\DO£EROWDDSµNRWDGLQRV]DXUXV]W«V
D PDODFRW 2GDPHQW D N¸UKLQW£KR] OHIHJ\YHU]ÿ PRVRO\W YLOODQWRWW HJ\
FVDSDW WLQLO£Q\UD Y£OWRWW YHO¾N Q«K£Q\ V]µW D]W£Q RGDDGWD QHNLN D]
£OODWRNDW $PLNRU YLVV]DW«UW FVDN DQQ\LW PRQGRWW ȟ 'H D] QHP
IHOW«WOHQ¾OWHYDJ\
$ S¸UJÿV L]« XW£Q M¸WW D 9DOFHU D 3ROLS «V D GRG]VHP 7¯] µU£UD
Y«JLJSUµE£OW£N D] ¸VV]HV M£W«NRW WRY£EEL SO¾VVU«PV«JHNHW Q\HUWHN
YDODPLQW LQGRNRODWODQ PHQQ\LV«Jě NDUDPHOO£V DOP£W YDWWDFXNURW «V
FXUU\VV¾OWNUXPSOLWNHEHOH]WHNEH
ȟ +£W H] V]XSHU YROW ȟ VµKDMWRWW IHO HOUDJDGWDWYD 5XE\ DPLNRU
HOLQGXOWDNYLVV]DIHO«DPH]ÿQDNRFVLKR]ȟ.¸V]L6HE
ȟQN¸V]¸Q¸PQHNWHNȟIHOHOWHNRPRO\DQ6HEȟ+RJ\YLJ\£]WDWRNU£P
DV]HOOHPYDV¼WRQ
ȟ0£VNRULVHOM¸VV]YHO¾QN"ȟQ«]HWWU£Y£UDNR]µQ1DW
/RWWLH ¸VV]HUH]]HQW D V¸W«WEHQ D K«W«YHVHN LGÿQN«QW ULDV]WµDQ
U£PHQÿVHN WXGQDN OHQQL 0«J KD WLWRNEDQ ÿ PDJD LV N¯Y£QFVL YROW D
Y£ODV]UD
ȟ1HPWXGRPKRJ\DQ\£WRNQDNHUUÿOPLDY«OHP«Q\HȟIHOHOWH6HE
ȟ0L«UWQHP"þEL]WRVDQDNDUMD
ȟ/HKHWKRJ\U£M¸WWKRJ\QHPNHGYHOHQJHP
1DWH]WN«SWHOHQYROWHOKLQQL
ȟ8J\DQP£U.HGYHOW«JHG,JD]DQ\D"
ȟ /£WRG" ȟ PRQGWD 6HE DPLNRU /RWWLH W«WRY£]RWW «V SUµE£OWD
PHJIRJDOPD]QLDKHO\HVY£ODV]Wȟ&VDNXGYDULDVSUµE£OOHQQLPHUWQHP
DNDUMDPHJV«UWHQLD]«U]«VHLPHW'HV]HULQWHPWLWRNEDQHJ\P£VLNI«UILED
V]HUHOPHV
ȟ.LEH"ȟW£JXOWµUL£VLUD5XE\V]HPH
6HEV]¯QSDGLDVDQVXWWRJµUDIRJWDDKDQJM£W
ȟ7\VRQDQHYHYDJ\PL$IÿQ¸NH
ȟ1HHHHHPȟYLV¯WRWWIHOXQGRUUDO1DWȟþWQHPV]HUHWL1HPKDJ\MXN
ȟ7\OHUDQHYHȟNRW\RJRWWN¸]EH5XE\ȟVXW£OMXN
ȟ5XE\ȟV]µOWU£/RWWLH
ȟ3HGLJW«Q\OHJXW£OMXN
ȟ $] DQ\XN£WRN WDO£Q QHP NHGYHO HQJHP ȟ PRQGWD 6HE ȟ 0«J QHP
WXGKDWMXNQHPLJD]"0£UPLQWQHNWHNPRQGRWWYDODPLW"
ȟ $PLNRU PHJN«UGH]W¾N KRJ\ PLO\HQ YDJ\ D]W PRQGWD NHGYHV ȟ
Y£JWDU£VHJ¯WÿN«V]HQ5XE\
ȟ+£WNH]GHWQHNQHPURVV]
ȟVKRJ\MµOQ«]HONL
6]XSHUJRQGROWD/RWWLH
ȟ ,JD]£Q K¯]HOJÿ ȟ ERU]ROWD PHJ 6HE D NLVO£Q\ KDM£W ȟ 'H DWWµO P«J
WLWRNEDQXW£OKDW
ȟ'HQHPXW£O$Q\D0RQGGPHJ6HEQHNKRJ\V]HUHWHGȟDGWDNLD]
XWDV¯W£VW1DW
ȟ1DWQHP£U
0«JV]HUHQFVHKRJ\V¸W«WYROW
ȟ0L«UWQH"
7HMµV£JRV«J
ȟ0HUWȪDIHOQÿWWHNQHPFVLQ£OQDNLO\HVPLW
ȟ 'H D]«UW P«J HOPHKHW¾QN PDMG 6HEEHO PHJLQW YDODKRY£ 8J\H
HOPHJ\¾QN"
/RWWLHEÿUHEL]VHUJHWWN¯QM£EDQ6HEPHJQHYHWHWW$Q\DYDO\£V
ȟ+DÿEHQQHYDQDNNRUU«V]HPUÿOLVRN«
ȟ(]D]ȟ¸NO¸]¸WWDOHYHJÿEHGLDGDOPDVDQ6HE
ȟ 9HJ\«O D K£WDGUD ȟ SDWWDQW IHO 1DW «V 6HE J\DNRUORWW PR]GXODWWDO
IHONDSWD D]W£Q N¸UEHQ\DUJDOW YHOH D U«WHQ 1DW SHGLJ YLG£PDQ YLVRQJYD
NDSDV]NRGRWWDQ\DN£ED
ȟ -µ IHM ȟ PRQGWD 5XE\ PLN¸]EHQ D IL¼N HJ\ QDJ\ IRUGXOµ XW£Q
YLVV]DIHO«N¸]HOHGWHNȟ.RPRO\DQNHGYHOHP
ȟ $KD JRQGRORP ȟ EµOLQWRWW N¸]¸Q\¸VHQ /RWWLH GH EHO¾O HJ\ NLFVLW
D]«UWPHJPHOHJHGHWWDV]¯YH
ȟQM¸Y¸NȟVLS¯WRWWD5XE\DPLNRU1DWDI¸OGUH]¸WW\HQW
6HEÿWLVIHONDSWD«VURKDQQLNH]GHWWYHOH
ȟ%¯URP6HEHWȟPRQGWDEL]DOPDVDQ1DW«VPHOHJNLVPDQFV£W/RWWLH
NH]«EHFV¼V]WDWWDȟ$UDQ\RV0DMGQHPRO\DQPLQWDSD
ȟ,JHQRO\DQ
/RWWLH WRUN£EDQ JRPEµF IRUP£OµGRWW 7DO£Q PRVW PLQGQ\£MDQ
PHJWDO£OW£N£OPDLNI«UILM£W
+DUPLQFNLOHQFHGLNIHMH]HW
6HEI«OWL]HQNHWWÿNRU«UNH]HWWPLXW£QNLUDNWD7LIIDQ\W/RWWLHNLQ\LWRWWD
D] DMWµW «V ÿ RWW £OOW WHQJHU]¸OG Y£V]RQLQJEHQ «V IDUPHUEHQ FVLOORJµ
V]HPPHOPRVRO\RJYD
ȟ+HOOµV]«SV«JHPFVDN«SSHUUHM£UWDP«VJRQGROWDPN¸OFV¸QN«UHN
HJ\WHWěI«VěW
/RWWLHPHJWXGWDYROQDFVµNROQL
ȟ1HKDUDJXGM
ȟ 8J\DQ P£U (OÿIRUGXO ȟ 6HE HOLQGXOW EHIHO« D QDSSDOLEDȟ 9ROWDP
P£U WHWYHV «OHWHPEHQ V DPL D]W LOOHWL 7LIIDQ\ LV &VDN «SS DNNRUD
WUDXPDYROWQHNLKRJ\WHOMHVHQNLW¸U¸OWHD]DJ\£EµO
ȟ0L«UWYROWRO\DQQDJ\WUDXPD"
/RWWLHOH¾OWHWWH6HEHWDV]REDN¸]HS«Q£OOµIRWHOEH«VIHK«UW¸U¾ON¸]ÿW
NHU¯WHWWDQ\DN£ED
ȟ 0HUW HJ\ «YLJ KDO£OUD V]HN£OWDP YHOH V HOPRQGWDP D] ¸VV]HV
EDU£WM£QDN
ȟ(]HO«JFV¼Q\DYROWWÿOHG
/RWWLH µYDWRVDQ V]«WY£ODV]WRWWD D V]¸UI¸VV]ÿNH KDM]DWRW «V QHNL£OOW
£WI«V¾OQL
ȟ7¯]«YHVYROWDP.¾O¸QEHQLVQDJ\RQN¸QQ\HQIHOK¼]WDPDJ£W'HK£W
HUUÿOV]µODWHVWY«ULO«W
/RWWLHHOPRVRO\RGRWW
ȟ$]WKLWWHPH]HNXW£QVRKDW¸EE«QHPDNDUV]PDMGO£WQL
ȟ8J\DQȟVLP¯WRWWY«JLJM£W«NRVDQ6HEDO£Q\GHUHN£Qȟ$KKR]W¸EE
NHOOS£UYDFDNNLVERJ£UQ£O7DO£OW£OP£U"
ȟ(GGLJWLV]WDYDJ\
ȟ7XGRGNH]GHP«OYH]QL0LQWKDNXUN£V]Q£O
/RWWLHDNLXJ\DQFVDN«OYH]WHK£WUDO«SHWW
ȟ7HPHJPLQWKDWDSRJDWQ£O
ȟ 7DO£Q H]«UW «OYH]HP DQQ\LUD ȟ 6HE IRJ£VW Y£OWRWW «V YLVV]DK¼]WD
/RWWLHW EHOH D] ¸O«EH ȟ 7XGDW£EDQ YDJ\ DQQDN KRJ\ P«J PHJ VH
FVµNROWDODN"
/RWWLHQ NHOOHPHV Y£UDNR]µ EL]VHUJ«V OHWW ¼UU£ )XUFVDPµG D] ÿ
ILJ\HOP«WVHPNHU¾OWHHOH]DW«Q\0LQGD]RQ£OWDOD]WIHOHOWH
ȟ%L]WRVDQD]«UWPHUWWHWYHVYDJ\+RSS£
ȟ7«Q\OHJ"
ȟ 7XODMGRQN«SSHQ QHP WDO£OWDP HJ\HW VH ȟ PR]JDWWD PHJ /RWWLH D
I«VěWȟ'HD]«UWYHJ\«OHJ\LO\HWDEL]WRQV£JNHGY««UWVȪ
ȟ 7H FVDN I«V¾OJHVV 1D O£VVXN ȟ 6HE PHJU£]WD D IHM«W ȟ (OÿV]¸U
M«JNRFN£WGXJV]DQ\DNDPED$]W£QWHWěWNDSRNDJ\HUHNHLGWÿO&VµNPHJ
VHKRO0LWPRQGMDNH]QHP«SSHQ«OHWHPOHJJ¸UG¾O«NHQ\HEENDSFVRODWD
ȟVD]RO\DQQDJ\EDM"
/RWWLH N«SWHOHQ YROW OHYHQQL D V]HP«W 6HE V]£M£UµO 0LFVRGD HOEěY¸Oÿ
PRVRO\
ȟ 9DOµM£EDQ «OYH]HP 7«JHG D]W£Q QHP OHKHW Q\RPXOµVQDN QHYH]QL
'HYDQP«JYDODPLȪ
SSRO\DQ UXWLQRVDQ FVµNROW DKRJ\ /RWWLH Y£UWD WIRJWD 6HE Q\DN£W
NH]«EHQP«JPLQGLJDWHWěI«VěWV]RURQJDWYD«VYLVV]DFVµNROWD1DLJHQ
¯J\ P£U PLQGM£UW P£V 7DO£Q QHP D] D FVRG£V DGUHQDOLQERPED DPLW
7\OHUUHO «U]HWW GH K£W QHP OHKHW PLQGLJ RO\DQ QHP LJD]" V PRVW
OHJDO£EENHWWHVEHQYDQQDNVHQNLQHPILJ\HOLÿNHWQHP¼J\PLQWDPLNRU
7\OHUUHOFVµNROµ]WDND)R[&RWWDJHPHOOHWWPLWVHPWXGYDDUUµOKRJ\D
N«W-HQNLQVIL¼RWWOHVNHOÿGLNDI£Q
$]W£QPLFVRGDIHOIRUGXO£VOHWWEHOÿOH
ȟ*\¸Q\¸UěYDJ\ȟPRUPROWD6HE«VDEDONH]HHOLQGXOW
/RWWLHHONDSWDPLHOÿWWHOWěQWYROQDD]¸OGSXOµYHUHOHMHDODWW
ȟ1H"ȟQ«]HWWU£«UWHWOHQ¾O6HE
ȟ1HPRVW
ȟ0L«UWQH"
/RWWLHDUUDJRQGROWKRJ\WDO£QPRVWYHV]WHWWHHODI«UILW%RVV]¼VOHWW"
$]WIHOW«WHOH]WHKRJ\HJ\V]HQYHG«O\HV«MV]DNDY£UU£".£U«UWH
ȟ1DWYDJ\5XE\IHO«EUHGKHW
6HE5RJHU0RRUHRVJHV]WXVVDOYRQWDIHODV]HP¸OG¸N«W
ȟ(]D]LJD]LRNYDJ\FVDN¯J\DNDURGXGYDULDVDQWXGWRPUDDGQLKRJ\
DQQ\LUDWDO£OV]YRQ]µQDNPLQWHJ\Y¸G¸UK£Q\£VW"
/RWWLHHOPRVRO\RGRWWK£WUDVLP¯WRWWD6HEV]ÿNHKDM£W«VPHJFVµNROWD
ȟ $] «Q J\HUHNHLP QLQFVHQHN V]RNYD DKKR] KRJ\ LGHJHQ I«UILDNDW
WDO£OMDQDND]£J\DPEDQ1HPDNDURPȪPHJLMHV]WHQLÿNHWVDP¼J\VHP
WXGQ«NHOOD]XOQL
ȟ6]µYDODNNRUQLQFVV]H[&VDNWHWěȟFVµY£OWDDIHM«WJ\£V]RVDQ6HEȟ
)RJDGQLPHUQ«NKRJ\0LFN-DJJHUUHOVRVHPW¸UW«QWLO\HVPL
ȟ1HKDUDJXGM
/RWWLHUHP«OWHKRJ\6HEQHPIRJMDJ\ÿ]N¸GQL
ȟ 8J\DQ VHPPL JRQG ȟ YLJ\RURGRWW HO 6HE ȟ 0DMG V]«S ODVVDFVN£Q
+DGGV]RNM£NDJ\HUHNHNDJRQGRODWRWKRJ\YDJ\RN
$PLNRU D N¾V]¸E¸Q £OOYD LQWHJHWHWW D I«UIL XW£Q H]HN D V]DYDN
YLVV]KDQJR]WDN /RWWLH IHM«EHQ 6]«S ODVVDFVN£Q KRJ\ D J\HUHNHN
KR]]£V]RNMDQDN6HEDVWLDQ*LOOKH]
(]¼J\KDQJ]RWWPLQWKDDSDVLNRPRO\DQJRQGROQ£
1HJ\YHQHGLNIHMH]HW
0HOHJ QDSRV N«Vÿ V]HSWHPEHUL S«QWHN G«OXW£Q YROW GH &UHVVLGD ¼J\
«UH]WHPLQWKDNDU£FVRQ\UHJJHOHOHQQH$J\RPUDXJU£OWD]L]JDORPWµO
0RVWVHPPLVHPM¸KHWN¸]EH5REHUW«N¸U¸PPHOHQJHGW«NHOYHOH-RMµWD
K«WY«J«UH -RMR HJ\ µUD P¼OYD PHJM¸Q D] LVNRO£EµO D]W£Q P£U LQGXOQDN
LV&UHVVLGDP«JDNHU«NQ\RP£VWLVHOOHQÿUL]WHWWH«VPHJOHSWHPDJ£WHJ\
¼M]DFVNµDEODNPRVµYDO+DÿHVHWOHJFVDOµG£VWIRJLVRNR]QL7RPQDND
FVLOORJµV]«OY«GÿMHEL]WRVDQQHP
7RPQDN P£U D JRQGRODWD LV NHOOHPHV V]¯YGRERJ£VW RNR]RWW (J\UH
Q¸YHNYÿY£UDNR]£VVDOQ«]HWWD]µU£M£UDD]HOP¼OWW¯]SHUFOHIRUJ£VDDODWW
LPP£U YDJ\ WL]HQ¸W¸GV]¸U D]W£Q PHJQ«]WH PDJ£W D] ¸OW¸]ÿDV]WDO
W¾NU«EHQ «V IHK«U EO¼]D FVLSN«V XMM£W NH]GWH EDEU£OQL .HGYHQF EO¼] ¼M
Uµ]VDV]¯QU¼]V¼MUµ]VDV]¯QNDE£W/HKHWKRJ\KHO\WHOHQFVHOHNHGHWYROW
GHQHP E¯UWPDJ£YDOVNLWXGMDOHKHWKRJ\XJ\DQHEEHQDSLOODQDWEDQ
7RP LV «SSHQ D EROWRNDW M£UMD KRJ\ NHUHVVHQ PDJ£QDN YDODPL V]«S ¼M
SXOµYHUWYDJ\HJ\¼MS£UFLSÿWKRJ\WHWVV]HQQHNL
&VLQ£OQDNLO\HVPLWDI«UILDN"
0LQGHQHVHWUH PRVW NRQFHQWU£OQL NHOO $ WHHQGÿNUH %HFLS]£UD]WD «V
OHFLSHOWHDI¸OGV]LQWUHDEÿU¸QGM«WD]W£QPHJQ«]WHDOLVW£M£W0«JEHNHOO
GRER]ROQLD «V IHO NHOO DGQLD HJ\ DGDJ ¾GY¸]OÿODSRW 0HJ NHOO ¸QW¸]QL D
V]REDQ¸Y«Q\HNHWVJ\¾P¸OFV¸VU£JµLVNHOOD]¼WUD
'H HOÿV]¸U IHO NHOO K¯J¯WDQL D] DEODNPRVµW Y¯]]HO «V EHOHW¸OWHQL D
WDUW£O\ED $ NRQ\K£EDQ &UHVVLGD PHJW¸OW¸WW HJ\ PěDQ\DJ NDQQ£W D
FVDSUµO «V µYDWRVDQ OHY£JWD D] DEODNWLV]W¯WµV ]DFVNµ VDUN£W 0«J
µYDWRVDEEDQ EHOHW¸OW¸WWH D NDQQ£ED «V HJ\ NDQ£OODO PHJNHYHUWH
5REHUWHW D] LO\HQHNNHO WXGWD D] ÿU¾OHWEH NHUJHWQL DPLNRU P«J K£]DVRN
YROWDNȟKDLWWYROQDPRVWLVFVDNKLWHWOHQNHGYHIRUJDWQ£DV]HP«WKRJ\
PLN«QWIRJKDWQHNLYDODNLDOHJV]HEEUXK£M£EDQHJ\LO\HQY£UKDWµPµGRQ
SDQFVRVIHODGDWQDN
'H QLQFV LWW KDK ¼J\KRJ\ QHP «UGHNHV &UHVVLGD ¸QHO«J¾OWHQ N«W
N«]UHIRJWDDNDQQ£W«VRGDPHQWD]DMWµKR]
$ KDQJ RO\DQ KLUWHOHQ M¸WW PLQW HJ\ SXVNDO¸Y«V «V FVDNQHP RO\DQ
KDQJRVLVYROW9DODPLKDWDOPDVDWNRSSDQWDNRQ\KDDEODNRQ«V&UHVVLGD
¸V]W¸Q¸VHQ IHOVLNROWRWW LMHGW«EHQ $ NH]H PHJU£QGXOW D] DJ\D SHGLJ
RO\DQHUÿYHOVLS¯WRWWDKRJ\Ȧ1HDUXK£PUDQHDUXK£PUDȥKRJ\DNDQQD
PHJELOOHQW
7¾UNL]N«N Y¯] FVDSRWW NL EHOÿOH «V V]«WORFFVDQW D] DV]WDORQ &UHVVLGD
NLQ\¼MWRWW N«]]HO N«WV«JEHHVHWWHQ SUµE£OWD HONDSQL Ȧ1HHHHHPȥ ȟ
NL£OWRWWD «V PLQWKD D] HJ«V] MHOHQHW OLG«UFHV ODVV¯WRWW ILOPHQ SHUJHWW
YROQD HOÿWWH $] D IHK«U GRER] NDSWD D] £OG£V OHJMDY£W DPLEHQ D N«V]
N£UW\£N YROWDN 1HP YROW U£W«YH D WHWHMH PHUW P«J NL NHOOHWW YROQD
Q\RPWDWQLDV]£PO£WDPLDUHQGHO«VKH]M£UW0£USHGLJDN¾OGHP«Q\QHN
PXV]£MDEV]RO¼WHPXV]£MOHWWYROQDP«JDG«OXW£QHOPHQQLH
$ N¸YHWNH]P«Q\HN RO\DQ V]¸UQ\ěHN YROWDN KRJ\ &UHVVLGD HOVÿUH IHO
VHPWXGWDIRJQL6RNNRVDQQ«]HWWY«JLJ¸QPDJ£Q«VNRQVWDW£OWDKRJ\D
UXK£M£UDHJ\HWOHQFVHSSVHPNHU¾OW
'H D ODSRNȪ V]HQW «J D ODSRNȪ W¸QNUHPHQWHN 0LQG HJ\ V]£OLJ
&UHVVLGD YHV]HGHOPHVHQ UHPHJÿ N«]]HO IHOKDMWRWWD D EO¼]D XMM£W «V
NLYHWWH D] HOVÿ JRQGRVDQ ¸VV]H£OO¯WRWW RV]ORSRW 0LQGHJ\LNHQ D
Ȧ0HJ«UNH]HWW (PLO\ -DQHȥ IHOLUDW £OOW H]¾VWEHWěNNHO +DOY£Q\ Uµ]VDV]¯Q
PDUDEXWROODN H]¾VWJ\¸QJ\¸N LUL]£Oµ JRO\µFVN£N «V FVLOO£POµ IRQDODN
YROWDN U£UDJDV]WJDWYD I£UDGV£JRV SUHFL]LW£VVDO &UHVVLGD HJ\ E¸OFVÿEHQ
IHNYÿ EDE£W UDM]ROW PLQGHJ\LN N£UW\D HOHM«UH «V Uµ]VDV]¯Q
E£UVRQ\V]DODJJDOV]HJ«O\H]WH
7DO£Q PRQGDQL VHP NHOO KRJ\ D OHJERQ\ROXOWDEE N£UW\£N YROWDN
DPLNHWYDODKDLVFVLQ£OW)«OµU£EDWHOWPLQGHQHJ\HVN£UW\DHON«V]¯W«VH
«VQ\ROFYDQGDUDEYROW
'H H] P«J QHP PLQGHQ 1HPFVDN KRJ\ D OHJM¸YHGHOPH]ÿEE HJ\V]HUL
PHJUHQGHO«VYROWDPLW&UHVVLGDYDODKDLVNDSRWW1HP(J\GU£JDDQJRO
¾GY¸]OÿODS¾]OHWO£QF WXODMGRQRVD DGWD OH D UHQGHO«VW HJ\ RO\DQ HPEHU
DNLQHPYHWWHW¼OMµQ«YHQKDE£UPLPµGRQFVHUEHQKDJ\M£N$IHOHV«JH
QHJ\YHQN«W «YHVHQ VRNVRN Y«JLJN¯QOµGRWW ORPELNSURJUDP XW£Q DGRWW
Y«JUH«OHWHWHOVÿJ\HUPHN¾NQHN«V&UHVVLGDV]£P£UDHJ\V]HUUHYROW¸U¸P
«V PHJWLV]WHOWHW«V KRJ\ D] ÿ N£UW\£LW Y£ODV]WRWW£N (PLO\ -DQH
«UNH]«V«QHNEHMHOHQW«V«KH]
$PL PHJOHKHWÿVHQ IRQWRVV£ WHWWH D PXQN£W KLV] MµO WXGWD KRJ\ KD
NXGDUFRWYDOONHUHV]WHWYHWKHWDWRY£EELPHJUHQGHO«VHNUH
VDNNRUQHNLDQQ\L
0LQWHJ\ N£EXODWEDQ HJ\HOÿUH N«SWHOHQ¾O DUUD KRJ\ V]HPEHQ«]]HQ D
N¸YHWNH]P«Q\HNNHO &UHVVLGD RWWKDJ\WD D FV¸S¸Jÿ NRQ\KDDV]WDOW «V
NLPHQWDK£WVµNHUWEHKRJ\PHJQ«]]HPLRNR]WDDFVDWWDQ£VWDPLPLDWW
NL¸QW¸WWHDYL]HW
(J\ VHUHJ«O\ KHYHUW D Nÿ¸VY«Q\HQ «OHWWHOHQ¾O $ V]HPH Q\LWYD YROW D
Q\DND WHUP«V]HWHOOHQHV V]¸JEHQ KDMORWW K£WUD 5¸SW«EHQ QHNL¾WN¸]¸WW D
NRQ\KDDEODNQDN «V D]RQQDO HOSXV]WXOW $] HJ\LN SLOODQDWEDQ P«J
PHJYDQDQ\DNDGDN¸YHWNH]ÿEHQP£UQLQFV%XPP
&UHVVLGDOHKDMROW«VIHOYHWWHD]HUQ\HGWP«JPHOHJWHVWHW$QQ\LEDMW
RNR]RWWKRJ\QHKH]WHOQLHNHOOHWWYROQDU£0£VIHOÿOYLV]RQWKDDPDG£U
P«JJRQGROKDWRWWYROQDE£UPLWLVÿLVQHKH]WHOWYROQDDVDM£WKDO£O£«UW
(OY«JUH&UHVVLGDHE«GLGÿEHQHJ\WHOMHVµU£WW¸OW¸WWDEODNWLV]W¯W£VVDOLG«Q
HOVÿ DONDORPPDO $ VHUHJ«O\ SHGLJ DNLW PHJW«YHV]WHWW D IHOV]¯QL NRV]
KL£Q\DQHPYHWWH«V]UHD]¾YHJHW
&UHVVLGD PDG£UJ\LONRVQDN «UH]WH PDJ£W «V OHYRQWD D WDQXOV£JRW $]
DEODNWLV]W¯W£VȟDN£UDK£]EDQDN£UDNRFVLEDQȟFVDNEDMWRNR]
)RUUµ N¸QQ\HN FVRURJWDN Y«JLJ D] DUF£Q PLN¸]EHQ D SXKD NLV WHVWHW
ULQJDWWDDNH]«EHQ
/ÿWWHNDK«WY«J«M«QHN
0HJLQW
ȟVPLOHQQHKDLQN£EEPLPHQQ«QNKR]]£WRN"ȟDM£QORWWD7RPU¸JW¸Q
ȟ6HPPL«UWHOPH(J«V]K«WY«J«QDN£UW\£NDWIRJRPFVLQ£OQLȟU£]WDD
IHM«W&UHVVLGDȟ)HONHOOHWWK¯YQRPDSDVLWDNLUHQGHOWH«VPHJPRQGDQL
QHNLKRJ\NHGGHOÿWWQHPIRJMDPHJNDSQL1HPYROWHOUDJDGWDWYDDQQ\L
V]HQW
ȟ +D RGDPHQQ«QN QHP WXGQ£QN VHJ¯WHQL" ȟ N«UGH]WH UHP«Q\NHGYH
7RPȟ$NNRUIHOHLGÿDODWWHON«V]¾OKHWQ«O
,JD]£Q NHGYHV YROW WÿOH H] D] DM£QODW GH &UHVVLGD WXGWD KRJ\ QHP
PRQGKDWLJHQW$]HPEHUHND]WN«S]HOLNKRJ\N¸QQ\ěQ«K£Q\DSUµV£JRW
IHOUDJDV]WJDWQL HJ\ ODSUD 1HP NHOO KR]]£ VHPPLO\HQ WXG£V $
N¸YHWNH]HWHVHQ SURIL PLQÿV«Jě Y«JWHUP«N HOÿ£OO¯W£VD DPL QHP ¼J\ Q«]
NL PLQWKD HJ\ µYRGDL V]DNN¸U¸Q N«V]¯WHWW«N YROQD VRNNDO QHKH]HEE
PLQWE£UNLLVJRQGROQ£+D-RMRIHODM£QORWWDKRJ\VHJ¯W&UHVVLGDPLQGLJ
¸U¸PHW V]¯QOHOW GH WLWRNEDQ NL NHOOHWW GREQLD D VLO£Q\ DONRW£VRNDW 7RP
YLV]RQWQHPWL]HQQ«J\«YHVÿWQHPLO\HQN¸QQ\ěI«OUHYH]HWQL
ȟ 1DJ\RQ NHGYHV WÿOHG GH QHP PěN¸GQH )HOHMWV¾N HO 7«Q\OHJ
VDMQ£ORP
ȟ 1H DJJµGM ȟ 7RP KDQJMD W£YROL «V KěY¸V YROW D WHOHIRQEDQ GH
Q\LOY£QFVDND]«UWPHUWDPXQNDKHO\«UÿOWHOHIRQ£OWȟ6HPPLEDM0DMG
OHJN¸]HOHEE
ȟ3HGLJP£UDQQ\LUDY£UWXNKRJ\Q£ODWRNOHJ\¾QN
&UHVVLGDUHP«OWHKRJ\DI«UILYLV]RQR]]DD]ÿV]LQWHV«J«W
ȟ+£WLJHQȟN¸V]¸U¾OWHPHJDWRUN£W7RPȟ0LLV
0HJLQW D] D KLGHJ KDQJ +DUDJV]LN DPL«UW PHJKL¼V¯WRWW£N D WHUYHLW"
&UHVVLGD Q\RPRUXOWDEEXO «UH]WH PDJ£W PLQW E£UPLNRU «V U£G¸EEHQW
KRJ\ PLQGHQ RVWRED IDQW£]L£O£VD HOOHQ«UH QHP LVPHUL RO\DQ MµO 7RP
7XUQHUWKRJ\H]WHOWXGMDG¸QWHQL
ȟ&UHVVQ«QL%RFVKRJ\]DYDUODNPXQNDN¸]EHQ
&UHVVLGD K£WUDGÿOW «V NLFVLW SLKHQWHWWH I£Mµ K£W£W 3«QWHN HVWH I«O W¯]
YROW«VHGGLJQ\ROFODSSDON«V]¾OWHO0£UFVDNKHWYHQNHWWÿYDQK£WUD
ȟ6HPPLEDMNLFVLP+ROYDJ\"
ȟ)HQWDV]RE£PEDQ$Q\£«NQ£OEDU£WRNYDQQDNYDFVRU£UD9DJ\LVQHP
LJD]L EDU£WRN ȟ KHO\HVE¯WHWW -RMR ȟ ,QN£EE PXQNDNDSFVRODW ,VPHUHG D
QµW£W
6]HJ«Q\ -RMR RWW NHOO JXEEDV]WDQLD D V]RE£M£EDQ DP¯J D IHOQÿWWHN
HODG£VL F«ORNUµO EHV]«OJHWQHN 5REHUW KDW£UR]RWWDQ OHW¸UW DPLNRU
&UHVVLGDIHOK¯YWDKRJ\P«JVHPPHQQHNHODK«WY«J«UH
ȟ(WW«O"
7XGWDKRJ\QHYHWV«JHVGRORJLO\HVPLPLDWWDJJµGQLGH6DFK£«NQ«KD
QDJ\RQJRQGDWODQRNYROWDN
ȟ 1HP YROW HO«J NDMD ¼J\KRJ\ HWWHP HJ\ SL]]£W LGHIHQQ 6]HULQWHP
VRNNDO MREE PLQW DPLW ÿN HV]QHN ȟ IHOHOWH -RMR YLG£PDQ ȟ &VDN D]W
DNDUWDP PRQGDQL KRJ\ 7RP NLFVLW DJJµGRWW KRJ\ QHP FVXS£Q
NLWDO£OWDGHDV]WRULWDW¸QNUHPHQWN£UW\£NUµOGHPRVWP£UPLQGHQRN«
PHUWWXGMDKRJ\W«Q\OHJ¯J\W¸UW«QW
&UHVVLGDHON«SHGW
ȟ0LFVRGD"
ȟ$]WKLWWHKRJ\FVDNNLIRJ£VWNHUHVHO0HUWQHPDNDUV]DNNRUDW£YRW
OHYH]HWQL1HZFDVWOHLJYDJ\YDODPLMREESURJUDPRGDNDGW$SDVLNQ«KD
RO\DQYLFFHVHNWXGQDNOHQQL
ȟ(J\SLOODQDWȟIDNDGWNL&UHVVLGDȟ7HKRQQDQWXGV]LO\HVPLW"
ȟ $ 3KHZ OHJ¼MDEE V]£P£EDQ ROYDVWDP 9DQ HJ\ FLNN DUUµO KRJ\ D
VU£FRNPLQGLJLGHJHVHNDPLNRUȪ
ȟ 1HP QHP HUUH JRQGROWDP +DQHP KRJ\ KRQQDQ WXGRG PLNHW
JRQGROW7RP"
ȟ-DDD'RQQ\WµO
ȟ)HOK¯YRWW"
ȟ6PVWN¾OG¸WW$PDJDPRJRUYDPµGM£QȟPRQGWD-RMRGHUěVHQPLQW
HJ\ J\DNRUORWW DQ\D DNL PRUJµV WLQLIL¼W QHYHO ȟ $]W ¯UWD KRJ\ XJ\DQ
VHPPL N¸]H KR]]£ GH LJD]H KRJ\ W¸QNUHPHQWHN D N£UW\£N 0LUH «Q
YLVV]D¯UWDP KRJ\ LJD] «V QH KD]XJR]]RQ OH W«JHG HUUH D]W ¯UWD KRJ\
QHPKD]XJR]OHFVDND]DSMDHUUHJRQGROW«VÿWXGQLDNDUWDPLDKHO\]HW
LJD]£EµO J\KRJ\ PHJ¯UWDP QHNL KRJ\ WH LV HO«JJ« NLYDJ\ «V DPLNRU
RGD«UWHPKR]]£GDVXOLEµOV¯UW£OȪ
ȟ-DMQH-RMRXJ\HQHP"
&UHVVLGD U«P¾OWHQ PHJIHV]¾OW PLQWKD FVLJD YROQD DPLW FLWURPO«YHO
¸QWHQHNOH
ȟ0RVWPL«UW"(]D]LJD]V£JQHP"7«Q\OHJV¯UW£O
-RMR Q\DYDO\£V PDJD]LQMDLEDQ D]W QHP ¯UM£N OH KRJ\ QHP RN« WXGDWQL
D]HOOHQNH]ÿQHPWDJMDLYDOKDV¯UW£OPLDWWXN"+D]RNRJW£ODJRQGRODWUD
KRJ\QHPO£WKDWRGÿNHW"
ȟ$VHUHJ«O\PLDWWV¯UWDPȟYHUJÿG¸WW&UHVVLGD
ȟ &UHVV Q«QL WH LV WXGRG KRJ\ H] QHP LJD] 'H QHP NHOO DJJµGQRG
PHUW 'RQQ\ DSMD PHJQ\XJRGRWW DPLNRU 'RQQ\ HOPHV«OWH QHNL DPLW
PHJWXGRWWWÿOHPJ\KRJ\PRVWP£UPLQGHQHOYDQLQW«]YHȟFVLFVHUHJWH
-RMRȟVPHJEHV]«OW¾QNHJ\¼MLGÿSRQWRWLV'RQQ\QDNYDODPLXQDOPDV
LVNRODLNLU£QGXO£VDOHV]%HOJLXPEDDM¸YÿK«WY«J«QGHXW£QDMµOHV]
ȟ+£WȪMµȟIHOHOWHHUÿWOHQ¾O&UHVVLGD
ȟ 0RVW KDJ\ODN LV KRJ\ WXGM KDODGQL -D «V P«J YDODPL ȟ MXWRWW -RMR
HV]«EHȟ$UUDJRQGROWXQNKRJ\WDO£QHOM¸KHWQ«QHNÿN.¸QQ\HEEOHQQH
0RQGWDPKRJ\UHQJHWHJKHO\HGYDQVLP£QHOI«UQHN
1HJ\YHQHJ\HGLNIHMH]HW
)¼MW D V]«O ]XKRJRWW D] HVÿ «V ¼J\ WěQW PLQWKD *LVHOOH -RKQVWRQW «V D
FVDO£GM£W XIµN UDJDGW£N YROQD HO HUUÿO D ERO\JµUµO +£W H] D N¾O¸QEV«J D
IDOX«VDY£URVN¸]¸WWJRQGROWD/RWWLHPLN¸]EHQ2[IRUGXWF£LWM£UWD«V
SUµE£OWD PHJDNDG£O\R]QL KRJ\ D V]«O NLIRUG¯WVD D] HUQ\ÿM«W +D YDODNL
PDMG QHJ\YHQ «Y P¼OYD HOPHJ\ +HVWDFRPEHED KRJ\ ÿXW£QD
«UGHNOÿGM¸Q D] HPEHUHN EL]WRV WXGQ£N KRO ODNLN «V PLW FVLQ£O
(J\V]HUěHQFVDNWXGQ£N
,WW D]RQEDQ HJ«V]HQ P£V YROW D KHO\]HW *LVHOOH YDODPLNRU D V]¾OHLYHO
ODNRWW HJ\ U«JL YLNWRUL£QXV K£]EDQ D &DUGLJDQ 6WUHHWHQ D Y£URV «V]DNL
U«V]«Q $ N¸UQ\«N O£WKDWµDQ IHONDSRWW£ Y£OW D] XWµEEL «YHNEHQ «V D
K£]DNDW D IHOLVPHUKHWHWOHQV«JLJ IHO¼M¯WRWW£N PLQGHQI«OH \XSSLHN «V
EHIHNWHWÿN/RWWLHDNLP£UYDJ\N«WµU£MDNRSRJWDWRWWI«Q\HVDMWµNRQ«V
EHV]«OW V]£PWDODQ IHQQK«M£]µ NLVJ\HUHNHV DQ\XN£YDO «V P«J W¸EE
GDGXVVDO PHJ E«ELV]LWWHUUHO DNLN D PXQN£ED M£Uµ IHQQK«M£]µ DQ\XN£N
KHO\HWW YLJ\£]WDN D J\HUHNHNUH ,WW VHQNL VHP LVPHUWH D V]RPV]«GMDLW
HJ\HWOHQFVDO£GNLY«WHO«YHODNLNQHJ\YHQ«YHODNWDNLWW
/RWWLH HOÿV]¸U EHNXNNDQWRWW D &DUGLJDQ 6WUHHW HV V]£P¼ K£]
DEODN£QFVDND]W£QNRSRJRWWEHDVLNHUOHJNLVHEEUHP«Q\HQ«ON¾O%£UNL
ODNLNLWWQ\LOY£QQLQFVLWWKRQVDNLDQWUDFLWWDOPHJH]¾VWWHOGHNRU£OMDD
QDSSDOLM£W Q\LOY£Q YDODPL RO\DQ PRGHUQ ¯]O«Vě ¼M ODNµ DNL DOLJKD
LVPHUKHWWH-RKQVWRQ«NDW
/RWWLH HOIRUGXOW D] DMWµWµO «V ¸VV]HK¼]WD PDJ£W D] HVÿ ¼MDEE URKDPD
HOOHQ DPHO\ V]LQWH Y¯]V]LQWHVHQ RVWURPROWD D] HUQ\ÿ DODWW (J\ NLFVL
NHUHNGHG «O«QNN«N PěDQ\DJ HVÿNDE£WRV DODN WDUWRWW IHO«MH QDJ\
V]HPHWHV]V£NNDO /RWWLH DUUD V]£P¯WRWW KRJ\ HOPHJ\ PHOOHWWH «V
LJHQFVDN PHJOHSÿG¸WW DPLNRU D NLV DODN PHJ£OOW EHQ\LWRWW D NDSXQ «V
EHPHQWDHVV]£PKR]
ȟ6]«SQDSRWȟPRQGWDNHGYHVHQD]DVV]RQ\ȟ6HJ¯WKHWHN"
+HWYHQN¸U¾OM£UKDWRWW*\«U¾OÿÿV] KDMQDUDQFVV£UJD U¼]V«UGHNOÿGÿ
WHNLQWHW
ȟ0DJDLWWODNLN"ȟQ«]HWWD]DVV]RQ\NH]«EHQO«YÿNXOFVUD/RWWLH
ȟ7HMµ«JUHP«OHPFVDNYLFFHO%HQ«]HWWD]RQD]DEODNRQ"ȟHPHOWH
«JQHN D WHNLQWHW«W D Qÿ ȟ 0LQW HJ\ O£QJROµ ěUKDMµ 2O\DQQDN Q«]HN NL
DNLHJ\ěUKDMµEDQV]HUHWQHODNQL"
ȟ+£WQHPȪ
ȟ0HQMHQNXNNDQWVRQEH
ȟ0£UEHNXNNDQWRWWDPȟYDOORWWDEH/RWWLH
ȟ1D«VPLWNHUHVLWW"(ODNDUDGQLYDODPLW"
ȟ.HUHVHNYDODNLW
ȟ6DMQ£ORPNHGYHVHP0U&DUWHUGROJR]QLPHQW
ȟ 1HP 0U &DUWHUW NHUHVHP +DQHP RO\DVYDODNLW DNL QHJ\YHQ «YH
ODNRWWLWW*LVHOOH-RKQVWRQQDNK¯YW£N
$]DVV]RQ\EHGXJWDDNXOFVRWD]£UED«VNLQ\LWRWWD
ȟ *LVHOOH" ,JHQ HPO«NV]HP U£ 'H PDJD ¼J\ Q«] NL PLQW HJ\ £]RWW
NLVNXW\DNHGYHVHP.«UHJ\FV«V]HWH£W"
$] DVV]RQ\W 3K\OOLVQHN K¯YW£N «V K£URP XWF£YDO DUU«EE ODNRWW
8J\DQRWWDKROHJ«V]«OHW«EHQ,PP£UQDJ\PDPDN«QWP£UFVDNKHWLN«W
QDSRWGROJR]RWWK£]DNQ£OWDNDU¯WRWW
ȟ %L]WRV KRJ\ 0U &DUWHU QHP E£QQ£" ȟ /RWWLH «V]OHOWH KRJ\
¸VV]HFV¸S¸JWHWLDPDNXO£WODQNRQ\KDSDGOµW
ȟ $PLW D V]HP QHP O£W DPLDWW QHP I£M D V]¯Y $GMD LGH D NDE£WM£W
NHGYHVHP6]HQW«JWHOMHVHQ£W£]RWW7LV]WDY¯]PLQGHQKRO
3K\OOLV QHP W¼O]RWW /HYHWWH D N«N HVÿNDE£WM£W GH D] ÿ FLWURPV£UJD
DNULOIHOVÿMH«VNDUGLJ£QMDFVRQWV]£UD]YROW
(]HND]LJD]V£JSLOODQDWDLJRQGROWD/RWWLH$PLNRUD]HPEHUU£G¸EEHQ
KRJ\ D PěDQ\DJ HVÿNDE£W WXODMGRQN«SSHQ QDJ\RQ KDV]QRV KD XJ\DQ
QHPQ«ON¾O¸]KHWHWOHQNHOO«N
ȟ (J\ UHNO£PF«JQ«O GROJR]LN ȟ IRO\WDWWD 3K\OOLV ȟ 0LQGHQ UHJJHO I«O
Q\ROFNRU PHJ\ HO «V KDW HOÿWW VRVH «U KD]D +D YDQ HJ\ NLV LGÿP
EHXJURPWDNDU¯WRNHJ\HWD]W£QHOPHJ\HN5HPHNNLVPXQNDVN£S«EDQ
IL]HW 7DYDO\ HOPHQW¾QN EHOÿOH D] HPEHUUHO KDMµN£]QL D )¸OGN¸]L
WHQJHUUH
ȟ V PRV LV U£ ȟ MHJ\H]WH PHJ /RWWLH DPLNRU 3K\OOLV EHOH]¼G¯WRWWD D
]V£NWDUWDOP£W0U&DUWHUV]£U¯WµJ«S«EH
ȟ1HPNHGYHVN«P&VDNN¸OFV¸QYHV]HPDJ«S«WKRJ\PHJV]£U¯WVDPD
VDM£W UXK£LPDW 5HQGHV ILFNµ QHP E£QQ£ ȟ 3K\OOLV KLUWHOHQ
PHJPHUHYHGHWWȟ8J\HPDJDQHPD]DGµKLYDWDOWµOM¸WW"
ȟ5HP«OHPH]WFVDNYLFFQHNV]£QWDȟK¸NNHQWPHJ/RWWLHȟJ\Q«]HN
NLPLQWHJ\DGµHOOHQÿU"
ȟ$NNRU¾OM¸QOH&VLQ£ORNHJ\WH£Wȟ3K\OOLVEHNDSFVROWDDV]£U¯WµW«V
PHJW¸OW¸WWHJ\£UDPYRQDODVIHNHWHIÿ]ÿWȟ0LH]D]HJ«V]*LVHOOHOHO"
1DY«JUH
ȟ (J\ EDU£WRP U«JUÿO LVPHUWH *LVHOOHW V V]HUHWQH ¼MUD WDO£ONR]QL
YHOH )UHGGLH 0DVWHUVRQQDN K¯YM£N ȟ /RWWLH KLUWHOHQ DUUD JRQGROW KRJ\
3K\OOLVPLQGM£UWD FRPEM£UD FVDS«VIHONL£OWȦ)UHGGLH0DVWHUVRQ"+RJ\
PLNYDQQDN+RJ\YDQD]¸UHJ)UHGGLHPRVWDQV£J"ȥ
'H VHPPL LO\HVPL QHP W¸UW«QW (KHO\HWW 3K\OOLV ¸VV]HFV¾FV¸U¯WHWWH
QDUDQFVV]¯QěDMN£W
ȟ+£Wÿ1HPFVRGDKRJ\PDJ£WN¾OGWHHOY«JH]QLDSLV]NRVPXQN£W
+RSS£
ȟ0L«UW"
ȟ0HUWQHPU«V]HV¾OQH«SSHQPHOHJIRJDGWDW£VEDQKDPHJWDO£OQ£-µO
ILJ\HOMHQ LGH Q HPO«NV]HP )UHGGLHUH VV]HW¸UWH DQQDN D V]HJ«Q\
O£Q\QDN D V]¯Y«W $NL VHPPLW VHP FVLQ£OW DPL«UW H]W «UGHPHOWH YROQD
+£Q\FXNURWN«U"
ȟ .HWWÿW ȟ /RWWLH L]JDWRWWDQ SUµE£OWD NLSLVORJQL D] HVÿYL]HW D
V]HPSLOO£LEµO ȟ )UHGGLH QDJ\RQ VDMQ£OMD KRJ\ I£MGDOPDW RNR]RWW QHNL
(]HNV]HULQWP«JPLQGLJHUUHIHO«ODNLN"
(]V]XSHUWDO£QP£ULVWDO£ONR]KDW*LVHOOHOHO«VU£YHKHWLKRJ\M¸MM¸Q
HO+HVWDȪ
ȟ1HPNHGYHVHP.LPHQW$PHULN£ED7HMHW"
$PHULN£ED$IHQ«EHLV/RWWLHEµOLQWRWW
ȟ0DJDP«JWDUWMDYHOHDNDSFVRODWRW"
3K\OOLVPHJU£]WDDIHM«W
ȟ (] N¸U¾OEHO¾O QHJ\YHQ «YH W¸UW«QW ,VPHUW¾N HJ\P£VW GH QHP
PRQGKDWRP KRJ\ QDJ\ EDU£WQÿN YROWXQN 0HJLVPHUNHGHWW HJ\ YLFFHV
QHYě DPHULNDL IL¼YDO «V HOMHJ\H]W«N HJ\P£VW $]W£Q NLPHQWHN D]
OODPRNED «V ¸VV]HK£]DVRGWDN (NNRU KDOORWWDP UµOD XWROM£UD $]W£Q D
V]¾OHLLVHON¸OW¸]WHNȟGHP£UEL]WRVDQPHJKDOWDN
+£W LJHQ PLQGHQ MREE D VHPPLQ«O /RWWLH HOÿV]HGWH D MHJ\]HWW¸PEM«W
«VDWROO£WHO£]RWWW£VN£M£EµO
ȟ0LYROWD]DYLFFHVQ«YD]DPHULNDLIL¼QHYH"
ȟ.¸QQ\HEEHWN«UGH]]HQ9DODPLOHQJ\HOQ«YYROW.YDONH]GÿG¸WW«V
RIIVNLYDO Y«J]ÿG¸WW .¸]¸WWH PHJ HJ\ FVRPµ P£VVDOKDQJ]µ
.HYHUNDYDURIIVNLYDJ\YDODPLKDVRQOµ6HJ¯WHWWHP"
J\ WěQW KRJ\ Q«KD D YDODPL QHP LV MREE PLQW D VHPPL 'H /RWWLH
QHP DNDUWD PHJE£QWDQL 3K\OOLVW DNNXU£WXVDQ IHO¯UWD KRJ\
.HYHUNDYDURIIVNL
ȟ$NHUHV]WQHY«UHQHPHPO«NV]LN"
ȟ 1HP NHGYHVHP 7RP 7HG 'DQ YDJ\ LO\HVPL 6RVHP WDO£ONR]WXQN
V]HP«O\HVHQVPRVWLJ\DPHJH]WDWH£W.«UNHNV]HW"
ȟ N¸V]¸Q¸P ȟ YHWW HO HJ\ FVRNLV NRURQJRW /RWWLH ȟ 7XG YDODPLW
DUUµOKRJ\$PHULN£QEHO¾OKRYDPHKHWWHN"
3K\OOLV D KRPORN£W U£QFROWD PLQWKD NL DNDUQ£ IDFVDUQL D] DJ\£EµO D
KHO\HVY£ODV]W
ȟ7DO£QȪ7RURQWµED"
/£WKDWµDQHOGXJXOWD]DJ\D
ȟ9DQLWWYDODNLDN¸UQ\«NHQDNLHVHWOHJWXGKDWMD"
/RWWLH¼J\«UH]WHN«VÿP£UFVRG£UDY£UQL
ȟ6DMQ£ORPNHGYHVHPGHVHQNLDNLUHJRQGROQLWXGRN7XGMDPLQGHQ
PHJY£OWR]RWW HUUHIHO« 6HQNL QHP PDUDGW D U«JL LGÿNEÿO -DM NH]GÿGLN D
PěVRURP
3K\OOLV D IDORQ OµJµ IXWXULV]WLNXV µU£UD SLOODQWRWW NLV]HGWH D
W£YLU£Q\¯WµW D UR]VGDPHQWHV DF«O J\¾P¸OFV¸VW£OEµO «V EHNDSFVROWD D
KRUGR]KDWµW«Y«W
ȟ$]«UWN¸V]¸Q¸P1DJ\RQVRNDWVHJ¯WHWW
/RWWLH NLLWWD D WH£M£W «V OHQ\HOWH D] XWROVµ IDODW NHNV]HW (OWHWWH D
MHJ\]HWW¸PEM«W «V EHOHE¼MW YL]HV G]VHNLM«EH (QQ\LW D FVRG£NUµO +D H]
PRVWHJ\ILOPOHWWYROQD3K\OOLVD]XWROVµSLOODQDWEDQD]WPRQGWDYROQD
ȦPLO\HQEXWDLVYDJ\RNKRJ\QHPMXWRWWHV]HPEHHGGLJGHWXGRPKRO
ODNLNȥ
'HQHPILOPYROW«V3K\OOLVDWDNDU¯WµQÿDKDUPDGLNNHNV]HWPDMV]ROYD
P£UHOPHU¾OWDNHGYHQFVRUR]DWDE£PXO£V£EDQ
ȟ$NNRU«QPHJ\HNLVȟPRQGWD/RWWLH
ȟ 0HQMHQ NHGYHVHP U¾OWHP D V]HUHQFV«QHN )UHGGLH 0DVWHUVRQQDN
PHJD]W¾]HQHPKRJ\Y«QJD]HPEHUVWDO£QMREEDQM£UKDQHPVLNHU¾O
PHJWDO£OQLD*LVHOOH-RKQVWRQW
1HJ\YHQNHWWHGLNIHMH]HW
ȟ0DJDHJ\Y«QJD]HPEHU«VPHJ«UGHPOL
)UHGGLHNXQFRJRWWGHDV]HP«EHQV]RPRU¼V£J¾OW
ȟ +£W SHUV]H $ Mµ ¸UHJ 3K\OOLV PLQGLJ LO\HQ YROW $PL D V]¯Y«Q D] D
V]£M£Q
)UHGGLH D I«Q\HV W¸OJ\ID ¯UµDV]WDO P¸J¸WW ¾OW HJ\ UDN£V SDS¯U N¸]¸WW
/RWWLHHOÿV]HGHWWHJ\Q\RPWDWRWW$HVSDS¯UW
ȟ0«JPHJWDO£OKDWMXN*LVHOOHWQPLQGHQWPHJWHWWHP¼J\KRJ\LGHMH
SURILNKR] IRUGXOQL ,WW HJ\ OLVWD RO\DQ F«JHNUÿO DPHO\HN HOWěQW
V]HP«O\HNNHOIRJODONR]QDN9£ODVV]RQHJ\HW«VVHSHUFDODWWPHJWDO£OM£N
PDJ£QDN*RQGROMRQFVDNEHOH*LVHOOHQHJ\YHQ«YHY£UDUUDKRJ\DPDJD
N«S«EHORFFVDQWKDVVRQHJ\LWDOW
ȟ9DJ\LQN£EE£WKDMWVRQUDMWDPHJ\Jÿ]KHQJHUUHO&VDOµGRWWKRJ\QHP
WXGWDHJ\HG¾OPHJWDO£OQL"ȟGÿOWK£WUD)UHGGLHDIRUJµV]«NEHQ
ȟ7XGMDMµOKRJ\LJHQ0LQGNHWWHQD]WV]HUHWW¾NYROQDKDVLNHU¾O
ȟ1HW¸UÿGM¸QYHOH9DQP«JYDODNLDNLYHOPHJSUµE£ONR]KDW(]WDO£Q
N¸QQ\HEE OHV] ȟ U£QGXOW PHJ GHUěVHQ )UHGGLH V]£MD DPLNRU /RWWLH D
MHJ\]HWW¸PEM««UWQ\¼OWȟ$P\3DLQWHUDQHYH
ȟ 1HKRJ\ P£U HJ\ ¼MDEE EDU£WQÿ .RPRO\DQ PLW N«S]HO PDJ£UµO" ȟ
/RWWLHEX]JµQMHJ\H]WHDQHYHWȟ+RJ\PDJD-DFN1LFKROVRQ"
ȟ$P\N¸U¾OEHO¾ODQQ\LLGÿVPLQWPDJD
ȟ)UHGGLH0DJDW«Q\OHJ-DFN1LFKROVRQQDNJRQGROMDPDJ£W
ȟ $P\ QHP YROW D EDU£WQÿP ȟ $PLNRU /RWWLHQDN HONHUHNHGHWW D
V]HPHKR]]£WHWWHȟVQHPLVDO£Q\RP
ȟ ȟ NH]GWH PDJ£W OHJ\H]JHWQL HQHUJLNXVDQ /RWWLH ȟ +£OD LVWHQQHN
(J\SLOODQDWUDHO£OOWDV]¯YYHU«VHP
ȟ .HGYHOQL IRJMD 0LQGHQNL NHGYHOL 7DO£Q P«J LVPHULN LV HJ\P£VW ȟ
IRO\WDWWD )UHGGLH ȟ 1DJ\M£EµO EL]WRV YDJ\RN EHQQH KRJ\ P£U
WDO£ONR]WDN
$PLNRU/RWWLHLQGXOQLN«V]¾OW)UHGGLHPHJV]µODOW
ȟ0«JQHPLVN«UGH]WHPKRJ\PHQQHNDGROJRND]¼MEDU£WM£YDO"
ȟ-µOȟ/RWWLHNLVV«HOSLUXOWPHUWHOÿ]ÿQDS6HEHOVÿDONDORPPDODOXGW
Q£OXN(J\¾WWW¸OW¸WW«ND]«MV]DN£W«VN«WV]HUV]HUHWNH]WHNLVȟ5HPHN¾O
PHJYDJ\XQN1DW«V5XE\LP£GM£N
ȟ 6]HUHWQ«N WDO£ONR]QL YHOH KRJ\ PHJQ«]]HP PDJDPQDN +RJ\
O£VVDPPHJ«UGHPOLHPDJ£W
ȟSHUV]H&VDND]QHPEL]WRVKRJ\«QPHJ«UGHPOHPÿWȟ/RWWLHW
PHJKDWRWWD D] LGÿV I«UIL ÿV]LQWH DJJRGDOPD 0RVW P«J URVV]DEEXO
«ULQWHWWH D JRQGRODW KRJ\ WDO£Q P£U QHP VRN£LJ OHV]QHN HJ\¾WW ȟ
+ROQDSHOXWD]LNK£URPK«WUHSµOµYHUVHQ\WUHQGH]'XEDMEDQ'HDPLNRU
YLVV]DM¸WWHOKR]RPPHJ¯J«UHP
ȟ7HK£WKDD%OHQKHLPSDORW£EDPHJ\¾QNDNNRURWWȪ%OHQKHLPKHUFHJH
«VKHUFHJQÿMHODNLN"
/RWWLHJRQGRVDQNHU¾OWH7\OHUWHNLQWHW«WȟHJ\P£VVDOV]HPEHQ¾OWHND]
LURG£EDQ 0DKRQH\«N 0LQQHVRW£EµO PRVW HOÿV]¸U M£UWDN $QJOL£EDQ «V
IHOWHWW V]£QG«NXN YROW KRJ\ D QHPHVV«J OHKHWÿ OHJW¸EE WDJM£YDO
WDO£ONR]]DQDN 0£U M£UWDN D ZLQGVRUL NDVW«O\EDQ «V URSSDQWXO
FVDOµGRWWDN YROWDN DPL«UW D NDSXQ£O QHP ¾GY¸]¸OWH ÿNHW V]HP«O\HVHQ
(U]V«EHW NLU£O\Qÿ «V )¾O¸S KHUFHJ 0RVW ¼J\ G¸QW¸WWHN KRJ\ KDMODQGµN
NLVV«OHMMHEEHUHV]WHQLDO«FHW
ȟ6]HULQWHPÿNLVHO«JJ«HOIRJODOWDNȟ/RWWLHPLQGHQWHON¸YHWHWWKRJ\
WDSLQWDWRVDQOHEHV]«OMHÿNHWȟ'HDP¼J\FVRG£ODWRVKHO\/HKHWȪ
ȟ$+LJKJURYHNDVW«O\"ȟODSR]JDWRWW0DXUD0DKRQH\D]¼WLN¸Q\YEHQ
ȟ&KDUOLHHVHWOHJRWWOHKHW"
ȟ$+LJKJURYH+RXVHQHPO£WRJDWKDWµDQDJ\N¸]¸QV«JV]£P£UD
/RWWLH«U]«NHOWHKRJ\7\OHUIHOYRQMDDV]HP¸OG¸N«W+DN¸]HOHEE¾OWHN
YROQDEL]WRVDQEHOHU¼JHJ\HW'HMµQDJ\RW
ȟ +LJKJURYH +RXVH" $QJOLD KHUFHJH H]HN V]HULQW QHP LV NDVW«O\EDQ
ODNLN"0DJXNLWWHUUHIHO«MREEDQLVW¸UÿGKHWQ«QHNDNLU£O\LFVDO£GMXNNDOȟ
FVLFVHUHJWH 0DXUD ȟ 1D «V D *DWFRPEHSDORWD" +D EHXJUXQN HVHWOHJ
NDSKDWXQNHJ\DXWRJUDPRW$QQDKHUFHJQÿWÿO"
9DJ\ HJ\ 9 MHOHW JRQGROWD /RWWLH PLN¸]EHQ O£]DVDQ SUµE£OW YDODPL
NLHO«J¯WÿPHJROG£VWWDO£OQL
ȟ$KHO\]HWD]KRJ\DNLU£O\LFVDO£GWDJMDLQHPLJD]£QIRJODONR]QDNȪ
ȟ HOKDOW D KDQJMD DPLNRU 6HE YLKDU]RWW EH D] LURG£ED ȟ Ȫ
DXWRJUDPRV]WRJDW£VVDO
ȟ .L DNDU WÿOHP DXWRJUDPRW" ȟ YLJ\RURGRWW HO NDM£QXO 6HE ,QWHWW
7\OHUQHN D]W£Q /RWWLHKR] IRUGXOW ȟ 9DQ S£U SHUFHG" 5RKDQRN D
UHSW«UUH
/RWWLH D V]¯Y«UH V]RU¯WRWWD D NH]«W $ IHOVÿRV]W£O\EHOL V]ÿNHV«Jě
NLVSRUWROW 6HE PLQGLJ PHJGRERJWDWWD D V]¯Y«W DPLNRU Y£UDWODQXO
EHWRSSDQW
ȟ0RVW«SSHQHOYDJ\RNIRJODOYD7XGV]Y£UQLHJ\NLFVLW"
0DXUD 0DKRQH\ «UGHNOÿGYH P«UWH IHO 6HE O£WY£Q\RV Y£OODV DODNM£W
7HNLQWHWH PHJDNDGW D N«NIHK«U SµOµQ G¯V]HOJÿ %HDXIRUW 3ROR &OXE
ORJµQ
ȟ(OQ«]«VWKRJ\PHJN«UGH]HPPDJDSµOµ]LN"
ȟ 1RV LJHQ SµOµ]RP ȟ 6HE LV V]HP¾J\UH YHWWH 0DXUD ]¸P¸N
WHUPHW«WWHUMHGHOPHVIRUP£LW«V;/HV%XUEHUU\QDGU£JM£WȟQV]LQW«Q
M£WV]LN"
ȟ 0HJERORQGXOW" 7¼O ¸UHJ YDJ\RN P£U D] LO\HVPLKH] ȟ 0DXUD
HOY¸U¸V¸G¸WW «V PHJUHEHJWHWWH V]¯QWHOHQ V]HPSLOO£LW ȟ 'H PDJD «SS
RO\DQQDNWěQW$KHUFHJHNNHOLVV]RNRWWM£WV]DQL"
6HEEµOLQWRWW
ȟ5HQGV]HUHVHQ1DJ\KDYHURNYDJ\XQN0L«UW"
ȟ 6]HQWV«JHV «J (O VHP KLV]HP ȟ NH]GWH PDJ£W OHJ\H]JHWQL KHYHVHQ
0DXUDD]¼WLNDODX]]DOȟ(J«V]HQIHOGREWDDQ\DUDO£VRPDWVEHV]«OQLLV
V]RNRWW YHO¾N 0HJWHQQH QHNHP HJ\ µUL£VL V]¯YHVV«JHW «V PHJHQJHGQ«
KRJ\ OHIRWµ]]DP" 9DJ\Ȫ ȟ 0DXUD NLV K¯M£Q PHJIRMWRWWD PDJ£W
PLN¸]EHQSUµE£OWDOHU£QJDWQLDQ\DN£EµODPRELOM£WD]W£Q/RWWLHNH]«EH
Q\RPWDȟ.HGYHVHPFVLQ£OQDUµOXQNS£UN¸]¸VN«SHW"
/RWWLH NLWHUHOWH ÿNHW D] LURG£EµO «V ¾QQHS«O\HVHQ HONDWWLQWRWW HJ\
ND]DO IRWµW D E¾V]NH 0DXU£UµO «V 6HEUÿO $PLNRU Y«JUH VLNHU¾OW
PHJV]DEDGXOQLDOHONHVQÿWÿO6HEDNDUM£EDNDSWDDO£Q\W
ȟ-HVV]XVRPPLQGHQDPHULNDLLO\HQKLV]«NHQ\"
ȟ3V]WȟE¸N¸WWD]LURGDDMWDMDIHO«DIHM«YHO/RWWLHDPHO\DOLJQ«K£Q\
O«S«VQ\LUHYROW
ȟ0L"-Dȟ6HERGDPHQW«VEHGXJWDDIHM«Wȟ%RFV£QDW
7\OHU¼J\WHWWPLQWKDQHPDNDUQ£DIRJ£WFVLNRUJDWQL
ȟ1HPWHV]VHPPLW
ȟ 2O\DQ H] PLQW D EXV]RN (]HU «YLJ QHP O£WV] HJ\ MHQNLW VH D]W£Q
HJ\EÿO NHWWÿ LV M¸Q ȟ 6HE JRQGRONRGµED HVHWW ȟ 1HP PLQWKD YDODKD LV
M£UWDPYROQDEXVV]DO
/RWWLHVLHWYHPHJMHJ\H]WH
ȟ1HPLVWXGWDPKRJ\DKHUFHJHNNHOSµOµ]RO
ȟ 3HGLJ «YHN µWD WROMXN ȟ FVLOORJRWW 6HE V]HPH ȟ +HUFHJ -µ]VLYDO «V
+HUFHJ3DOLYDO
/RWWLHFVDOµGRWWDEEYROWPLQWVHPKDMODQGµOHWWYROQDEHLVPHUQL
ȟ1RVH]WQHPIRJRPHOPRQGDQL0DXU£QDN
ȟ-DMGU£J£P(]DNNRUDFVDOµG£V",VPHUHPDP£VLNKHUFHJHNHWLVGH
FVDN O£W£VEµO ȟ WNDUROWD /RWWLHW «V PDJ£KR] YRQWD ȟ (] D]W MHOHQWL
KRJ\ P£U QHP LV IRJRN KL£Q\R]QL DP¯J W£YRO OHV]HN" 0LW V]µOQ£O HJ\
J\RUVPHQHWKH]FVDNKRJ\HOQHIHOHMWVGPLWNHOOKL£Q\ROQRG"
$GRORJNH]GHWWHJ\NLVV«N¯QRVV£Y£OQL7\OHURGDEHQWYROW«VPLQGHQ
V]µW KDOORWW DN£U DNDUWD DN£U QHP /RWWLH SUµE£OWD 6HEHW DUU«EE
YRQV]ROQLGHHOOHQ£OO£VED¾WN¸]¸WW«V/RWWLHWXGWDKRJ\H]V]£QG«NRV
ȟ+L£Q\R]QLIRJV]ȟSUµE£OWDKDONDQ6HEI¾O«EHPRUPROQLGHDGRORJ
QHPYROWLO\HQHJ\V]HUě
ȟ0XWDVGPHJPHQQ\LUHȟLQFVHONHGHWW6HE
ȟ1HP'ROJR]QRPNHOOQHNHGSHGLJHONHOO«UQHGDJ«SHGHW
ȟ J\ «UWHG KRJ\ V]¯YHVHQ PHJPXWDWQ£G FVDN ]DYDUEDQ YDJ\ PHUW
QHPYDJ\HJ\HG¾O$IÿQ¸N¸GKDOO7XGRGPLW")HOHMWVGHODJ\RUVN¸UW
0DMG FVDN KDONDQ IRJODN PHJFVµNROQL «V WH LV SUµE£OM FVHQGEHQ OHQQL
6HPPLFXSSRJ£V]LK£O£V«VDEV]RO¼WHVHPPLHNV]WDWLNXVQ\¸J«V0HQQL
IRJ"
.«WSHUFFHON«VÿEEDV£URV]¸OG*ROIHOG¾E¸UJ¸WW«V/RWWLHYLVV]DPHQW
D]LURG£ED
ȟ&VDNYLFFHOW3R«QYROW
(]WHOMHVHQLJD]YROWP«JLVY«GHNH]«VQHNKDQJ]RWW
ȟ6HPPLN¸]¸PKR]]£ȟ7\OHUIHOVHPSLOODQWRWWDV]£P¯WµJ«S«UÿOȟ
$PHGGLJHOY«J]HGDPXQN£GDW
ȟ &VDN D]«UW FVLQ£OWD KRJ\ ]DYDUED KR]]RQ HOÿWWHG 0«J FVDN QHP LV
FVµNROµ]WXQNȪ
ȟ /RWWLH QHP NHOO PDJ\DU£]NRGQRG )HOQÿWW HPEHU YDJ\ HO«J LGÿV
DKKR] KRJ\ HOG¸QWVG NLYHO DNDUV] OHQQL ȟ 7\OHU KDQJM£EµO HJ\«UWHOPě
YROWKRJ\PLWJRQGROHUUÿODG¸QW«VUÿOȟ0RVWSHGLJIRO\WDWKDWMXNY«JUH
DPXQN£W"
.LVV« LQJHU¾OW YROW 6HE W¼OV£JRVDQ Q\LOY£QYDOµDQ «OYH]WH D
ERVV]DQW£V£W%RU¯W«NROKDWµYROWKRJ\VRVHPOHV]QHNNHEHOEDU£WRN
ȟ0LQGHQHVHWUHEHDUDQ\R]WD0DXUDQDSM£W
/RWWLH QHP WHKHWHWW UµOD D 6HEHW LOOHWÿ E¯U£ODWRW D] HPEHULVPHUHWH
NULWLN£MDN«QW«UW«NHOWH
ȟ$]EL]WRVȟEµOLQWRWWNXUW£Q7\OHUDPLNRUDWHOHIRQFV¸U¸JQLNH]GHWW
ȟ)HOYHV]HGYDJ\YHJ\HPIHO«Q"
ȟ$Q\D7HOHIRQ
/RWWLH DNL D N£GEDQ KHYHUYH KDOOJDWWD D NLQWL YLKDU WRPERO£V£W
KDOORWWDDKRJ\1DWIHOY£JWDWDO«SFVÿQ%HUREEDQWDI¾UGÿV]REDDMWDMD«V
DNLVIL¼EHURQWRWWNH]«EHQDPRELOODO
ȟ+¼DQ\DO£WRPDFLFLGHW
ȟ 3V]W $GG LGH ȟ 1DW P«J QHP IRJWD IHO WHOMHVHQ KRJ\ KD QHP
N¸]YHWOHQ¾O D PLNURIRQED EHV]«O DNNRU LV KDOOM£N DPLW PRQG /RWWLH
PLN¸]EHQ D WHOHIRQ XW£Q Q\¼OW P£U Y£UWD 6HE NDM£Q PHJMHJ\]«V«W ȟ
+HOOµ ERFVȪ HJ\ SLOODQDWȪ VDPSRQ YDQ D I¾OHPEHQȪ RN« PRVW P£U
PRQGKDWRG
ȟQYDJ\RND]%RFVKRJ\]DYDUODNGHYDQHJ\NLVJRQGRP«VWDO£QWH
WXGV]VHJ¯WHQL
7\OHUKDQJM£WµONLVK¯M£QDY¯]EHHMWHWWHDPRELOM£W
1HW£Q QHP E¯U PHJV]DEDGXOQL 6]ÿU¸VO£EWµO" $NL HOV]£QWDQ
FVLPSDV]NRGLNU£«VJ\HUHNHWDNDUWÿOH"
ȟ0LUÿOYDQV]µ"ȟN«UGH]WHµYDWRVDQ/RWWLH
ȟ $ +DUSHUȢV &RWWDJHEDQ YDJ\RN V QDJ\ V]¾NV«JHP YDQ D
VHJ¯WV«JHGUH
9DODPL RO\DVPL YROW D KDQJM£EDQ DPLW /RWWLH P«J VRVHP KDOORWW
$]RQQDOPHJ«UH]WHKRJ\E£UPLIRJPRVWHOKDQJ]DQLD]D]]DOM£UKRJ\
NL NHOO E¼MQLD D I¾UGÿ NHOOHPHV JXEµM£EµO 3DQFVROXV LQWHUUXSWXV 9DQ
YDODPL P£UP£U I£MGDOPDV DEEDQ KD D] HPEHUQHN LGÿ HOÿWW NL NHOO
V]£OOQLDDN£GEµO
ȟ0HJ¸OW«OYDODNLW«VVHJ¯WHQLNHOOHO£VQLDKXOO£W"
+D6]ÿU¸VO£ED]DNNRU¸U¸PPHO
ȟ 'RUD WDNDU¯WRWW LWW G«OXW£Q PLXW£Q $YHU\«N HOPHQWHN ȟ PRQGWD
7\OHUȟ(PO«NV]HO7ULVK$YHU\SDUI¾PM«UH"
ȟ7HMµ«JHV]HPEHQHMXWWDVG
0«J KRJ\ HPO«NH]HWWH" 6]LQWH «UH]WH D] ¯]«W D V]£M£EDQ $
YLO£JHJ\HWHP OHJJ\LONRVDEE SDUI¾PMH YROW N¸QQ\IDFVDUµ Q«PL
Eě]¸VERU]RVEH¾W«VVHO
ȟ9DOµV]¯QěOHJNLERUXOKDWRWWEHOÿOHHJ\¾YHJJHODK£OµV]RE£EDQ'RUD
D]W PRQGWD UHWWHQHWHV YROW &VDN «SSHQ D]W IHOHMWHWWH HO N¸]¸OQL KRJ\
PLQGHQDEODNRWW£UYDQ\LWYDKDJ\RWWKRJ\NLPHQMHQDEě]
ȟ 0LQGHQ DEODNRW" $] HPHOHWL WHWÿDEODNRNDW LV" ȟ /RWWLHQDN J¸UFVEH
U£QGXOWDJ\RPUD
ȟ3RQWRVDQV7KRPSVHWW«NW¯]UHY£UKDWµN
ȟ+DQHPWěQWYROQDIHO«SSDI¾UGÿN£GEDQHMWÿ]¸P
ȟ'HIHOWěQW1RV"
ȟ 1D Mµ 0HJ\HN GHV LVWHQHPȪ ȟ MDMGXOW IHO /RWWLH DPLNRU 1DW LQJ
Q«ON¾OURQWRWWEHDI¾UGÿEH
ȟ0RVWPHJPLDEDM"ȟ«UGHNOÿG¸WW7\OHU
ȟ 7DGDPP ȟ 1DW SHFNHVHQ PDV¯UR]QL NH]GHWW ȟ 1«]G DQ\D
)HOYHWWHPDPHOOWDUWµGDW
$]HOÿ]ÿK«WYDGYLKDUDLHOYRQXOWDN«V+HVWDFRPEHY¸OJ\HPHJLQWRO\DQ
OHWW PLQW DPLO\HQQHN HJ\ FRWVZROGVL Y¸OJ\QHN OHQQLH NHOO D] ÿV]
N¸]HS«Q $ I£N H]HUQ\L V]¯QEHQ SRPS£]WDN «V D QDSI«Q\ URSRJµVUD
V]£U¯WRWWD D OHKXOORWW OHYHOHNHW 0LN¸]EHQ D NHVNHQ\ DYDUUDO ERU¯WRWW
¸VY«Q\HQ KDODGW /RWWLHQDN NHU¾OJHWQLH NHOOHWW D V]¼UµV EXUNXNEµO
I«Q\HVHQ YLDV]RVDQ NLSRW\RJµ JHV]WHQ\«NHW (J\ UµND V]DODGW £W HOÿWWH
UR]VGDY¸U¸VIDUNDDI¸OGHWV¼UROWDDKRJ\D]V£NP£Q\Q\RP£WNHUHVWHD]
DOMQ¸Y«Q\]HWEHQ $ W£YROEDQ YDUM¼ N£URJRWW SDQDV]RV ULNROWR]£VD
YLVV]KDQJ]RWW D Wµ VLPD W¾NUH I¸O¸WW /RWWLH SLURV G]VHNLM«QHN ]VHE«EH
V¾OO\HV]WHWWHDNH]«WQN«QWHOHQ¾OLVYLVV]DIRMWRWWDDO«OHJ]HW«WDPLNRU
EHIRUGXOWD)R[&RWWDJHIHO«YH]HWÿNDQ\DUEDQ7DO£Q.DWH0RVVPHJXQWD
D Y£UDNR]£VW «V HOPHQW 'H Mµ LV OHQQH V P«J MREE OHQQH KD DQQ\LUD
PHJHO«JHOWHYROQDDGROJRWKRJ\YLVV]DUHS¾OW$PHULN£ED
'H QHP $ OHJMREE GROJRN D OHJULWN£EE HVHWEHQ KDMODPRVDN
PHJW¸UW«QQLKDD]HPEHUY£UMDÿNHW$NRFVLHJ\MHOOHJWHOHQ$XGLP«J
PLQGLJRWWSDUNROW$O£Q\SHGLJDNLLJHQFVDNW£YRO£OOWDMHOOHJWHOHQWÿO
RWWY£UWDYRO£QP¸J¸WW
/HHQJHGWHD]DEODNRWDPLNRU/RWWLHRGD«UW(OPRVRO\RGRWW
ȟ,JHQWXGRPPLWJRQGROGHQHDJJµGMRQ1HPYDJ\RNÿU¾OW]DNODWµ
/RWWLHHWWÿOQHPWDUWRWW$]ÿU¾OW]DNODWµNNDON¸QQ\ěHOE£QQLHOOHKHW
ÿNHW YLWHWQL D UHQGÿUV«JJHO «V HO¯W«OWHWQL ]DNODW£V«UW 'H HJ\ WHOMHVHQ
QRUP£OLVO£Q\WQHPOHKHWEH]£UDWQLFVDND]«UWPHUWW¼OV]«S
ȟ /LDQD D QHYHP ȟ Q\¼MWRWWD NL NDUFV¼ NH]«W D] DEODNRQ /RWWLH IHO«
8MMDLW¸U«NHQ\HN«V%DUELHV]HUěHNYROWDNȟ7\OHUMµEDU£WMDYDJ\RN
(WWÿO P£U OHKHWHWW I«OQL 1HP YROW E¾V]NH U£ GH QHP WHKHWHWW UµOD
/LDQDPHOOHWWP«J+DOOH%HUU\LVN¸Y«UQHN«V£WODJRVQDNWěQWYROQD
ȟ9£UMDPDJ£W"
ȟ 1HP PHJ DNDUWDP OHSQL %£U VRNV]RU PRQGWD KRJ\ XJRUMDN £W ȟ
PDJ\DU£]WDVLHWYH/LDQDȟJ\KRJ\UHP«OHPVLNHU¾OQLIRJ
$SURVSHNWXVRWWKHYHUWPHOOHWWHDWHOHSW«UN«S«Q«ONLQ\LWYD1\LOY£Q
¯J\ WDO£OWD PHJ D K£]DW V DOLJKD OHKHW HON¾OGHQL LQQHQ E£U QDJ\RQ Mµ
OHQQHȪ
ȟ /HKHW KRJ\ H] P£U ÿ ȟ FVLOODQW IHO /LDQD V]HPH DPLNRU N¸]HOHGÿ
DXWµ]¼J£VDKDOODWV]RWWȟ-DMDQQ\LUDL]JXORNþOHQQHD]"7HMµ«JLJHQ
/RWWLH PDMGKRJ\QHP N«SUHJ«Q\EH LOOÿ PµGRQ V]«WNHQÿG¸WW DPLNRU
/LDQD NLFVDSWD D NRFVLDMWµW «V NLXJURWW /RWWLH Q«]WH DKRJ\ RGDURKDQ
7\OHUKH] 7\OHU UHDNFLµMD PLQGHQW HO IRJ G¸QWHQL KD HON«SHG «V SUµE£O
EH]£UNµ]QL D NRFVLM£ED DNNRU D O£Q\ QHP «SSHQ RO\DQ IRJDGWDW£VEDQ
U«V]HV¾OPDMGDPLO\HQUHV]£P¯WRWW'HKDȪ
ȟ+£WLWWYDJ\(OVHPKLV]HP(]IDQWDV]WLNXVȟ7\OHUNLW£UWDDNDUM£W
£W¸OHOWH /LDQ£W D]W£Q N¸UEHIRUJDWWD ȟ 2O\DQ Mµ KRJ\ ¼MUD O£WODN 0L«UW
QHPV]µOW£OKRJ\M¸VV]"+DGGQ«]]HOHNPHJ6]HEEYDJ\PLQWYDODKD
ȟ1HPRQGMLO\HQHNHWȟNDSWDDV]£MDHO«D]HJ\LNW¸N«OHWHV%DUELHXMM£W
/LDQDȟ.¾O¸QEHQVHPYDJ\XQNHJ\HG¾O1HKR]]]DYDUEDP£VRNDW
ȟ/RWWLHWVHPPLVHPKR]]D]DYDUEDHOKLKHWHG
/RWWLH NLVV« IXU£Q «UH]WH PDJ£W PHUW 7\OHU VRVHP HPO¯WHWWH /LDQ£W
SHGLJH]HNV]HULQWNHOOHWWYROQD
ȟ $NNRU PRVW LQN£EE PDJDWRNUD KDJ\ODN EHQQHWHNHW 0HOOHVOHJȪ
*LQQ\ 7KRPSVHWW PHJK¯YRWW W«JHG D SDUWLMXNUD PD HVW«UH D +DUSHUȢV
&RWWDJHED
ȟ1HPKLQQ«PKRJ\HOWXGRNPHQQLȟIHOHOWH7\OHUȟ0RVWKRJ\/HH
LWWYDQȟQ«]HWW/LDQ£UDȟ0HGGLJPDUDGV]"
ȟ $PHGGLJ V]HUHWQ«G 6]DEDG YDJ\RN ȟ V]RU¯WRWWD PHJ D I«UIL NH]«W D
O£Q\ȟ$EÿU¸QGMHLPDFVRPDJWDUWµEDQYDQQDN
/RWWLHWXGWDKRJ\YHV]WHWW%£UNLLVH]D/LDQDPRVWP£ULWWYDQ$]LV
OHKHW KRJ\ HGGLJ QHP YROW N¸]H 7\OHUKH] HOY«JUH LO\HQ EDU£WQÿN QHP
WHUHPQHNPLQGHQERNRUEDQ/RWWLHLQGXOQLN«V]¾OW
ȟ$NNRUPHJPRQGRP*LQQ\QHNKRJ\QHPWXGV]RWWOHQQL
ȟ.¸V]LȟIHOHOWHV]µUDNR]RWWDQ7\OHUȟ7«JHGLVPHJK¯YRWW"
ȟ(QJHP",JHQ
/RWWLH Q«]WH DKRJ\ /LDQD NLQ\LWMD D FVRPDJWDUWµW DPHO\EHQ Q«J\
MµNRUDS¼GHUN«NEÿU¸QGYROW
ȟ$NNRU«UH]GMµOPDJDGȟPRQGWDN¸QQ\HG«Q7\OHU
ȟJ\OHV]
ȟ-µEXOL]£VWȟV]µOWN¸]EH/LDQD«VYLG£PDQLQWHJHWHWW/RWWLHQDNȟ
U¾O¸NKRJ\WDO£ONR]WXQN0«JO£WMXNHJ\P£VW
ȟ1HPLVWXGRPKRJ\PRQGMDPHO
ȟ0LW"
0LQW 7RP KDQJMD KDOODW£Q PLQGLJ &UHVVLG£QDN PRVW LV HO£OOW D
V]¯YYHU«VH 0RVRO\RJYD Y£UWD D] ¼MDEE XJUDW£VW 3«QWHN UHJJHO YROW «V
«SSDNRQ\K£EDQN«V]¯WHWWHDS£V]WRUSLW«WHVW«UHDIL¼NWLV]WHOHW«UH
ȟ$Q\£PHOHVHWW«VHOW¸UWHDFV¯SÿM«WȟN¸]¸OWHY«J¾O7RP
&UHVVLGDV]¯YHH]¼WWDOQHPD]¸U¸PWÿOGREEDQWPHJ
ȟ (] YLFF" ȟ %£U D] OHQQH .µUK£]ED NHU¾OW «V KROQDS PěWLN 'H
WHOMHVHQHOKDJ\WDPDJ£WȟIRO\WDWWD7RPHOFVLJ£]RWWDQȟ$]WDNDUMDKRJ\
RWWOHJ\HNYHOH+RJ\LVXWDV¯WKDWWDPYROQDHO"
ȟ0«JLVFVDND]«GHVDQ\£G7HUP«V]HWHVKRJ\PHOOHWWH NHOOOHQQHGȟ
&UHVVLGD DUF£Q Y«JLJFVRURJWDN D FVDOµGRWWV£J N¸QQ\HL 'H D]W£Q DUUD
JRQGROW KRJ\ QHP V]DEDG LO\HQ ¸Q]ÿQHN OHQQLH «V OHW¸U¸OWH ÿNHW ȟ
6]HJ«Q\ DVV]RQ\ EL]WRVDQ QDJ\RQ IHO YDQ G¼OYD 1H DJJµGM PLDWWXQN
PHQMFVDN«GHVDQ\£GKR]0DMGFVLQ£ORNQHNLHJ\V]«SJ\µJ\XOµVN£UW\£W
ȟ1DJ\RQVDMQ£ORPȟV]DEDGNR]RWW7RP
6]HJ«Q\RO\DQQ\RPRUXOWDKDQJMD
ȟQLV'HH]PRVWDOHJNHYHVHEE0LUHNLOHQFYHQ«YHVHNOHV]¾QNWDO£Q
WDO£ONR]XQNY«JUHȟYLJDV]WDOWD&UHVVLGD
0LXW£Q OHWHWWH D WHOHIRQW D] DV]WDORQ KHYHUÿ EXUJRQ\£NRQ W¸OW¸WWH NL
WHKHWHWOHQG¾K«WHJ\P£VXW£QDIDOKR]YDJGRVWDÿNHW
ȟ0L«UWSRQW«Q"ȟMDMRQJRWWD]W£QOHEXNRWWDPLNRUHJ\YLVV]DSDWWDQµ
NUXPSOL PDMGQHP DUFRQ WDO£OWD ȟ 0L«UW ««««Q" ȟ 0LQWKD D YXUVWOLEDQ
GRE£Oµ]QDF«OWDODQXO$N¸YHWNH]ÿNUXPSOLDNHGYHQFE¸JU«M«WWDO£OWDHO
«V EHOHO¸NWH D PRVRJDWµED (]]HO Y«JN«SS EHWHOW D SRK£U 0RVW P£U D
NHGYHQF E¸JUH LV HOW¸UW 9DGXO IRO\WDWWD D GRE£Oµ]£VW PLQW HJ\
PHJNHUJ¾OWNULNHWWM£W«NRVȟ*UUUU0L«UW«QPL«UW«QPL«UW«QȪDNXUYD
URKDGW«OHWEHPL«UW««««««Q"
7HMµ«JYDMRQPLµWDV]µOKDWDFV¸QJÿ"
&UHVVLGD ]LK£OYD PHJPHUHYHGHWW PLQW HJ\ VDURNED V]RU¯WRWW £OODW $
FVHQJÿ PHJLQW IHOVLY¯WRWW %£UNL LV D] EL]WRVDQ KDOORWWD D WRPERO£V£W
1HPWHKHW¼J\PLQWKDQHPOHQQHLWWKRQ*\RUVDQPHJW¸U¸OWHD]DUF£W
PHJLJD]JDWWDDKDM£W«VSUµE£OWP«O\HNHWO«OHJH]QL
&VDNV]«SQRUP£OLVDQ7DO£QQHPLVYROWRO\DQKDQJRVPLQWJRQGROWD
«VRGDNLQWQHPLVKDOORWW£N
$EROWRV7HG£OOWDN¾V]¸E¸Q
ȟ ,GHJ¸VV]HRPO£VD YDQ" ȟ «UGHNOÿG¸WW 7HG D PDJD PHJV]RNRWW
NLILQRPXOWWDSLQWDW£YDO
ȟ1HP7HG-µOYDJ\RN
ȟ1HNHPQHP¼J\WěQW-DMYHV]«NHOWPLQWHJ\OLG«UF
&UHVVLGDSUµE£OWDPHJÿUL]QLDP«OWµV£J£W
ȟ &VDN HJ\ NLFVLWȪ IHO]DNODWRWW YDODPL 'H P£U HOP¼OW 0LEHQ
VHJ¯WKHWHN"
7HGPHJW¸U¸OWHDKRPORN£WHJ\MµNRUD]VHENHQGÿYHO
ȟ$P¼OWNRUDPLNRUGLµVV¾WHP«Q\WN«UWQHPM¸WWPHJDV]£OO¯WP£Q\
'HPRVWP£UPHJ«UNH]HWWJ\KRJ\KDN«UM¸MM¸Q£W
0L«UWQ«]HJHW7HGIRO\WRQD]ÿK£WDP¸J«"&UHVVLGDK£WUDSLOODQWRWW«V
O£WWDKRJ\DV]ÿQ\HJHQV]DQDV]«WKHYHUQHNDV]«WKDMLJ£OWNUXPSOLN
ȟ 1DJ\RQ NHGYHV PDJ£WµO 7HG GH YHQG«JHNHW Y£UWDP «V P«JVHP
M¸QQHN¼J\KRJ\QHPOHV]V]¾NV«JHPDUUDDGLµVV¾WLUH
9DMRQ PLW JRQGROKDW PRVW UµOD 7HG" &UHVVLG£QDN QHP NHOOHWW VRN£LJ
Y£UQLDDY£ODV]UD
ȟ-µ
ȟ6DMQ£ORPKRJ\KL£EDI£UDGW
0£UKDD+LJK6WUHHWHQWHQQLQ«K£Q\O«S«VWI£UDGV£JQDNV]£P¯W
ȟ$]«UWQHPKL£ED6]¯YHVHQM¸WWHPȟ7HGHOKDOOJDWRWW«VPHJFVµY£OWD
DIHM«Wȟ7XGMDPDJDQHPURVV]NLVQÿ(J\LGHMHP£UQ«]HJHWHP
-DM
ȟ+£WȪL]«Ȫ
ȟ (J\HG¾O YDQ Q LV HJ\HG¾O YDJ\RN ȟ IRO\WDWWD 7HG ȟ $] LJD]DW
PHJYDOOYDDUUDJRQGROWDPKRJ\HVHWOHJNH]GKHWQ«QNHJ\P£VVDOYDODPLW
0HJDNDUWDPN«UGH]QLQHPM¸QQHHOYHOHPPHJLQQLYDODPLWYDODPHO\LN
HVWH" ȟ 7HG PHJLQW Y£UW «V ]DMRVDQ V]¸UFV¸J¸WW D] RUU£Q £W ȟ 'H D]RN
XW£QDPLNHWNLDE£OWD]WKLV]HPHOM£WV]RWWDD]HV«O\HLWVP«JVHK¯YRP
HO
ȟ 2N« ȟ &UHVVLGD NHOOÿN«SSHQ PHJV]HSSHQWHQ FVXNWD EH D] DMWµW
9LVV]DPHQWDNRQ\K£EDIHOV]HGHWWS£UNUXPSOLW«VD]WPRQGWDQHNLNȟ
+£ODLVWHQQHN
1HJ\YHQKDWRGLNIHMH]HW
/RWWLH P£U PDMGQHP N«W µU£MD GROJR]RWW DPLNRU 7\OHU P£VQDS G«OHOÿWW
PHJ«UNH]HWW D] LURG£ED /RWWLH D IDOLµU£UD SLOODQWRWW ȟ W¯] SHUF P¼OYD
WL]HQHJ\ȟ«VKÿVLHVHQHOOHQ£OOWDN«V]WHW«VQHNKRJ\NHOOHPHVG«OXW£QW
N¯Y£QMRQDI«UILQDN
(]J\HUHNHVGRORJOHWWYROQD
ȟ0LQGHQUHQGEHQ"ȟYHWWHOHDG]VHNLM«W7\OHU
1HPLVWXGRP0LQGHQUHQGEHQ"$]«MV]DNDMµWV]H[HOW«O/LDQ£YDO"
/RWWLHH]WSHUV]HQHPPRQGWDNL,QN£EEN¸QQ\HG«QPHJMHJ\H]WH
ȟ 3HUV]H PLQGHQ %L]WRVDQ NHOOHPHV PHJOHSHW«V YROW QHNHG KRJ\
/LDQDFVDN¼J\PHJMHOHQW
7\OHUSLOODQW£VDHO£UXOWD/RWWLHQDNKRJ\QHPLJD]£QVLNHU¾OWDFVHO
ȟ(O«JIXUDKHO\]HW/LDQDDEDU£WRP
ȟ(O«JMµEDU£WOHKHWDKRJ\O£WRP
7\OHURGDPHQW«VOH¾OWD]DV]WDOVDUN£UD$JRQGRODWDLEDP«O\HGW
ȟ (PO«NV]HO DPLNRU HOPHV«OWHP KRJ\ PL«UW M¸WWHP LGH" +RJ\ PL«UW
KDJ\WDPRWWD1HZ<RUNL£OO£VRPDW"
ȟ0HUWPHJKDOWDEDU£WRG
/RWWLH «U]«NHL NL«OHVHGWHN D I«UIL N¸]HOV«J«EHQ $ IDUPHUEH E¼MWDWRWW
FRPERNRWWYROWDND]RUUDHOÿWW
ȟ,JHQ&XUWLVȟEµOLQWRWW7\OHUȟ*\HUHNNRURPµWDDOHJMREEEDU£WRP
YROWȟMDEEV]¾QHWȟ(OMHJ\H]W«NHJ\P£VW/LDQ£YDO
(OMHJ\H]W«N HJ\P£VW /RWWLHW KXOO£PN«QW ¸QW¸WWH HO D
PHJN¸QQ\HEE¾O«V /LDQD &XUWLV PHQ\DVV]RQ\D YROW VHPPL W¸EE
J\KRJ\DNNRUW«Q\OHJFVDNEDU£WRN7\OHUUHO
&VDNKRJ\ȪP«JVHPWHOMHVHQVWLPPHODGRORJ(QQ«OW¸EEUÿOOHKHWV]µ
ȟ+DNHWWÿQNN¸]¸WWPěN¸GWHNYROQDDGROJRNȟNH]GWH/RWWLHODVVDQȟ
DNNRULVHOM¸WWYROQD"
ȟ1HPȟU£]WDDIHM«W7\OHU)HONDSRWWHJ\FHUX]£W«VNRSRJQLNH]GHWW
YHOH D] DV]WDORQ ȟ (]«UW NHOO PHJPDJ\DU£]QRP D KHO\]HWHW
)RO\DPDWRVDQ WDUWRWWXNDNDSFVRODWRWD]µWDLVKRJ\£WM¸WWHPLGH/LDQD
N«UGH]WH KRJ\ YDQH YDODNLP PLUH «Q D]W PRQGWDP KRJ\ QLQFV 0HUW
W«Q\OHJQHPYROW
ȟUWHPȟEµOLQWRWW/RWWLH
+£ODDJ\HUHNHNQHNH]LJD]LVYROW
ȟ /LDQD IDQWDV]WLNXV O£Q\ .«W «YYHO H]HOÿWW LVPHUWH PHJ &XUWLVW HJ\
SDUWLQ0LQGNHWWHM¾NV]£P£UDV]HUHOHPYROWHOVÿO£W£VUD«VDPLNRU&XUWLV
EHPXWDWWDQHNHPD]RQQDOO£WWDPKRJ\PL«UW7¸N«OHWHVHQ¸VV]HLOOHWWHN
ȟ1HPYROW£OI«OW«NHQ\"ȟN«UGH]WH/RWWLHȟ1HPJRQGROW£ODUUDKRJ\
MµOHWWYROQDKDWHWDO£ONR]ROYHOHHOÿV]¸U"
ȟ 1HP VHPPL LO\HVPLUÿO QHP YROW V]µ ȟ U£]WD D IHM«W KDW£UR]RWWDQ
7\OHU ȟ (J\V]HUěHQ FVDN ¸U¾OWHP KRJ\ &XUWLV RO\DQ O£Q\W WDO£OW
PDJ£QDN DNLYHO «Q LV MµO NLM¸Y¸N &XUWLV EDU£WQÿMH YROWȪ (V]HPEH VH
MXWRWW YROQD P£VN«SS JRQGROQL U£ V QHNL VH U£P ȟ IRO\WDWWD PLHOÿWW
/RWWLH ¼MDEE ¯]O«VWHOHQ N«UG«VW WHKHWHWW YROQD IHO ȟ .HGYHOW¾N HJ\P£VW
GH VHPPL W¸EE $PLNRU &XUWLV HOPRQGWD KRJ\ ¸VV]H IRJQDN K£]DVRGQL
QHP LV ¸U¾OKHWWHP YROQD MREEDQ V IHON«UW KRJ\ OHJ\HN D WDQ¼MD +D
OHWWHNYROQDJ\HUHNHLN«QOHWWHPYROQDDNHUHV]WDSMXN
&VHQGOHWW
ȟ'HHUUHP£UQHPNHU¾OWVRUȟV]µODOWPHJD]W£Q/RWWLH
ȟ1HP0HUW&XUWLVDNHOOHW«Q«O¸WYHQ«YYHONRU£EEDQPHJKDOWȟIHOHOWH
7\OHUȟ.«S]HOKHWHGPLO\HQOHKHWHWWH]/LDQ£QDN
ȟVQHNHG
ȟ 1HNL VRNNDO URVV]DEE YROW 1HNL &XUWLV MHOHQWHWWH D] «OHWHW 7HOMHVHQ
N«WV«JEHHVHWW ȟ 7\OHU NH]«EHQ HJ\UH J\RUVDEEDQ NRSRJRWW D FHUX]D ȟ
6RNLGÿWW¸OW¸WW¾QNHJ\¾WW0LQGHQWPHJWHWWHPKRJ\£WVHJ¯WVHPD]HOVÿ
KµQDSRNRQ 9HOHP EHV]«OKHWHWW &XUWLVUÿO PHUW WXGWD KRJ\ PHJ«UWHP
'HFVDNEDU£WRNYROWXQNWRY£EEUDLV$EV]RO¼WHSO£WµLDQ
/RWWLHO£WWDKRJ\DI«UILEDOO£EDPHJU£QGXO
ȟ (J«V]HQ DGGLJ DP¯JȪ $P¯J QHP YROW D] D] HVWH Q«J\ KµQDSSDO
&XUWLVKDO£ODXW£Q/LDQDY£UDWODQXOPHJN«UGH]WHKRJ\V]HULQWHPWDO£OH
PDMGPHJLQWYDODNLW«VEROGRJOHKHWHP«J0LUH«QD]WPRQGWDPKRJ\
SHUV]HKLV]HQQDJ\RQV]«SO£Q\PLQGHQPHJYDQEHQQHKR]]£(UUHV¯UYD
IDNDGW «Q SHGLJ PHJW¸U¸OWHP D V]HP«W ȟ IRO\WDWWD 7\OHU ȟ V DNNRU
PHJFVµNROW
6]¸UQ\ě YROW KDOODQL H]W /RWWLH HJ\ URVV] V]µW QHP PRQGKDWRWW U£
P«JLVPDMGEHOHEHWHJHGHWWDI«OW«NHQ\V«JEH
ȟ7HPHJYLVV]DFVµNROWDG
ȟ 2O\DQ IXUD KHO\]HW YROW DPLUH QHP V]£P¯WRWWDP ȟ E£PXOW NL D]
DEODNRQ 7\OHU ȟ (J\ NLFVLW HOUDJDGWDWWDP PDJDP 7«Q\OHJ VRKD QHP
JRQGROWDP¯J\/LDQ£UDD]HOÿWWPHUWEHQQHPPLQGLJ&XUWLVKH]WDUWR]RWW
/RWWLH WXGWD KRJ\ QHP OHQQH V]DEDG H]W PRQGDQLD GH D KDOOJDW£V
VRVHPYROWD]HUÿVV«JH
ȟVOHIHN¾GWHWHNHJ\P£VVDO
7\OHUIHV]HV£OODOEµOLQWRWW
ȟ ,JHQ 1HP WHWW¾N IHO D N«UG«VW KRJ\ H] PRVW Mµ YDJ\ URVV] ¸WOHWH
3HUV]HP£VQDSUHJJHOP£UO£WWDPKRJ\URVV]/LDQDP«JPLQGLJ&XUWLVW
J\£V]ROWD /HJNHY«VE« DUUD YROW V]¾NV«JH KRJ\ EHOHXJRUMRQ HJ\ ¼M
NDSFVRODWED %DU£WRN YROWXQN «V QHP DNDUWXN H]W NRFN£UD WHQQL YDODPL
ÿU¾OWYLV]RQ\«UWDPLQHN¼J\LVV¯U£VOHWWYROQDDY«JH7¼ONRU£QYROWP«J
E£UPLNRPRO\KR]
$ FHUX]D KLUWHOHQ NLUHS¾OW D NH]«EÿO £W D] DV]WDO IHOHWW «V PHOOHQ
WDO£OWD/RWWLHW«SSDEDOELPEµDODWW
$X
7\OHUIXWµODJHOPRVRO\RGRWW
ȟ(OQ«]«VW0LQGHQHVHWUHPHJEHV]«OW¾NDGROJRW«V/LDQDHJ\HW«UWHWW
YHOHP (J\LN¾QN VHP DNDUWD HOURQWDQL D]W DPL P£U PHJYROW J\KRJ\
PDJXQN P¸J¸WW KDJ\WXN D]W D] «MV]DN£W «V ¼J\ IRO\WDWWXN WRY£EE
PLQWKDPHJVHPW¸UW«QWYROQDVMµOWHWW¾NȟYRQWDPHJDY£OO£Wȟ0HUW
PěN¸G¸WW7RY£EEUDLVEDU£WRNYDJ\XQN
V D Qÿ WRY£EEUD LV ¼J\ Q«] NL PLQW .DWH 0RVV RUG¯WRWW YROQD U£
7\OHUUHV]¯YHV]HULQW/RWWLH(]D]HJ«V]W¼OURPDQWLNXVYROWKRJ\HOE¯UMD
YLVHOQL/LDQDPHJ«UNH]LNKDW£UR]DWODQLGÿUH«VRWWODNLN7\OHUUHOD)R[
&RWWDJHEDQDPLQHNN¸]WXGRP£V¼ODJFVDNHJ\K£OµV]RE£MDYDQ
9DODPLQW Q\ROF KµQDSSDO D YÿOHJ«Q\H HOYHV]W«VH XW£Q /LDQD QHP
«SSHQ¼J\IHVWHWWPLQWDNLEHOHSXV]WXODI£MGDORPED
-RMROHQWYROWDWµQ£O«VDKDWW\¼NDWI«Q\N«SH]WHDPLNRUO«SWHNHWKDOORWW
DK£WDP¸J¾O
ȟ1HW¸UÿGMYHOHPȟEXNNDQWIHO)UHGGLHȟ.DWWLQJDVVFVDN
-RMRNHGYHOWH)UHGGLHW
ȟ$]LVNRODLI¸OGUDM]SURMHNWHPKH]NHOO)HONHOOW«UN«SH]QHPDYRQXO£VL
¼WYRQDOXNDW D] RURV] VDUNYLG«NL WXQGU£WµO HJ«V]HQ LG£LJ $SD DGWD
N¸OFV¸QH]W DGLJLW£OLVJ«SHW 6]XSHUPHUWD] HPEHUDQQ\LN«SHWFVLQ£O
DPHQQ\LWFVDNDNDU«VVRVHIRJ\NLDILOPQHGGLJFVDNDPRELORPPDO
IRWµ]WDP
$ NHQ\«UPRU]£V ]DFVNµ RWW KHYHUW D O£ED PHOOHWW $ KDWW\¼N PRKµQ
P«UHJHWW«ND]HQQLYDOµW«V¼J\¼V]N£OWDNLGHRGDPLQWDSDSDUD]]µNUD
Y£UµKL¼FHOHEHN
ȟ 1H FVLQ£OMDN UµODG HJ\ N«SHW DKRJ\ HWHWHG ÿNHW" ȟ «UGHNOÿG¸WW
)UHGGLH
$PLNRUY«JH]WHN-RMRDI«Q\N«SH]ÿJ«S«UWQ\¼OW
ȟ 0RVW «Q M¸Y¸N OM¸Q RGD DUUD D V]LNO£UD «V OHIRWµ]RP D WµYDO D
K£WW«UEHQ 2GD D V]LNO£UD ȟ V]µOW U£ -RMR PHUW )UHGGLH URVV] LU£Q\ED
LQGXOW«V¾UHVWHNLQWHWWHOPHUHGWDVHPPLEHȟ'HKD£OOQLDNDUD]LVȪ
-DM
)UHGGLHHJ\HWOHQV]µQ«ON¾O¸VV]HFVXNORWW-RMRU«P¾OWHQIHOQ\¸J¸WW«V
RGDURKDQW KR]]£ $] ¸UHJ V]HPH I«OLJ Q\LWYD YROW D V]£MD HOV]¾UN¾OW
]LK£OYDO«OHJ]HWW-RMRPHJLMHGWKRJ\PHJIRJ KDOQL/HW«UGHOWPHOO««V
NLDE£OQLNH]GHWW
ȟ6HJ¯WV«J
$]W£Q PHJUDJDGWD D WZHHG]DNµM£Q£O «V ROGDOIHNY«VEH IRUG¯WRWWD
)UHGGLHW
6HQNLVHPYROWDN¸]HOEHQ«V-RMµQ£OQHPYROWWHOHIRQ
ȟ0U0DVWHUVRQȟIRJWDPHJ-RMRD]¸UHJIHM«W«VUHP«OWHKRJ\QHP
NHOO PDMG V]£MRQ £W ¼MUD«OHV]W«VW DONDOPD]QLD ȟ +DOO HQJHP" -DM QHȪ
YDODNLVHJ¯WVHQȪ
)UHGGLHV]£MDVDUN£QQ\£OFVRUGXOW*«SLHVU£JµPR]GXODWRNDWY«J]HWW
-RMR ]DNDWROµ V]¯YYHO ]DYDUWD HO D ILJ\HOHPUH «KHV KDWW\¼NDW /HQ«]HWW
)UHGGLHUH0DUDGMRQYHOHYDJ\LQN£EEPHQMHQHOVHJ¯WV«J«UW"0LYDQKD
D]¸UHJPHJKDODP¯JW£YROYDQ"VPLYDQKDD]«UWKDOPHJPHUWQHP
K¯YRWWVHJ¯WV«JHW"
6RVHPKDOORWWP«JV]HEE]HQ«WDY£UDWODQXON¸]HOHGÿO«SWHNKDQJM£Q£O
5¸YLG S£QLN XW£Q -RMR HOJ\HQJ¾OW D PHJN¸QQ\HEE¾O«VWÿO DPLNRU O£WWD
KRJ\IHOQÿWW«UNH]LNDNLNH]HOQLWXGMDDKHO\]HWHW7\OHU.OHLQM¸WWIXWYD
Q\LWRWWLQJEHQIDUPHUEHQD]W£QPHJWRUSDQW-RMRHOÿWW
ȟ+DOORWWDPKRJ\VHJ¯WV«J«UWNLDE£OV]0LW¸UW«QW"
ȟ 0U 0DVWHUVRQȪ RO\DQ IXU£Q NH]GHWW M£UQL ȟ KHEHJWH -RMR ȟ 8W£QD
HOGÿOW $] ROGDO£UD IHNWHWWHP «V D]W£Q IXUD KDQJRNDW DGRWW NL V RO\DQ
IHOV]¯QHVHQO«OHJ]HWWȪ
ȟ J\HV YDJ\ MµO FVLQ£OWDG ȟ 7\OHU NLWDSRJDWWD )UHGGLH SXO]XV£W «V
HOOHQÿUL]WHKRJ\WLV]W£NHDO«JXWDLȟJ\O£WRPNH]GPDJ£KR]W«UQL
+£ODLVWHQQHN
ȟ(OPHQMHNPHQWÿ«UW"
ȟ+DJ\GLWWD]VHEHPEHQDPRELORP
ȟ 1H K¯YM£WRN D PHQWÿNHW ȟ PRW\RJWD )UHGGLH «V D K£W£UD IRUGXOW
D]W£QNLQ\LWRWWDDV]HP«W1DJ\QHKH]HQEHIRJWDDWHNLQWHW«YHO7\OHUW«V
HUÿWOHQ¾OPRQGWDȟ6HPPLJRQGW¸UW«QWP£ULO\HQ1HPNHOONµUK£]ED
PHQQHP0£UMµOYDJ\RN
ȟ 1HP IRJMXN LWW KDJ\QL ȟ HOOHQNH]HWW 7\OHU ȟ 1HP Y£UKDWMD HO KRJ\
¸VV]HHVLNPLPHJPHQM¾QNDGROJXQNUDPLQWKDPLVHPW¸UW«QWYROQD
ȟ $NNRU VHJ¯WVHQ IHO -REE OHV] KD HJ\ NLFVLW NLWLV]WXO D IHMHP
9DODPLNRUPHJNHOOHWWW¸UW«QQLHȟ$]W£Q-RMµKR]IRUGXOWȟ1HKDUDJXGM
NHGYHVHP *RQGRORP KDO£OUD U«PLV]WHWWHOHN $ I«Q\N«SH]ÿJ«SHGQHN
QHPOHWWEDMD"
ȟ 1HP ȟ -RMR HOPRVRO\RGRWW «V FVDN PRVW «UH]WH KRJ\ UHV]NHW ȟ
U¾O¸NKRJ\MREEDQYDQ0£UD]WKLWWHPLWWIRJPHJKDOQLQHNHP
)UHGGLHPHJSDVNROWDDNLVO£Q\NDUM£WD]W£Q7\OHUKH]IRUGXOW
ȟ0DJDPHJVHJ¯WVHQPHQM¾QNYLVV]DDK£]ED
/RWWLH P£U D] LURG£EDQ YROW K«WIÿ UHJJHO «V D SRVW£W ERQWRWWD DPLNRU
7\OHUEHIXWRWW
0LQGHQEHYH]HWÿQ«ON¾ON¸]¸OWH
ȟ7XGRN)UHGGLHEHWHJV«J«UÿO
ȟ7«Q\OHJ"
/RWWLH WRY£EE ERQWRJDWWD D OHYHOHNHW D OHJXQDOPDVDEEDNNDO NH]GYH D
VRUW+D7\OHUEO¸II¸ODNNRUVHPV]HGNLVHPPLWEHOÿOH
%£UFVDNW«Q\OHJM£W«NOHQQH
ȟ 7HJQDS G«OXW£Q ¸VV]HHVHWW D WµQ£O Q YLWWHP YLVV]D D K£]ED V
HOPRQGWDKRJ\DJ\WXPRUDYDQ
ȟȟSLOODQWRWWIHO/RWWLHHOV]RUXOµWRURNNDO
0RVW KRJ\ )UHGGLH P£VQDN LV HOPRQGWD D GROJRW KLUWHOHQ P«J
YDOµV£JRVDEEQDNWěQW
ȟ0HJKRJ\D]RUYRVRNPHQQ\LLGÿWDGQDNQHNLȟFVµY£OWDDIHM«W7\OHU
ȟ.H]HOWHWQLHNHOOHQHPDJ£W7XGRPPL«UWG¸QW¸WW¯J\«VYDODPHQQ\LUH
PHJLV«UWHPGHQHK«]HOIRJDGQLKRJ\W«Q\OHJH]WDNDUMD
ȟ 7XGRP 'H HOKDW£UR]WD PDJ£W «V QHN¾QN H]W WLV]WHOHWEHQ NHOO
WDUWDQXQN0LO\HQURVV]XOO«WHYROW"ȟN«UGH]WHDJJRGDOPDVDQ/RWWLH
ȟ9DODPLNLVHEEHSLOHSV]L£VURKDP(OYLOHJP£UDKDUPDGLN$]RUYRVD
IHO¯UWQHNLYDODPLWKRJ\QHIRUGXOMRQHOÿP«JHJ\V]HUȟ7\OHUNLVV]¾QHW
XW£Q IRO\WDWWD ȟ J\KRJ\ PRVW P£U WXGRP PL«UW PRQGWD KRJ\
NDU£FVRQ\ XW£Q D +HVWDFRPEH +RXVHW LV PHJYHKHWHP *RQGROKDWRG
PLO\HQ«U]«V
/RWWLHNLQ\LWRWWDDN¸YHWNH]ÿOHYHOHW
ȟ +D /LDQD P«J LWW OHV] EL]WRVDQ WHWV]HQL IRJ QHNL /HJDO£EE QHP
OHV]WHNRO\DQV]ěNHQ
ȟ.¸V]ȟ7\OHUSLOODQW£VDPHJLQWFVDNDUUµO£UXONRGRWWKRJ\QHPYHWWH
EHDPHOO«EHV]«O«VWȟ'HDJJDV]WKRJ\)UHGGLHHJ\HG¾OYDQ0LYDQKD
PHJLQWURVV]XOOHV]"9DJ\E£UPLP£VW¸UW«QLN"
ȟ0£UGROJR]XQNUDMWD)UHGGLHWXGMDKRJ\PLWDNDU0LQGHQPHJYDQ
V]HUYH]YH ȟ /RWWLH £WIXWRWWD D NH]«EHQ WDUWRWW OHY«O IHMO«F«W ȟ
7XODMGRQN«SSHQȪ
ȟ0LD]"ȟN«UGH]WH7\OHUPLN¸]EHQ/RWWLHROYDVRWWȟ0LDEDM"
/RWWLHIHOG¼OWDQK£WUDWROWDDV]«N«W«VIHO£OOW
ȟ%RFVGH¼J\WěQLNP«JVLQFVPLQGHQPHJV]HUYH]YH+DQHPE£QRG
DNNRUPRVW£WPHJ\HN«VU£Q«]HN)UHGGLHUH9DODPLWHONHOOPRQGDQRP
QHNL
1HJ\YHQKHWHGLNIHMH]HW
)UHGGLHHJ\URVV]V]µWVHPV]µOKDWRWWHJ\LNQÿY«UUHVHPD]RNN¸]¾ODNLN
D] ÿ LP£GRWW 0DU\M«W JRQGR]W£N D NµUK£]EDQ 0LQGQ\£MDQ GHUěVHQ «V
SURILQ Y«JH]W«N D PXQN£MXNDW 'H $P\ 3DLQWHU N¾O¸QOHJHV YROW PLQGLJ
ÿWY£UW£NDOHJMREEDQ0DU\YHO
$PLNRU $P\ QÿY«U £WYHWWH D V]ROJ£ODWRW UDJ\RJµ PRVRO\D
EHYLO£J¯WRWWD D NµUWHUPHW 0LQGLJ N«V]HQ £OOW HJ\ NLV HJ\¾WW«U]ÿ
KDOOJDW£VUDYDJ\«SSHQSDM]£QYLFFUHDPL«SSHQNHOOHWW5¸YLGV]ÿN¯WHWW
KDMD YROW N«N V]HP«EHQ GHUě «V NHGYHVV«J 0LQGLJ IHOGREWD )UHGGLH
QDSM£W +D QHNL PHJ 0DU\QHN OHWW YROQD O£Q\XN DNNRU EL]WRVDQ RO\DW
V]HUHWWHN YROQD PLQW $P\ $ OHJW¸N«OHWHVHEE OHJYLG£PDEE
OHJQDJ\OHONěEEOHJVHJ¯WÿN«V]HEEKXV]RQK£URP«YHVO£Q\YROWDNLWFVDN
HOOHKHWHWWN«S]HOQL
)UHGGLHQHNP«JPRVWLVPHJYROWD]DOHY«ODPLW$P\WÿONDSRWW0DU\
KDO£ODXW£Q$O£Q\HOPHQWDWHPHW«VUHLV«VY¸U¸VUHV¯UWDDV]HP«W1«J\
KµQDSSDON«VÿEESHGLJN¾OG¸WWHJ\N«SHVODSRW/DQ]DURWHEµO«VQ«K£Q\
GHUěV VRUEDQ PHJ¯UWD KRJ\ HON¸OW¸]¸WW &KHOWHQKDPEÿO PRVW «SSHQ
YDN£FLµ]LN«VQDSR]LND]W£QSHGLJHJ\ORQGRQLNµUK£]EDQIRJGROJR]QL
$]¾]HQHWY«JHDN¸YHWNH]ÿYROW
Ȧ'U£JD)UHGGLHP«JPLQGLJVRNDWJRQGRORNPDJXNUD+DQDJ\OHV]HN
«Q LV RO\DQ EROGRJ K£]DVV£JEDQ V]HUHWQ«N «OQL PLQW PDJD 0DU\YHO
6]HUHWHWWHO$P\[[[ȥ
)UHGGLH H]W D N«SHVODSRW LV HOWHWWH QDJ\RQ VRNDW MHOHQWHWW QHNL V
DPLNRU WXGRP£VW V]HU]HWW D EHWHJV«J«UÿO GU :LOOLVWÿO «V HO NHOOHWW
JRQGRONRGQLD D M¸YÿM«Q )UHGGLH D]RQQDO WXGWD KRJ\ NLW V]HUHWQH PDJD
PHOO«D]XWROVµQDSMDLEDQ
1HPYROWWHOMHVHQ¸Q]ÿ7XGWDKRJ\$P\QHNLVPHJYDQDVDM£W«OHWH
«V KRJ\ HJ\ HNNRUD NLW«Uÿ QHP NLV GRORJ 'H H] D V]«S DEEDQ KD D]
HPEHUQHNS«Q]HYDQ$P\PRQGKDWDN£UPLO\HQ£UDWÿPHJDGMD
0RVW DKRJ\ /RWWLH DUF£W Q«]WH )UHGGLH «UH]WH KRJ\ D GROJRN WDO£Q
HQQHNHOOHQ«UHVHPDWHUYV]HULQWDODNXOQDN
ȟ %HV]«OWHP YDODNLYHO D KRVSLFHEDQ DNL HJ\¾WW GROJR]RWW YDODPLNRU
$P\YHOȟNH]GWH/RWWLHȟ+LYDWDORVDQQHPOHWWYROQDV]DEDGV]HP«O\HV
DGDWRNDW HOPRQGDQLD GH HOPDJ\DU£]WDP QHNL KRJ\ PDJD ¼MUD O£WQL
DNDUMD«VHUUHPHJDGWD$P\DQ\M£QDNDF¯P«W$]DQ\MDQHYH%DUEDUD«V
/RQGRQEDQ «O J\ D]W£Q QHNL ¯UWDP ȟ /RWWLH RGDQ\¼MWRWWD D IHOERQWRWW
OHYHOHW ȟ V PRVW Y£ODV]ROW ȟ 9RQDNRGYD WHWWH KR]]£ ȟ 6DMQ£ORP
)UHGGLH$P\PHJKDOW
0HJKDOW" +RJ\DQ KDOKDW PHJ HJ\ RO\DQ YDODNL PLQW $P\" )UHGGLH
WHOMHVHQHODQ\£WODQRGYDQ\¼OW£WD]DV]WDOI¸O¸WWDOHY«O«UW
.-?.<8==2.U
°-?«C5.==.5
*;+*;**27=.;
/RWWLHQDNPHJFV¸UUHQWDWHOHIRQMD«V¸WV]£]V]HPS£UPHUHGWU£1«P£Q
VXWWRJWDKRJ\HOQ«]«VWHOQ«]«VWIHOSDWWDQWDKHO\«UÿO«VNLURKDQW
6HEYROWD]
ȟ+HOOµV]«SO£Q\KRJ\YDJ\"
ȟ6]¸UQ\HQ(OIHOHMWHWWHPNLNDSFVROQLDWHOHIRQRPDW«VPRVWPLQGHQNL
HQJHPE£PXO
ȟ7HMµ«JFVDND]WQHPRQGGKRJ\WHPSORPEDQYDJ\
ȟ5RVV]DEEȟIHOHOWHV¸W«WHQ/RWWLHȟ6DNNYHUVHQ\HQ
ȟ0LFVRGD"ȟ6HEH]W«UH]KHWÿHQU¸KHMHVQHNWDO£OWDȟ(]NRPRO\"1HP
LVWXGWDPKRJ\VDNNR]RO
ȟ Q QHP LV 1DW O«SHWW EH D] LVNRODL VDNNV]DNN¸UEH $]W£Q D WDQ£UXN
D]RQQDOEHQHYH]HWWPLQGHQNLWD0RQVWHU&KHVV&KDOOHQJHEH«V1DWQHN
RO\DQ ÿU¾OW P£]OLMD YROW KRJ\ HOMXWRWW D P£VRGLN IRUGXOµED D YLO£J
OHJQDJ\REE VDNNYHUVHQ\«Q (]«UW YDJ\RN LWW D] (WORH 3DUN VXOLEDQ
YDV£UQDSG«OHOÿWWW¯]NRUȟIHOHOWH/RWWLHȟVEHOHKDORND]XQDORPED'H
QHP LV KDOGRNROKDWRP Q\XJRGWDQ PHUW P«J KDW µU£Q NHUHV]W¾O HO NHOO
M£WV]DQRPDW£PRJDWµV]¾OÿW
0LN¸]EHQH]W PRQGWD DYHUVHQ\HJ\LNV]HUYH]ÿMHWěQWIHO«VPHQWHO
PHOOHWWH6]¼UµVV]DN£OODFVDN¼J\UHPHJHWWDURVV]DOO£VWµO
ȟ +£W QHP «SS H]W DNDUWDP KDOODQL ȟ E¼JWD 6HE ȟ 0L «UWHOPH KRJ\
HJ\ QDSSDO HOÿEE KD]DUHS¾O¸N PHUW DQQ\LUD KL£Q\]RO KRJ\ D]W£Q
NLGHU¾OM¸QP£UP£VSURJUDPRGYDQ"
/RWWLHJ\RPUDPHJUHPHJHWWD]L]JDORPWµO
ȟ1HPPRQGRG
ȟ 'H LJHQ 0£U D] 0HVHQ YDJ\RN J\ WHUYH]WHP KRJ\ EHWRSSDQRN
KR]]£G«VIHOIDOODN
ȟ6DMQ£ORP'HKDHVHWOHJP«JLVEHWRSSDQV]DK£]DPEDDNNRURWWYDQ
0DULRÿWIHOIDOKDWRGKDDNDURG5XE\V]RE£M£WIHVWL«SSHQ
-DMQHPHJLQWHJ\V]HUYH]ÿDNLPHJKDOORWWD0L«UWNHOOH]HNQHNLO\HQ
N¯Y£QFVLQDNOHQQL¾N"
VPL«UWYDQPLQGHJ\LNQHNDNNRUDV]DN£OOD"
ȟ,QN£EEQHPN¸V]'HPLWV]µOQ£ODPDLHVW«KH]"
ȟ5HQGEHQȟIHOHOWH/RWWLH«VU£G¸EEHQWKRJ\D]HON¸YHWNH]ÿKDWµUD
PRVWP«JY«JH«UKHWHWOHQHEEQHNIRJPDMGWěQQL
$] «Y ¸VV]HV YDV£UQDSMD N¸]¾O D V]DN£OODVRNQDN YDMRQ PL«UW SRQW H]W
NHOOHWWNLY£ODV]WDQLXNDK¾O\HYHUVHQ\¾NK¸]"
0LXW£Q JRQGRVDQ NLNDSFVROWD D WHOHIRQM£W /RWWLH YLVV]DµYDNRGRWW D
WHUHPEH«VLJ\HNH]HWWQHP«V]UHYHQQLDQ\¯OYHVV]ÿNN«QWIHO«MHU¸SN¸Gÿ
KHO\WHOHQ¯Wÿ SLOODQW£VRNDW /H¾OW D KHO\«UH NLQ\LWRWWD D W£VN£M£W «V
HOÿV]HGHWW HJ\ FVRPDJ J\¾P¸OFV¸V U£JµW MDEE J\LONRV SLOODQW£VRN
0LQWKD ¾Y¸OWHWQ« D PDJQµM£W /HN¾]G¸WWH PDJ£EDQ D N¯V«UW«VW KRJ\
Q\HOYHW¸OWV¸QDE£PXOµNUDD]W£QIHODGWDDWHUY«WKRJ\NLERQWVDDU£JµW
«VOHWHWWHDW£VN£M£WDV]«NDO£
$] LGÿ PLQGLJ ODVVDEEDQ Y£QV]RURJ KD YDQ D IDORQ HJ\ KDWDOPDV µUD
/RWWLH DGGLJ E£PXOWD DP¯J NHUHV]WEH QHP £OOW D V]HPH $ IRO\DPDWRV
WLNWDNRO£VV]LQWHKLSQRWLNXVKDW£VVDOYROWU£1HPQHPV]DEDGHODOXGQLD
7L]HQHJ\ SHUFH WDUWRWW D P£VRGLN M£WV]PD $ W£JDV FVDUQRNEDQ FVHQG
XUDONRGRWWD]DUU«EEWROWILJXU£NKDONQHV]«WÿO«VDOHQ\RPRWWVDNNµU£N
NDWWDQ£VDLWµO HOWHNLQWYH 7¸EEVRUQ\L V]£PR]RWW DV]WDO £OOW NHUHV]WEHQ D
WHUHPEHQ DKRO J\HUHNHNQ«]WHN IDUNDVV]HPHWHJ\P£VVDODW£EO£NIHOHWW
HOPHU¾OYH D N¾]GHOHPEHQ $ OHJW¸EE V]¾Oÿ /RWWLHYDO HJ\¾WW LQN£EE D
FVDUQRN V]«O«Q IRJODOW KHO\HW EL]WRQV£JRV W£YROEDQ D W¸UW«Q«VHNWÿO 'H
DNDGW Mµ Q«K£Q\ YHUVHQ\DSXND DNL N«SWHOHQ YROW ¾OYH PDUDGQL «V
IRO\DPDWRVDQ D M£W«NDV]WDORN N¸U¾O µO£ONRGRWW KRJ\ ILJ\HOMH ]VHQL£OLV
LYDG«NDK¼]£VDLW«VWLWRNEDQSV]LFK«VQ\RP£VWJ\DNRUROMRQD]HOOHQI«OUH
¸QHO«J¾OW YLJ\RUJ£VVDO £OOVLPRJDW£VVDO YDJ\ DUURJ£QV EµORJDW£VVDO
/RWWLHDPDJDKHO\«UÿOO£WWDKRJ\1DWHOPR]G¯WHJ\E£EXWPDMGJ\RUVDQ
YLVV]D LV K¼]]D D KHO\«UH 1DW HOOHQIHO«QHN DSXN£MD IHODO£ KLQW£]RWW D
VDUN£Q«VHO«JHGHWWHQ¸VV]HPRVRO\JRWWRNRVWRM£VILDFVN£M£YDO+D/RWWLH
QDNOHWWYROQDHJ\FV¼]OLDW£VN£M£EDQVLP£QPHJOÿWWHYROQDDILFNµWHJ\
U£JµYDO «V QHP E£QWD YROQD KRJ\ ]DMW FVDS 1«P£Q EL]WDWWD PDJ£EDQ
1DWHW
7LNWDNWLNWDN
9«JHW «UW D P£VRGLN M£WV]PD 1DW NH]HW U£]RWW D YLJ\RUJµ HOOHQI«OOHO
K£WUDWROWD D V]«N«W «V RGDPHQW D NLM£UDWKR] DKRO /RWWLH Y£UWD /RWWLH D
V]£MD £OO£V£EµO WXGWD KRJ\ FVDN QDJ\ QHKH]HQ WXGMD PHJÿUL]QL D]
¸QXUDOP£W
ȟ1HP«QJ\ÿ]WHPȟ1DWKDQJMDHUÿOWHWHWWHQN¸]¸Q\¸VYROW«V/RWWLH
PHJVDMQ£OWD$]HOVÿM£W«NRWLVHOYHV]WHWWH
/RWWLHPHJ¸OHOWH«VRGDV¼JWDQHNL
ȟ 1H W¸UÿGM YHOH NLFVLP 1H IHOHMWVG HO KRJ\ H]HN N¸]¾O D J\HUHNHN
N¸]¾O HJ\ FVRPµ P£U FVHFVHPÿNRUD µWD M£WV]LN 7H SHGLJ FVDN S£U KHWH
WDQXOW£OPHJVDNNR]QL
1DWOHW¸U¸OWD]DUF£UµOHJ\N¸QQ\FVHSSHW
ȟ5HP«OHPDN¸YHWNH]ÿWPHJQ\HUHP
/RWWLHLVUHP«OWHGHDMHOHNQHPYROWDNW¼OEL]WDWµN(OÿV]HGWHDU£JµW
«VDGRWWHJ\SLURVDW1DWQHN
ȟ(]FVDNHJ\EXWDM£W«N
ȟ'HXW£ORNYHV]WHQL7LV]WDK¾O\«QHNO£WV]RP
ȟ 1HP O£WV]RO K¾O\«QHN ȟ ¸OHOWH PHJ /RWWLH «V SXV]LW DGRWW QHNL ȟ
1HP PHJ\¾QN LQN£EE KD]D" 6HPPL «UWHOPH LWW PDUDGQL D VRN NLV
WRM£VIHMěVWU«EHUN¸]¸WW+D]DPHKHW¾QN«VHJ«V]QDSFVLQ£OKDWXQNDPLW
FVDNDNDUXQN
$] HJ\LN V]HUYH]ÿ KDODGW HO PHOOHWW¾N «V FV¼Q\£Q Q«]HWW U£MXN D
SRQWR]µW£EO£MDP¸J¾O
ȟ6]µVHOHKHWUµODȟU£]WDPHJDIHM«WV]¯YV]RU¯WµKDW£UR]RWWV£JJDO1DW
ȟ 0DUDGRN 0«J KDW M£WV]P£W NHOO OHM£WV]DQL YDODPHO\LNHW FVDN
PHJQ\HUHP
ȟ*\HUH PHQM¾QNDE¾I«EHȟ/RWWLHD]µU£M£UDQ«]HWWP«JYROW K¼V]
SHUF¾N D N¸YHWNH]ÿ M£W«NLJ «V N¸U¾O¸WW¾N PLQGHQIHO« DSXN£N
PDJ\DU£]W£N NLV P£JQHVHV KRUGR]KDWµ VDNNN«V]OHWHN VHJ¯WV«J«YHO D
FVHPHW«LNQHNKRJ\PLWURQWRWWDNHOȟ6]HUH]]¾QNI£QNRWPHJNµO£W
(E«GLGÿUH1DWQ«J\M£W«NRWM£WV]RWWOH«VQ«J\HWYHV]WHWWHO$IRO\RVµQ
NLI¾JJHV]WHWWKDWDOPDVW£EO£QPLQGHQYHUVHQ\]ÿHUHGP«Q\HLO£WV]RWWDN
DUDQ\ FVLOODJRNNDO YDJ\ IHNHWH NHUHV]WHNNHO $] DSXN£N HJ\ U«V]H
UHQGV]HUHVHQIRWµ]WDDPRELOM£YDODW£EO£WPLN¸]EHQDJ\HUHNHNE¾V]N«Q
PXWRJDWW£NDUDQ\FVLOODJDLNDW
ȟ 6HQNL P£VQDN QLQFV Q«J\ NHUHV]WMH ȟ MHJ\H]WH PHJ 1DW KDONDQ ȟ
&VDNQHNHP
/RWWLHQHPQDJ\RQWXGRWWPLWPRQGDQLWHQLV]ODEGDP«UHWěJRPEµFRW
«U]HWWDWRUN£EDQ
ȟ0£UD]LVQDJ\RQV]«SWHOMHV¯WP«Q\KRJ\HOMXWRWW£OHUUHDYHUVHQ\UH
ȟQ\¸JWHNLY«J¾Oȟ(OY«JUHH]D0RQVWHU)LQDO*RQGROMFVDNDUUDDVRN
H]HU J\HUHNUH DNLN QHP YROWDN HO«J MµN HKKH] 7H PLQGQ\£MXNQ£O MREE
YROW£ODPLHJ\V]HUěHQIDQWDV]WLNXV
1DWD]DQ\MDNH]«EHFV¼V]WDWWDDNH]«W
ȟ 1HP DNDURP KRJ\ D Y«J«Q FVXSD NHUHV]WHP OHJ\HQ /HJDO£EE HJ\
M£W«NRWPHJDNDURNQ\HUQL
$ FVDO£V FV¼Q\D GRORJ YROW DPLW /RWWLH V]¯YEÿO PHJYHWHWW 6RKD QHP
FVDOW «OHW«EHQ 'H KD HVHWOHJ NL OHKHWQH GHU¯WHQL NLYHO M£WV]LN 1DW
N¸YHWNH]ÿQHN DNNRU HVHWOHJ PHJN¸UQ\«NH]KHWQ« ÿNHW «V IHODM£QOKDWQD
QHNLNHJ\UDN£VS«Q]WKRJ\YHV]¯WVHQHN
&VDN «SSHQ H] QHP PěN¸GLN /RWWLH QDJ\RQ V]HUHWHWW YROQD VHJ¯WHQL
H]«UWQHPHVOHONěHQD]WPRQGWD
ȟ6]HUHWQ«GKRJ\RWWOHJ\HND]DV]WDORGQ£O«VQ«]]HOHN"
ȟ1HPDQ\DFVDNHOWHUHOQ«GDILJ\HOPHPHWVN¾O¸QEHQVHYDJ\W¼OMµ
VDNNEDQȟPRQGWD1DWV]WRLNXVDQȟ6ÿWHJ\HQHVHQURVV]YDJ\
$FVHQJÿPHJV]µODOWKRJ\PLQGHQNLWYLVV]DSDUDQFVROMRQDWHUHPEHD]
¸W¸GLNM£WV]P£UD/RWWLHE£WRU¯WµQ£W¸OHOWH1DWHW«VQ«]WHDKRJ\DNLVIL¼
RGDPHJ\ DKKR] D] DV]WDOKR] DPHO\HQ D UDMWV]£PD YDQ 7¼OP«UHWH]HWW
SXOµYHU«EHQ «V Eÿ WHUHSQDGU£JM£EDQ V]¯YV]RU¯WµDQ NLFVLQHN «V
Y«GWHOHQQHN WěQW 7H Mµ «J HJ\ +DUU\ 3RWWHUV]HP¾YHJHV PDJDEL]WRV
N¸O\¸ND]HOOHQIHOHDNLYHORWWYDQD]DSMD$V]¾QHWEHQP£UO£WW£NÿNHWD
E¾I«Q«O YDODPL VDNNV]DNN¸Q\Y I¸O« J¸UQ\HGYH «V /RWWLH KDOORWWD KRJ\
D] DSD RO\DQRNDW PRQG Ȧ,WW NHOOHWW YROQD HQ SDVVDQW O«SQHG 7LPRWK\
(PO«NH]]D3RORQRZVNLNRQWUD.DV]SDURYUDȥ
$ V]HUYH]ÿN EHMHOHQWHWW«N KRJ\ NH]GÿGLN D QDS ¸W¸GLN M£WV]P£MD
/RWWLHOH¾OWDKHO\«UH«VO£WKDWDWODQJ\ěO¸OHWKXOO£PRNDWN¾OG¸WW7LPRWK\
DSMD IHO« DNL P£ULV V]£QG«NRVDQ PHJI«OHPO¯Wÿ PµGRQ M£UN£OW D] DV]WDO
N¸U¾O1DWQHNFVDNHJ\HWOHQQ\HUWM£W«NNHOOHQH7¼OQDJ\N¯Y£QV£JH]"$
IHQ«EH7LPRWK\P£UOHLV¾W¸WWHJ\J\DORJRW
7LNWDNWLNWDN
7L]HQK£URP SHUFH WDUWRWW D M£W«N DPLNRU D FVDUQRN K£WVµ N«WV]£UQ\¼
DMWDMD NLQ\¯OW PDMG EHFVXNµGRWW /RWWLH DNL PRVWDQUD HJ«V]HQ EHOHM¸WW
KRJ\HJ\KDQJRWVHKDOODVVRQ«VHJ\HWOHQL]P£WVHPR]G¯WVDQHPQ«]HWW
K£WUD 'H 1DW DNL IHOSLOODQWRWW D W£EO£UµO V]«OHVHQ HOYLJ\RURGRWW «V D]
XMMDLYDO LQWHJHWHWW D] «UNH]ÿQHN D]W£Q LQWHWW /RWWLHQDN KRJ\ Q«]]H
PHJNLM¸WW
6HE YROW D] D] DMWµ HOÿWW £OOW «V 1DWUH PRVRO\JRWW FVHU«EH J\LONRV
SLOODQW£VW NDSRWW D] HJ\LN V]HUYH]ÿWÿO DNL D EHM£UDWQ£O ÿUN¸G¸WW /RWWLH
¸U¸PWHOL KLWHWOHQNHGÿ VLNNDQW£VW KDOODWRWW «V LQWHWW 6HEQHN KRJ\
PHQMHQ RGD 6HE JULPDV]ROW «V YLVV]DLQWHWW KRJ\ PHQMHQ ÿ /RWWLH
PHJLQW FVDN URVV]DOOµ WHNLQWHWHN NHUHV]WW¾]«EHQ IHO£OOW «V D V]¾OÿN
N¸]¸WWNLDUDV]ROWD]DMWµLJ
ȟ ,JD]DG YROW KRJ\ QDJ\RQ XQDOPDV LWW $ IUDQFED RO\DQ DN£U HJ\
UDYDWDOR]µ ȟ N¸]¸OWH 6HE RGDNLQW D IRO\RVµ EL]WRQV£J£EDQ ȟ 0£U DOLJ
Y£UWDP KRJ\ O£VVDODN ȟ V]LNU£]RWW IHO N«N V]HPH PLN¸]EHQ D IDOQDN
G¸QW¸WWH «V PHJFVµNROWD /RWWLHW ȟ +P P£ULV VRNNDO MREE /HJDO£EELV
NH]GHWQHN 1HP V]¸N¾QN NL HJ\ NLFVLW" 0HJPXWDWQ£P KRJ\ HJ«V]HQ
SRQWRVDQPHQQ\LUHKL£Q\R]W£OȪ
ȟ+DJ\GDEEDȟOHKHOWH/RWWLHDPLNRU6HEPHOHJWHQ\HUHHOLQGXOWOHIHO«
DIHQHN«Q
ȟ 1H OHJ\«O ¾QQHSURQWµ &VDN HOOHQÿU]¸P KRJ\ P«J PLQGLJ RO\DQ
W¸N«OHWHVH
ȟ(OKLKHWHGKRJ\D]ȟK¼]WDHO6HENH]«W/RWWLHȟVQHPV]¸NKHW¾QN
NLPHUW1DWM£WV]P£M£QDNPLQGM£UWY«JH(GGLJD]¸VV]HVHWHOYHV]WHWWH
ȟ (QQHN FVDN ¸U¾OQL OHKHW ȟ MHJ\H]WH PHJ 6HE IDQ\DUXO ȟ +D QDJ\RQ
U£NDWWDQQD DNNRU HVHWOHJ VDNNYHUVHQ\UHQGH]ÿ DNDU OHQQL V QDJ\RQ
K¾O\«QQ«]QHNLV]DN£OODO
$M£W«NY«JHW«UW«VDJ\HUHNHNPHJDV]¾OÿNNL¸]¸QO¸WWHNDWHUHPEÿO
/RWWLHP£UHOÿUHHUÿV¯WHWWHDOHON«W«VDOLJPHUWIHOQ«]QL¼J\Y£UWD1DWHW
$NLVIL¼DNDUM£EDYHWHWWHPDJ£W
ȟ$Q\D7XGRGPLW¸UW«QW"*\ÿ]WHP
ȟ1DQHȟ/RWWLH¼J\PHJOHSÿG¸WWKRJ\PDMGQHPOHHMWHWWHDJ\HUHNHW
ȟ.RPRO\DQ"
ȟ .RPRO\DQ 7«Q\OHJ J\ÿ]WHP 9HV]W«VUH £OOWDP GH D]W£Q PHJM¸WW
6HE«VHJ\V]HUUHPHJIRUGXOWD]HJ«V]M£W«N
1DW EROGRJDQ KXMMRJDWRWW D]W£Q EHOHFVDSRWW 6HE WHQ\HU«EH /RWWLH
V]HP«EHQ ¸U¸PN¸QQ\HN J\¾OHNH]WHN PLN¸]EHQ 7LPRWK\ PHJ D] DSMD
HOPHQWHN PHOOHWW¾N ȟ D] DSD HJ«V]HQ LMHV]Wÿ N«SHW Y£JRWW 1DW 6HEUH
YHWHWWHPDJ£W«VL]JDWRWWDQVLS¯WRWWD
ȟ1HPKLV]HPHOKRJ\VLNHU¾OW
6HEIHOOHQG¯WHWWHDOHYHJÿEH
ȟ6]W£UYDJ\
ȟ 7H LV $QQ\LUD KL£Q\R]W£O ȟ NL£OWRWW IHO 1DW ȟ *\HUH Q«]]¾N PHJ
KRJ\WHV]LNNLDFVLOODJRPDWVDQ\DDN¸YHWNH]ÿM£W«NUDQHJ\HUHEHMµ"
0HUW DP¯J EHQW ¾OW«O PLQGLJ YHV]WHWWHP GH DKRJ\ NLPHQW«O HJ\EÿO
Q\HUWHP ȟ Q«]HWW NRPRO\DQ /RWWLHUD ȟ J\KRJ\ MREE OHV] KD NLQW
PDUDGV]PHUWEL]WRVURVV]KDW£VVDOYDJ\U£P
ȟ $NNRU PRVW QHP V¾WKHWHG HO H]W D NLIRJ£VW ȟ PRUPRJWD 6HE PHUW
LGÿN¸]EHQ EHMHOHQWHWW«N D N¸YHWNH]ÿ M£WV]PD NH]GHW«W ȟ 9DQ OHJDO£EE
K¼V]SHUFPLQÿV«JLLGÿQNHJ\¾WWPHJV]DN¯W£VQ«ON¾O
ȟ 6]¸UQ\ě YDJ\ ȟ IRMWRWWD HO D PRVRO\£W /RWWLH DPLNRU D FVDUQRNEµO
NLWLOWRWWP£VV]¾OÿNK¼]WDNHOPHOOHWW¾NDIRO\RVµQȟ1HPFVLQ£OWDPP£U
«SSHO«JO£WY£Q\RVV£JRW¯J\LVPDJDPEµO"(]HJ\UHQGHVLVNROD
ȟ3VVV]WQHOHJ\«OP£URO\DQIHOQÿWW.¾O¸QEHQLVV]¾NV«JHPYDQHJ\
NLVVHJ¯WV«JUHDW«UN«SHNNHO
6HEN«]HQIRJWD«VY«JLJK¼]WDDIRO\RVµQD]W£QDY«J«QEDOUDIRUGXOW
PDMGLVP«WEDOUD0HJ£OOWHJ\DMWµHOÿWWQHNLG¸QW¸WWH/RWWLHWOHQ\RPWD
DNLOLQFVHW«VEHWXV]NROWDDO£Q\W
(OKDJ\DWRWWRV]W£O\WHUHPEHQYROWDNDKRODIDODNDWW«UN«SHNERU¯WRWW£N
«VD]DEODNRNHOÿWWV¸W«W¯WÿI¾JJ¸Q\OµJRWW6HESDMNRVPRVROO\DODWDQ£UL
DV]WDOKR]NRUP£Q\R]WD/RWWLHWDWHUHPHOHM«EHQ
ȟ&VLQ£OWDGP£UIRUJµV]«NEHQ"
ȟ9DODPLD]WV¼JMDKRJ\WHP£UM£UW£OLWWP£VNRULV
ȟ(EEHQDWHUHPEHQFV£E¯WRWWDPHODI¸OGUDM]WDQ£UQÿPHWȟYLJ\RUJRWW
6HE PLN¸]EHQ PHOHJ NH]«W M£W«NRVDQ D O£Q\ Uµ]VDV]¯Q EO¼]D DO£
FV¼V]WDWWD
ȟ7HHEEHDVXOLEDM£UW£O"1HPLVPRQGWDGDWHOHIRQEDQ
/RWWLH QHP OHSÿG¸WW PHJ W¼OV£JRVDQ D] (WORH 3DUN D N¸UQ\«N
OHJH[NOX]¯YDEEPDJ£QLVNRO£MDYROW
ȟ $PLNRU PRQGWDG KRO YDJ\ JRQGROWDP PHJOHSOHN HJ\ NLFVLW 1HP
WXGWDPHOOHQ£OOQL1\XJLVHQNLVHPWXGMDKRJ\LWWYDJ\XQN
/RWWLH KL£ED ¸U¾OW KRJ\ 6HE YLVV]DW«UW P«JVHP WXGRWW HOOD]XOQL
HJ\HVHN ȟ QD Mµ NRQNU«WDQ 6HE ȟ L]JDWµQDN WDO£OM£N D WLOWRWW V]H[
JRQGRODW£WHJ\LVNRODLWDQWHUHPEHQGHQHNLQHPPěN¸G¸WWDGRORJ6HE
P£U D O£Q\ IDUPHUM«QHN FLS]£UM£YDO EDEU£OW /RWWLH HOK¼]WD D NH]«W D
GHUHN£UDWHWWH«VRUURQFVµNROWD
ȟ1HPLVFV£E¯WRWWDGHODI¸OGUDM]WDQ£UQÿW
ȟ 'H LJHQ 0LVV :DOOLVQDN K¯YW£N 7L]HQKDW YROWDP ÿ PHJ
KXV]RQQ\ROF
ȟ(]ERWU£Q\RVȟMHJ\H]WHPHJ/RWWLHȟ.LNHOOHWWYROQDU¼JQL
ȟ /HJ\«O LJD]V£JRV 7RW£O HOOHQ£OOKDWDWODQ YDJ\RN ȟ 6HE IHOWHWWH
/RWWLHW D] DV]WDOUD «V N¸]HOHEE K¼]WD PDJ£KR] ȟ 0LQGHQ V]HUG£Q
PHJE¾QWHWHWW «V EHQW NHOOHWW PDUDGQRP (] YROW PLQGHQ LVNRO£V IL¼
Y£J\£OPD V VRVH NDSWDN HO PLQNHW %L]WRV KRJ\ QHP DNDURG
PHJSUµE£OQL"
ȟ ,WW QHP 0RVW QHP ȟ /RWWLH £WIRJWD 6HE Q\DN£W «V PRVRO\RJYD D
V]HP«EHQ«]HWWȟ7DO£QHJ\NLFVLWN«VÿEE
ȟ$NNRUP«JLV¸U¾OV]KRJ\O£WV]"
/RWWLHQDN 7\OHU PHJ /LDQD MXWRWW D] HV]«EH «V D] DV]WDO V]«O«UH
K¼]µGRWWKRJ\6HENHP«Q\IDUPHUHVFRPEMDLN¸]¸WWOHJ\HQ
ȟ$EV]RO¼WH¸U¾O¸NȪ
(NNRU NLY£JµGRWW D] DMWµ «V D] HJ\LN YHUVHQ\V]HUYH]ÿ URQWRWW EH D
WHUHPEH /RWWLH ULDGWDQ SUµE£OWD HOWROQL PDJ£WµO 6HEHW GH QHP WXGRWW
NLV]DEDGXOQL D] L]PRV O£EDN V]RU¯W£V£EµO %ěQWXGDWRVDQ LJ\HNH]HWW
OHVLP¯WDQL ¸VV]HNµFROµGRWW KDM£W IHOJ\ěUÿG¸WWEO¼]£WȟWHMµ«JH] PHJ
KRJ\W¸UW«QW"ȟ«VD]HONHQÿG¸WWU¼]VWW¸U¸OJHWWHDV]£M£UµO
ȟ 0DJXN PHJ PL D IHQ«W PěYHOQHN LWW" ȟ N«UGH]WH D V]HUYH]ÿ MHJHV
KDQJRQ
ȟ(OQ«]«VWȪPLȪ
ȟ&VDNPHJPXWDWWDP/RWWLHQHNDNHGYHQFU«JLWHUPHPHWȟE¼JWD6HE
ȟSSHQPHJFVRG£OWXNDȪDȪ
ȟ(OWXGRPN«S]HOQLPLWFVRG£OWDNPHJ.LIHO«*\HU¾QNKXVV
$V]HUYH]ÿLQWHJHWYHSUµE£OWDNLWHUHOQLÿNHWPLQWD]£OODWRNDW
ȟ +XVV" ȟ YRQWD IHO D V]HP¸OG¸N«W 6HE GHUěVHQ ȟ ,O\HW VH PRQGWDN
P«JQHNHPVRKD
ȟ0LQGLJYDQHJ\HOVÿDONDORP)HON«UWHNKRJ\N¯V«UMHPNL¸Q¸NHWD]
«S¾OHWEÿO
.LN¯V«UQLD]«S¾OHWEÿO"/RWWLHHOV]¸UQ\HGYHKHEHJWH
ȟ'HK£W«QQHPPHKHWHNHO$ILDPEHQWYDQDVDNNYHUVHQ\HQ
$ V]HUYH]ÿ DUFD HO£UXOWD KRJ\ P£U HGGLJ LV WLV]W£EDQ YROW H]]HO D
W«QQ\HO
ȟ $NNRU WDO£Q YLVV]D NHOOHQH PHQQLH D FVDUQRNED D W¸EEL V]¾OÿK¸] ȟ
$]W£Q6HEKH]IRUGXOWȟ0DJDSHGLJW£YR]]RQ
ȟ 5HQGEHQ ȟ 6HE PHJFVµNROWD /RWWLHW HOK¼]µGRWW WÿOH «V D]W
PRQGWDȟ0DMGN«VÿEEWDO£ONR]XQNWM¸VV]Q\ROFNRU"
ȟ2N«
/RWWLH SUµE£OW IDSRI£W Y£JQL DPLNRU U£G¸EEHQW KRJ\ 6HE I«O N«]]HO
¾J\HVHQNLROGRWWDDPHOOWDUWµM£W
ȟ(J\HWKDGGN«UGH]]HNȟV]µOW6HEDW£YR]µV]HUYH]ÿXW£QȟKRQQDQ
WXGW£NKRJ\LWWYDJ\XQN"
$I«UILIHM«YHODPHQQ\H]HWIHO«E¸N¸WW
ȟ%HYDQNDPHU£]YD
ȟ7HMµ«JPDQDSV£JP£UVHPPLWVHPOHKHWȟFVµY£OWDDIHM«W6HEȟ
$PLNRU WL]HQKDW «YHV YROWDP QHP YROW LWW VHPPL ȟ $]W£Q PLQWKD
JRQGRONRGµED HVHWW YROQD NXQFRJQL NH]GHWW ȟ 'H D] LV OHKHW KRJ\
P«JLV
1HJ\YHQNLOHQFHGLNIHMH]HW
ȟ $Q\D «Q W«Q\OHJ SUµE£ORN NHGYHV OHQQL 5XE\YDO GH QHP DNDUMD
DEEDKDJ\QLDNRUQ\LN£O£VWȟSDQDV]NRGRWW1DWȟVD]LGHJHLPUHPHJ\
ȟ7XGRPNLFVLP&VDNL]JDWRWW
/RWWLH PHJ¸OHOWH DPLNRU D NRQ\KDDMWµ NLY£JµGRWW «V 5XE\ W£QFROW EH
UDMWD
ȟ7¯]«YHVYDJ\RNW¯]«YHVYDJ\RNW¯]W¯]W¯]
1DWXQGRURGYDIRUJDWWDDV]HP«W
ȟ/£WRG"
&V¾W¸UW¸N YROW V DPL P«J IRQWRVDEE 5XE\ WL]HGLN V]¾OHW«VQDSMD
DPLUÿO VHQNLQHN VHP YROW V]DEDG HJ\ SLOODQDWUD VHP PHJIHOHGNH]QLH
0LYHO D EXOL DPLUH 5XE\ ¸VV]HV LVNRODL EDU£WQÿM«W PHJK¯YW£N FVDN
V]RPEDWRQ YROW HVHG«NHV D]QDS HVW«UH 0DULR ¯J«UWH PHJ KRJ\ PXQND
XW£QHOYLV]LÿNHWD3L]]D+XWED
7DO£QȟKěPLFVRGDPHJN¸QQ\HEE¾O«VȟQHPD]ÿNRFVLMDM¸Q«SSHQ"
ȟ J\ KDOORP PHJM¸WW DSD ȟ V]µOW /RWWLH PLUH D J\HUHNHN RUG¯WR]QL
NH]GWHN«VO¸NG¸VÿGYHDEHM£UDWIHO«URKDQWDN
/RWWLHD]µU£M£UDQ«]HWW¸WQHJ\YHQ0DULREL]WRVDQNRU£QHOM¸WW«VȪ
ȟ-XK««««ȟKDOODWV]RWWDOHONHVRUG¯W£VD]HOÿV]RE£EµOPLUH/RWWLHLV
NLPHQWDJ\HUHNHNXW£QDNRQ\K£EµO
$ SDGOµQ D U£FVLPSDV]NRGµ J\HUHNHN «V EHFVRPDJROW DM£QG«NRN
W¸PHJHDODWW$PEHUW«UGHOW
ȟ+£WLWWYDJ\ȟYLV¯WRWWDHOUDJDGWDWRWWDQ5XE\ȟ0£UD]WKLWWHPVRVH
O£WODNW¸EEHWGHWHQHPIHOHMWHWW«OHO
ȟ7HNLVV]¸UQ\HWHJKRJ\LVIHOHMWKHWWHPYROQDHODV]¾OHW«VQDSRGDW"ȟ
$PEHUY«JLJFVµNROWDPLQGHJ\LN¾NHWȟVPRQGWDPLVKRJ\M¸Y¸NQHP
HPO«NV]HO"$PLNRUWHOHIRQ£OWDP
5XE\HOQ«PXOW«VK£WUDVDQG¯WRWWDY£OODI¸O¸WWKRJ\/RWWLHKDOORWWDH
+DOORWWD
ȟ9DODPLEÿONLPDUDGWDP"
ȟ-DMQHKDUDJXGMȟK¼]WDHODV]£M£W$PEHUȟ.HGGHVWHFV¸U¸JWHP«V
5XE\ D]W PRQGWD «SS I¾UGHV] &VDN PHJ DNDUWDP N«UGH]QL KRJ\ QHP
EDMH KD £WXJURP PD HVWH «V ÿ D]W PRQGWD KRJ\ QHP *RQGROWDP
£WDGWDD]¾]HQHWHW
ȟ(OIHOHMWHWWHPȟY£JWDU£5XE\
/RWWLHSHUV]HD]RQQDOWXGWDKRJ\H]QHPLJD]
ȟ5«V]HPUÿOWHOMHVHQRN«ȟQ«]HWW$PEHUUHȟ&VDND]DKHO\]HWKRJ\
0DULRLVM¸QWPHJ\¾QN&KHOWHQKDPEHYDFVRU£]QL
ȟJ\VHPWXGRNVRN£LJPDUDGQL9DOµV]¯QěOHJP£UU«JQHPOHV]HNLWW
PLUHLGH«U
(EEÿO /RWWLH DUUD JRQGROW KRJ\ $PEHU 0DULR V]RN£VRV NHGG HVWL
KRVV]DEEPěV]DNM£UDM£WV]LN
ȟ (OM¸KHWQ«O YHO¾QN D 3L]]D +XWED ȟ PRQGWD 5XE\ «V /RWWLHKR]
IRUGXOWȟ8J\HHOM¸KHWDQ\D"$]DQQ\LUDV]XSHUOHQQH
/RWWLH«V$PEHU¸VV]HQ«]HWW¯PHNLGHU¾OW5XE\1DJ\7HUYH
ȟ1HPPHKHWHN«GHVHP,JD]£QQDJ\RQNHGYHVKRJ\HV]HGEHMXWRWWȟ
PRQGWD$PEHUµYDWRVDQȟ'HDEDU£WRPRGDNLQWY£U7HJQDSOHUREEDQW
D]DXWµP¼J\KRJ\ÿKR]RWWHO
5XE\DUFDHOERUXOW
ȟ0LI«OHEDU£WRG"
ȟ+£WȪDSDVLP
ȟ1HPDNDUHVHWOHJEHM¸QQL"ȟ«UGHNOÿG¸WW/RWWLH
ȟ1HPȟU£]WDDIHM«W$PEHUȟ-µOHOYDQ1£ODYDQDODSWRSMD«VYDQ
HO«JPXQN£MDHOIRJODOMDPDJ£W
ȟ.HGYHV"ȟN«UGH]WH1DW
ȟ,JHQQDJ\RQ
ȟ$S£QDNQLQFVEDU£WQÿMH
ȟ 7«Q\OHJ" %L]WRV YDJ\RN EHQQH KRJ\ QHPVRN£UD WDO£O PDJ£QDN
YDODNLW
1DWD]DMN£WELJJ\HV]WHWWH
ȟ$]WPRQGWD.HLUD.QLJKWOH\UDY£U
ȟ6]HUHQFV«VDFVDM'HȟIRO\WDWWD$PEHUGHUěVHQȟPRVWYDODNLQHND
V]¾OHW«VQDSMD YDQ «V HJ\ µU£Q NHUHV]W¾O LWW OHV]HN ¼J\KRJ\ KDV]Q£OMXN
NL«V«UH]]¾NMµOPDJXQNDW
ȟ-µȟKDMWRWWD$PEHUY£OO£UDDIHM«W5XE\ȟ&VLQ£OV]IUDQFLDIRQ£VWD
KDMDPED"
ȟ+£WSHUV]H$Q\XN£GP«JPLQGLJQHPWXGMDUHQGHVHQPHJFVLQ£OQL"
ȟ1HPÿE«QD
ȟ .¸V] ȟ V]HGHJHWWH ¸VV]H /RWWLH D V]«WV]µUµGRWW DM£QG«NRNDW ȟ $]W
KLV]HPH]HNHW«QIRJRPNLERQWDQL
$PLNRU0DULREHIXWRWWN«Q\WHOHQYROWHJ\QDJ\RQWLV]WDNLU£O\N«N)RUG
)RFXV P¸J« SDUNROQL $PLNRU NLV]£OOW HJ\ I«UILW O£WRWW D YH]HWÿ¾O«VEHQ
DNL IXWµODJ IHOSLOODQWRWW «V XGYDULDV ELFFHQW«VVHO ¾GY¸]¸OWH D]W£Q
YLVV]DW«UWDODSWRSM£KR]
0DULREHV]µOWDU«VQ\LUHQ\LWRWWNRFVLDEODNRQ
ȟ0LQGHQUHQGEHQ"1HPW«YHGWHO"
$I«UILIHOQ«]HWW«VNHOOHPHVHQHOPRVRO\RGRWW
ȟ.¸V]¸Q¸PVHPPLJRQG&VDNY£URNYDODNLW
%L]WRVDQ YDODPHO\LN Q\DUDOµEDQ ODNLN Y«OHNHGHWW 0DULR 9DJ\ /RWWLH
KD]DKR]WD YDODPHO\LN NLVO£Q\W 5XE\ RV]W£O\£EµO «V H] D] DSD DNL D
J\HUHN«UHY£U
ȟ$SXK£WPHJM¸WW«O7DO£OGNLNLYDQDQDSSDOLEDQȟU£QJDWWDEHIHO«
1DW0DULµW
ȟ5HP«OHPKRJ\.HLUD.LQJKWOH\D]
ȟ$QQ£OVRNNDOMREE
5XE\ W¸U¸N¾O«VEHQ WHUSHV]NHGHWW HJ\ IRWHOEHQ D V]RED N¸]HS«Q
¾GY¸]¾OW DUFFDO «V V¸W«W KDM£W $PEHU IRQRJDWWD QDJ\ V]DN«UWHOHPPHO
0DULµQDNNLV]£UDGWDV]£MD0RVWM¸WWU£NLD]DI«UILD)RUG)RFXVEDQ7H
Mµ «J PLW NHUHV $PEHU HJ\ RO\DQ SDVL PHOOHWW DNL ¼J\ IHVW PLQW HJ\
I¸OGUDM]WDQ£U"
ȟ$SX6]¾OLQDSRPYDQȟUDJ\RJRWW5XE\PR]GXODWODQXOWDUWRWWIHMMHO
«VPLQGN«W NH]«YHOLQWHJHWQLNH]GHWWȟVQ«]GPLWNDSWDP$PEHUWÿO
+£WQHPV]XSHU"
0DULµQDN Q«PL HUÿIHV]¯W«V«EH NHU¾OW KRJ\ EµOLQWDQL WXGMRQ «V
PHJFVRG£OMD D FVLOORJµ ]¸OG IHOVÿW PLN¸]EHQ ¼J\ WHWW PLQWKD $PEHU
VHKRO VHP OHQQH +£Q\ KHWH LV YDQ KRJ\ QHP O£WWD" $ O£Q\ FVRG£VDQ
Q«]HWW NL EDUDFNV]¯Q NDUGLJ£QM£EDQ Y«NRQ\ QDUDQFVNU«PV]¯Q FV¯NRV
Y£V]RQQDGU£JM£EDQ «V VWUDVV]RV FRZER\FVL]P£M£EDQ $ I¾O«EHQ QDJ\
DUDQ\NDULN£N 0DULR PLQGLJ LV LP£GWD $PEHU HNOHNWLNXV ¸OW¸]N¸G«VL
VW¯OXV£W5HWWHQHWHVHQKL£Q\]RWWQHNLDO£Q\
ȟ 1HNHP PHJ KR]RWW HJ\ HOHNWURPRV SµNRW ȟ V]µOW N¸]EH 1DW ȟ
.£USµWO£VXODPL«UWQHNHPQLQFVV]¾OHW«VQDSRP
ȟ0HJPXWDWWDPQHNLDV]RE£PDWȟ5XE\URSSDQWE¾V]NHYROWDIULVVHQ
£WDODN¯WRWWV]RE£UDȟ$]WPRQGWDÿLVV]HUHWQHLO\HQUµ]VDV]¯QFVLOORJµ
WDS«W£WPLQWD]HQ\«P
ȟ (J\ V]DYDGED NHU¾O ȟ SUµE£ONR]RWW D SR«QNRG£VVDO 0DULR ȟ «V P£U
RWWLVYDJ\RNDFVLUL]HVY¸G¸UUHO
$PEHU HOPRVRO\RGRWW Uµ]VDV]¯Q JXPLYDO U¸J]¯WHWWH 5XE\ FRSIM£QDN
Y«J«W«VD]WPRQGWD
ȟ7HVV«NN«V]J\Q«]HONLPLQWHJ\KHUFHJQÿ
V«QKRJ\Q«]HNNL"V]HUHWWHYROQDPHJN«UGH]QL0DULR2O\DQEDURPL
URVV]XO PLQW DKRJ\ «U]HP PDJDP" 7XGRG QHP IHN¾GWHP OH VHQNLYHO
(J\V]HUěHQ QLQFV KR]]£ NHGYHP 2O\DQ ¸QPHJWDUWµ]WDWµ YDJ\RN KRJ\
EHQWDV]DORQEDQP£UFV¼IROQDN
ȟ -DM HO LV IHOHMWHWWHP PRQGDQL QHNHG GH NDSWDP HJ\ RNOHYHOHW ȟ
NL£OWRWWIHO1DWȟ$VDNNR]£V«UW0HJ\HN«VLGHKR]RP
1DWIHOURKDQWD]HPHOHWUHKRJ\OHV]HGMHD]«UW«NHVRNOHYHOHWDV]RE£MD
IDO£UµO«VPHJPXWDVVD$PEHUQHN$PEHUQDJ\V]HPHNNHOQ«]HWW/RWWLH
UD6DNN"7HMµ«JOHJN¸]HOHEEPDMGD]DWRPIL]LNDM¸Q
ȟ %RU]DOPDV YROW (J\ WHOMHV YDV£UQDS D] (WORH 3DUN LVNRO£EDQ «V HJ\
FVRPµ J\HUHN 0RQVWHU &KHVV &KDOOHQJH ȟ /RWWLH D] HPO«NWÿO LV
PHJERU]RQJRWW
ȟ(WORH3DUN"WXGRP4XHQWLQHJ\LNEDU£WMDVHJ¯WHWWDV]HUYH]«VEHQ
0DULµQDNDUFL]PDVHU£QGXOW/RWWLHP£UPHJ¸UYHQGH]WHWWHDV]DN£OODV
HPEHUHNUÿOV]µOµEHV]£PROµM£YDO
ȟ+DOORWWDGPLW¸UW«QW"ȟQ«]HWW$PEHUY£UDNR]µQ/RWWLHUDȟ-µNLV
EDOK«YROW
ȟ 1HP ȟ /RWWLH Q«J\N«]O£E V]HGHJHWWH D I¸OGUÿO D V]«WGRE£OW
H]¾VWV]DODJRNDW «V W¾UNL]N«N FVRPDJROµSDS¯UPDUDGY£Q\RNDW ȟ 0LI«OH
EDOK«"
5XE\ RWW YROW YHO¾N DPL NLVV« YLVV]DIRJWD $PEHUW $ IHM«W ROGDOUD
KDMWRWWD«VHJ\V]HUUHVRNDWPRQGµDQP«JLVKRP£O\RVDQN¸]¸OWH
ȟ 4XHQWLQ EDU£WMD UDMWDNDSRWW HJ\ S£URFVN£W D] HJ\LN WHUHPEHQ J\
WěQWYROWHJ\NLVHW\HSHW\H(J\VDNNYHUVHQ\HQ
/RWWLH DUF£W HOWDNDUWD D KDMD 1HP KDJ\WD DEED D PXQN£M£W 0DULµQDN
IHOWěQWKRJ\HJ\UHNLVHEE«VNLVHEESDS¯UIHFQLNHWV]HGHJHWIHO«VHJ\UH
ODVVDEEDQ
ȟ1HPKDOORWWDPUµODȟIHOHOWHN¸]¸Q\¸VHQ/RWWLH
ȟ1\LOY£QQHPDNDUW£NUHNO£PR]QL'HHOWXGV]N«S]HOQLLO\HW"VP«J
OHLVEXNQLȟ$PEHUPRVRO\RJYD0DULµKR]IRUGXOWȟ3RQWRO\DVPLDPL
DN£UQHNHGLVHV]HGEHMXWKDWRWWYROQD
ȟ$PLD]WLOOHWLQHP
$SXOWRV *HPP£YDO«VNRPLV] PDFVN£M£YDOW¸UW«QW RPLQµ]XVHVHWµWD
0DULµQDN QHP MXWRWW HV]«EH VHPPL VHQNLYHO NDSFVRODWEDQ GH PLYHO
$PEHU DP¼J\ VHP KLWW YROQD QHNL LQN£EE QHP PRQGRWW VHPPLW
.¾O¸QEHQ LV VRNNDO LQN£EE «UGHNHOWH KRJ\ /RWWLH PL«UW FV¼V]LNP£V]LN
P«JPLQGLJDSDGOµQ«VPL«UWYDG£V]LNRO\DQDSUµNLVSDS¯UN£NUDKRJ\
D]P£UPDMGQHPDWRPKDV¯W£V
ȟ ,WW D] RNOHYHOHP ȟ UREEDQW EH N¸]«M¾N 1DW «V E¾V]N«Q PXWDWWD D
SDS¯UW$PEHUQHNDNLPHJ¸OHOWH«VN¸]¸OWHYHOHKRJ\N«V]]VHQL
ȟ1\HUWHPHJ\M£WV]P£W«VNDSWDPHJ\DUDQ\FVLOODJRWȟI«V]NHOWHEH
PDJ£W $PEHU ¸O«EH D NLVIL¼ ȟ V 6HE LV HOM¸WW KRJ\ GUXNNROMRQ FVDN
«SSHQ QHP YROW V]DEDG GUXNNROQL PHUW PLQGHQNLQHN FVHQGEHQ NHOOHWW
OHQQLH'HRO\DQYROWPLQWHJ\YDU£]VODW$KRJ\6HEPHJM¸WWHONH]GWHP
Q\HUQL
ȟ (] QDJ\V]HUě GU£J£P ȟ VLPRJDWWD PHJ $PEHU D NµFRV NLV IHMHW ȟ
0£UVRNDWKDOORWWDP6HEUÿOGHP«JQHPWDO£ONR]WDPYHOH.HGYHOHG"
ȟþDOHJMREE1DJ\RQYLFFHV«VQDJ\RQNHGYHV
5XE\LVN¸]EHV]µOW
ȟþDOHJMREEDQ\DEDU£WDLN¸]¾O
ȟ+£WH]MµK¯UȟIRUGXOW$PEHU/RWWLHKR]ȟ1DJ\PHJN¸QQ\HEE¾O«V
OHKHWDP¼OWNRULXW£Q
/RWWLH EROGRJ 6HEEHO $PEHU EROGRJ 4XHQWLQQHO (] V]LQWH
HOYLVHOKHWHWOHQ YROW 0DULR V]£P£UD $] HOP¼OW KHWHNEHQ «OHWH
OHJV]¸UQ\ěEEQDSMDLW«OWH
$PEHUD]µU£M£UDQ«]HWW«VHOILQWRURGRWW
ȟ V]UH VHP YHWWHP KRJ\ LO\HQ U«JµWD LWW YDJ\RN 6]HJ«Q\ 4XHQWLQ
EL]WRVDQD]WKLV]LP£UVRVHPLQGXOXQNHO
4XHQWLQ+RJ\N«SHV$PEHUOHIHN¾GQLYDODNLYHODNLW¯J\K¯YQDN"0DULR
NLSLOODQWRWWDQDSSDOLDEODN£Q
ȟ(OPHQW%L]WRVDQPHJXQWDDY£UDNR]£VW
$PEHU ERVV]DQWµ PµGRQ QHP SDWWDQW IHO «V QHP URKDQW RGD D]
DEODNKR] KRJ\ PHJQ«]]H PL W¸UW«QW (KHO\HWW Q\XJRGWDQ V]HGHJHWWH
WRY£EEDKROPLM£W«VN¸QQ\HG«QIHOHOWH
ȟ4XHQWLQVRVHPWHQQHLO\HW1HPD]DIDMWD
$KDQJMDWDO£QN¸QQ\HGQHNWěQWGHDSLOODQW£V£EDQYROWYDODPL9DMRQ
PLWMHOHQWH]DQ«]«V"
ȟ Q VHP YDJ\RN D] 6RVHP PHQQ«N HO «V KDJ\Q£ODN RWW ȟ PRQGWD
ERVV]¼VDQ0DULR
ȟ1HP«QVHJRQGROWDPLO\HVPLUHȟPRVRO\RGRWWHOIXWµODJ$PEHUȟ
'HEL]WRVDQV]µEDHOHJ\HGQ«ORGDNLQWD]DUUDM£UµFVLQRVO£Q\RNNDO
ȟ 1HP ȟ (] D Y£G YDOµV£JRV DUFXOFVDS£VN«QW «UWH 0DULµW 9«GHNH]QL
NH]GHWWȟ6HPPLLO\HVPLWQHPFVLQ£OQ«N
5XE\OHVDMQ£OµN«SSHOMHJ\H]WHPHJ
ȟ'HLJHQDSDYDOµV]¯QěOHJFVLQ£OQ£O
WYHQHGLNIHMH]HW
ȟ(]URVV]DEEPLQWDV]HOOHPYDV¼WȟO«SHWWK£WU«EE6HEKRJ\V]HP¾J\UH
YHJ\HDPěY«Wȟ$OLJPHUHNU£WRNQ«]QL
ȟ *UUUUU ȟ K¸U¸JWH 1DW DNLW DOLJ OHKHWHWW IHOLVPHUQL D ]¸OG «V SLURV
DUFIHVW«NDODWW
ȟ )RO\LN D Q\£ODP D IRJVRUWµO ȟ U¸K«FVHOW 5XE\ V]¸UFV¸JYH «V
PHJLJD]¯WRWWDY£PS¯UDJ\DUDLW
ȟ $SD ¸OW¸]] EH WH LV ȟ DGWD NL D SDUDQFVRW 0D\D DNLQHN D] DUFD
XJ\DQFVDN NL YROW NHQYH ERUGµYDO «V D V]HPH DODWW IHNHWH NDULN£N
G¯V]HOHJWHNȟ1HNHGLVPHJ/RWWLHQDNLVLMHV]WÿQHNNHOOOHQQHWHN
ȟ$Q\DIHOYHKHWLD]WDEDUQDRGYDVIRJVRUWȟV]µOWN¸]EH5XE\ȟ6HE
PHJOHKHWV]HOOHP
ȟ -DM QH V]HJ«Q\ /RWWLH QHKRJ\ P£U QHNL NHOOMHQ IHOYHQQLH D]RNDW D
URQGDIRJDNDW0DMGDSDIHOYHV]L*\HU¾QNFVLQ£OMXNPHJÿNHW
/RWWLH K£WUDGÿOW «V 0D\D PHJ 5XE\ HONH]GWHN ¾J\N¸GQL D] DUF£Q
0HOOHWWH D G¯Y£Q\RQ 6HEHW GHNRU£OWD 1DW $ J\HUHNHN DUF£UD NL¾Oÿ
¸VV]SRQWRV¯W£VW O£WYD /RWWLH U£G¸EEHQW KRJ\ D W¸P«Q\ EROGRJV£J HJ\
RO\DQ SLOODQDW£W «OL £W «SSHQ DPLW GRER]ED NHOO ]£UQL «V ¸U¸NUH
PHJÿUL]QL
+DOORZHHQ YROW «V «GHVV«JJ\ěMWÿ N¸U¼WUD N«V]¾OÿGWHN PLQG D] ¸WHQ
HJ\¾WWPHUW0D\DLVLWWYROW/RQGRQEµODK«WY«J«UH6HEQ«O/RWWLHHOHLQWH
I«OWNLFVLWKRJ\1DW«V5XE\HVHWOHJQHPIRJQDNPDMGNLM¸QQLDQ\ROF«YHV
NLVO£QQ\DO GH DJJRGDOPDL D] HOVÿ WDO£ONR]£V XW£Q D]RQQDO
V]HUWHIRV]ORWWDN$]HOHYHQV]ÿNHY«JWHOHQ¾OPDJDEL]WRV0D\£WFVHSSHW
VHP ]DYDUWD KRJ\ EHPXWDWM£N 1DWQHN «V 5XE\QDN *\RUVDQ HJ\P£VUD
WDO£OWDN«VHOY£ODV]WKDWDWODQK£UPDVV£NRY£FVROµGWDN¸VV]H$YDV£UQDSL
HE«GUHD.LQJVWRQ$VKLK£]EDQNHU¾OWVRUDKRO6HEDK¼J£YDO7LIIDQ\YDO
ODNRWWPRVWKRJ\DV]¾OHLNHON¸OW¸]WHN'«O)UDQFLDRUV]£JED$G«OXW£QW
D] ¼M +DUU\ 3RWWHUILOP Q«]«V«YHO W¸OW¸WW«N D]W£Q W£UVDVM£W«NR]WDN HJ\
QDJ\RW XW£QD SHGLJ WHUYH]JHWQL NH]GW«N KRJ\ PLQHN ¸OW¸]]HQHN KD
LJD]£Q D IU£V]W DNDUM£N KR]QL D V]HUHQFV«WOHQ N¸UQ\«NEHOL
K£]WXODMGRQRVRNUD
ȟ 7HVV«N N«V] YDQ ȟ MHOHQWHWW NL 5XE\ E¾V]N«Q PLNRU Y«J¾O
K£WUDO«SHWW «V KDJ\WD KRJ\ 0D\D Y«JUH IHOWDUWKDVVD D W¾NU¸W /RWWLH
V]HP¾J\UHYHWWHDW¾N¸UN«S«W)HNHWHYROWDV]£MDDV]HPH89QDUDQFVD
V]HPSLOO£MD ]¸OG D] DUF£Q QDJ\ EDUQD DQ\DMHJ\HN 6HEUH SLOODQWRWW DNL
ÿU¾OWWXGµVSDUµN£W NDSRWW ELELUFVµNRV PěRUURW V]¾UNH £ODUFRW «V
J\RPRUIRUJDWµRGYDVIRJDNDW
ȟ0LO\HQJ\¸Q\¸Uě0LII&DUO\OH
6HE NLVV« N¾]G¸WW D IRJVRUUDO GH D V]£M£KR] HPHOWH /RWWLH NH]«W «V
N¯V«UWHWLHVV]¸UFV¸JÿKDQJJDOPHJDNDUWDFVµNROQL
ȟ 0U *LOO ȟ UHEHJWHWWH ]¸OG V]HPSLOO£LW /RWWLH ȟ 9«JUH WDO£ONR]WDP
£OPDLPSDVLM£YDO
ȟ5RQGDOHWWȟMHOHQWHWWHNL0D\Dȟ'HQHPHO«J URQGD ȟ )HONDSWD D
V¸W«WSLURVFHUX]£Wȟ0DUDGMQ\XJWRQDSX.DSV]P«JS£USDWWDQ£VW
(Oÿ]ÿ+DOORZHHQNRUHVHWWD]HVÿPLQGHQNLQHNOHIRO\WDVPLQNMH«V5XE\
EDQ\DNDODSMD V]«W£]RWW 0RVW D]RQEDQ W¸N«OHWHV YROW D] LGÿ 6ěUě N¸G
NDYDUJRWW DPL N¯V«UWHWLHVV« WHWWH D I«Q\HNHW «V HOQ\RPWD YDJ\
HOWRU]¯WRWWD D KDQJRNDW 1\ROF µUD YROW «V P£U HJ\ µU£MD M£UW£N
+HVWDFRPEHRW EDU£WRNDW YDJ\ ULY£OLV EDQG£NDW LMHV]WJHWYH 0LXW£Q
Y«JH]WHN D +LJK 6WUHHWHQ D] ¾G¾OÿK£]DN IHO« LQGXOWDN $ J\HUHNHN
L]JDWRWWDQURKDQJ£OWDNHOÿWW¾ND]¼WRQ$V¸W«WV«JOHSOHDODWW6HENLYHWWH
DPěIRJ£W«VPHJFVµNROWD/RWWLHW
ȟ.LOHQFNRULQGXOQXQNNHOOȟPRUPROWDN«WFVµNN¸]¸WWȟ0«JD]HVWH
YLVV]DNHOOYLQQHP0D\£W/RQGRQED
ȟ-µEXOLYROW
/RWWLH UHP«OWH KRJ\ D SLURV IROWRN QHP IRJQDN EHOHLYµGQL D EÿU«EH
P£U¯J\LV«SSHO«JSDWWDQ£VDYROW
ȟ0«JMREEEXOLOHV]KDU£LMHV]W¾QNDIÿQ¸N¸GUH
ȟ-DMD]WQH
ȟ 0L«UW QH" þ LV LWW ODNLN QHP" ȟ 6HE IRJD IHK«UHQ YLOORJRWW D
I«OKRP£O\EDQȟ1HPKDJ\KDWMXNNLÿWVHP
ȟ1DW«V5XE\EL]WRVQHPDNDUM£NȟHOOHQNH]HWW/RWWLH
ȟ $ SDVL MHQNL QHP" þN D]W£Q WXGM£N PL D +DOORZHHQ .¾O¸QEHQ LV
PRVWOHJDO£EEPHJOHKHWYLFFHOQL$]WHWV]HQLIRJDVU£FRNQDN
+D 6HE IHOEL]WDWMD ÿNHW WDO£Q LJHQ /RWWLH PHJN¸QQ\HEE¾OWHQ
IHOVµKDMWRWW DPLNRU RGD«UWHN D )R[ &RWWDJHKR] «V O£WWD KRJ\ PLQGHQ
V¸W«W
ȟ1LQFVHQHNLWWKRQ
ȟ 9DJ\ I«OQHN 5HPHJQHN D V¸W«WEHQ RGDEHQW 9DJ\ P£U OHIHN¾GWHN ȟ
KXQ\RU¯WRWW6HEȟ&V¸QJHVVHWHNFVDNEHJ\HUHNHN
ȟQQHPȟPRQGWD5XE\
ȟQVHPȟPRQGWD1DW
ȟ $NNRU PDMG «Q ȟ 0D\D RGDURKDQW D] DMWµKR] «V WHOMHV HUÿEÿO
PHJQ\RPWDDFVHQJÿW+¼V]P£VRGSHUFP¼OYDFVDOµGRWWDQY£OODWYRQWȟ
1LQFVHQHNLWWKRQ
+£OȢLVWHQQHNJRQGROWD/RWWLH
0D\DY£J\DNR]YDN«UGH]WH
ȟ%HGREKDWRNHJ\PěDQ\DJSµNRWDSRVWDQ\¯O£VXNRQ"
ȟ,JHQȟ¸UYHQGH]HWW1DWȟ7HJ\«OEHHJ\FVRPµW
ȟ3VVV]WȟHPHOWHIHODNH]«W5XE\ȟ$]PHJPLYROW"
0D\D£UWDWODQXOIHOHOWH
ȟ$NH]HG
ȟ1HP(]DKDQJ9DODNLM¸QD]¼WRQ
+DOOJDWµ]QLNH]GHWW«VFVDNXJ\DQKDOORWW£NDIRMWRWW]DMW
ȟ )RJDGQL PHUQ«N KRJ\ %HQ PHJ +DUU\ -HQNLQV ȟ FVLOODQW IHO 1DW
V]HPH D YHW«O\W£UVDN JRQGRODW£UD ȟ $]W PRQGW£N ÿN LV NLM¸QQHN HVWH
0HJLMHV]WKHWQ«QNÿNHW
ȟ2N«0LQGHQNLE¼MMRQHOȟDGWDNLD]XWDV¯W£VW6HE
(OUHMWÿ]WHN YDODPHQQ\LHQ EHOHROYDGWDN D ERNURN «V I£N N¸]WL
V¸W«WV«JEH/RWWLH«V5XE\DNHUWLIDOP¸J«K¼]µGRWW0¸J¸WW¾NKDORY£Q\
IHOKÿN ¼V]WDN D FVDNQHP WHOL KROG HOÿWW $ I¸OG I¸O¸WW V]£UD]M«JN«QW
NDYDUJRWWDN¸GRO\DQVěUěQKRJ\/RWWLHDVDM£WO£E£WVHPO£WWD
1HYHW«VWKDOORWWDND]W£QN¸]HOHGÿO«SWHNHW/RWWLHV¼JYDPRQGWD
ȟ1HP¼J\KDQJ]LNPLQWD-HQNLQVIL¼N
ȟ$Q\D3V]W
/RWWLH HQJHGHOPHVNHGHWW 1«K£Q\ SLOODQDW P¼OYD PHJKDOORWWD D
KDQJRWDPLEL]WRVDQQHP%HQ«YDJ\+DUU\«YROW«VQHPFVDND]«UWPHUW
RNW£YRNNDOP«O\HEEQHNWěQWKDQHPD]«UWLVPHUW/RWWLHSRQWRVDQWXGWD
NLKH]WDUWR]LN
ȟ +DUUUJJJKKK ȟ K¸U¸JWH KDQJRVDQ 6HE 0D\D 5XE\ «V 1DW D]W£Q
HJ\V]HUUHXJURWWDNHOÿUHMWHNKHO\HLNUÿO«VLMHV]WÿHQKDGRQ£V]QLNH]GWHN
ȟ -HVV]XVRP ȟ YLV¯WRWW IHO /LDQD «V U«P¾OWHQ K£WUDXJURWW EHOH
7\OHUEH
ȟ&VRNLYDJ\FV¯Q\
ȟ +DO£OUD LMHV]WHWWHWHN ȟ K¼]WD ¸VV]H PDJ£W /LDQD ȟ 1LQFV Q£ODP
VHPPL
ȟ$NNRUFV¯Q\ȟHPHOWHIHO0D\DYLG£PDQDY¯]LSLV]WRO\£W«VOÿWW
/LDQD IHOVLN¯WRWW DPLNRU YDODPL V¸W«W IU¸FFVHQW NU«PV]¯Qě NDE£WMD
HOHM«UH
ȟ7HMµ«JPHJÿU¾OWHWHN,O\HWQHPOHKHWFVLQ£OQL
ȟ 1\XJLLL ȟ IRUJDWWD D V]HP«W 0D\D D W¼O]RWW LMHGV«JUH ȟ (OWěQÿV
WLQWD.«WSHUFP¼OYDP£UQHPIRJO£WV]DQL
$NHUWLIDOP¸J¸WW/RWWLHPHJERU]RQJRWW«VKDONDQIHOQ\¸J¸WW1HPLV
WXGWD KRJ\ 0D\£Q£O WLQW£V SLV]WRO\ YDQ 6HE YLV]RQW DNL Q\LOY£Q WXGWD
FVDNHJ\I«UILDNLQLQFVWLV]W£EDQYHOHKRJ\DN«NV]¯QXJ\DQS£USHUFHQ
EHO¾O HOWěQLN GH D NDE£WRQ DNNRU LV ¸U¸NUH PHJPDUDG HJ\ ]V¯UIROWV]HUě
YDODPL
ȟ(]DNDE£WW¸EEH]HUGROO£UEDNHU¾OWȟFVµY£OWDDIHM«W/LDQDG¸EEHQW
KLWHWOHQNHG«VVHO
ȟ 8J\DQ P£U +DOORZHHQ YDQ ȟ HOOHQNH]HWW 6HE ȟ &VDN HJ\ NLFVLW
V]µUDNR]XQN
$ IDO I¸O¸WW NLNXNXFVN£OYD /RWWLH O£WWD KRJ\ 7\OHU QHP WěQLN
MµNHGYěQHN $ I«UIL FVDN PRVW M¸WW U£ KRJ\ NLN UHMWÿ]QHN D] LMHV]Wÿ
PDVNDU£N DODWW 1«P£Q P«UHJHWWH 1DWHW «V 5XE\W D]W£Q PHJN«UGH]WH
6HEWÿOYDMRQ/RWWLHWXGHUµODKRJ\PLWPěYHOQHNDJ\HUHNHL
5XE\ «V 1DW Q\¯OW HOOHQV]HQYYHO PHUHGW 7\OHUUH 6HE Y«GHOPH]ÿQ
£WIRJWDDY£OOXNDW
ȟ1HPWXGRP7DO£QN«UGH]]¾NPHJÿWȟ6HEIHOHPHOWHDKDQJM£W«VD
IDOIHO«IRUGXOWȟ/RWWLH7XGRGKRJ\PLWFVLQ£OQDNDJ\HUHNHLG"
7H Mµ «J /RWWLH ODVVDQ IHO£OOW I£MGDOPDV WXGDW£EDQ IHNHWH DMN£QDN
UDM]ROWU£QFDLQDN«VV¸W«WP£MIROWMDLQDN
ȟ 1D Q«]G FVDN ȟ VµKDMWRWWD 7\OHU OHPRQGµDQ ȟ 1HP V]HUHWQ«N
¾QQHSURQWµ OHQQL GH H] HJ\ NLVV« W¼O]£V 6]¯YURKDPRW LV NDSKDW YDODNL
KD ¯J\ U£XJURWRN D V¸W«WEHQ 9DODPHO\LN YHQG«JHW LV PHJ¸OKHWW«WHN
YROQD
ȟ'HKLV]FVDNJ\HUHNHNȟPXWDWRWW6HEIHOYRQWV]HP¸OG¸NNHO0D\£UD
1DWUH«V5XE\UDȟVHOQ«]«VWKDLVP«WOHPPDJDPGH+DOORZHHQYDQ
VKDOORWWXNDPDJXNKDQJM£WȟWHWWHKR]]£ȟ¼J\KRJ\WXGWXNNLM¸Q
(]HN V]HULQW 6HE WXGWD /RWWLHQDN D] HJ\LN V]HPH V¯UW D P£VLN
QHYHWHWW
/LDQDO£WKDWµDQIHOG¼OWYROW
ȟVKDW¸QNUHPHQWDNDE£WRP"
ȟ$NNRUWHUP«V]HWHVHQNLIL]HWM¾N*\HUWHNVU£FRNȟWHUHOJHWWHHOÿNHW
µYµQ 7\OHU«N PHOOHWW 6HE ȟ (ONH]GKHWLWHN J\ěMWHQL D ]VHES«Q]HWHNHW
&VDN PHUW HJ\HVHNQHN QLQFV KXPRU«U]«NH Mµ NLV V]£PO£W NDSKDWXQN D
Q\DNXQNED
+«WIÿUHJJHO/RWWLHPDJDYROWDGDFRVEěQWXGDWOWDO£EDQPLQGLJVLHWHWW
HOQ«]«VW N«UQL GH PRVW YDODPL«UW N«SWHOHQ YROW U£YHQQL PDJ£W $] HVWH
7\OHU«V/LDQDNLPXWDWW£NPHJYHW«V¾NHWLU£QWD«VDJ\HUHNHLLU£QW/LDQD
UHJJHO EHYLWWH D V]XSHUGU£JD NDE£WM£W &KHOWHQKDPEH KRJ\ PHJWXGMD NL
OHKHWH V]HGQL EHOÿOH D IROWRW 1\LOY£Q NH]HOKHWHWOHQ YDGHPEHUHNQHN
O£WM£N1DWHW«V5XE\WÿWPDJ£WSHGLJIHOHOÿWOHQDQ\£QDN'HKDSUµE£OWD
YROQD PHJPDJ\DU£]QL KRJ\ 0D\D OÿWW D Y¯]LSLV]WROO\DO DNNRU D] RO\DQ
OHQQH PLQWKD HO DNDUQD KDW£UROµGQL 6HEWÿO «V D NLVO£Q\£WµO -HOHQ
N¸U¾OP«Q\HNN¸]¸WWSHGLJHUUHHJ\V]HUěHQQHPOHWWYROQDN«SHV
$GMDLVWHQKRJ\DWLV]W¯WµEDQNLWXGM£NYHQQLD]WDIROWRW
ȟ(O«JK¾O\HYLFFYROWȟLVP«WHOWH7\OHUȟ(]WD]«UWHONHOOLVPHUQHG
9DOµEDQK¾O\HYLFFYROWGH/RWWLHH]WDYLO£J«UWEHQHPYDOORWWDYROQD
(KHO\HWWKHYHVHQD]WIHOHOWH
ȟ 7DO£Q KD OHQQ«QHN VDM£W J\HUHNHLG DNNRU PHJYLO£JRVRGQ£O «V QHP
OHQQ«O LO\HQȪLO\HQNLFVLQ\HV «VIHQVÿV«JHV $J\HUHNHNFVDNM£WV]RWWDN
0£UKHWHNµWDD+DOORZHHQWY£UW£N
ȟ(]]HOQLQFVLVVHPPLEDMȟHPHOWHIHODNH]«W7\OHUȟ1DJ\RQ¸U¾O¸N
'HD]«UWP«JQHPNHOOHWWYROQDȪ
ȟ ȪMµO «UH]QL¾N PDJXNDW" (J\ NLFVLW SDMNRVNRGQLXN" 7XGRG
Y«JLJM£UWXN D] HJ«V] IDOXW WHJQDS HVWH «V PLQGHQNL P£V QDJ\RQ NHGYHV
YROW 0LQG £W«UH]W«N D] ¾QQHS V]HOOHP«W 6HQNL VHP IHQ\HJHWÿ]¸WW
SHUHVNHG«VVHO
ȟ1HDNDUGQHNHPEHDGQLH]WDGXP£W0LVHPRQGWXQNLO\HVPLW&VDN
DUUDDNDUWDPF«OR]QLKRJ\HVHWOHJQHP£UWDQDHJ\ERFV£QDWN«U«V7DO£Q
Y£OWKDWQ£O Q«K£Q\ V]µW DȪ ILDWDOV£JJDO «V PHJ«UWHWKHWQ«G YHO¾N KRJ\
YDODPLW HVHWOHJ PRQGDQLXN NHOOHQH V QHP QHNHP ȟ IRO\WDWWD KěY¸V
KDQJRQ7\OHUȟKDQHP/LDQ£QDN
ȟ 0D\D /RQGRQEDQ ODNLN 1DW «V 5XE\ QHP LV WXGWDN UµOD KRJ\
Y¯]LSLV]WRO\ YDQ Q£OD D WLQW£UµO QHP LV EHV]«OYH ȟ (] V]HPHQV]HGHWW
KD]XJV£J YROW PHUW NLGHU¾OW KRJ\ 0D\D HOÿUH V]µOW D W¸EELHNQHN £P
/RWWLH¼J\«UH]WHKRJ\H]O«Q\HJWHOHQȟ1HPÿNK¼]W£NPHJDUDYDV]W
1HPO£WRPEHPL«UWNHOOHQHERFV£QDWRWN«UQL¾N
ȟ(]HVHWEHQDEDU£WRGUDK£UXODIHODGDWȟIHOHOWH7\OHU
+£W LJHQ HUUH QDJ\ D] HV«O\ /RWWLH KÿVLHVHQ SUµE£OWD V]DE£O\R]QL D
O«J]«V«W«VN¸]EHQKDOORWWDKRJ\RGDNLQWPHJ£OOHJ\NRFVL
ȟ 5HQGEHQ PHJPRQGRP QHNL 6ÿW PLQGNHWWHQ ERFV£QDWRW IRJXQN
N«UQL7«UGHQ£OOYDHO«JOHV]YDJ\IHN¾GM¾QNKDVUDDSRUEDQ"
ȟ/RWWLH
ȟ 0LQW PRQGWDP HJ\ QDS WDO£Q QHNHG LV OHV]QHN J\HUHNHLG &VDN
UHP«OKHWHP D] ÿ «UGHN¾NEHQ KRJ\ DGGLJUD NLFVLW NHY«VE« V«UWÿGÿV «V
VRNNDOWROHU£QVDEEOHV]HO
(J\P£VUD PHUHGWHN D] LURGD N«W Y«J«EÿO 1\¯OW D] DMWµ +D IL]HWÿ
YHQG«J«UNH]HWWYROQDD]RQQDOHOULDV]WMDD]HOOHQV«JHVKDQJXODW
'HV]HUHQFV«UHQHPYHQG«JYROWFVDN/LDQD
ȟ -DM QH XJ\H QHP YLWDWNR]WDWRN" 6]¸UQ\HQ «U]HP PDJDP /RWWLH
HOQ«]«VWDWHJQDSLHVWHPLDWW0HJWXGV]ERFV£WDQLDPL«UWRO\DQXQGRN
YROWDP"
+£W H] UHPHN 0LW OHKHW LO\HQNRU WHQQL" /RWWLH «UH]WH KRJ\
HOY¸U¸V¸GLN«V¸VV]HV]HGWHPLQGHQMµ«U]«V«W
ȟ1HPYROW£OD]0LN«U¾QNHOQ«]«VW1HPNHOOHWWYROQDȪW¸QNUHWHQQLD
NDE£WRGDW
0L«UW NHOO LO\HQNRU LWW OHQQLH 7\OHUQHN DNL PLQGHQ HJ\HV V]µW KDOO «V
N¸]EHQȟJ\DQ¯WKDWµDQȟYHV]HGHOPHVHQUHPHJDV]£MDV]«OH"
ȟ1HPQHPQHN«UMERFV£QDWRWD]«QKLE£PYROWKRJ\RO\DQK¾O\«Q
YLVHONHGWHP 1HP E¯URP HOYLVHOQL D JRQGRODWRW KRJ\ E£QWRWWDP D
J\HUHNHLGHW ȟ IRO\WDWWD /LDQD HOEěY¸Oÿ EDEDUµ]VDV]¯Q NDVP¯USXOFVLM£EDQ
«V (DUO IDUPHUM«EHQ ȟ +D OHJN¸]HOHEE WDO£ONR]RP YHO¾N N£USµWRORP
ÿNHW PHJ¯J«UHP 'H DGGLJ LV KR]WDP QHNLN HJ\ NLV «GHVV«JHW $II«OH
XWµODJRV+DOORZHHQFVHPHJHWDGRGQHNLN«VPHJPRQGRGKRJ\/LDQD
QDJ\RQVDMQ£OMD"
(] HJ\UH URVV]DEE /RWWLH Q\RPRUXOWXO YHWWH £W D GU£JD
«GHVV«JFVRPDJRNDWDPHO\HNHW/LDQDD7KRUQWRQVEDQY£V£UROW
ȟ.¸V]¸Q¸P7HUP«V]HWHVHQ£WDGRP'HLJD]£QQHPNHOOHWWYROQD
ȟ'HLJHQVDK¸OJ\DWLV]W¯WµEDQD]WPRQGWDKRJ\WHOMHVHQUHQGEHQ
OHV]DNDE£WRP9ROWP£UGROJDHOWěQÿWLQW£YDO
ȟ5HPHN.LIL]HWHPDWLV]W¯W£VWȪ
ȟ 6]µ VHP OHKHW UµOD ȟ LQWHWW WLOWDNR]µDQ /LDQD FVLQRV NDFVµM£YDO
D]W£Q D] µU£M£UD SLOODQWRWW ȟ 0RVW D]RQEDQ V]DODGQRP NHOOȪ 9£U D]
DURPDWHUDSHXW£P ȟ &VµNRW GRERWW 7\OHUQHN «V D]W PRQGWD ȟ 9LV]O£W
«GHV/HIRJODOWDPD]DV]WDOWD3HWLW%ODQFEDQ
/RWWLH Q«]WH DKRJ\ HOPHJ\ «V D]RQ WěQÿG¸WW PLO\HQ «U]«V OHKHW
DPLNRUHJ\DURPDWHUDSHXWDFVDNDUUDY£UKRJ\ȪPHJDURPDWHU£SL£]]DD]
HPEHUW V KRJ\ PLO\HQ OHKHW FVµNRW GREQL 7\OHUQHN PHJ «GHVQHN
QHYH]QL+D/LDQD¯J\QHYH]LDNNRUWXWLUDOHIHN¾GWHNHJ\P£VVDO
ȟ&VDNHJ\YDODPLȟU£QJDWWDNL7\OHUDJRQGRODWDLEµO
ȟ,JHQ"
ȟ $ WLQW£V ¾J\ WHJQDS HVWH $GGLJ HOOHQNH]KHWV] DP¯J EHOH QHP
N«N¾OV]GHWHLVWXGRGKRJ\QHPYROWKHO\HV
/RWWLHU£PHUHGW
ȟ7«Q\OHJ"
7\OHUGLDGDOPDVDQHOYLJ\RURGRWW«VNLOÿWW/RWWLHUDHJ\EHIÿWWHVJXPLW
ȟ0LQGHQNLP£VU£QNXJURWW(PO«NV]HO"&VDNWHPDUDGW£OHOE¼MYDDIDO
P¸J¸WW
WYHQHJ\HGLNIHMH]HW
ȟ&UHVVQ«QLQYDJ\RND]
&VDN-RMRK¯YWD¯J\&UHVVLGDN¾O¸QEHQIHOVHPLVPHUWHYROQDDKDQJRWD
YRQDOP£VLNY«J«Q0LQWKDHJ\FVLV]ROµSDS¯UVHUFHJHWWYROQD
ȟ-RMR"0LDEDMNLFVLP"
-DMQHFVDNQHD]WPRQGMDDPLWPRQGDQLDNDU
ȟ 1HP YDJ\RN W¼O MµO ȟ UHFVHJWH -RMR ȟ 'H QH L]JXOM Mµ" $ WDQ£URP
PRVWK¯YWDIHODS£WP£UM¸Q«UWHP«VKD]DYLV]$]WKLV]HPLQIOXHQ]D
&UHVVLGDSLVORJQLNH]GHWW+£WSHUV]HKRJ\LQIOXHQ]D0LP£VM¸KHWHWW
YROQD KRJ\ PHJLQW PHJKL¼V¯WVD D K«WY«JL WHUYHLNHW" 1RYHPEHU H
S«QWHN G«OXW£Q YROW «V P£U PHJYHWWH D] (DV\-HWMHJ\HNHW %ULVWROEµO
1HZFDVWOHEH«VYLVV]D7RPSHGLJEHV]HU]HWWQ«J\EHO«SÿWDOHJQDJ\REE
Wě]LM£W«NUD DPLW FVDN 1HZFDVWOH Q\¼MWDQL WXGRWW +RJ\ LV VHMWKHWW«N
YROQDKRJ\LO\HVPLIRJW¸UW«QQL"3HUV]HN«V]FVRGDOHWWYROQDKDQHP
ȟNLFVLP6]HJ«Q\N«PȪ
VV]HJ«Q\«QJRQGROWD&UHVVLGDDNLWHON«SHV]WHWWDVDM£W¸Q]«VH
ȟ 7XGRP (J\UH URVV]DEEXO YROWDP HJ«V] G«OHOÿWW 'H WH DWWµO P«J
Q\XJRGWDQHOPHKHWV]1HZFDVWOHEHQ«ON¾OHPLV
7«Q\OHJ"9DOµEDQ"&UHVVLGDNLVV«IHO«O«QN¾OYHY£JWDU£
ȟ-DMNLFVLPD]QHPOHQQHXJ\DQRO\DQ1HL]JXOMQHPȪ
ȟ0HQQHPNHOO&UHVVQ«QL0HJM¸WWDSDȟ-RMRN¸K¸J¸WW«VNU£NRJRWW
D]W£Q UHNHGWHQ IRO\WDWWD ȟ 'H V]HULQWHP QH PRQGG OH 7XGRP KRJ\
Q«ON¾OHPQHPXJ\DQRO\DQGHDWWµOP«JMµOHKHW
&UHVVLGD V]«J\HQWHOHQ V]¸UQ\HWHJQHN «UH]WH PDJ£W XJ\DQRO\DQ
EěQWXGDWRVDQ L]JDWRWWQDN PLQW HJ\ WLQL ȟ IHOK¯YWD 7RPRW D
PXQNDKHO\«Q«VHOPHV«OWHKRJ\-RMREHWHJ$]W£QHOKDOOJDWRWW
7RPNHOOÿN«SSHQFVDOµGRWWQDNWěQW
ȟ%L]WRVDQYDODPLQDJ\FV¼IV£JRWN¸YHWW¾QNHOHOÿ]ÿ«OHW¾QNEHQKRJ\
LO\HQURVV]DNDUP£QN
9DMRQPRVWLVFV¼IGROJRWFVLQ£OQDN"&UHVVLGDQDJ\OHYHJÿWYHWW
ȟ'HHOWXGRNPHQQLHJ\HG¾OLV
$]DM£QODWRWLGHJERU]ROµFVHQGN¸YHWWH
$]W£QPHJV]µODOW7RP
ȟ7«Q\OHJHOM¸QQ«O"ȟ«VDKDQJM£EDQWDJDGKDWDWODQ¸U¸PFVHQG¾OW
&UHVVLGDNH]GHWWEHOHM¸QQLDV]«J\HQWHOHQV«JEH(OI¼OµQIHOHOWH
ȟ +£W SHUV]H 6]µYDO HOPHKHW¾QN DUUD D Wě]LM£W«NUD 'RQQ\QDN QHP
OHV]W¼OQDJ\«OP«Q\GHȪ
ȟ 'RQQ\ PLDWW QH DJJµGM W¼O IRJMD «OQL $NNRU Y£UMDODN D UHSW«UHQ
DKRJ\PHJEHV]«OW¾N"&VDN«SSHQJDUGHG£PQ«ON¾O
ȟ*DUGHG£PQ«ON¾O
&UHVVLGD YDGXO GRERJµ V]¯Y«UH V]RU¯WRWWD D NH]«W «V KLWY£Q\DEE
DODNQDN«UH]WHPDJ£WPLQWYDODKD 0RVWP£U WHOMHVHQEHEL]RQ\RVRGRWW
KRJ\ ¸Q]ÿ SHUV]µQD 9LV]RQW HVHWOHJ RO\DQ K«WY«J«KH] MXWKDW DPLUÿO
£OPRGQLVHPPHUW
7RPGHUěVPHJN¸QQ\HEE¾OWKDQJRQQ\XJW£]WD
ȟ0£UDOLJY£URP
/HQW D WµQ£O P£U MDY£EDQ «JWHN D P£JO\£N «V D EXOL LV HONH]GÿG¸WW
0LXW£Q NLQ\LWRWW£N D] DEODNRNDW DQQ\LUD KRJ\ KDOOM£N D J\HUHNHN
NLDE£O£V£W «V D Wě]LM£W«NRW N¯V«Uÿ IHOK¸UG¾O«VHNHW )UHGGLH «V %DUEDUD
HJ\¾WW ¾OG¸J«OW D QDSSDOLEDQ «V Q«]W«N DKRJ\ D O£WY£Q\RVV£J I«Q\EH
ERU¯WMDDFVLOODJRVHJHW
ȟ7DO£QH]D]XWROVµWě]LM£W«NDPLWO£WRN
)UHGGLH NHOOHPHVHQ HOOD]XOW K£OD D NHOOHW«Q«O W¸EE ZKLVNH\QHN +D
NLOHQFYHQ «YLJ DNDUW YROQD «OQL QHP LV]LN HQQ\LW 'H PRVW P£U QHP
V]£P¯WRWW0HJLKDWRWWYROQDDN£UHJ\HJ«V]¾YHJJHOLV
ȟ +£W QHP J\¸Q\¸Uě D Wě]LM£W«N" ȟ %DUEDUD IHOWHWWH D O£E£W «V HJ\
SRK£U 7LD 0DUL£W V]RSRJDWRWW ȟ 7XGMD KDOORWWDP HJ\ HPEHUUÿO DNLQHN
D] YROW D N¯Y£QV£JD KRJ\ KDPYDVV]£N HO PLXW£Q PHJKDOW $]W£Q D
KDPYDLWWHJ\«NEHOHHJ\µUL£VLWě]LM£W«NED«V¼J\V]µUM£NV]«WDNHGYHQF
KHO\HI¸O¸WW
ȟ 9LFFHV OHKHW ȟ PRQGWD )UHGGLH ȟ )ÿOHJ KD D 0DUNV 6SHQFHU D
NHGYHQFKHO\H
ȟ6]HULQWHPH]IDQWDV]WLNXV6]¯YHVHQOHQQ«NWě]LM£W«NDPLWD5HJHQWȢV
3DUN I¸O¸WW OÿQHN IHO SSHQ ¯J\ ȟ LQWHWW %DUEDUD D] «JHQ NLERQWDNR]µ
Uµ]VDV]¯Q «V E¯ERU NUL]DQW«PDODN]DWRNUD ȟ +£W QHP OHQQH FVRG£ODWRV"
0LFVRGDEXOL
)UHGGLHLYRWWHJ\¼MDEENRUW\GU£JD*OHQIDUFODVW
ȟQFVDNDWDYRQV]µUDWRPV]«WPDJDPDWN¸V]
ȟ 0DJD D IÿQ¸N ȟ PRVRO\JRWW U£ %DUEDUD I«OUHKDMWRWW IHMMHO ȟ -¸KHW D
N¸YHWNH]ÿDGDJJ\µJ\V]HU"
ȟ $ Q\DYDO\£VRN ,JHQ D]W KLV]HP ȟ $] D W«Q\ KRJ\ D J\µJ\V]HUHN
VHJ¯WHQHN QHP WHWWH NHOOHPHVHEE« D EHY«WHO¾NHW ȟ 7XGMD DPLNRU
PHJNDSWDP D GLDJQµ]LVW «V D] RUYRV D]W PRQGWD KRJ\ WDO£Q P«J HJ\
«YHPYDQKDV]HUHQFV«VYDJ\RNDUUDJRQGROWDPKRJ\PHJ¸O¸PPDJDP
1HP RWW «V QHP DEEDQ D SLOODQDWEDQ ȟ WHWWH KR]]£ KRJ\ %DUEDUD
PHJ«UWVH ȟ 'H D]W£QȪ WXGMD HO«UNH]HWW D] LGÿ 5£M¸WWHP KRJ\ PLYHO
£OORN V]HPEHQ «V HOKDW£UR]WDP KRJ\ LQN£EE PHJKDORN PLHOÿWW HO«UHP
D]WD]£OODSRWRWUWHOPHVG¸QW«VQHNWěQW6RNDQJRQGROM£N¯J\"
%DUEDUDHOJRQGRONRGRWW
ȟ,JHQD]WKLV]HP
ȟQLVȟEµOLQWRWW)UHGGLHȟ'HKDHOM¸QD]D]LGÿW«Q\OHJVRNDQPHJ
LVWHV]LN"7«Q\OHJ¸QJ\LONRVRNOHV]QHN"
%DUEDUDPHJU£]WDDIHM«W«VV]HO¯GHQPRQGWD
ȟ1HP$OHJW¸EEHQQHP
ȟ6HMWHWWHPQPHJDNDUWDPWHQQLGHPRVWP£UQHPDNDURPVQHP
KLV]HP KRJ\ H] E£WRUV£J YDJ\ J\£YDV£J GROJD (J\V]HUěHQ FVDN PRVW
QLQFV NHGYHP KR]]£ ȟ )UHGGLH OHPRQGµDQ OHWHWWH D SRKDU£W «V IHM«W D
V]«N W£PO£M£QDN G¸QW¸WWH ȟ 5RKDGWXO ERVV]DQWµ DQQ\LW PRQGKDWRN
0L«UWNHOOHQQHN¯J\OHQQLH"
ȟ %L]WRVDQ D] «OHW¸V]W¸Q WHV]L ȟ Y«OWH HJ\¾WW«U]ÿQ %DUEDUD ȟ 0«J
LO\HQNRULVEHNDSFVRO
ȟ 'H «Q QHP DNDURP KRJ\ ¯J\ OHJ\HQ .LKDJ\KDWQ£P D] XWROVµ
KµQDSRNDWDPLNHWDP¼J\VHN¯Y£QVHQNLDK£WDN¸]HS«UHVHP&VDN«SS
¼J\ WěQLN KRJ\ LWW UDJDGWDP 6]HUHWQ«N IHONHOQL KROQDS UHJJHO PHJ
XW£QDLVPHJXW£QDLVDPHGGLJIL]LNDLODJN«SHVYDJ\RNU£$]WDNDURP
KRJ\ D] D Q\DYDO\£V KDV]QDYHKHWHWOHQ Q\RPR]µ PHJWDO£OMD *LVHOOHW
OYH]QLDNDURPDNDU£FVRQ\WPHJDNDURPPXWDWQLPDJ£QDNWDYDVV]DOD
NHUWHWȪ$IUDQFHJ\HPHJ
ȟ7HVV«NȟQ\RPRWWDNH]«EH%DUEDUDHJ\]VHENHQGÿW
ȟ(OQ«]«VW6DMQ£ORP
ȟ8J\DQ)UHGGLH6]DEDG
)UHGGLH OHW¸U¸OWH D N¸QQ\HLW PHJN¸V]¸U¾OWH D WRUN£W «V ¾UHV
WHNLQWHWWHO E£PXOW NLIHO« D] DEODNRQ +LUWHOHQ ¼UU£ OHWW UDMWD PLQGHQ
V]RPRU¼V£J «V G¾K DPLDWW KRJ\ QHP DNDU PHJKDOQL «V P«JVHP WHKHW
HOOHQH VHPPLW 0L YDQ KD W¼O N¸QQ\HQ IHODGWD DPLNRU PHJKDOORWWD D
GLDJQµ]LVW"+DQHPXWDV¯WRWWDYROQDHODNH]HO«VWWDO£QP£UMDYXOQD"$]
RUYRVD G¸EEHQW FVRG£ONR]£VVDO U£]Q£ IHM«W «V D]W PRQGDQ£ Ȧ$]W NHOO
PRQGDQRPKRJ\DNH]HO«VVRNNDOHUHGP«Q\HVHEEPLQWY£UWXN)UHGGLH
$WXPRUJ\DNRUODWLODJHOWěQWȥ
0L OHQQH KD" 0RVW P£U VRVHP IRJMD PHJWXGQL $NNRU RO\DQ V¸W«WQHN
WěQWD]«OHWKRJ\J\RUVDQW¼ODNDUWOHQQLUDMWD
'HH]P«JD]HOÿWWYROWKRJ\WDO£ONR]RWW%DUEDU£YDO$]HOP¼OWQ«K£Q\
K«WDPLWHJ\¾WWW¸OW¸WWHNRNRWDGRWWQHNLKRJ\WRY£EEFVLQ£OMD)UHGGLH
«UH]WHKRJ\HEEHDQÿEHEHOHLVWXGRWWYROQDV]HUHWQL+DKDWKµQDSSDO
NRU£EEDQWDO£ONR]WDNYROQDȪ
VKDQHPOHQQHDWXPRUȪ
+DYLV]RQWQHPOHQQHDWXPRUVRKDQHPWDO£ONR]RWWYROQD%DUEDU£YDO
9DQ HEEHQ YDODKRO YDODPL WDQXOV£J JRQGROWD )UHGGLH 'H KD
PHJJHEHGWDNNRUVHPWXGWDPLD]
ȟ0LQGHQUHQGEHQ"ȟV]RU¯WRWWDPHJDNH]«WE£WRU¯WµDQ%DUEDUD
ȟ ,JHQ N¸V]¸Q¸P ȟ EµOLQWRWW )UHGGLH «V NXUW£Q HOPRVRO\RGRWW
HOV]£OOWDG¾KH
%XPP EXPP EXPP ȟ %$1* G¾E¸UJ¸WW D Wě]LM£W«N «V Y¸U¸V PHJ
YDN¯Wµ N«N I«Q\IRO\µN FVRURJWDN OH D] «JEÿO ¸VV]HWDO£ONR]YD D
W¾N¸UN«S¾NNHODWµH]¾VWIHNHWHW¾NU«Q«O
ȟ7XODMGRQN«SSHQQHLVD5HJHQWȢV3DUNOHJ\HQ$PLNRU$P\WL]HQKDW
«YHV YROW £WUXFFDQWXQN 3£UL]VED HJ\ KRVV]¼ K«WY«J«UH 0DJD M£UW P£U
RWW"
ȟ,JHQ0DU\YHO
)UHGGLHQHNYDU£]VODWRVHPO«NHLYROWDNDUUµODS£UL]VL¼WUµO
0LN¸]EHQ D] «JHQ N¾O¸Q¸VHQ O£WY£Q\RV E¯ERUVPDUDJG]¸OG
NUL]DQW«PHUGÿERQWDNR]RWWNL%DUEDUDPHJQ\XJWDWµDQD]WPRQGWD
ȟ/HKHWKRJ\LQN£EED](LIIHOWRURQ\EµODNDURPNLO¸YHWQLPDJDP
WYHQKDUPDGLNIHMH]HW
ȟ6]LDJRQGROWDPK£WKDLWWYDQ7\OHU
/RWWLH EH]£UWD D SDV]L£QV]RW DPLW D J«SHQ «SSHQ M£WV]RWW «V
IHOSLOODQWRWW/LDQ£UDDNLD]DMWµEDQ£OOW1HPFVDN¼J\Q«]HWWNLPLQWHJ\
DQJ\DOGHDKDQJMD«VD]LOODWDLVRO\DQYROW(]KRJ\OHKHWV«JHV"
ȟ/HQWGROJR]LND3HOKDP+RXVHQ£Oȟ/RWWLHWHOIRJWDDN¯Y£QFVLV£Jȟ
0LH]D]LOODWDPLUDMWDGYDQ"
/LDQDV]HPHIHOFVLOODQW
ȟ-DH]",JD]£EµOQLQFVLVQHYH.QLJWKVEULGJHEHQNHYHUWHQHNHPHJ\
SDUI¾PÿUȪ 7XGRG RO\DQ KRJ\ NLHPHOL D WHUP«V]HWHV IHURPRQMDLPDW
YDJ\PL
+£W SHUV]H +¾O\H N«UG«V YROW $ YLO£J OHJFVRG£ODWRVDEE LOODW£W
Q\LOY£QYDOµDQ D YLO£J OHJFVRG£ODWRVDEE WHUHPWP«Q\«QHN N«V]¯WLN
V]HP«O\UHV]DERWWDQ/RWWLHD]WN¯Y£QWDE£UPHJVHN«UGH]WHYROQD+Dÿ
PHQQHHOHJ\SDUI¾PÿUK¸]DNNRUD]YDOµV]¯QěOHJE«NDQ\£ODWNHYHUQHNL
QHNLSµNP«UHJJHOHJ\OHKHOHWQ\LNHWFKXSSDOPHJERORQG¯WYD
ȟ 0LO\HQ NHGYHV KRJ\ «V]UHYHWWHG ȟ NL£OWRWW IHO /LDQD ȟ *RQGRORG
KRJ\7\OHUVRN£OHV]W£YRO"0LWFVLQ£ORWWOHQW"
ȟ0HJMDY¯WMDDEDOGDFKLQRV£J\DW&DUULQJWRQ«NQDNVLNHU¾OWOH]¼]QLXND
WHWHM«W«VN«WY¯]V]LQWHVUXGDWLV
ȟ1HPPRQGRG+RJ\WXGWDNHNNRUDN£UWFVLQ£OQL"
ȟ$]WFVDND-µLVWHQWXGMDȟK¼]WDHODV]£M£W/RWWLHPHUW&DUULQJWRQ«N
KDWYDQRQ I¸O¾O M£UWDN «V QHP RO\DQ HPEHUHNQHN WěQWHN DNLN YDODKD LV
RO\DQERWU£Q\RVGRORJUDYHWHPHGQ«QHNPLQWDV]H[
9DOµV]¯QěEEQHN WěQW KRJ\ P«J OHIHNY«VNRU VHP YHV]LN OH HJ\IRUPD
EDUQD DQRU£NMXNDW PLQWVHP KRJ\ DWOHWLNXVDQ KLQW£]]DQDN D] £J\RQ
+DFVDNQHPFVLQ£OW£NHJ\V]HUUHPLQGNHWWÿWȪ
ȟ$]WKLV]HPWXGRPPLUHJRQGROV]ȟMHJ\H]WHPHJ/LDQDYLG£PDQ
ȟ 1HP DNDURN U£JRQGROQL ȟ /RWWLH LYRWW HJ\ NRUW\ £VY£Q\YL]HW «V
YDODPHQQ\L OHIRO\W EHOÿOH D] £OO£Q *\RUVDQ OHW¸U¸OWH .«SWHOHQ D Q«ON¾O
LQQL KRJ\ OH¸QWHQ« PDJ£W" ȟ 'H &DUULQJWRQ«N P£U HOPHQWHN +D O£WQL
DNDURG7\OHUWQ\XJRGWDQRGDPHKHWV]
ȟ$NNRU P«JDY«J«Q NHGYHWNDSQ«N KRJ\OHG¸QWVHPDUUD D] £J\UD ȟ
FVLOODQWIHO/LDQDV]HPHȟ'HQHDJJµGMPDMGN«VÿEEPHJWDO£ORP&VDND
K£ODDG£VUµODNDUWDPYHOHEHV]«OQL
$NNRUWLV]WDVRUOHIHNV]HQHNHJ\P£VVDO
VDK£ODDG£V"$]P«JW¸EEK«W0HGGLJDNDULWWPDUDGQL/LDQD"
ȟ 7XGRG «SS PD UHJJHO PRQGWDP 7\OHUQHN KRJ\ YDODPLNRU ¸VV]H
N«QHM¸QQ¾QNȟIRO\WDWWD/LDQD
ȟ
(]PHJPLWMHOHQWVHQ"
ȟ9DODPHO\LNHVWH£WM¸KHWQ«WHN6HEEHOYDFVRU£UD
7HMµ«JH]DQÿPHJÿU¾OW"/RWWLHHJ\JXPLWWHNHUJHWHWWD]XMMDN¸U¾O
ȟ1HPKLQQ«PKRJ\7\OHUQDJ\RQ«OYH]Q«
ȟ 7XGRP KRJ\ QLQFV RGD D SDVLG«UW 'H H] HJ\ RNNDO W¸EE DUUD KRJ\
OHKHWÿV«JHW DGMXQN QHNLN MREEDQ PHJLVPHUQL HJ\P£VW 0£UPLQW QHP
OHQQHVRNNDONHOOHPHVHEEKDPLQGDQQ\LDQEDU£WRNOHQQ«QN"
.HOOHPHVHEE" .HOOHPHVHEE" /LDQD P£VRGLN QHYH Y«OHWOHQ¾O QHP
3ROO\DQQD" /RWWLH VHPPLWPRQGµ QHV]HNHW KDOODWRWW «V D JRQGRODWDL
HUHM«YHOSUµE£OWDNLě]QL/LDQ£WD]LURG£EµO
1HPPěN¸G¸WWDGRORJ/LDQDOHWHOHSHGHWW/RWWLHDV]WDO£QDNV]«O«UH«V
FVHYHJÿVW¯OXVEDQIRO\WDWWD
ȟ(OVHPWXGRGN«SH]QLPHQQ\LUHP£V«OP«Q\QHNHPLWWOHQQL/£WQRG
NHOOHWW YROQD HQJHP PLXW£Q &XUWLV PHJKDOW V H]W 7\OHUQHN
N¸V]¸QKHWHP0HJY£OWR]WDWWDD]«OHWHPHW
ȟ+PȟEµOLQWRWW/RWWLHNLVV««PHO\HJYH
ȟ 6RVHP JRQGROWDP YROQD KRJ\ ¼MUD V]HUHOPHV OHKHWHN ȟ IRO\WDWWD
/LDQD ȟ 9DJ\ KRJ\ YDODKD LV OHV] PHJLQW V]H[X£OLV «OHWHP 'H KD
RO\DVYDODNLYHOYDJ\PLQW7\OHUȪQRVDNNRUȪ
(O«J(]W¼OVRN
ȟ.¾O¸QEHQQHPLVWXGRPPLKH]NH]GHQ«NQ«ON¾OHȟELOOHQWHWWHI«OUHD
IHM«W /LDQD ȟ +£W QHP IXUFVD DKRJ\DQ D GROJRN DODNXOQDN" 0£U D]W
KLV]HG KRJ\ V¯QHQ YDQ D] «OHWHG D]W£Q HJ\V]HUUH PLQGHQ PHJY£OWR]LN
$]HPEHUVRVHPWXGKDWMDPLIRJW¸UW«QQLOHJN¸]HOHEE
)UHGGLH£OODSRWDURVV]DEERGRWW.LM¸WWD]RUYRV«VQHPWXGRWWVHPPLMµW
PRQGDQL0£UQLQFVVRNLGÿK£WUDHVHWOHJKRVSLFHEDN«QHPHQQLH
ȟ1HPȟU£]WDDIHM«WI£UDGWDQ)UHGGLHDS£UQ£LUDW£PDV]NRGYDȟ1HP
IRJRPPHJJRQGROQLPDJDP,WWKRQDNDURNPDUDGQL
ȟ 5HQGEHQ ȟ $] RUYRV HOIRJDGWD D G¸QW«VW ȟ 0DMG %DUEDU£YDO
PHJEHV]«OHPDI£MGDORPFVLOODS¯W£VWȟ(OLVPHUÿHQEµOLQWRWWȟ$OHJMREE
HPEHUWY£ODV]WRWWD
ȟ(ODNH]HNNHO0DJ£QDNIHOHV«JHYDQRWWKRQȟPRQGWD)UHGGLH
$]RUYRVHOPRVRO\RGRWW«VIHO¯UWQ«K£Q\UHFHSWHW
ȟ0LQGHQWFVDNPµGM£YDOVSLKHQMHQVRNDW
+DKD
ȟJ\«UWLKRJ\DEEDNHOOKDJ\QRPDU¸JELW"(GGLJVHFVLQ£OWDPP£VW
FVDNIHN¾GWHP«VSLKHQWHP
ȟ V FVRG£OWD D O«WH]ÿ OHJV]HEE DQJRO SDQRU£P£W ȟ IRUGXOW K£WUD D
GRNWRU«VDWµIHO«PXWDWRWWDGRPERNUDDI£NNRURQ£MDIHOHWWGHUHQJÿ
QDSUD DPHO\ P«O\ Uµ]VDV]¯QUH IHVWHWWH D IHOKÿNHW ȟ (QQ«O URVV]DEE
GROJRNDWLVHOWXGRNN«S]HOQL
ȟ,VWHQHPDQQ\LUDI£UDGWYDJ\RN
0LN¸]EHQ£V¯WRWW)UHGGLH«V]OHOWHKRJ\DEHV]«GHPHJLQWNH]GN£V£VV£
Y£OQLVHJ\KHWHQHPLYRWW
ȟ$NNRUPRVWPHJ\HNȟPRURJWDDGRNWRU
)UHGGLH P£U DOXGW PLHOÿWW D] DMWµ EHFVXNµGRWW YROQD D W£YR]µ RUYRV
P¸J¸WW
+£W ¯J\ HVHWW 9«J¾O PHJWDO£OWD *LVHOOHW 9DJ\LV QHP GH Y«J¾O FVDN
¸VV]HIXWRWWDN 0LQW DPLNRU D] HPEHU HOYHV]WL D] ROYDVµV]HP¾YHJ«W «V
IHOIRUJDWMD D] HJ«V] K£]DW FVDN KRJ\ D]W£Q NLGHU¾OM¸Q Y«JLJ RWW YROW D
]VHE«EHQ
)UHGGLHNLQ\LWRWWDDV]HP«W2GDNLQWP£UV¸W«WYROWDPLD]WMHOHQWHWWH
KRJ\ Mµ LGHLJ DOXGW $ WLQWDIHNHWH «JHQ UDJ\RJWDN D FVLOODJRN «V D KROG
NRURQJMD PDMGQHP WHOMHV YROW D I«Q\H V]«SHQ W¾NU¸]ÿG¸WW D Wµ VLPD
W¾NU«Q 0HJLQW D] RUYRV YROW LWW" )UHGGLHQHN ¼J\ U«POHWW KRJ\ RGDV¼J
YDODPLW %DUEDU£QDN PLN¸]EHQ ÿ V]XQ\µN£O $ IHMH QHP I£MW GH
J\DQ¯WRWWD KRJ\ KD PHJ DNDUQ£ PR]G¯WDQL DNNRU D]RQQDO PHJI£MGXOQD
6HEDMMµ¯J\N«Q\HOPHV$]DGRWWN¸U¾OP«Q\HNN¸]¸WWNLN«UKHWQHHQQ«O
W¸EEHW"
ȟ )UHGGLH EUHQ YDQ" ȟ %DUEDUD KDQJMD YROW KDON «V V]HO¯G 7HK£W
QLQFV HJ\HG¾O $] DVV]RQ\ D] £J\ PHOO« K¼]RWW V]«NHQ ¾OW .DUMD D] ÿ
NDUM£QSLKHQWȟ6]¾NV«JHYDQYDODPLUH"+R]]DNYDODPLW"
)UHGGLH «UH]WH KRJ\ KD E£UPLW PRQGDQD D] DP¼J\ VHP RO\DQ OHQQH
DPLO\HQQHN V]HUHWQ« H]«UW V]LQWH «V]UHYHKHWHWOHQ¾O FVDN LQJDWWD D IHM«W
HJ\LN ROGDOUµO D P£VLNUD 6HPPLUH VLQFV V]¾NV«JH *LVHOOH «V -HII
PHJERFV£WRWW QHNL 0HJLQW HO£OPRVRGRWW $OXGQL VRNNDO N¸QQ\HEE YROW
PLQW PHJSUµE£OQL «EUHQ PDUDGQL V DPLNRU DOXGW DNNRU £OPRGKDWRWW
0DU\UÿO $P¯J Y£UWD D] £OPRW )UHGGLH ¼MUD IHOLG«]WH D] HJ\LN
OHJNHGYHVHEE HPO«N«W ȟ D]W DPHO\LN EHOHJRQGROQL LV K£WERU]RQJDWµ
YROW RO\ N¸QQ\HQ PHJ VHP W¸UW«QKHWHWW YROQD 'H K£W H] D VRUV QHP
LJD]" (] D V]HUHQFVH $ OHJNLVHEE G¸QW«VHN LV PHJY£OWR]WDWKDWM£N D]
HJ«V]«OHWHGHWȪ
$PLNRU/RWWLHP£VQDSUHJJHOPHJ£OOWD+HVWDFRPEH+RXVHQ£O«VO£WWD
KRJ\7\OHUD]LURGDHOÿWWY£UMDD]RQQDOWXGWDPLDKHO\]HW
ȟ )UHGGLH HOPHQW $] «MV]DND KDOW PHJ ȟ PRQGWD J\HQJ«GHQ 7\OHU
DPLNRUDO£Q\NLV]£OOWDNRFVLEµO
/HKHWHWWV]£P¯WDQLHUUH(ONHU¾OKHWHWOHQYROW0«JVHPRO\DVPLDPLWD]
HPEHUKDOODQLDNDU/RWWLHDV]£MDHO«NDSWDDNH]«W
ȟ %DUEDUD D]W PRQGWD QDJ\RQ E«N«VHQ W¸UW«QW (J\V]HUěHQ HODOXGW
1HP YROWDN I£MGDOPDL %«N«W N¸W¸WW *LVHOOHOHO «V PLQGY«JLJ HV]«Q«O
PDUDGW+DDKDO£OUµOYDQV]µNLN«UKHWQHHQQ«OW¸EEHW"
ȟ)UHGGLHȟVXWWRJWD/RWWLH
ȟ*\HUHȟ7\OHU£W¸OHOWH«V/RWWLH«UH]WHKRJ\HOHUHGDN¸QQ\H
6]«J\HQWHOMHV PHJQ\XJY£VW OHOW 7\OHU «ULQW«V«EHQ D Y£OO£Q «V QHGYHV
DUF£WEHOHI¼UWDDSXKDDJ\RQPRVRWWIDUPHULQJHOHM«EH
ȟ$QQ\LUD¸Q]ÿYDJ\RN1DJ\RQIRJKL£Q\R]QL
ȟ&VLWWVHPPLEDM
7\OHUKDW£UR]RWWPHJQ\XJWDWµKDQJMD£WW¸UW/RWWLHY«GÿIDO£Q$Q«PD
N¸QQ\HNKDQJRVU£]NµGµ]RNRJ£VQDNDGW£N£WKHO\¾NHW
&VDNDNNRUKDJ\RWWDO£EEHJ\NLFVLWDV¯U£VDDPLNRU¼J\«UH]WHPDJ£W
PLQWHJ\NLIDFVDUWPRVRJDWµURQJ\
ȟ(OQ«]«VW
ȟ8J\DQP£U
+£W LJHQ 9DQ Q«PL J\DNRUODWD J\£V]ROµ QÿN YLJDV]WDO£V£EDQ /LDQD
PHOOHWWKµQDSRNLJWDQXOKDWWD&VDN«SSHQ/LDQDEL]WRVQHPSXV]WXOW¯J\
OHJRQGROWD/RWWLHEHGDJDGWV]HPPHO«VV]«WNHQÿG¸WWV]HPIHVW«NNHO
ȟ%DUEDUDRWWYDQPHOOHWWHȟIRO\WDWWD7\OHUȟVD]RUYRVLV¼WRQYDQ
ȟ6]HJ«Q\%DUEDUD%L]WRVDQÿLVNLERUXOW
ȟ $]W PRQGWD KRJ\ IHOPHKHWV] «V PHJQ«]KHWHG KD DNDURG ȟ
PXWDWRWW 7\OHU )UHGGLH K£OµV]RE£M£QDN UHJJHOL I«Q\EHQ FVLOORJµ DEODND
IHO«
/RWWLHHJ\]VHENHQGÿYHOPHJW¸U¸OWHD]DUF£W«VUHP«OWH)UHGGLHQHP
E£QMDKRJ\LO\HQV]¸UQ\HQQ«]NL
%µOLQWRWW«VQDJ\OHYHJÿWYHWW
ȟ$NDURP
ȟ+RJ\YDJ\"6HJ¯WVHNYDODPLEHQ"
/RWWLHLGHJHVHQ«V]DNODWRWWDQO£WWDKRJ\7\OHUDJJRGDOPDVDUFFDO£OOD
NRQ\KDDMWµEDQ
ȟ +£W D] LWDORNDW NL NHOOHQH W¸OWHQL D MHJHW Y¸GU¸NEH WHQQL «V OHKHW
KRJ\QLQFVHO«JSRK£UȪ
ȟ 1\XJL VHPPL S£QLN HOLQW«]HP 'H FVDN D N«UG«VHP HJ\LN IHO«UH
Y£ODV]ROW£O ȟ NH]GWH 7\OHU ERQWRJDWQL D ERURV¾YHJHNHW ȟ $]W LV
N«UGH]WHPKRJ\YDJ\
ȟJ\DKRJ\OHKHW1HPW¼OMµOȟYDOORWWDEH/RWWLHȟ$]WKLWWHPKRJ\
HJ\ N¾OVÿV FDWHULQJF«J PLQGHQW PHJROG GH N«W SLQF«UQÿ QHP M¸WW HO D
W¸EELHN PHJ VHPPLW VHP «UQHN J\KRJ\ LQN£EE S£QLNRORN «V ¼J\
«U]HPKRJ\FVHUEHQKDJ\RP)UHGGLHW
ȟ$NNRUQHS£QLNROMPHUWQHPKDJ\RGȟQ\RPRWWDO£Q\NH]«EH7\OHU
HJ\SRK£UERUWȟ0RVWSHGLJHJ\V]µWVHW¸EEHWKDQHPLGGPHJH]W'H
ODVVDQ ȟ WHWWH KR]]£ PLHOÿWW /RWWLH HJ\ V]XV]UD OHG¸QW¸WWH YROQD D]
HJ«V]HW
/RWWLH EµOLQWRWW «V HQJHGHOPHVHQ ODVVDQ NRUW\ROW J\ «UH]WH PDJ£W
PLQWKD «SS OHIXWRWW YROQD HJ\ PDUDWRQW $ FKHOWHQKDPL KDPYDV]WµEDQ
PHJUHQGH]HWW V]HUWDUW£V QDJ\RQ PHJWHUKHOÿ YROW «U]HOPLOHJ «V
+HVWDFRPEH +RXVH WHOH YROW D J\£V]ROµNNDO DNLNKH] /RWWLH PRVW QHP
«U]HWW PDJ£EDQ HO«J HUÿW 0LQWKD D] HPEHU LQIOXHQ]£VDQ DNDUQD
OHYH]«Q\HOQLHJ\KDWDOPDVSDUWLW$IDOXEµOV]LQWHPLQGHQNLHOM¸WWKRJ\
PHJDGMD )UHGGLHQHN DPHJ«UGHPHOWY«JWLV]WHVV«JHWPLN¸]EHQ/RWWLHD
OHJV]¯YHVHEEHQEHGÿOWYROQDD]£J\£EDPLQWHJ\WXVNµ
ȟ6HEQHPM¸WWHO"ȟN«UGH]WH7\OHUȟ$]WKLWWHPLWWOHV]
ȟ1HP&VDNHJ\V]HUWDO£ONR]RWW)UHGGLHYHO«OHW«EHQ
ȟ $WWµO P«J HOM¸KHWHWW YROQD KRJ\ W£PRJDVVRQ W«JHG 1HP «UH]Q«G
PDJDGMREEDQWÿOH"
/RWWLHLYRWWHJ\¼MDEENRUW\RW,JHQMµOHVHWWYROQDGH6HED]WPRQGWD
KRJ\ PD IRQWRV WDO£ONR]µMD YDQ D N¸YHWNH]ÿ SµOµYHUVHQ\ SRWHQFL£OLV
V]SRQ]RUDLYDO«VDPLNRUD]HOÿEESUµE£OWU£FV¸U¸JQLNLYROWNDSFVROYD
9LV]RQWHV]H£J£EDQVHPYROWH]WHOPRQGDQL7\OHUQHN
ȟ 1HP NHOO IRJQL D NH]HPHW (O«J QDJ\ YDJ\RN DKKR] KRJ\ HJ\HG¾O
LQW«]]HN HJ\ WHPHW«VW .¾O¸QEHQ VHP YDJ\RN HJ\HG¾O QHP LJD]" ȟ
PXWDWRWW N¸UEH /RWWLH ȟ 6]LQWH PLQGHQNLW LVPHUHN LWW $ W£UVDV£J IHO«W
P£UDV]¾OHW«VHPµWD
ȟ 2N« QHP NHOO Y«GHNH]QHG &VDN DQQ\LW N«UGH]WHP KRJ\ KRO D
EDU£WRG
ȟ )RQWRV PHJEHV]«O«VH YDQ V D]RNDW D ERURVSRKDUDNDW PHJ NHOO
W¸OWHQL ȟ SDWWDQW IHO /RWWLH ȟ 7H Mµ «J D EUXVFKHWW£W LV EH NHOO WHQQL D
V¾WÿEH
ȟ$GMQHNHPI«OSHUFHWȟPRQGWD7\OHUȟ0£ULVYLVV]DM¸Y¸N
J\LVWHWWYDJ\HJ\WXFDWY£ORJDWRWWIDOXE«OLYHON¸]W¾N&UHVVLG£YDO
ȟ 0L«UW DNDUV] PLQGHQW HJ\HG¾O FVLQ£OQL" ȟ NDSWD NL /RWWLH NH]«EÿO D
NRQ\KDUXK£W &UHVVLGD ȟ 0L LV LWW YDJ\XQN QHP LJD]" (J\¾WW
PLQGHQNLQHNSLOODQDWRNDODWWWXGXQNDGQLYL]HW«VDEUDNRW
ȟ 1HP VRNDQ IRJQDN LWW PD YL]HW LQQL ȟ YHWHWWH N¸]EH 0HUU\ :DWNLQV
ILQWRURJYDȟ)UHGGLHQHNOHQQHHJ\N«WV]DYDKR]]£QNKD¼J\OHQQH
7\OHUNLWHUHOWH/RWWLHWDNRQ\K£EµO
ȟ*\HUHV]HULQWHPQ\XJRGWDQPDJXNUDKDJ\KDWMXNÿNHW
ȟ.¸V]LȟPRUPROWD/RWWLH
ȟ6]µUDVHP«UGHPHV
ȟ -DM KRJ\ £OO D KDMDG ȟ URKDQW RGD KR]]£MXN /LDQD ȟ V D
V]HPIHVW«NHGLVHONHQÿG¸WWȪ7HOMHVHQNLPHU¾OWQHNO£WV]RO
9DJ\LVUHWWHQHWHVHQQ«]HNNLJRQGROWD/RWWLH(]N«WV«JN¯Y¾OLJD]YROW
GH HEEHQ D SLOODQDWEDQ QHP «SSHQ H]W DNDUWD KDOODQL $PLNRU &XUWLV
PHJKDOW /LDQD Q\LOY£Q Y«JLJ PHJÿUL]WH NLIRJ£VWDODQ PHJMHOHQ«V«W
HJ\HWOHQV]£OPěV]HPSLOO£MDVHPPR]GXOWHODWHPHW«VDODWW
ȟ(OQ«]«VWPLO\HQWDSLQWDWODQYROWDPȟKHO\HVE¯WHWWD]RQQDO/LDQDȟ
Q WHOMHVHQ ¸VV]HRPORWWDP &XUWLV WHPHW«VH XW£Q +D QLQFV 7\OHU QHP
WXGRPKRJ\FVLQ£OWDPYROQDY«JLJȟ.¸U¾OQ«]HWWȟ6HEQLQFVLWW"
(]HN¸VV]HEHV]«OWHN".LDNDUM£NQ\¯UQL6HEHW"
/RWWLHXJURWWHJ\HWDPLNRUHJ\KDQJV]µODOWPHJP¸J¸WWH
ȟ 1LQFV GH LWW YDJ\RN KHO\HWWH «Q V QDJ\RQ «UWHN D O£Q\RN
IHOYLG¯W£V£KR]
/RWWLHK£WUDIRUGXOWK£O£VPRVRO\WYLOODQWRWW0DULµUD«VPHJV]RU¯WRWWD
DNDUM£W
ȟ-DM5RVV]DEEPLQWJRQGROWDPȟWHWWHWHWWPHJU¸N¸Q\¸G«VW0DULRD]
HONHQÿG¸WWV]HPIHVW«NO£WW£Q
ȟ 2N« «UWHWWHP ȟ $ EDU£WV£JRV V]RU¯W£VEµO I£MGDOPDV FV¯S«V OHWW ȟ
0HJ\HN«VUHQGEHKR]RPPDJDP
$]HPHOHWHQDKDWDOPDVN«NIHK«UI¾UGÿV]RE£EDQOHPRVWDD]DUF£W«V
¼MUDNLIHVWHWWHPDJ£W2GDOHQWNH]GHWWEHLQGXOQLDSDUWLDWHPHW«VXW£QL
PHJN¸QQ\HEE¾O«V/RWWLHIRJWDDWHOHIRQM£W«VPHJLQWPHJSUµE£OWD6HEHW
K¯YQLGHVLNHUWHOHQ¾O,O\HQHNH]HNDIU£Q\D¾]OHWLPHJEHV]«O«VHN0LYHO
QHP OHWW YROQD «UWHOPH ¾]HQHWHW KDJ\QL HOWHWWH D WHOHIRQW D W£VN£M£ED
VSULFFHOWHJ\NLVSDUI¾P¸WDQ\DN£UD«VHUÿWJ\ěMW¸WWKRJ\OHPHQMHQ«V
HOYHJ\¾OM¸QDVRNDGDORPEDQ
ȟ
ȟ %RFV£QDW QHP DNDUWDP PHJLMHV]WHQL ȟ )HQHOOD DNL Q\LOY£Q Y£UWD
KRJ\ NLPHQMHQ D I¾UGÿV]RE£EµO O£WWD D IULVV VPLQNHW D UHQGEH KR]RWW
KDMDW«VKHO\HVOÿHQEµOLQWRWWȟ6RNNDOMREE(O«JLMHV]WÿHQQ«]HWWNLD]
HOÿEE
ȟ 0LQGHQNL H]W PRQGWD ȟ /RWWLH PHJOHSÿG¸WW PHUW QHP WXGWD KRJ\
)HQHOODLWWYDQ9«JLJP«UWHDV]RN£VRVVLNNHVIUL]XU£WDV]«SHQNLIHVWHWW
V]HPHW «V D NLIRJ£VWDODQXO V]DERWW IHNHWH NRV]W¾P¸W ȟ +RQQDQ WXGWD
KRJ\)UHGGLHȪ"
3HGLJQ\LOY£QYDOµYROW
ȟ/£WWDPD7HOHJUDSKJ\£V]URYDW£EDQȟ)HQHOODHOKDOOJDWRWWILQRPDQ
PHJN¸V]¸U¾OWHDWRUN£Wȟ7XODMGRQN«SSHQP£UHJ\LGHMHY£UWDP3HUV]H
UHP«OWHPKRJ\QHPIRJRPO£WQLGHWXGWDPKRJ\HOÿEEYDJ\XWµEERWW
OHV]
/RWWLHEµOLQWRWW«VNLVV«N¯QRVDQ«UH]WHPDJ£W0RVWN¸WHOHVV«JHOHQQH
NH]HWU£]QL)HQHOO£YDO«VXGYDULDVDQPHJN¸V]¸QQLQHNLKRJ\HOM¸WW"'H
LQN£EE D] D N«UG«V PL«UW LV YDQ LWW" 0«J PLQGLJ UHP«Q\NHGLN KRJ\
V]HUH]KHWYDODPLW)UHGGLHXW£Q"
ȟ1HPȟROYDVRWWDJRQGRODWDLEDQN¸QQ\HG«Q)HQHOODȟ1HPV]£P¯WRN
U£ KRJ\ E£UPLW LV KDJ\RWW YROQD U£P &VDN OH DNDUWDP UµQL D
WLV]WHOHWHPHW )UHGGLH WDO£Q QHP «OHWHP V]HUHOPH YROW GH DWWµO P«J
QDJ\RQNHGYHOWHP
ȟ(]]HOPLQGQ\£MDQ¯J\YDJ\XQN
ȟ1D«VNLNDSMDPHJDS«Q]«W"ȟFVLOODQWIHO)HQHOODV]HPHȟ0DJD"
ȟ1HPȟU£]WDDIHM«/RWWLHȟ1HP«Q
ȟ .£U ,JD]£EµO FVDN HO DNDUWDP N¸V]¸QQL PLHOÿWW HOPHJ\HN 1HP
N¸QQ\ě HJ\ RO\DQ WHPHW«V DKRO D KDORWW D] HJ\HWOHQ DNLW LVPHU¾QN ȟ
0DMG KR]]£WHWWH ȟ +DFVDN QHP JRQGROMD ¼J\ KRJ\ «UGHPHV P«J HJ\
NLFVLW PDUDGQRP +D HVHWOHJ YDQQDN RO\DQ SDUWLN«SHV XUDN DNLNNHO
HVHWOHJ«UGHPHVOHQQHPHJLVPHUNHGQHPN«UHPV]µOMRQ
7HGDNLVEROWEµO"/RWWLHHON«S]HOWHNHWWHM¾NHWHJ\¾WW
ȟJ\KLUWHOHQVHQNLQHPMXWD]HV]HPEH
ȟVD]DMµN«SěDPHULNDL"7\OHU"
ȟ$KKR]KDUPLQF«YYHOILDWDODEEQDNNHOOHQHOHQQLH
ȟ0HJOHKHWȟIRJDGWDGHUěVHQDV]¼U£VW)HQHOODȟ'HPDJ£QDNQHP.L
D]DFVLQRVO£Q\DNLYHOYDQ"
'LUHNWFVLQ£OMD$EDQ\£MD
ȟ%DU£WRNȟIHOHOWH/RWWLH
ȟ1DJ\FVDOµG£VOHKHWPDJ£QDN
ȟ &VHSSHW VHP 1HNHP YDQ MREE ȟ /RWWLH ¼J\ GLFVHNHGHWW PLQW HJ\
WL]HQ¸W «YHV ȟ 3µOµYHUVHQ\HNHW V]HUYH] )DQWDV]WLNXVDQ Q«] NL «V
URSSDQWV]µUDNR]WDWµ
6]HUHQFV«UH QHP FVDN ÿ YROW KDMODPRV D J\HUHNHVV«JUH )HQHOOD
IHOYRQWDFHUX]DYRQDOQ\LV]HP¸OG¸N«W
ȟ&VDNXJ\DQ"$NNRUPLWNHUHVPDJDPHOOHWW"
(J\LGHLJIDUNDVV]HPHWQ«]WHN$]W£Q/RWWLHHOPRVRO\RGRWW
ȟ.¸V],JD]£EµOP£ULVVRNNDOMREEDQ«U]HPPDJDP
ȟ6]¯YHVHQȟPRVRO\JRWWYLVV]D)HQHOODD]W£QNLNXNNDQWRWWD]DEODNRQ
PHUW«UNH]ÿDXWµ]DMDKDOODWV]RWWȟLWWDWD[LP
ȟ -¸MM¸Q PHQM¾QN OH HJ\¾WW ȟ Q\¼MWRWWD D NDUM£W /RWWLH ȟ )UHGGLH
DP¼J\¸U¾OWKRJ\¼MUDO£WWDPDJ£W1HE£QMDKRJ\HOM¸WW
(J\P£VPHOOHWWPHQWHNOHDO«SFVÿQ
ȟ6LNHU¾OWY«J¾OPHJWDO£OQLD*LVHOOHW"ȟN«UGH]WH)HQHOOD
ȟ,JHQ
$KRJ\ NLPRQGWD /RWWLH PHJN«VYH NDSRWW «V]EH KRJ\ )HQHOOD «V
*LVHOOHLVPHUW«NHJ\P£VWWDO£ONR]WDNHJ\V]HU
ȟ9DOµEDQ"ȟ)HQHOODWHNLQWHWH¼MXOW«UGHNOÿG«VVHONH]GWHS£V]W£]QLD
YHQG«JVHUHJHWȟ0LO\HQ«UGHNHVþLVLWWYDQPRVW"
/RWWLHFVDNDSLOODQDWW¸UWU«V]«LJW«WRY£]RWW
ȟ1HPQLQFV
)HQHOODIHONDFDJRWW
ȟ7HK£WLWWYDQ/HKHWKRJ\PHJNHUHVHP«VRGDN¸V]¸Q¸NQHNL
ȟ /HKHW KRJ\ QHP N«QH ȟ /RWWLH J\RUVDQ OHWHUHOWH D] XWROVµ Q«K£Q\
O«SFVÿIRNRQDNLM£UDWIHO«ȟ$WD[LMDRGDNLQWY£U.¸V]¸Q¸PKRJ\HOM¸WW
-µXWDW
)HQHOODQHYHWHWW«VDWHNLQWHWHHOO£J\XOWDPLNRURGDKDMROW«VN«WIHOÿO
DUFRQFVµNROWD/RWWLHW
ȟ .HGYHVHP D] OHKHW KRJ\ DUDQ\£Vµ YDJ\RN GH QHP YDJ\RN HQQ\LUH
V]¸UQ\HWHJ
$WD[LV]¯QSRPS£VOHY«ONDYDON£GEDQHOVXKDQW/RWWLHSHGLJYLVV]DPHQW
D K£]ED $ ]DMV]LQW MHOHQWÿVHQ PHJHPHONHGHWW D] HPEHUHN HOÿ£VW£N
)UHGGLHYHO NDSFVRODWRV V]«S HPO«NHLNHW «V P£U D P£VRGLN YDJ\
KDUPDGLNLWDOQ£OWDUWRWWDN
*LVHOOHW «V -HIIHW D V]DORQEDQ WDO£OWD %DUEDU£YDO EHV]«OJHWWHN -HII
V¸W«W¸OW¸Q\HRO\DQEHQ\RP£VWNHOWHWWPLQWDPLWK¼V]«YXW£Q£VWDNHOÿ
DV]HNU«Q\OHJP«O\«UÿO
ȟ +£W LWW YDQ ȟ SLOODQWRWW IHO *LVHOOH DPLNRU /RWWLH PHJ«UNH]HWW «V D
NH]«EH Q\RPRWW HJ\ IRWµW D J\ěMWHP«Q\EÿO DPLW HGGLJ %DUEDU£QDN
PXWRJDWRWWȟ7HJQDSHVWHY«JLJQ«]HJHWW¾N-HIIIHODU«JLDOEXPRNDW(]W
Q«]]HPHJ$]RWWEDOROGDOW-HIIPHOOHWW)UHGGLH
/RWWLH PRVRO\RJYD Q«]WH D IHOY«WHOW DPHO\HQ )UHGGLHQHN «V -HIIQHN
P«J VRNNDO W¸EE KDMD YROW (J\ K£] HOÿWW ORFVROJDWW£N HJ\P£VW IHOU£]RWW
V¸UUHO PLN¸]EHQ QHYHWÿ O£Q\RN Q«]W«N ÿNHW Y«GHNH]ÿQ D KDMXN I¸O«
HPHOWNH]HNNHO
ȟ (] PDJD ȟ PXWDWRWW /RWWLH HJ\ V]«S DUF¼ EDUQD O£Q\UD DNL «O«QN
QDUDQFVV£UJDPLQLUXK£W«VIHK«UPěDQ\DJFVL]P£WYLVHOW
ȟ$NNRULEDQP«J¸WYHQKDWRVGHUHNDPYROWȟEµORJDWRWW*LVHOOHȟ$]RN
YROWDN D V]«S LGÿN ȟ $]W£Q PHJSDVNROWD -HIIHW ȟ &VDN «SSHQ WH LWW£O
PLQWDNHIHN¸Wÿ
ȟVQ«]GPLOHWWYHOHPDPLNRUDEEDKDJ\WDPȟWDSRJDWWDPHJDIHM«W
-HIIȟ.LKXOORWWD]¸VV]HVKDMDP
ȟPHJDNDUWDPN«UGH]QLYDODPLWȟSLOODQWRWWIHO*LVHOOH/RWWLHUDȟ
.LYROWD]DQÿDNLWD]HOÿEENLN¯V«UW"$NLHOPHQWDWD[LYDO"7XGRPKRJ\
IXU£QKDQJ]LNGHPLQWKDP£UO£WWDPYROQDYDODKRO
,JHQ QHJ\YHQ «YYHO H]HOÿWW JRQGROWD /RWWLH GH QHP PRQGWD NL 7H
PHJ )UHGGLH RWW YROWDWRN HJ\ SDUWLQ DPLW H] D Qÿ UHQGH]HWW D I«UM«YHO
)UHGGLHQHNYLV]RQ\DYROWYHOHDK£WDGP¸J¸WWGHQHPYROWHO«JJD]GDJ
¼J\KRJ\DQÿODS£WUDWHWWH«V)UHGGLHYLVV]DPHQWKR]]£G
/RWWLHDIHM«WU£]WD
ȟ6DMQRVQDJ\RQURVV]DQ«YPHPµUL£P1HPHPO«NV]HP$]WKLV]HP
YDODPLU«JLFVDO£GLEDU£W
ȟ $NNRU WDO£Q FVDN N«S]HOWHP ȟ YRQW Y£OODW *LVHOOH GH O£WV]RWW KRJ\
W¸SUHQJ
ȟ$]LVOHKHWKRJ\DW«Y«EHQO£WWDȟV]µOWN¸]EH%DUEDUDVHJ¯WÿN«V]HQ
ȟ(J\V]HUDFDPGHQLSLDFRQY£V£UROWDPDPLNRUPHJO£WWDPHJ\LVPHUÿV
O£Q\W«VRGDN¸V]¸QWHPQHNL$]W£QNLGHU¾OWKRJ\.DWH:LQVOHWYROW
ȟ /HKHW KRJ\ LJD]D YDQ ȟ EµORJDWRWW *LVHOOH ȟ 3RQW ¼J\ Q«]HWW NL
PLQWD]D]RSHUD«QHNHVQÿDNLWDP¼OWNRUO£WWXQNDW«Y«EHQ
+XK
ȟ&VDN¸UHJHEEȟWµG¯WRWWD-HII
/RWWLH PHJÿUL]WH SµNHUDUF£W +D )HQHOOD PRVW LWW OHQQH OHW«SQ« -HII
IHM«W
'HV]HUHQFV«UHHOPHQW
.«VÿEE DPLNRU /RWWLH P£U D YHQG«JHN N¸]« YHJ\¾OYH EHV]«OJHWHWW
KDOORWWDDPLQW0HUU\:DWNLQVD]WPRQGMD7\OHUQHN
ȟ 7XGMD PL D WHPHW«V OHJMREE HOOHQV]HUH" (J\ V]«S URPDQWLNXV
HVN¾Yÿ1HPDNDUQDNYDODPLWEHMHOHQWHQLDV]«SNLVEDU£WQÿM«YHO"$WWµO
D]W£QPLQGHQNLIHOYLGXOQD
WYHQKDWRGLNIHMH]HW
.«W K«WWHO D WHPHW«V XW£Q /RWWLH «V %DUEDUD NLPHQW D WµUD D NLV HYH]ÿV
FVµQDNNDO 0LN¸]EHQ D GHUHV GRPERNDW D P«OWµV£JWHOMHVHQ ¼V]N£Oµ
KDWW\¼NDW «V +HVWDFRPEH K£]WHWÿLW FVRG£OW£N D I£NRQ W¼O %DUEDUD
PHJV]µODOW
ȟ$]WKLV]HPYDQQDNHQQ«OURVV]DEEKHO\HNDKROY«JH]KHWLD]HPEHU
%£U«QDPDJDPU«V]«UÿOWRY£EEUDLVD](LIIHOWRURQ\UDV]DYD]RN
ȟ+DQHPVLHW¾QN)UHGGLHHJ\KDWW\¼J\RPU£EDQY«J]L
/RWWLH KDON SXNNDQ£VVDO OHYHWWH D] XUQD O«JPHQWHVHQ ]£Uµ WHWHM«W «V
O£WWDKRJ\DKDWW\¼ND]RQQDOIHOILJ\HOQHN«VS£O\£WPµGRV¯WDQDN0LYHO
D]WKLWW«NHWHW«VYDQP«OWµV£JWHOMHVNRQYRMEDQLJ\HNH]WHNDFVµQDNIHO«
ȟ0RQGWDPP£UKRJ\I«OHNDKDWW\¼NWµO"ȟMHJ\H]WHPHJ%DUEDUD
ȟ8J\DQP£U1HPE£QWDQDN
ȟ(J\V]HUHJ\KDWW\¼HOW¸UWHDNDURPDW
/RWWLHJ\RPUD¸VV]HU£QGXOW
ȟ7«Q\OHJ"
ȟ,JD]£EµOQHPGHHOYLOHJOHKHWV«JHVOHQQH(PO«NH]WHVVKRJ\PL«UW
LVYDJ\RNLWW
ȟ0HUW)UHGGLHD]WDNDUWDKRJ\LWWV]µUMXNV]«WDKDPYDLW
%DUEDUDHOK¼]WDDV]£M£W
ȟ1HPOHKHWHWWYROQDYDODKRODY¯]V]«O«Q"
ȟ$N¸]HSHMREE,QQHQPLQGHQIHO«V]«WWXGWHUMHGQL1DFVLQ£OMXN"
/RWWLHµYDWRVDQPHJHPHOWHD]XUQ£W«VNHOOÿ£K¯WDWWDOPHJELOOHQWHWWH
KRJ\DSRUODVVDQNH]GMHQNL¸POHQLEHOÿOH
ȟOOMȟNL£OWRWWD%DUEDUDȟ%HOHPHJ\DKDMDGED
ȟVDV]£PEDLV
/RWWLH N¸SN¸G¸WW «V N¸K¸J¸WW «V NLV K¯M£Q HOHMWHWWH D] XUQ£W (J\
V]«OO¸N«V¼MDEEDGDJSRUWI¼MWDV]HP«EHD]RUU£EDDV]£M£ED
ȟ7HMµ«JDKDWW\¼NLVM¸QQHNȪ7Ě1-(7(.(/ȟYLV¯WRWWD%DUEDUD«V
IHOSDWWDQWPLUHDFVµQDNYHV]HGHOPHVHQELOOHJQLNH]GHWW
$] HJ\LN K¯P KDWW\¼ DNLW PHJOHSHWW D Y£UDWODQ SURGXNFLµ
IHOHPHONHGHWW«VFVDSNRGQLNH]GHWWDV]£UQ\DLYDO%DUEDUDS£QLNEDHVHWW
«VPHJO¸NWHD]HJ\LNHYH]ÿWDPLDY¯]EHFV¼V]RWW
ȟ1HKDJ\GKRJ\HO¼VV]RQȟNL£OWRWWIHO/RWWLHDNLYDNRQG¸U]V¸OWHD
V]HP«W«VN¾]G¸WWDSRUUDO
$]XUQDPHJELOOHQWD]¸O«EHQ8W£QDNDSRWW
ȟ$Q\DYDO\£VG¸J¸N)UHGGLHKDPYDLWHV]LNȟMDMGXOWIHO%DUEDUDȟ7H
Mµ«J]DYDUGHOÿNHWEHDNDUQDNP£V]QLDFVµQDNEDȪ
$ FVµQDN RO\DQ N¸QQ\HG«Q IRUGXOW IHO PLQW HJ\ M£W«NV]HU %DUEDUD «V
/RWWLH D Y¯]EH HVHWW $ MHJHV Y¯] «ULQW«V«WÿO HO£OOW /RWWLH O«OHJ]HWH D]
L]PDLJ¸UFVEHU£QGXOWDN
.HOOHWW Q«K£Q\ P£VRGSHUF KRJ\ ¸VV]HV]HGMH PDJ£W $ Y¯] QHP YROW
«SSHQNHOOHPHVGHOHJDO£EENLPRVWDDKDPXWDKDM£EµO«VDV]HP«EÿO$
IHOV]¯QUH EXNRWW «V V]HPEH WDO£OWD PDJ£W %DUEDU£YDO %DUEDUD XJ\DQ
UHWWHJHWW D KDWW\¼NWµO GH OHJDO£EE ¼V]QL WXGRWW $ KDWW\¼N SHGLJ
RG«EE£OOWDNPHJXQYDD VRNFVDSNRG£VW«V DQRUP£OLVHQQLYDOµKL£Q\£W
V«UWÿG¸WWHQYLVV]DYRQXOWDNDWµP£VLNIHO«EH
%DUEDUDSLVORJYDWDSRVRWW
ȟ%L]WRVKRJ\H]IěW¸WWPHGHQFH"
ȟ9DOµV]¯QěOHJHOIHOHMWHWWHNS«Q]WEHGREQL
ȟ %RFV %HS£QLNROWDP 6]HJ«Q\ )UHGGLH (QQHN QHP ¯J\ NHOOHWW YROQD
W¸UW«QQLH
ȟþDNDUWDDWDYDW+£WPHJNDSWDȟPRQGWDIRJYDFRJYD/RWWLHȟ*\HUH
YHUVHQ\H]]¾QNDSDUWLJ
7\OHUP£URWW£OOW«VIHMFVµY£OYDY£UWDÿNHW
ȟ /£WWDP DKRJ\ IHOIRUGXO D FVµQDN 0£U «SSHQ XW£QDWRN DNDUWDP
XJUDQL ȟ$NH]«WQ\¼MWRWWD«VNLVHJ¯WHWWHD Y¯]EÿOHOÿEE/RWWLHWD]W£Q
%DUEDU£Wȟ'HW¼OKLGHJYROWDY¯]
ȟ3XK£Q\ȟPRQGWDYLG£PDQ%DUEDUD
ȟ 0HJOHKHW 'H WL YL]HVHN YDJ\WRN «Q PHJ QHP ȟ FVLOORJRWW GHUěVHQ
7\OHU V]HPH ȟ -D «V P«J HJ\ Mµ WDQ£FV 0LQGLJ HOOHQÿUL]]«WHN D
V]«OLU£Q\WPLHOÿWWQHNL£OOWRNKDPYDNDWV]µUQL
ȟ 0£U N«V] ȟ 7DO£Q QHP SRQW ¯J\ WHUYH]W«N GH PLQGHQHVHWUH
PHJFVLQ£OW£N )UHGGLH KDPYYHGUH D Wµ P«O\«Q Q\XJV]LN D WDUWDOP£W
SHGLJ DQQDN UHQGMH V PµGMD V]HULQW V]«WV]µUW£N /RWWLH UHV]NHWYH
FV¸S¸JYH PHJMHJ\H]WH ȟ 7XGRG HJ\ ¼ULHPEHU PRVW IHODM£QODQ£ D
SXOµYHU«W
ȟ 7H YLFFHOV] (] NDVP¯U 6]µ VHP OHKHW UµOD ȟ IHOHOWH 7\OHU NHGYHVHQ
PLN¸]EHQ /RWWLH PHJU£]WD D IHM«W «V SUµE£OWD HO£]WDWQL D I«UILW ȟ
)HOYLV]OHNEHQQHWHNHWDK£]ED
+HVWDFRPEH +RXVH QHP SHGLJ )R[ &RWWDJH /RWWLHQDN P«J V]RNQLD
NHOOHWWDJRQGRODWRWKRJ\DK£]PRVWDQWµO7\OHURWWKRQD$QQ\LPLQGHQ
PHJY£OWR]RWWDOLJN«WK«WDODWW(J\K«WWHODWHPHW«VXW£QDPLNRU7\OHU
EHMHOHQWHWWHKRJ\P£VQDS£WN¸OW¸]LN/RWWLHERVV]¼VDQPHJN«UGH]WH
ȟ1HPY£UKDWQ£GPHJDP¯JW«Q\OHJDWL«GOHV]"
(NNRU 7\OHU HOPRQGWD KRJ\ YDOµM£EDQ P£U D] ¸Y« K£URP KµQDSMD
PHJYHWWH)UHGGLHWÿO
/RWWLH OH]XKDQ\R]RWW «V IHOYHWWH 7\OHU HJ\LN W¼OP«UHWH]HWW N¸QW¸V«W
D]W£Q OHPHQW D I¸OGV]LQWUH 7\OHU D NRQ\K£EDQ YROW WH£W N«V]¯WHWW «V
VDMWRVPHOHJV]HQGYLFVHWHYHWW
ȟ%DUEDUDYRQDWDI«OK£URPNRUPHJ\(]D]WMHOHQWLKRJ\¸WSHUFP¼OYD
LQGXOQLD NHOO ȟ SLOODQWRWW D] µU£M£UD 7\OHU ȟ +D KD]DP«V] £W¸OW¸]QL
DNNRUOHKHWKRJ\QHPIRJV]WXGQLHOE¼FV¼]QLWÿOH
ȟ 7XGRP ȟ /RWWLH PHJIRJWD D Jÿ]¸OJÿ FV«V]«W «V PHJLWWD D WH£W ȟ
$NNRUPHJY£URPDP¯JHOLQGXOWRN+DUHQGEHQYDQ¯J\
ȟ 3HUV]H KRJ\ UHQGEHQ YDQ ȟ N¯Q£OWD IHO 7\OHU D V]HQGYLFVH IHO«W ȟ
*RQGRORPQHPDNDUV]OHPDUDGQLD]LQWHJHW«VUÿO
%DUEDUD HOPHJ\ YLVV]D /RQGRQED /RWWLH PHJFVµY£OWD D IHM«W
+L£Q\R]QL IRJ QHNL D] DVV]RQ\ $PLNRU LVPHUWHWW«N )UHGGLH
Y«JUHQGHOHW«W%DUEDUDP«O\V«JHVHQPHJKDWµGRWWDPLNRUNLGHU¾OWKRJ\
)UHGGLH PDMGQHP D IHOH YDJ\RQ£W DUUD D] XJDQGDL J\HUPHNNµUK£]UD
KDJ\WDDKRO$P\PHJKDOW%DUEDUDPRVWD]WWHUYH]WHKRJ\RGDXWD]LN«V
PHJQ«]LKRJ\DQOHKHWQHDS«Q]WDOHKHWÿOHJMREEDQIHOKDV]Q£OQL
)UHGGLH YDJ\RQ£QDN P£VLN IHOH DQQDN D FKHOWHQKDPL KRVSLFH
LQW«]HWQHNMXWRWWDPHO\EHQ0DU\«OHWHXWROVµKµQDSMDLWW¸OW¸WWH
$PDUDG«NMDYDNN¾O¸QI«OHHJ\«EKHO\HNUHNHU¾OWHNDPLWÿO/RWWLHQDN
HOV]RUXOWDWRUND
-HII %DUURZFOLIIH W¯]H]HU IRQWRW NDSRWW KRJ\ PRWRUW YHKHVVHQ UDMWD
N£USµWO£VXO D 1RUWRQ HV«UW DPHO\HW )UHGGLH DQQDN LGHM«Q URPP£
W¸UW
*LVHOOHLVW¯]H]HUIRQWRWNDSRWWPLQGHQHJ\«E«UW
+HVWDFRPEH ODNµL ¸WH]HU IRQWRW NDSWDN KRJ\ IHUJHWHJHV EXOLW
FVDSMDQDNEHOÿOH
/RWWLH&DUO\OHSHGLJ¸WH]HUIRQWRWNDSRWWKRJ\HOYLJ\HDFVDO£GM£WHJ\
P«JIHUJHWHJHVHEEYDN£FLµUDDS£UL]VL'LVQH\ODQGEH
/RWWLHV]HPHPHJWHOWN¸QQ\HODPLNRUDQ\£ULEHV]«OJHW«V¾NUHJRQGROW
)UHGGLHYHO DNL PHJN«UGH]WH KRJ\ KRY£ PHQQH HO D OHJV]¯YHVHEEHQ D
YLO£JRQ (] D]QDS YROW DPLNRU )UHGGLH HOPRQGWD QHNL D] DJ\WXPRU£W
0«JVHPIHOHGNH]HWWPHJUµOD
ȟ7HVV«NȟDGRWWQHNL7\OHUHJ\]VHENHQGÿW
$]HOP¼OWKHWHNEHQHO«JMµOKR]]£V]RNKDWRWW
ȟ%RFVȟW¸U¸OWHPHJDV]HP«W/RWWLHD]W£Q]DMRVDQNLI¼MWDD]RUU£W«V
SUµE£OWD ¸VV]HV]HGQL PDJ£W ȟ 0LQGLJ H] YDQ DPLNRU 'LVQH\ODQGUH
JRQGRORN
ȟ1DJ\RQMµOIRJM£WRN«UH]QLPDJDWRNDW6HELVYHOHWHNWDUW"
ȟ7DO£Q0«JQHPJRQGRONRGWDPD]LGÿSRQWRQ
/RWWLH YDOµM£EDQ NRPRO\ GLOHPPD HO« NHU¾OW 6HE HOHP«EHQ OHQQH
UHPHN¾O«UH]Q« PDJ£W«VDJ\HUHNHNLP£GQ£NKRJ\ RWWYDQ'HD OHONH
P«O\«Q ¼J\ «UH]WH KRJ\ QHP H] YROW )UHGGLH V]£QG«ND D] DM£QG«NNDO
6RKD QHP PRQGRWW VHPPLW /RWWLH P«JLV ¼J\ «UH]WH KRJ\ FVDOµG£VW
RNR]QDQHNLKD6HEHWYLQQ«PDJ£YDO
ȟ1HPR]GXOM9DQYDODPLDKDMDGEDQ
/RWWLH PR]GXODWODQQ£ GHUPHGW 7\OHU SHGLJ V]«WK¼]WD D QHGYHV
WLQFVHNHW KRJ\ KR]]£I«UMHQ DKKR] D YDODPLKH] DPLW H]HN V]HULQW QHP
VLNHU¾OWNLPRVQLDD]XKDQ\DODWW
ȟ0LD]"
(O«JJ«VRN£LJWDUWRWWDPěYHOHW
ȟ6HPPL
ȟ)DOHY«O"
7\OHUOHQ«]HWWU£
ȟ(J\G¸JO¸WWERJ£U
ȟ7«Q\OHJ"
7\OHU IHOPXWDWWD D WHWWHVW HJ\ I«Q\HV V¸W«WEDUQD NLWLQS£QF«OW «V D
ERJ£UQDNW¸EEO£EDKL£Q\]RWW
ȟ/HKHWHWWYROQDURVV]DEELVȟSDVNROWDPHJDIHM«W/RWWLHȟ0RQGMXN
G¸JO¸WWSDWN£Q\
$]W£Q /RWWLH J\RPUD KLUWHOHQ PRVµJ«S ¾]HPPµGED NDSFVROW PHUW
7\OHUQHPPRVRO\RGRWWHODJ\HQJHSR«QRQLQN£EE¼J\Q«]HWWNLPLQWKD
PHJDNDUQ£FVµNROQL
1DJ\RQ
-DM /RWWLH WHKHWHWOHQ¾O GRERJµ V]¯YYHO YLV]RQR]WD D SLOODQW£V£W «V
KLUWHOHQ HJ\HWOHQ «UWHOPHV JRQGRODWUD VHP YROW N«SHV 9DMRQ W«Q\OHJ
PHJWHV]L"9DJ\D]WY£UMDKRJ\ÿNH]GHP«Q\H]]HQ"7DO£QȪ
ȟ +HOOµµµµµ 7\OHU OHQQH RO\DQ DQJ\DO «V VHJ¯WHQH OHYLQQL H]HNHW D
EÿU¸QG¸NHW D O«SFVÿQ" ȟ NL£OWRWW %DUEDUD RGDI¸QWUÿO ȟ 0HUW N¾O¸QEHQ
N«V]YDJ\RN1HPDNDURPOHN«VQLDYRQDWRPDW
ȟ0LLVMXWHV]HPEHHUUÿO"
/RWWLHIHOUH]]HQW
ȟ0HJYDQȟFVHWWLQWHWWD]XMM£YDO/LDQDȟ$]DUDQ\KDM¼O£Q\«VDK£URP
PHGYH
/RWWLH FVDN UHP«OWH KRJ\ QHP EHV]«OW £OP£EDQ $] LV «SS HO«J EDM
KRJ\ D N¸QW¸V PHJOD]XOW «V V]«WQ\¯OW IHOW£UYD KRJ\ VHPPLW VHP YLVHO
DODWWD
ȟ1\XJRGWDQ«UH]GRWWKRQPDJDGȟ PRQGWD /LDQDDV]RN£VRVDQJ\DOL
PRVRO\£YDO GH H]¼WWDO Q«PL «O YROW D KDQJM£EDQ UGHNOÿGYH
I«OUHELFFHQWHWWH D IHM«W ȟ V ERFV£VG PHJ D WRODNRG£VRPDW GH HVHWOHJ
PHJN«UGH]KHWHPKRJ\PLWNHUHVHOLWWHJ\HG¾O7\OHUN¸QW¸V«EHQ"
/LDQDDIRGU£V]WµOM¸WWKXOO£PRVKDM£EDQPěY«V]L«VGU£JDERURVW\£Q
GLµ «V P«]V]¯Qě £UQ\DODWRN ODSSDQJWDN *DODPEV]¾UNH OHJIHOMHEE
Q\ROFDV P«UHWě NHUHN Q\DN¼ SXOµYHUW V]¾UNH J\DSM¼QDGU£JRW «V
H]¾VWV]¯Qě¸YHWYLVHOW.LWXGMDPLWJRQGROKDWVKRJ\LVOHKHWQHH]«UW
KLE£]WDWQL" 7\OHU EDU£WQÿMHN«QW LJD]£Q MRJD YDQ QHKH]WHOQL /RWWLH
V]«J\HQNH]YHLJD]JDWWDPDJ£QDN¸QW¸VWD]W£QIHO¾OW
ȟ %RFV QHP JRQGROWDP KRJ\ HODOV]RP %DUEDUD HOPHQW «V 7\OHU
NLYLWWHDYRQDWKR]
/LDQDP«JPLQGLJQHP«UWHWWH
ȟVWHPHJDNDURGY£UQL"
ȟ1HPV]µVLQFVUµOD%DUEDU£YDONLHYH]W¾QNDWµUDKRJ\V]«WV]µUMXN
)UHGGLH KDPYDLW ȟ KHEHJHWW /RWWLH ȟ 'H D KDWW\¼N ¾OG¸]QL NH]GWHN
PLQNHW «V %DUEDUD EHS£QLNROW D W¸EELW HON«S]HOKHWHG $ FVµQDN
IHOERUXOW PL PHJ EHOHHVW¾QN D Y¯]EH 7\OHU UDJDV]NRGRWW KR]]£ KRJ\
M¸MM¾QNEHDK£]EDȪSHUV]H%DUEDUDDP¼J\LVLWWODNRWWȪGHPXV]£MYROW
OH]XKDQ\R]QXQN «V £WYHQQ¾QN YDODPL V]£UD]DW $ YL]HV UXK£LP RWW
YDQQDN HJ\ Y¸G¸UEHQ D NRQ\K£EDQ 0£U PHJ\HN LV KD]D ȟ /RWWLH
IHOW£S£V]NRGRWW «V «V]UHYHWWH KRJ\ QHGYHV KDMD MµNRUD V¸W«W IROWRW
KDJ\RWWD]¸OGVHO\HPS£UQ£Qȟ1HPDNDUWDPHODOXGQLGHDQQ\LPLQGHQ
W¸UW«QWD]HOP¼OWKHWHNEHQ9DODKRJ\HJ\V]HUUHW¸UWU£PD]HJ«V]
ȟ WH V]HJ«Q\ ȟ Y£OWRWW HJ\¾WW«U]ÿUH /LDQD ȟ 1H KDUDJXGM WXGRP
KRJ\ QHP OHWW YROQD V]DEDG N«WHONHGQHP EHQQHG 3HUV]H KRJ\ QHP
WHKHWV] UµOD 7XGRP PLO\HQ «U]«VȪ YHOHP LV H] YROW PLXW£Q &XUWLV
PHJKDOW $] HPEHU QDSRNLJ HJ\ V]HPKXQ\£VW VH WXG DOXGQL D]W£Q
HJ\V]HUFVDNNLGÿOPLQWHJ\GDUDEID
/RWWLH EµOLQWRWW «V DUUD JRQGROW KRJ\ FV¼I PµGRQ «SSHQ DUUµO
£EU£QGR]RWWKRJ\PDMGPHJFVµNROMDÿWȪ
ȟ7\OHUȟIRO\WDWWD/LDQDȟþVHJ¯WHWW£WPLQGHQHQ5£«EUHV]WHWWKRJ\
QLQFVY«JHD]«OHWQHNȟPRVRO\JRWWPHOHJHQ/RWWLHUDȟ1HNHGLVRWWYDQ
6HE6]HUHQFV«VHNYDJ\XQNQHPLJD]" +DV]HUHWQ«OHVHWOHJIHOPHQQLD]
HPHOHWUH «V P«J HJ\ NLFVLW V]XQGLN£OQL Q\XJRGWDQ WHGG PHJ 0DMG
PHJPRQGRP7\OHUQHNKDKD]D«U%L]WRVDQPHJIRJMD«UWHQL
ȟ1HPPLQGHQUHQGEHQ6]DODGRNKD]DD]W£QGROJR]QL(OY«JUHH]«UW
NDSRPDIL]HW«VHPHW
/RWWLH PLN¸]EHQ D] DMWµ IHO« WDUWRWW 7\OHU N¸QW¸V«EHQ HJ\UH MREEDQ
V]«J\HOOWH PDJ£W 9DQ D YLO£JRQ PHJERFV£WµEE FVRG£ODWRVDEE
QDJ\OHONěEE«VEěQWXGDWNHOWÿEEO«Q\/LDQ£Q£O"
WYHQKHWHGLNIHMH]HW
&UHVVLGD«SSD]XWROVµVLP¯W£VRNDWY«JH]WHHJ\DGDJHVN¾YÿLPHJK¯YµQ
DPLNRU ȟ PLFVRGD HJ\EHHV«V ȟ NLQ«]HWW D] DEODNRQ «V D YROW I«UMH
NRFVLM£WSLOODQWRWWDPHJRGDNLQW
(] HO«JJ« V]RNDWODQ IHMOHP«Q\ YROW V]HUGD G«OHOÿWW W¯]NRU 0«J
V]RNDWODQDEEYROWKRJ\6DFKDLV5REHUWWHOWDUWRWW&UHVVLGD«UH]WHKRJ\
YDODPL QDJ\ GRORJ N«V]¾O 7DO£Q EHIL]HWWHN HJ\ V¯HO«VW «V PHJ DNDUM£N
N«UQL KRJ\ YHJ\H £W -RMµW D NDU£FVRQ\ HOÿWWL K«WUHȪ &UHVVLGD OHWHWWH D
UDJDV]WµSLV]WRO\W«VD]DMWµKR]VLHWHWW
W SHUF P¼OYD D NH]GHWL ¸U¸PWHOL Y£UDNR]£V P£U WRPSD U«P¾OHWW«
Y£OWR]RWW
ȟ 7L W«Q\OHJȪ HO DNDUWRN N¸OW¸]QL 6]LQJDS¼UED" ȟ &UHVVLGD DUUD
JRQGROWKRJ\WDO£QURVV]XO«UWHWWHȟ0LQGDQQ\LDQ"
ȟ )DQWDV]WLNXV OHKHWÿV«J (PLDWW YROW D VRN V¾UJÿV PHJEHV]«O«V D
S£UL]VL¼WD]HJ«V]NDSNRG£VȟOHONHQGH]HWW6DFKDGLDGDOPDVDQFVLOORJµ
V]HPPHO ȟ 0LQWKD WLWNRV ¾J\Q¸N¸N OHWW¾QN YROQD $ IHMYDG£V]DW
DODWWRPRV GRORJ (O VHP WXGRG N«S]HOQL 1\LOY£Q QHP WXGRG PHUW D
N«]]HO N«V]¯WHWW ¾GY¸]OÿODSRN YLO£J£EDQ JRQGRORP QLQFV W¼O VRN
IHMYDG£V].¾O¸QEHQYDODPLFVLOORJµVYDQDSXOµYHUHGHQ
$ IDQDWLNXVDQ UHQGP£QL£V 6DFKD U£PXWDWRWW D] LQNULPLQ£OW U«V]UH D
V£UJDSXOµYHUHQKRJ\&UHVVLGDOHW¸U¸OKHVVH
&UHVVLGDYDGXOGRERJµV]¯YYHON«UGH]WH
ȟVȪPLOHV]-RMµYDO"
ȟþLVM¸QYHO¾QNWHUP«V]HWHVHQ+DPDUEHIRJLOOHV]NHGQL6]LQJDS¼U
QDJ\RQ«OKHWÿKHO\PHJYDQRWWPLQGHQDPLFVDNNHOOHJ\J\HUHNQHN
'H PL OHV] YHOHP" 0L OHV] D]]DO DPL QHNHP NHOO" &UHVVLG£QDN ]¼JQL
NH]GHWWDI¾OH«V¼J\«UH]WHPHQWHQHO£MXO+RJ\DQV]DN¯WKDWM£NHOWÿOH
5REHUW«N-RMµW"+RQQDQWXGKDWM£NKRJ\W«Q\OHJEHWXGPDMGLOOHV]NHGQL
HJ\ LGHJHQ RUV]£JEDQ" -RMR YLO£JRV EÿUě «V V]HSOÿVȪ OH IRJ «JQLȪ
,VWHQHPPRQGGKRJ\H]QHPW¸UW«QLNPHJ
ȟ*RQGROWXNEHXJUXQN«VN¸]¸OM¾NYHOHGDK¯UWȟOHONHQGH]HWW5REHUW
URSSDQW HO«JHGHWWHQ ¸QPDJ£YDO ȟ ,]JDOPDV PL" V D S«Q] DPLW NDSQL
IRJXQNȪ (O VHP WXGRG N«S]HOQL PLO\HQ MXWWDW£VL FVRPDJRW KDUFROWXQN
NL ȟ 0HJE¸NWH 6DFK£W «V IHO£OOWDN KRJ\ LQGXOMDQDN ȟ 6]HPHV]£MD
HO£OOQDPL"
6DFKDK£WUDVLP¯WRWWDDKDM£W«V¸QHO«J¾OWHQPRQGWD
ȟ(]LVD]WPXWDWMDKRJ\PHQQ\LUHNHOO¾QNQHNLN
0LXW£QHOPHQWHN&UHVVLGDJ£WO£VWDODQXOV¯UQLNH]GHWW0LQWKDNLW«SW«N
«VPHJWDSRVW£NYROQDDV]¯Y«W(OYHV]LNWÿOH«VQHPWXGMDKRJ\DQIRJMD
H]WW¼O«OQL-RMRDIRJDGRWWO£Q\D0LQWKD¼MDEEJ\HUHNHWYHV]¯WHQHHO
1«J\NRU FVHQJHWWHN 0LYHO D]W KLWWH -RMR D] &UHVVLGD YHWW HJ\ P«O\
O«OHJ]HWHW«VPHJQ«]WHD]DUF£WDW¾N¸UEHQPLHOÿWWNLPHQWYROQD
'H QHP -RMR £OOW D] DMWµEDQ KDQHP 5REHUW «V 6DFKD M¸WW YLVV]D
&UHVVLG£QDNPHJURVNDGWDY£OOD0RVWPHJPLWDNDUQDN"
ȟ5¸JW¸QDW£UJ\UDW«UQ«NȟNH]GWH5REHUWȟ(J\HWOHQN«UG«V+D-RMR
HVHWOHJ LWW DNDUQD PDUDGQL «V QHP DNDUQD 6]LQJDS¼UED N¸OW¸]QL
KDMODQGµOHQQ«ODJ\£PMDOHQQL"
0LFVRGD"0LFVRGD"
ȟQȪ«QȪȟKHEHJWH&UHVVLGD
ȟ ,JHQ YDJ\ QHP" ȟ N«UGH]WH V]LJRU¼DQ 6DFKD ȟ 0LQNHW FVDN H]
«UGHNHOVVHPPLQ\RP£VJ\DNRUO£V.L]£UµODJWHG¸QW¸GHO
,JHQ YDJ\ QHP" 7«Q\OHJ U£E¯]]£N D G¸QW«VW" 6LHWÿVHQ PLHOÿWW P«J
PHJJRQGROKDWQ£NPDJXNDW&UHVVLGDU£Y£JWD
ȟ,JHQȪ,JHQȪ$EV]RO¼WH,*(1
6DFKDHOPRVRO\RGRWW«VNXUW£QHO«JHGHWWHQEµOLQWRWW
ȟ%L]WRV"
ȟ +£W SHUV]HȪ 7H Mµ «JȪ ȟ &UHVVLG£W UHPHJ«V IRJWD HO $
OHJV]¯YHVHEEHQ PHJ¸OHOWH YROQD 5REHUW«NHW ¸U¸P«EHQ 1D D]W D]«UW
WDO£QQHPȟ0«JPLQGLJQHPKLV]HPHO.¸V]¸Q¸PȪ
ȟ $NNRU K£W PLQGHQ RN« 0LQGHQ HOUHQGH]ÿG¸WW ȟ G¸U]V¸OWH ¸VV]H D
NH]«W 5REHUW PLQW PLQGLJ DPLNRU VLNHUHV ¾]OHWHW N¸W¸WW ȟ 0RVW SHGLJ
JRQGROKDWRG KRJ\ UHQJHWHJ GROJRW NHOO HOLQW«]Q¾QN PHJV]HUYH]Q¾QN
6RNDWVHJ¯WHQHKDLWWKDJ\KDWQ£QN-RMµWS£UQDSUDDP¯JPHJWHVV]¾ND]
HOÿN«V]¾OHWHNHW
ȟ+ROYDQPRVW"ȟ&UHVVLGDP£UWěN¸Q¾OWȟ2WWKRQ"+R]]£WRNP£ULV
5REHUW«V6DFKDHOPHQW$OLJK¼V]SHUFP¼OYD6DFKDP£UYLVV]DLVW«UW
-RMµYDO
ȟ&UHVVQ«QLȟP£V]RWWHOÿ-RMRD]DQ\µV¾O«VEÿO«VSDSXFVEDQURKDQW
D]DMWµKR]ȟ+£WLJHQWPRQGW£O
&UHVVLGD V]¯Y«W PDMG V]«WYHWHWWH D KDW£UWDODQ V]HUHWHW W¸OHOWH D
NLVO£Q\W
ȟ-DMNLFVLPSHUV]HKRJ\LJHQWPRQGWDP$QQ\LUD¸U¾O¸NKRJ\D]WVH
WXGRPKRY£OHJ\HN
ȟ$NNRU«QPHQQ«NLV
6DFKD KDQJMD YLO£JRVDQ MHOH]WH KRJ\ P¯J HJ\HVHNQHN QLQFV MREE
GROJXN PLQW KRJ\ SDSXFVEDQ XJU£OMDQDN D] XWF£Q P£VRNQDN QDJ\RQ LV
IRQWRVWHHQGÿLNYDQQDN
ȟ6]LDDQ\D0«JHJ\V]HUN¸V]L
ȟ 6]LD NHGYHVHP V VRN VLNHUW D] LVNRODL NRQFHUWKH] ȟ 6DFKD P£U
LQG¯WRWWLVȟ0LNRUNH]GÿGLN"
)«O Q\ROFNRU NH]GÿG¸WW &UHVVLGD P£U KHWHNNHO NRU£EEDQ IHO¯UWD D
QDSW£U£ED0HJOHSWH6DFKDV]RNDWODQ«UGHNOÿG«VH
ȟ$Q\£GLVHODNDUM¸QQL"
-RMR DNL P«J PLQGLJ &UHVVLG£ED FVLPSDV]NRGRWW «JQHN HPHOWH D
WHNLQWHW«W
ȟ 6]HULQWHG" 1\ROF «YLJ HJ\V]HU VH GXJWD RGD D] RUU£W D] LVNRODL
NRQFHUWHNUH*RQGRORGKRJ\«SSPRVWDNDUMDHONH]GHQL"
2GDEHQW D K£]EDQ &UHVVLGD PHJWXGWD KRJ\ 5REHUW«N HON«SHV]Wÿ
PµGRQFVDNHOÿ]ÿHVWHN¸]¸OW«NDV]LQJDS¼ULN¸OW¸]«VK¯U«W-RMµYDO
ȟ7RW£ONLDNDGWDP«VWRPEROQLNH]GWHPȟPHV«OWH-RMRȟ1DMµQHP
WRPEROWDPDQQ\LUDQHPYDJ\RND]DW¯SXVGHPHJPRQGWDPQHNLNKRJ\
QHP DNDURN PHQQL (O WXGV] HQJHP N«S]HOQL 6]LQJDS¼UEDQ" 0LN¸]EHQ
DSD PHJ DQ\D HJ«V] QDS FVDN GROJR]QDN D] ¼M F«J¾NQ«O" 0£UPLQW
V]¯YHVHQ HOPHJ\HN KR]]£MXN D V]¾QHWEHQ GH «Q LP£GRN $QJOL£EDQ «OQL
,WW YDQ PLQGHQ EDU£WRP ,WW YDJ\ WH 0LQGHQ V]XSHU D VXOLEDQ Q
PRQGWDP QHNLN KRJ\ ODNKDWQ«N YHOHG GH QHP YROWDN EHQQH EL]WRVDN
KRJ\LJHQWPRQGDV]0£UHVWHIHODNDUWDODNK¯YQLGHQHPHQJHGW«N$Q\D
D]WPRQGWDKRJ\V]XSHUE«ELV]LWWHUYDJ\GHWDO£QW¼OVRNOHQQHDWHOMHV
IHOHOÿVV«JHWU£GWROQL
&UHVVLGD HEEÿO D]W D N¸YHWNH]WHW«VW YRQWD OH KRJ\ 5REHUW«N UHJJHOL
O£WRJDW£VD V]£QG«NRV WU¾NN YROW KRJ\ N«WV«JEH HMWV«N «V U£G¸EEHQWV«N
PHQQ\LUH KL£Q\R]QL IRJ QHNL -RMR +D HOPHQQHN +RJ\ D]W£Q DPLNRU
YLVV]DM¸QQHN «V PHJWHV]LN DM£QODWXNDW QDJ\REE YDOµV]¯QěV«JJHO
PRQGMRQLJHQW
3HUV]HHUUHVHPPLV]¾NV«JQHPYROWKLV]DP¼J\LVEHOHHJ\H]HWWYROQD
&UHVVLGD QHP WXGWD HON«S]HOQL KRJ\ OHKHWQHH HQQ«O EROGRJDEE
0HJVLPRJDWWD-RMRY«NRQ\DUF£W
ȟ.LFVLPQDJ\RQ¸U¾O¸NKRJ\KLV]WL]QLNH]GW«O
-RMR HOWěQW D] HPHOHWHQ KRJ\ OHPRVVD PDJ£UµO D KRNL]£V SRU£W «V
KRJ\ PLQGHQ EDU£WM£YDO WXGDVVD D Mµ K¯UW &UHVVLGD JUDWXO£OW PDJ£QDN
KRJ\ VLNHUHVHQ EHIHMH]WH D] XWROVµ HVN¾YÿL PHJK¯YµW LV D]W£Q
EHFVRPDJROWDDODSRNDWKRJ\IHODGKDVVDÿNHW8W£QDNLPHQWDNRQ\K£ED
EHOHSLOODQWRWW D ]¸OGV«JHVNRV£UED «V QHNLO£WRWW KRJ\ HON«V]¯WVH -RMR
NHGYHQFS£V]WRUSLW«M«W
1HNL£OOW]¸OGV«JHWSXFROQLDPLNRU-RMRFVDN¼J\UHS¾OWOHIHO«DO«SFVÿQ
ȟ0LWFVLQ£OV]"
ȟ(J\NHUHNěELFLNOLQ]VRQJOÿUN¸G¸PȟGRE£OWDHJ\LNNH]«EÿODP£VLNED
DU«S£W&UHVVLGDD]W£QSXNHGOL]HWWȟ6]HULQWHG")ÿ]¸N
ȟ 7HGG OH D]W D U«S£W 0D QHP LWWKRQ YDFVRU£]XQN J\ G¸QW¸WWHP ȟ
MHOHQWHWWH EH -RMR IRQWRVNRGYD ȟ KRJ\ HOYLV]OHN YDODKRYD «V
PHJ¾QQHSHOM¾N KRJ\ D J\£PRP OHV]HO V «Q IL]HWHN 'H PLYHO QHP
KR]WDPS«Q]W£UF£WN«Q\WHOHQOHV]HOKLWHOH]QLQHNHP«VPDMGPHJDGRP
ȟYRQWDPHJDY£OO£Wȟ%RFVGHD]¸WOHWD]DPLLJD]£QV]£P¯W
ȟ7HOMHVP«UW«NEHQȟ&UHVVLGDPHJKDWµGRWWȟ&VRG£ODWRVDQKDQJ]LN
1D«VKRYDPHQM¾QN¾QQHSHOQL"
ȟ$%XUJHU.LQJEH
ȟ6]XSHUȟIHOHOWHDWROHU£QV&UHVVLGD
0LQGDGGLJ DP¯J HJ\¾WW YDQQDN NLW «UGHNHO KRJ\ PLW HV]QHN"
6]¯YHVHEEHQ RV]WR]LN HJ\ DGDJ V¾OW NUXPSOLQ -RMµYDO D %XUJHU .LQJEHQ
PLQWKRJ\5REHUW«NNHONHOOMHQHOPHQQLHHJ\SXFFRVKHO\UH
ȟ $NNRU ¸OW¸]] 1H K¼]]XN D] LGÿW ȟ UDJDGWD HO -RMR D U«S£W ȟ KHQ
KDORN7HQHP"
&UHVVLGDHQJHGHOPHVNHGHWW«VHOLQGXOWD]HPHOHWUHKRJ\PDJ£UD¸OWVH
E£OL UXK£M£W «V WLDU£M£W 9DJ\LV D N«N NDE£WM£W «V D IDUPHUM«W
0HJLJD]¯WRWWDDKDM£WIHOWHWWHJ\NLVV]HPIHVW«NHWPHJU¼]VWD]W£Q«V]EH
NDSRWW«VDEO¼]DDODWWY«JLJK¼]WDDJRO\µVGH]RGRUW
ȟ.«V]HQYDJ\"ȟNLDE£OWIHO-RMRȟ,QGXOMXQN
&UHVVLGD D] µU£M£UD SLOODQWRWW 7¯] SHUFFHO P¼OW ¸W «V P£U YDFVRU£]QL
PHQQHN'HOHJDO£EEKDWUDRWWKRQOHKHWQHN
ȟ1H QHLWWIRUGXOMEH ȟPRQGWD-RMRDPLNRU&KHOWHQKDPIHO« &UHVVLGD
EDOUD LQGH[HOW ȟ 9DQ HJ\ ¼M %XUJHU .LQJ PRVW Q\¯OW 0HQM FVDN WRY£EE
HJ\HQHVHQ
ȟM%XUJHU.LQJ"
&UHVVLGDHQJHGHOPHVHQYLVV]DYHWWHD]LQGH[HW«VPDUDGWDIÿ¼WRQ
ȟ (] D] «Q PHJOHSHW«VHP 6RNNDO QDJ\REE ȟ E¾V]N«ONHGHWW -RMR ȟ V
MREE0LQGHQNLD]WPRQGMDKRJ\V]XSHU
&UHVVLG£WPHJPRVRO\RJWDWWDDNLVO£Q\OHONHVHG«VH
ȟ0£UDOLJY£URP
-µS£UNLORP«WHUXW£Q&UHVVLGDPHJV]µODOW
ȟ,WWDQDJ\N¸UIRUJDORP0RVWPHUUH"
ȟ9£UMDP¯JN¸]HOHEEQHP«U¾QNȟKXQ\RUJRWWNLIHO«DV]«OY«GÿQ-RMR
DPLNRU D KDWDOPDV W£EOD IHOGHUHQJHWW HOÿWW¾N D V¸W«WEHQ ȟ -REEUD NHOO
IRUGXOQRG
ȟ'HNLFVLPD]D]DXWµS£O\D1HPHJ\HQHVHQJRQGROWDG"
ȟ 1HP PLQGHQN«SS MREEUD &VDN PHQM IHO D] DXWµS£O\£UD D]W£Q OH D
N¸YHWNH]ÿ NLM£UDWQ£O %RFV ȟ PRQGWD -RMR ȟ 0RQGWDP P£U" 'H PHJ«UL
¯J«UHP $] ¸VV]HV EDU£WRP D]W PRQGMD KRJ\ D YLO£J OHJMREE %XUJHU
.LQJMH
0«J V]HUHQFVH KRJ\ YROW HO«J EHQ]LQ D NRFVLEDQ 0LXW£Q PHJHOÿ]WH
ÿNHWHJ\QDJ\SµWNRFVLVNDPLRQ&UHVVLGDHUÿWYHWWPDJ£Q«VU£IRUGXOW
D] 0¸V IHOKDMWµM£UD 0LQGLJ IHO NHOOHWW N«V]¾OQLH OHONLOHJ D]
DXWµS£O\£UD
$PLQWIHQWYROWDN«VVLNHU¾OWEH£OOQLHJ\£OODQGµKDQHPLVW¼OJ\RUV
V]£] NLORP«WHU SHU µU£V VHEHVV«JUH -RMR HJ\ GRER] U£JµW YHWW HOÿ D
W£VN£M£EµO«VPHJN¯Q£OWDYHOH&UHVVLG£W
ȟ -µ KD]XGWDP DPLNRU D]W PRQGWDP KRJ\ PLQGM£UW OHPHJ\¾QN D
S£O\£UµO
ȟ7HVV«N"
ȟ1HPPHJ\¾QNOHDN¸YHWNH]ÿNLM£UDWQ£OȟPRQGWDW¾UHOPHVHQ-RMR
&UHVVLGDPHJK¸NNHQW
ȟ+£WQHPD%XUJHU.LQJEHPHJ\¾QN"
ȟ'HLJHQ&VDN«SSHQDFKHVWHUILHOGLEH
ȟ0LFVRGD"'HK£WD]Ȫ
ȟ )«O¼WRQ YDQ 1HZFDVWOH IHO« ȟ IHOHOWH YLG£PDQ -RMR ȟ (J«V]HQ
SRQWRVDQI«O¼WRQVRWWIRJXQNWDO£ONR]QL7RPPDO«V'RQQ\YDO
WYHQQ\ROFDGLNIHMH]HW
.«V]FVRGDYROWKRJ\&UHVVLGDQHPWDSRVRWWDI«NUHG¸EEHQHW«EHQ
ȟ1HPH]QHPOHKHWLJD]
-RMRVXJ£U]µDQPRVRO\JRWW
ȟ'HLJHQ0LQGHQPHJYDQV]HUYH]YH
&UHVVLGDMREEDQ¸U¾OWYROQDKD-RMRQHPD]0¸VN¸]HS«QRV]WMDPHJ
YHOHDK¯UW
ȟ'HK£WD]QHPOHKHW+ROQDSLVNROD1HPPXODV]WKDWV]
ȟ-DM&UHVVQ«QLGHKRJ\QHP&VDN¼J\K¯YM£NKRJ\LJD]ROWKL£Q\]£V
%HWHJ£OORP£Q\ &VDN DQQ\LW NHOO FVLQ£OQRG KRJ\ UHJJHO EHWHOHIRQ£OV] D
VXOLED «V PHJPRQGRG KRJ\ PHJLQW LQIOXHQ]£V YDJ\RN &V¾W¸UW¸N OHV]
/HJIHOMHEEOHPDUDGRNDKROQDSHVWLNRQFHUWUÿO'HNLW«UGHNHO"3«QWHNHQ
PHJP£UDNDU£FVRQ\HOÿWWLXWROVµQDSOHV]¼J\VHFVLQ£OQ£QNVHPPLWV
XW£QDV]¾QHW¼J\KRJ\HQQ«OMREEQHPLVOHKHWQHDKHO\]HW
&UHVVLGDOHYHJÿXW£QNDSNRGYDV]«G¾OWHQKDOOJDWWD-RMRPDJ\DU£]DW£W
ȟ1D«VPLNRUKDW£UR]WDGHOH]W"
ȟ .¸U¾OEHO¾O HJ\ µU£MD $PLNRU DQ\X«N HOPHQWHN WÿOHG 0HJOHSHW«V ȟ
IRO\WDWWD-RMROHONHVHQȟ+RJ\PHJ¾QQHSHOM¾NPLQGD]WDPLPDW¸UW«QW
*RQGROWDP¸U¾OQLIRJV]PLXW£QDQQ\LV]RUNLWHUYHOW¾NKRJ\WDO£ONR]XQN
7RP«NNDO «V VRVHP M¸WW ¸VV]H $ 3KHZ PDJD]LQEDQ LV PLQGLJ D] YDQ
KRJ\ YHJ\¾N D NH]¾QNEH D] «OHW¾QNHW «V Y£OWVXN YDOµUD D] £OPDLQNDW
(]«UW¼J\G¸QW¸WWHP«QLVH]WIRJRPWHQQL0RVWDNNRUN«UV]U£JµWYDJ\
QHP"
ȟ1HPWXGRPȟPRW\RJWDHUÿWOHQ¾O&UHVVLGDȟ0LWPRQGHUUÿOD3KHZ
PDJD]LQ"
ȟ$3KHZV]HULQWIHOW«WOHQ¾OYHQQHGNHOOHJ\HWȟPRVRO\RGRWWHO-RMR
«VDGRWWQHNLHJ\HW
ȟ7RPWXGHUUÿOD]HJ«V]UÿO"
ȟ+£WSHUV]H.¾O¸QEHQKL£EDPHQQ«QN&KHVWHUILHOGEHKDQHPOHQQH
RWWVHQNL
&UHVVLGD V]¯YH YDG Y£JW£ED NH]GHWW D JRQGRODWUD KRJ\ HVHWOHJȪ
Y«JUHȪ KLKHWHWOHQ PµGRQ ¼MUD O£WKDWMD PDMG 7RPRW &KHVWHUILHOGEHQ
E£UKROOHJ\HQLVD]
ȟ'HK£WKRJ\WXGWDGȪ
ȟ )HOK¯YWDP 'RQQ\W 7DUWMXN D NDSFVRODWRW VPVEHQ «V HPDLOEHQ
(OPHV«OWHP QHNL D WHUYHPHW «V ¼J\ G¸QW¸WW¾QN KRJ\ PHJFVLQ£OMXN ȟ
PDJ\DU£]WD -RMR N¸QQ\HG«Q ȟ 0HJPRQGWD D] DSM£QDN KRJ\ P£U ¼WRQ
YDJ\XQN ¼J\KRJ\ D]RQQDO LQGXOQLD NHOO QHKRJ\ OHPDUDGMRQ UµOXQN
'RQQ\QDNLVPDQGXODJ\XOODG£VDOHV]KROQDS7RPQDNQHPWXGRPPLMH
OHV](VHWOHJJ\RPRUURQW£VD
(]P£UV]LQWHIHOIRJKDWDWODQYROW
ȟþNLVV]DEDGQDSRWYHV]QHNNL"
ȟ 0XV]£M OHV] 'H QHP JRQG PHUW OHJDO£EE PHJYDOµV¯WMXN DPLW
DNDUXQN «V Q«KD Mµ GRORJ VSRQW£QQDN OHQQL «V HOOµJQL Q«K£Q\ QDSRW D
PXQN£EµO
9DMRQPLPLQGHQWMDYDVROP«JD3KHZPDJD]LQ"
ȟVKROIRJXQNDOXGQL"ȟ«UGHNOÿG¸WW&UHVVLGD
ȟ 0DMG NHUHV¾QN YDODPL KHO\HW &KHVWHUILHOGEHQ PD «MV]DN£UD +ROQDS
SHGLJWRY£EEPHJ\¾QN1HZFDVWOHEHȟIHOHOWH-RMRPDJDEL]WRVDQȟ$UUD
JRQGROWDPKRJ\HJ\K«WLJPDUDGKDWXQN
$NLVWL]HQQ«J\«YHV
ȟ1LQFVQ£ODPY£OW£VUXKDȟ&UHVVLG£WNHU¾OJHWQLNH]GWHDS£QLNȟ6H
EXJ\LVHIRJNHIHVHPPLVQ£ODGVLQFV
ȟ(WWÿOOHV]D]HJ«V]LJD]£QNDODQG
ȟVPXQN£PLVOHQQHȪ
ȟ.«V]YDJ\D]DNWX£OLVPHJUHQGHO«VHLGGHO7HLVPHJ«UGHPHOV]HJ\NLV
SLKHQ«VW
7HMµ«J
ȟ 'H QHP SRVW£]WDP D PHJK¯YµNDW DPLNNHO G«OXW£Q N«V]¾OWHP HO
+ROQDSDNDUWDPÿNHWIHODGQL
ȟ /RWWLHQDN YDQ NXOFVD .«UG PHJ KRJ\ DGMD IHO ȟ -RMR V]¾QHWHW
WDUWRWWȟ9DJ\YLVV]DIRUGXOKDWXQNPRVWLVKDH]WV]HUHWQ«G*RQGROWDP
¸U¾OQLIRJV]DPHJOHSHW«VQHNGHKDQHPDNDUV]WDO£ONR]QL7RP«NNDOȪ
ȟ-DMNLFVLPV]µVLQFVLO\HVPLUÿOȟ5£G¸EEHQYHKRJ\EHOHWDSRV-RMR
«U]«VHLEH«SSHQPD&UHVVLGDIHONL£OWRWWȟ3HUV]HKRJ\¸U¾O¸N,JD]£EµO
D]«UWS£QLNRORNPHUWQDJ\RQLVV]HUHWQ«N¼MUDWDO£ONR]QLYHO¾NȟMDEE
WHKHUDXWµ HOÿ]WH PHJ ÿNHW DPLNRU £WQ\¼OW D P£VLN ¾O«VUH «V K£O£VDQ
PHJV]RU¯WRWWD -RMR NH]«W ȟ &VDN D]«UW WDO£ORN NL PLQGHQI«OH NLIRJ£VW
PHUW LGHJHV YDJ\RN V IRJDGMXQN KRJ\ D EHQ]LQNXWDNRQ £UXOQDN
IRJNHI«WPHJȪL]«Ȫ
ȟ %XJ\LW ȟ PRQGWD N«V]V«JHVHQ -RMR «V IHOEHUUHJHWW D WHOHIRQMD
MHOH]YHKRJ\VPVWNDSRWWȟ'RQQ\¯UW«VN«UGH]LPHUUHYDJ\XQN
SSHQHOKDJ\WDNHJ\W£EO£W
ȟ$NLOHQFHVOHKDMWµQ£ODPL7HZNHVEXU\IHO«YLV]
ȟ þN D] ¸WYHQNLOHQFHVQ«O YDQQDN D] 0HVHQ 'DUOLQJWRQQ£O ȟ
SLOODQWRWW IHO GHUěVHQ -RMR ȟ V D]W PRQGMD D] DSMD V¯N LGHJ KRJ\ ¼MUD
O£WQLIRJ
ȟ 0LW ¯UV] QHNL" ȟ N«UGH]WH &UHVVLGD DPLNRU -RMR S¸W\¸JQL NH]GWH D
Y£ODV]W
$NLVO£Q\YLJ\RURJYDIHOWDUWRWWDDWHOHIRQW
$YLO£J¯WµNLMHO]ÿQH]£OOW
Ȧ+£WQHPFXNLNH]HND]¸UHJHN"$]HQ\«PLVȥ
0£U PDMGQHP HVWH NLOHQF YROW +£URP «V I«O µUD YH]HW«V «V HJ\ U¸YLG
SLKHQÿ XW£Q PHJ«UNH]WHN &KHVWHUILHOGEH -RMR D PRELOM£Q ILJ\HOWH D
W«UN«SHW «V N¸]EHQ 'RQQ\YDO HJ\H]WHWHWW D 7DSORZ 5RDGL %XUJHU .LQJ
PHJN¸]HO¯WKHWÿV«J«UÿO &UHVVLG£QDN HGGLJ K£URPV]RU NHOOHWW PHJ£OOQLD
KRJ\ÿLVPHJQ«]]HD]XWDW
$]W£Q Y«J¾O PHJWDO£OW£N 2WW YROW D MµO LVPHUW ORJµ D I«Q\HVHQ
NLYLO£J¯WRWW«S¾OHWKRPORN]DW£Q0LN¸]EHQEHKDMWRWWD]V¼IROWSDUNROµED
&UHVVLGD FVRG£ODWRVDQ PHU«V]QHN «UH]WH PDJ£W PLQW ,QGLDQD -RQHV
DPLNRUPHJWDO£OWDD6]HQW*U£OW-µOHWWYROQDHJ\,QG\I«OHNDODSLVNµFRV
KDMD£OF£]£V£UD
8UDPLVWHQ %L]VHUHJQL NH]GHWW D PHOONDVD 0L«UW QLQFV UDMWD YDODPL
NLFVLWLVFVLQRVGDUDE"1HPW¼O«O«QNV]¯QěDU¼]VDPLWDW£VN£MDP«O\«Q
WDO£OW"VQLQFVUDMWDDODSR]µ+D7RPPHJO£WMD¯J\VLN¯WYDHOURKDQ
ȟ 1H L]JXOM ȟ PRQGWD -RMR DPLNRU &UHVVLGD OHSDUNROW HJ\ NRV]RV ]¸OG
IXUJRQPHJHJ\FVLOORJµ$XGLPHOOHWWȟ7HOMHVHQMµOQ«]HONL
ȟ'HKRJ\1«]]FVDNU£P
&UHVVLGDDYLVV]DSLOODQWµEDQQ«]HJHWYHSUµE£OWDPHJUHQGV]DE£O\R]QLD
KDM£W $ NH]H UHPHJHWW DPLNRU N¯P«OHWOHQ¾O FVLSNHGQL NH]GWH D] DUF£W
KRJ\OHJ\HQHJ\NLVV]¯QH
ȟ )LJ\HOM LGH 'RQQ\ PHJ «Q KHWHN µWD ¯URJDWXQN HJ\P£VQDN V KD
YDODNL WXG YDODPLW DNNRU D] ÿ &UHVV Q«QL 'RQQ\ DSMD «SS¼J\ RGDYDQ
D]«UWKRJ\¼MUDO£VVRQPLQWDPHQQ\LUHWH1HPD]«UGHNOLKRJ\PLO\HQ
FLSÿ YDQ UDMWDG YDJ\ PLO\HQ VPLQN $NNRU LV ¸U¾OQH QHNHG KD
ERKµFUXK£EDQOHQQ«O
&UHVVLGD HEEHQ QHP YROW RO\DQ EL]WRV þ D]«UW QHP ¸U¾OQH KD 7RP
ERKµFUXK£EDQWRSSDQQDHO«
-RMR PRELOMD PHJLQW E¼JQL NH]GHWW $ NLVO£Q\ HOROYDVWD D] ¾]HQHWHW
D]W£QNLQ\LWRWWDD]DMWµW
ȟ 1D DNNRU 'RQQ\ PHJ «Q EHPHJ\¾QN HJ\ EXUJHUUH 7L PHJ PDMG
FVDWODNR]WRNDPLNRUMµQDNO£WM£WRN
&UHVVLGD]VLEEDGWDQEµOLQWRWW.LOHQFµUDYDQHJ\LG£LJ£WODJRVQDNKLWW
V]HUGDLQDSRQÿSHGLJLWWYDQ&KHVWHUILHOGEHQ
ȟ.¸V]L
-RMRPHJWRUSDQW
ȟ(]J¼Q\ROµG£VDNDUWOHQQL"
ȟ 'HKRJ\ NLFVLP ȟ 0HQQ\LUH LP£GMD H]W D J\HUHNHW ȟ 7«Q\OHJ
N¸V]¸Q¸P)DQWDV]WLNXVPHJOHSHW«VWKR]W£O¸VV]H
ȟ+£W'RQQ\LVVHJ¯WHWW.HWWHQFVLQ£OWXN
&UHVVLG£EDQIHOGHUHQJHWWYDODPL
ȟ7H«V'RQQ\Ȫ"
ȟ-DMGHKRJ\ȟK¾OHGH]HWW-RMRȟ6RKDPHJVHPIRUGXOQDDIHMHPEHQ
(J\V]HUěHQFVDNEDU£WRNYDJ\XQN$3KHZLVD]WPRQGMDKRJ\NHOOHQHN
IL¼ EDU£WRN PHUW YHO¾N OHKHW UHQGHVHQ EHV]«OJHWQL «V PHJWXGKDWMXN
KRJ\DQJRQGRONRGLND]HOOHQNH]ÿQHP+£W¯J\YDJ\XQNPLLV'RQQ\YDO
&VDNKDYHURNYDJ\XQNDNLNEHV]«OJHWQHN
ȟ(]V]XSHU
&UHVVLGD HOPRVRO\RGRWW «V DUUD JRQGROW KRJ\ D 3KHZ Q«KD HJ«V]HQ
QRUP£OLVGROJRNDWLV¯U
-RMREHPHQWD]«WWHUHPEHKRJ\WDO£ONR]]RQ'RQQ\YDO&UHVVLGDQ«]WH
DKRJ\ EHV]DODG D]W£Q QDJ\ OHYHJÿW YHWW «V ÿ LV NLV]£OOW %UUU GH KLGHJ
YDQ0£UFVDND]KL£Q\]LNKRJ\P«JD]RUUDLVSLURVOHJ\HQ«VFVRURJMRQ
DN¸QQ\HD]D]W£QW«Q\OHJȪ
ȟ6]LD&UHVV
&UHVVLGD K£WUDIRUGXOW «V PHJSLOODQWRWWD 7RPRW DNL K¼V] P«WHUUH £OOW
WÿOHGXSO£QDQ\DN£UDWHNHUW]¸OGJ\DSM¼V£OEDQI¾OLJK¼]RWWJDOO«UUDO$
I«UIL ]VHEUH GXJWD D NH]«W «V D OHKHOHWH IHK«U IHOKÿN«QW S£U£OORWW D
OHYHJÿEHQ
ȟ9LFFHVKRJ\LWWWDO£ONR]XQNȟPRQGWD&UHVVLGD
ȟ$IHQ«EHȟLQGXOWHOIHO«MH7RPȟ0£U«SSHQPHJDNDUWDPN«UGH]QL
KRJ\J\DNUDQM£UV]HLGH
ȟ6DMQ£ORP
ȟ1HVDMQ£OG$O«Q\HJKRJ\LWWYDJ\
7RPNLK¼]WDDNH]«WD]VHE«EÿON«WIHOÿODUFRQFVµNROWD&UHVVLG£WDNL
PRVW «UH]KHWWH KRJ\ D I«UIL PHQQ\LUH I£]LN 1DJ\RQ Mµ «U]«V YROW
YLV]RQWO£WQL0£UPDMGQHPHOLVIHOHMWHWWHPHQQ\LUHV]HUHWLD7RPV]HPH
VDUN£EµOV]«WVXJ£U]µNLVYRQDODNDW
ȟ0LWPěYHOWHNYHO¾QNH]HNDJ\HUHNHN"ȟFVµY£OWDDIHM«W7RP
ȟ+£WLJHQ*RQGRORPDK£WDGN¸]HS«UHVHPN¯Y£QWDG
ȟ0«JKRJ\QHPN¯Y£QWDP"ȟP«O\¾OWHNHO7RPQHYHWÿU£QFDLȟ(QQ«O
MREE K¯UW QHP LV NDSKDWWDP YROQD 0£U IHO LV K¯YWDP D IÿQ¸N¸PHW «V
PHJPRQGWDP QHNL KRJ\ NLYHV]HN S£U QDSRW $] HJ\HWOHQ JRQG D]
KRJ\Ȫ
ȟ 0L" ȟ &UHVVLGD ERU¼O£Wµ IDQW£]L£MD D]RQQDO EHLQGXOW 7RPQDN
EDU£WQÿMH YDQ PHOHJ HON¸OW¸]LN 0H[LNµED )«OYH N«UGH]WH ȟ 0RQGG
FVDNPL
ȟ 1RV 'RQQ\ KLUWHOHQ ]¼G¯WRWWD U£P H]W D] HJ«V]HW ȟ G¸UJ¸OWH D
WDUNµM£W ]DYDUWDQ 7RP ȟ +ROQDS Q£OXQN IRJWRN DOXGQL J\KRJ\
ILJ\HOPH]WHWOHNQLQFVW¼OQDJ\UHQG9DJ\LVLQN£EEV]¸UQ\ěUHQGHWOHQV«J
YDQ
&UHVVLGDFVDNSLVORJRWW
ȟ(]RO\DQQDJ\SUREO«PD"
ȟ(QJHP]DYDUȟIHOHOWH7RPȟ$Y«J«QD]WIRJRGKLQQLKRJ\KDQ\DJ
YDJ\RN0«JDWHJQDSHVWLPRVDWODQHG«Q\HNLVRWWOHV]QHN
ȟ1HNHPLVYDQQDNW£Q\«URNDPRVRJDWµPEDQȟIHOHOWH&UHVVLGD
ȟVDQDSSDOLV]ÿQ\HJ«UHU£I«UQHHJ\SRUV]¯Yµ]£V
ȟ$]HQ\«PUHLV
ȟ$YDVDOQLYDOµNLIRO\LNDNRVDU£EµO
ȟ'HWWµ
ȟ*\HUHLGHȟ7RPO£WKDWµPHJN¸QQ\HEE¾O«VVHOYRQWDPDJ£KR]DP¯J
NHWWHM¾N OHKHOHWH ¸VV]H QHP NHYHUHGHWW ȟ *RQGRORP FVDWODNR]QXQN
NHOOHQH'RQQ\«NKR]'HHOÿEEP«JHONHOOPRQGDQRPPHQQ\LUHY£URPD
M¸YÿKHWHW
$]]DO7RPPHJFVµNROWD&UHVVLGDD]RQQDOPHJIHOHGNH]HWWDKDM£UµO«V
D VPLQNM«UÿO 0LN¸]EHQ HPEHUHN M¸WWHN NL «V PHQWHN HO PHOOHWW¾N D
NRFVLMXNKR]YLV]RQR]WDDFVµNRW«VEROGRJDQVXWWRJWD
ȟQLV
WYHQNLOHQFHGLNIHMH]HW
0DULR HJ\£OWDO£Q QHP Y£UWD D] HON¸YHWNH]ÿ KHWHW 6HP D] XW£QD
N¸YHWNH]ÿW J\ JRQGROWD KRJ\ FVHQGEHQ «V IHOWěQ«V Q«ON¾O £WY«V]HOL
PDMG YDODKRJ\ D PXQNDKHO\«Q GH -HUU\ NHUHV]W¾OK¼]WD D V]£P¯W£V£W $
N¸Y«UERURVW£V-HUU\PRVWURSSDQWHO«JHGHWWYROWPDJ£YDOPHUWVLNHU¾OW
WDO£OQLDPDJ£QDNHJ\VRY£Q\VLPD£OO¼EDU£WQÿW7DQXOP£Q\R]QLNH]GWH
DIDORQOµJµV]DEDGV£JHOÿMHJ\]«VLQDSW£UW«VK£WUDV]µOW0DULµQDN
ȟ +DYHU P«J WL]HQN«W QDSRG YDQ «Y Y«J«LJ .L N«QH YHQQHG 1HP
IRJM£NKDJ\QLKRJ\£WYLGGDN¸YHWNH]ÿ«YUH
0DULRDN«SHUQ\ÿM«UHPHUHGW
ȟ1HPSUREO«PD-HUU\QHPO£WWDGDP¼OWKDYLHODG£VLDGDWRNDWDȪ
ȟ +RSS£ +£WU«EE D ORYDNNDO FRZER\ ȟ -HUU\ EDU£WQÿMH OHONHV
VRUW£QFRVYROW«V-HUU\WLVHOKXUFROWDD]µU£NUD
ȟ-HUU\HQJHPNRPRO\DQQHP«UGHNHOKRJ\V]DEDGV£JUDPHQMHN
ȟ (] D OHJV]RPRU¼EE PRQGDW DPLW «OHWHPEHQ KDOORWWDP ȟ
KLWHWOHQNHGHWW -HUU\ ȟ 0£U KµQDSRNNDO H]HOÿWW V]DN¯WRWWDWRN $PEHUUHO
1HP WXGRP HOKLQQL KRJ\ P«J QHP MXWRWW£O W¼O UDMWD «V QHP WDO£OWDG
PHJD]XWµGM£W0£UPLQWQ«]]FVDNPHJHQJHP«V3DPHW0HJY£OWR]WDWWD
D]HJ«V]«OHWHPHW
$] EL]WRV KRJ\ LGHJHV¯WÿHQ MµNHGYě ILFNµW FVLQ£OW EHOÿOH 0DULR
HOWěQÿG¸WWYDMRQH]HO«JRNHDUUDKRJ\NLU¼JKDVVD
ȟ 7DO£OQRG NHOO PDJDGQDN HJ\ ¼M PDG£UN£W ȟ IRO\WDWWD PDJDEL]WRVDQ
-HUU\ ȟ $] PDMG KHO\UH WHV] 0LFVRGD O¼]HU D] DNL DNNRU LV EHPHJ\
GROJR]QLDPLNRUQHPPXV]£M"
ȟ ,QN£EE PDUDGMDN RWWKRQ" V PLW FVLQ£OMDN" 5HS¾OÿPRGHOOHNHW" ȟ
PXWDWRWW NL 0DULR D] DEODNRQ D V]¾UNH «JUH «V D] £OOLJ IHO¸OW¸]¸WW
M£UµNHOÿNUHȟ0HUWDKKR]W¼OKLGHJYDQKRJ\U¸SWHWQLLVOHKHVVHQÿNHW
ȟ 'HSUHVV]LµV YDJ\ H] D QDJ\ KHO\]HW 0«J JRQGRONRGQL VH E¯UV]
UHQGHVHQȟE¸N¸WWU£-HUU\DW¸PSHPXWDWµXMM£YDOȟ6]HGG¸VV]HPDJDG
HPEHU 1HP NHOO RWWKRQ PDUDGQRG 9HJ\«O HJ\ UHS¾OÿMHJ\HW «V K¼]] HO
YDODKRYDDKROQLQFVLO\HQURKDGWKLGHJ$KROYDQYDODPL«OHW1«]HJHVV
V]«S ELNLQLV O£Q\RNDW 6]HQWHOM N«W KHWHW D I«NWHOHQ V]H[QHN 7HQHULIH
SRQWPHJIHOHOÿKHO\HUUH
ȟ1HPN¸V]
0DULµQ KLUWHOHQ Y«JWHOHQ I£UDGWV£J OHWW ¼UU£ 1HP DNDUW 7HQHULI«W «V
I«NWHOHQV]H[HW(J\HG¾O$PEHUWDNDUWD
ȟ-µOYDQ5HPHNVPLNRUDNDULQGXOQL"
$]XWD]£VL¾J\Q¸NVDYV£UJDEO¼]W«VOHONHVPRVRO\WYLOODQWRWW0DULµUD
&VXSD IHONL£OWµMHOOHO EHV]«OW DPL NLVV« VRNQDN WěQW UHJJHO I«O W¯]NRU
DPLNRUYDODNLRO\DQP£VQDSRVPLQWDFKHOWHQKDPLY£URVK£]D
ȟ0DȟIHOHOWH0DULR
ȟ0DPLO\HQL]JDOPDVV7HQHULI«QKRYD"*RQGRORPYDODPLEXOLV
KHO\UH
ȟ/£VVXNPLNDOHKHWÿV«JHN«VPDMGHOG¸QW¸PȟE¸N¸WWIHM«YHO0DULR
DPRQLWRUIHO«
ȟ+£WSHUV]H7HJ\¾NH]W+£Q\DQOHV]QHN"
0DULRHUÿWOHQ¾OKXPRUL]£OQLSUµE£OW
ȟ +RJ\ K£Q\DQ OHV]HN" &VDN HJ\HG¾O Q YDJ\RN D] HJ\HWOHQ DNLW
LVPHUHN
ȟ $]D]Ȫ µ HOQ«]«VW ȟ $] XWD]£VL ¾J\Q¸N HJ\ SLOODQDWUD PLQWKD
PHJOHSÿG¸WWYROQDȟ$]WDNDUMDPRQGDQLKRJ\HJ\HG¾OXWD]LN"
ȟ,JHQ$]W
$QÿJ\RUVDQ¸VV]HV]HGWHPDJ£W
ȟ1RVH]IDQWDV]WLNXV
ȟ1HPLJD]£Q6]DN¯WRWWXQNDEDU£WQÿPPHO
(]WPHJPL«UWNHOOHWWPRQGDQLD"
ȟV]HJ«Q\IL¼ȟ$QÿNDF«UDQY«JLJP«UWH0DULµWȟ$PLD]WLOOHWL
«Q LV V]LQJOL YDJ\RN J\KRJ\ KD V]¯YHVHQ WDO£ONR]QD YDODNLYHO PLXW£Q
YLVV]DM¸WW7HQHULI«UÿOWXGMDKROWDO£OPHJ
0DULµQDNHV]H£J£EDQVHPYROWLO\HVPLGHD]«UWNLSU«VHOWHJ\PRVRO\W
ȟ.¸V]D]DM£QODWRW'HPRVWQHPOHKHWQHȪ
ȟ.¾O¸QEHQ7ULQDDQHYHP
ȟ 2N« $] LJD]DW PHJYDOOYD 7ULQD NLFVLW VLHWÿV OHQQH D GROJRP 1HP
WXGQ£QNJ\RUVDQWDO£OQLYDODPLW"
0DULRHOPHQWMV]DNDHUÿVOHKěO«VM¸WW«VOHHVHWWD]HOVÿKµDPLWÿO1DW
«V5XE\HNV]W£]LVEDHVHWW
)ÿOHJ DPLNRU 6HE LV PHJ«UNH]HWW V]RPEDWRQ HE«GLGÿEHQ D] ¼M
Q«J\NHU«NPHJKDMW£V¼ NRFVLM£YDO D FVRPDJWDUWµEDQ N«W PěDQ\DJ
V]£QNµYDO5XE\V]HUHWHWWHOVLPRJDWWDPHJDSLURVMµV]£JRW
ȟ(GGLJPLQGLJFVDNW£OF£QFV¼V]WDP
ȟ6]HJ«Q\K£WU£Q\RVKHO\]HWěJ\HUHNHN*\HU¾QNIHODNDE£WRWȟDGWD
NL D SDUDQFVRW 6HE ȟ .LSUµE£OMXN H]W D N«W V]«SV«JHW D %HJJDUEXVK
+LOOHQ
1DW«V5XE\PRVWYLV¯WR]YDV]£JXOGRWWOHDGRPEROGDORQDV]£QNµNNDO
P£V YDVWDJRQ EH¸OW¸]WHWHWW J\HUHNHN W£UVDV£J£EDQ %HJJDUEXVK +LOO
LGH£OLVKHO\YROWE£UNLQHNDNLV]HUHWHWWDKDYRQFV¼V]N£OQL
ȟ (]HNQHN VH VRN IRJXN PDUDG ȟ K¾OHGH]HWW /RWWLH DPLNRU 1DW
JXPLFVL]P£VO£E£YDOI«NH]YHSLOODQDWRNNDOD]HOÿWWYHWÿG¸WWOHDV]£QUµO
KRJ\ D] QHNLPHQW HJ\ QDJ\REE IL¼QDN DNL P£U HOHYH D KµEDQ IHN¾GW
NLWHU¾OYH
ȟ $ J\HUHNHN NHP«Q\HN 9LVV]DSDWWDQQDN 0RVW SHGLJ PDUDGV]
Uµ]VDV]¯QNLVO£Q\YDJ\PHJSUµE£ORGWHLV"
6HEHQYLFFHVSLURVV£UJDERORQGNDODSYROW«VP£ULVHUÿVHQKDYDV89
QDUDQFVV¯G]VHNL
%HJJDUEXVK +LOO YHV]HGHOPHVHQ PHUHGHN YROW «V D J\HUHNHN ¼J\
V¾Y¯WHWWHNOHUDMWDPLQWDYLOO£P/RWWLHHJ\SLOODQDWLJW«WRY£]RWW
ȟ0«JVRVHP¾OWHPLO\HQPRGHUQV]£QRQ(O«JJ«Ȫ£UDPYRQDODVQHP
LJD]"
ȟ*\£YDQ\¼OȟFVDSRWWOH6HED]RQQDOȟ3XK£Q\%DUELHEDED
/RWWLH XW£OWD KD SXK£Q\QDN QHYH]LN %¾V]NH YROW DUUD KRJ\ PLQGHQW
NLSUµE£O
ȟ 1HP D]W PRQGWDP KRJ\ QHP FVLQ£ORP PHJ &VDN D]W PRQGWDP
KRJ\P«JVRVHP¾OWHPLO\HQȪ
ȟ $P¼J\ LV W¼O ¸UHJ YDJ\ P£U KR]]£ ȟ PRQGWD 6HE ȟ 1HP FVDN W¼O
J\HQJH«VJ\£YD7DO£QLQN£EEN¸W¸JHWQHGNHOOHQH
ȟ $Q\D H] QDJ\RQ GXUYD ȟ 5XE\ «UNH]HWW NLSLUXOYD OLKHJYH D OHMWÿ
IHOÿOȟ/£WWDGPLO\HQJ\RUVDNYROWXQN"
ȟ 1DQD ȟ IHQ\HJHWWH PHJ D] XMM£YDO 6HE ȟ 1H PRQGG NL D J\ EHWěV
V]µW $] DQ\£G QHP V]HUHWL D J\RUV GROJRNDW .¸]W¾QN V]µOYD LQN£EE D
JRO\µ]£VYDOµQHNL
ȟ-DMQHP£U
/RWWLHQDN HOHJH YROW D SLV]N£OµG£VEµO HOYHWWH D V]£QNµW 5XE\WµO
$QQ\LUDQHPOHKHWQHK«]
ȟ-XK¼ȟ¾W¸JHWWH¸VV]HNHV]W\ěVNH]«W5XE\ȟ$Q\DLVOHPHJ\
ȟ3HGLJFVDNHJ\J\HQJHQÿȟMHJ\H]WHPHJ6HEȟJ\KRJ\QHY£UMDWRN
WÿOHK£URPNLORP«WHUSHUµU£Q£OW¸EEHW
+£W Mµ /RWWLH OHFVDSWD D KµUD D V]£QW HOKHO\H]NHGHWW UDMWD D O£E£W
N«WROGDOWNLOµJDWYD2GDLQWHWW6HEQHN
ȟ/¸NMPHJ
5XE\«SSHQNLNDSFVROWDDVLVDNMDFVDWM£W
ȟ$Q\DQHPN«UHGH]W"
ȟ 1HP ȟ $ EXNµVLVDN SXK£Q\RNQDN YDOµ ȟ 1D O¸NM PHJ Mµ HUÿVHQ
DKRJ\FVDNE¯UV]Ȫ-XK¼¼¼¼¼¼¼
(J\£OWDO£Q QHP RO\DQ YROW PLQW HJ\ U«JLPµGL V]£QNµ UDPYRQDODV
PěDQ\DJ V]HUNH]HW UR]VGDPHQWHV DF«O FV¼V]µWDOSDNNDO V VRNNDO
J\RUVDEE LV YROW DKRJ\ D]W /RWWLH PHJWDSDV]WDOWD .¸QQ\EH O£EDGW D
V]HPH «V MHJHV V]«O I¾W\¾OW D I¾OH PHOOHWW $ KDMD D] DUF£UD WDSDGW
0LN¸]EHQ D] «OHW««UW NDSDV]NRGRWW D NRUP£Q\N¸W«OEH £WVXKDQW Q«K£Q\
KXSSDQµQ«VHOV¾Y¯WHWWHJ\ODEUDGRUPHOOHWWDNLHJ\I£Q£OY«JH]WH«SSHQ
D GROJ£W 0LQWKD KXOO£PYDV¼WRQ ¾OW YROQD EL]WRQV£JL U¸J]¯Wÿ Q«ON¾O
2O\DQJ\RUVDQK¼]RWWHOD]HPEHUHNPHOOHWWKRJ\FVDNHOPRVµGµIROWQDN
O£WWDÿNHWȪ'HH]FVDNHJ\GRPEQHPVRN£UDOH«UDV¯NWHUHSUH«VPDMG
IRNR]DWRVDQOHODVVXOPLHOÿWWPHJ£OODȪ
%$1****DV]£QQHNLPHQWHJ\NÿQHNDPLDOLJ£OOWNLDKµEµO/RWWLHD
OHYHJÿEHUHS¾OW«VPHJWDSDV]WDOKDWWDPLO\HQD]DPLNRUYDODNLWNLOÿQHN
HJ\£J\¼EµO9DGXONDOLPS£OYDUHS¾OW«VDNNRU£WVLN¯WRWWKRJ\D]HJ«V]
Y¸OJ\ EHOHUHPHJHWW $]W£Q HJ\V]HU FVDN I¸OGHW «UW «V KLUWHOHQ PLQGHQ
OHYHJÿNLV]£OOWDW¾GHM«EÿO
$ VLNROW£VQDN Y«JH V]DNDGW GH /RWWLH WRY£EEEXNIHQFH]HWW «V D YLO£J
V]«G¯WÿHQEXFVN£]RWWHOPHOOHWWHP¯JY«J¾OHJ\XWROVµSXIIDQ£VVDOKDVRQ
HOQHPWHU¾OWDKµEDQ
ȟ%DVV]XVȟQ\¸J¸WWIHOY«UHVKDYDWN¸SN¸GYH
)HOIRUGXOW D J\RPUD D I£MGDORPWµO 0LQGHQH ¼J\ VDMJRWW KRJ\ D]W VH
WXGWDKRONH]GMHV]£PEDYHQQL
ȟ $Q\D -µO YDJ\" ȟ 1DW «UW RGD HOVÿQHN «V OHW«UGHOW PHOO« ȟ
0HJV«U¾OW«O"
ȟ &VDN HJ\ NLFVLW ȟ /RWWLHQDN ERU]DOPDVDQ I£MW D JHULQFH DOVµ U«V]H
(OIRUG¯WRWWDDIHM«W«VHUÿWOHQ¾O1DWUHPRVRO\JRWWȟ6HEM¸QP£U"
ȟ ,JHQ M¸QQHN 5XE\YDO ȟ 1DW RGDQ\¼OW «V HOK¼]RWW HJ\ QHGYHV
KDMWLQFVHW/RWWLHV]HPHHOÿO/RWWLHQDN¸VV]HV]RUXOWDV]¯YHDJHV]WXVWµO
ȟ6]HJ«Q\DQ\DP«JLVFVDNNHOOHWWYROQDD]DEXNµVLVDN
/RWWLH EµOLQWRWW $ VRUV LUµQL£MD KRJ\ «SSHQ D IHMH YROW D] HJ\HWOHQ
WHVWU«V]HDPLQHPI£MW
ȟ$Q\Xȟ5XE\«UNH]HWW6HENH]«WIRJYDȟ5HS¾OW«O
ȟ7XGRPȟU£QGXOW¸VV]H/RWWLHȟQLVRWWYROWDP
ȟ $ NLV KDW£VYDG£V] ȟ JXJJROW OH PHOO« 6HE ȟ 6]HULQWHP DQ\£WRN D]W
UHP«OWHKRJ\YDODNLIHOYHV]LDWHOHIRQM£YDO«VPDMGIHOW¸OWLD<RX7XEHUD
DSURGXNFLµWȟYHUHJHWWHPHJ/RWWLHK£W£Wȟ6HJ¯WVHNIHO£OOQL"
)HO£OOQL"
ȟ 1HP DNDUQ«N J\HQJH QÿQHN PXWDWNR]QL ȟ IHOHOWH /RWWLH ȟ GH D]W
KLV]HPKRJ\LQN£EEPHQWÿWN«QHK¯YQRG
0LUH /RWWLH Y«JUH D NµUK£]L £J\ED NHU¾OW «V D] RUYRV HOPHQW KRJ\
PHJ¯UMD D IHOMHJ\]«VHLW P£U HVWH KDWUD M£UW 6HE «V D J\HUHNHN DNLNHW
Y«JUH YLVV]DHQJHGWHN D NµUWHUHPEH EHWUDSSROWDN D FVL]P£MXNEDQ «V D
V¯FXFFXNEDQ 1DW «V 5XE\ O£WYD D] LQI¼]LµW «V D JLSV]HW ¼M NHOHWě
WLV]WHOHWWHOPHUHGWHND]DQ\MXNUD
/RWWLH K£WD P«J PLQGLJ V]¸UQ\HQ I£MW SHGLJ WHOH YROW
I£MGDORPFVLOODS¯WµYDO0HJSXV]LOWDDJ\HUHNHNHWD]W£Q6HEUHSLOODQWRWW
ȟ $] RUYRV D]W PRQGWD KRJ\ N¸U¾OEHO¾O HJ\ K«WLJ EHQW OHV]HN $
YL]VJ£ODWRNY«U¸POHQ\WPXWDWWDNNLD]HJ\LNYHV«PEHQ9DODPL]¼]µG£VW
YDJ\Y«U]«VW0LQGHQHVHWUH£J\EDQNHOOPDUDGQRPDP¯JHOQHPP¼OLN
6HEPHJOHSHWWQHNWěQW
ȟ(J\K«W$]QHPVHPPL
+£W QHP VHPPL (J\ U¸YLG V]£QNµ]£V «V LWW N¸W NL D FKHOWHQKDPL
NµUK£]EDQW¸U¸WWEDOO£EEDONLILFDP¯WRWWMREEFVXNOµYDOUHSHGWERUG£NNDO
«VN£URVRGRWWYHV«YHO
0HJNDU£FVRQ\HOVÿQDSM£YDO
ȟ $ JRQG D J\HUHNHNNHO YDQ ȟ /RWWLH N«SWHOHQ YROW E£UPL P£VUD
JRQGROQLDPLµWDEHKR]W£Nȟ0DULR7HQHULI«QYDQ&UHVVLGD1HZFDVWOH
EDQ¼J\KRJ\ÿVHPWXGU£MXNYLJ\£]QL+DYLVV]DWXGQ£OPHQQLDK£]ED
«V PHJNHUHVQ«G D WHOHIRQV]£PRW DPLW 0DULR PHJKDJ\RWW HVHWOHJ IHO
WXGQ£PK¯YQLKRJ\M¸MM¸QKD]DGHKRJ\PDHVWHPLOHV]D]WQHPWXGRP
ȟ 1\XJL ȟ ¾OW OH 6HE D] £J\ V]«O«UH ȟ %L]WRVDQ YDQ YDODNL DNLW
PHJN«UKHWV](VHWOHJYDODPLRV]W£O\W£UVV]¾OHL"
ȟ $ U«JL PRELORPEDQ YROW S£U V]£P ȟ /RWWLH QHP HOÿV]¸U £WNR]WD
PDJ£W KRJ\ PL«UW QHP ¸VV]HV]HGHWWHEE ȟ 'H WDYDO\ HOORSW£N D
W£VN£PDWEHQQHDWHOHIRQQDO«VD]W£QP£UQHPWXGWDP¼MUD¸VV]HV]HGQL
ÿNHW1HPV]£P¯WRWWDPU£KRJ\LO\HVPLW¸UW«QLNȪV0DULRLV«SSPRVW
QLQFVLWW
ȟ6HPPLJRQGȟIHOHOWH6HEȟ0DMG«QHOYLV]HPÿNHW
ȟ0LFVRGD"ȟ/RWWLHQDNHOV]RUXOWDV]¯YH7XGWDKRJ\6HEQHNIRQWRV
¾]OHWLYDFVRU£MDYDQD]«UWLVQHPPHUWHÿWPHJN«UQLȟ'HPLOHV]DȪ"
ȟ /HPRQGRP $ J\HUHNHN SHGLJ YHOHP M¸QQHN ȟ 0HJERU]ROWD 1DW
KDM£W «V HOYLJ\RURGRWW ȟ 0LW V]µOWRN KR]]£ VU£FRN" -µ OHV]" 9DJ\
V]¯YHVHEEHQ«MV]DN£]WRNHJ\EXV]PHJ£OOµEDQ"
ȟ1£ODGIRJXQNDOXGQLȟPRQGWD1DWEROGRJDQȟ0RQRSRO\]KDWXQN"
ȟ7DO£Q5XE\WHPLWV]µOV]"
5XE\UHP«Q\NHGÿDUFRWY£JRWW
ȟ6FUDEEOH"
0LFVRGD PHJN¸QQ\HEE¾O«V /RWWLH «UH]WH KRJ\ OHJ¸UG¾O UµOD D
IHOHOÿVV«JP£]V£VV¼O\D5£PRVRO\JRWW6HEUH
ȟ .¸V]¸Q¸P ȟ VXWWRJWD $]W£Q D J\HUHNHNKH] IRUGXOW ȟ 7L SHGLJ
¯J«UM«WHNPHJKRJ\MµOIRJWRNYLVHONHGQL
1DWPHJYROWV«UWYH
ȟ'HK£WPLQGLJMµOYLVHONHG¾QN
ȟ$NNRUMµ(OÿV]¸ULVNHOOHQLIRJDK£]XQNNXOFVDȟ$]«MMHOLV]HNU«Q\UH
PXWDWRWW DKRY£ D W£VN£M£W WHWW«N ȟ %HXJUDQ£WRN D +HVWDFRPEH +RXVH
ED LV «V V]µOQ£WRN 7\OHUQHN" 0DULR V]£PD RWW YDQ HJ\ GDUDE SDS¯URQ
YDODKRODNRQ\K£EDQ7DO£QDW£ODOµQ
ȟ0DMG«QIHOK¯YRPȟPRQGWD6HEȟ7HFVDNSLKHQM5HJJHOEHM¸Y¾QN
ȟ 0L OHQQH YHOHP Q«ON¾OHG" ȟ /RWWLH SUµE£OW QHP ¸VV]HUH]]HQQL
DPLNRU 6HE RGDKDMROW KRJ\ PHJFVµNROMD «V Y«OHWOHQ¾O KR]]£«UW D I£MµV
Y£OO£KR]
6HEU£NDFVLQWRWW
ȟ1HPWXGRPQHJ\V]HQWYDJ\RN
(] D] HJ«V] P£U W¼OPXWDWRWW D] HOY£UKDWµ JRQGRVV£JRQ 0LN¸]EHQ
KD]DIHO«YH]HWHWW.LQJVWRQ$VKEH6HEY«JLJH]HQDSUREO«P£QU£JµGRWW
D] LGÿ]¯W«V QHP LV OHKHWHWW YROQD URVV]DEE /RWWLH V]XSHU O£Q\ «V ÿ
QDJ\RQ V]HUHWL D J\HUHNHLW GH D] KRJ\ HQQHN «SS PD NHOOHWW
PHJW¸UW«QQLH WHOMHV NDWDV]WUµI£W RNR]RWW .DULQD ȟ D PHQQ\HL .DULQD ȟ
«SS PRVW UHS¾OW LGH 'XEDMEµO D K«WY«J«UH «V 6HE P£U HOÿUH NLWDO£OWD D
NLIRJ£VW/RWWLHQDNKRJ\OHV]HJ\YDFVRU£MDDKRODN¸YHWNH]ÿEDMQRNV£J
V]SRQ]RU£O£V£UµONHOOW£UJ\DOQLD
V PRVW OH NHOO PRQGDQLD KRJ\ 1DWUH PHJ 5XE\UD YLJ\£]]RQ 'H K£W
PL P£VW WHKHWQH D] DGRWW N¸U¾OP«Q\HN N¸]¸WW" +¯YMD IHO D
J\£PKDWµV£JRW «V N«UMH PHJ ÿNHW KRJ\ KHO\H]]«N HO YDODKRYD D
J\HUHNHNHWDK«WY«J«UH"
0HJD]W£QPLYHOÿYLWWHRGDDV]£QNµNDW«VÿYHWWHU£/RWWLHWKRJ\
OHFV¼VV]RQYROWQ«PLEěQWXGDWDLV
+LUWHOHQHJ\WHUYNH]GHWWN¸UYRQDOD]µGQLDIHM«EHQ0LN¸]EHQXMMDLYDO
D NRUP£Q\RQ GREROW HOPRVRO\RGRWW PDJ£EDQ WDO£Q P«JVHP OHV] WHOMHV
NXGDUFH]D]HVWH
ȟ6HEȟNL£OWRWWIHOPHOOHWWH1DWL]JDWRWWDQȟ$]HJ«V]RO\DQPLQWHJ\
NDODQGQHP"1HPM¸KHWQH£W0D\DLV"
ȟ 6]XSHU OHQQH GH ÿ /RQGRQEDQ YDQ D] DQ\XN£M£YDO 7DO£Q PDMG
OHJN¸]HOHEE ȟ NDQ\DURGRWW EH 6HE D KDYDV NRFVLEHM£UµUD ȟ 1D
PHJM¸WW¾QN1HIHOHMWV«WHNDFXFFDLWRNDW
ȟ 6HE ȟ Q«]HWW ¸VV]H 1DW UHP«Q\NHGYH 5XE\YDO ȟ 1£ODG NHOO IRJDW
PRVQL"
6HEYLJ\RUJRWWPHUW0D\DLVPLQGLJXJ\DQH]WFVLQ£OWD
ȟ.RPRO\DQN«UGH]LWHN"+£WSHUV]HKRJ\QHP
1DW «V 5XE\ D QDSSDOLEDQ UDNW£N NL D 0RQRSRO\W£EO£W «V JRQGRVDQ
V]«WY£ORJDWW£NDS«Q]HNHW6HEPDJ£UDFVXNWDDNRQ\KDDMWµW«VIHOK¯YWD
.DULQ£W$O£Q\DKDUPDGLNFV¸QJ«VUHYHWWHIHO
ȟ9£OWR]RWWDWHUYȟMHOHQWHWWHEHJ\RUVDQ6HED]W£QU¸YLGHQHOÿDGWD
KRJ\PLW¸UW«QW
ȟ 7H Mµ «J ȟ MDMGXOW IHO .DULQD ȟ (]W QHP KLV]HP HO $]«UW XWD]WDP
HQQ\LWKRJ\Ȫ
ȟ 1\XJL Q\XJL ȟ FVLOODS¯WRWWD 6HE ȟ $]«UW QHP NHOO KRJ\ OHHVVHQ D
JDW\£QNLMHGW¾QNEHQ
ȟ5DMWDPQLQFVLVSSHQDN£GEDQYDJ\RNN«V]¾O¸ND]HVW«UH
ȟ,GHKDOOJDVVȟU£]WDPHJDIHM«W6HEȟ0LP£VWWHKHWWHPYROQD"1LQFV
VHQNLP£VDNLYLJ\£]KDWQDU£MXN
ȟ1HPHUUHYDOµNDJ\HUPHNRWWKRQRN"
ȟ6]XSHUN¸O\N¸NSSHQPRQRSRO\]QLIRJXQN
ȟOMHQ
ȟ$]W£Q£J\EDGXJRPÿNHWȟ6HEHOKDOOJDWRWWPDMGMHOHQWÿV«JWHOMHVHQ
KR]]£WHWWH ȟ )HQW D YHQG«JV]RE£EDQ D OHJIHOVÿ HPHOHWHQ 6]HULQWHP
QDJ\M£EµOȪNLOHQFN¸U¾OP£UOHIHNV]HQHN
.DULQDD]RQQDOIHO«O«QN¾OW
ȟVDNNRU£WM¸VV]KR]]£PDV]£OORG£ED"
6HEPHJFVµY£OWDDIHM«W
ȟ /£WV]LN KRJ\ QLQFV J\HUHNHG FXNRUIDODW +D FVDN ¼J\ RWWKDJ\RG
ÿNHWDNNRUE¸UW¸QEHNHU¾OV]'HI«OW¯]UHP£UP«O\HQDOV]DQDNVDNNRU
EHSDWWDQV]HJ\WD[LED«V£WM¸VV]
.DULQDKDQJMDRO\DQYROWPLQWKDPRVRO\RJQD
ȟ-µOW£UJ\DOV]E«EL
ȟ1HPIRJRGPHJE£QQL
ȟ9DQDQ\DJRG"
6HEHOYLJ\RURGRWWHOÿ]ÿQDSM£UWDG¯OHU«Q«O
ȟ0LWPRQGWDPD]HOÿEEFXNRUIDODW"$]WKRJ\QHPIRJRGPHJE£QQL
+DWYDQHJ\HGLNIHMH]HW
5XE\QHPWXGRWWDOXGQL6]XSHUYROW1DWWHOPHJ6HEEHOW£UVDVR]QLIÿOHJ
PHJYHUQL 6HEHW GH DPLQW NLOHQF µUD OHWW 6HE OHIHNWHWWH ÿNHW D
SDGO£VV]RE£EDQ «V PRVW IXU£Q «UH]WH PDJ£W (OÿV]¸U LV OHSHGÿ PHJ
WDNDUµ YROW «V QHP SDSODQ DPLKH] V]RNYD YROW $]W£Q PHJ 6HE D]W
PRQGWDKRJ\ÿ£J\EDE¼MLNGHQHPIHN¾GWOHQHPU«JHJ\NRFVL£OOWPHJ
D K£] HOÿWW «V 5XE\ PRVW RO\DQ KDQJRNDW «V QHV]HNHW KDOORWW OHQWUÿO
DPLNEL]WRVDQQHPDW«Y«EÿOM¸WWHN
1HJ\HG WL]HQHJ\ YROW 1DW P«O\HQ DOXGW D P£VLN £J\EDQ $
V]RPM¼V£JWµO«VDN¯Y£QFVLV£JWµOYH]«UHOYH5XE\NLP£V]RWWD]£J\EµO«V
KDONDQ NLQ\LWRWWD D] DMWµW /HIHO« PHQHW HV]«EH MXWRWW KRJ\ WDO£Q 0D\D
M¸WW6HEEL]WRVDQPHJOHSHW«VWDNDUWN«V]¯WHQLDK«WY«J«UH
$IRO\RVµKLGHJSDGOµMDV]LQWH«JHWWHFVXSDV]WDOS£W$QDSSDOLDMWDM£W
JRQGRVDQ EHFVXNW£N GH Q\LOY£QYDOµ YROW KRJ\ YDQ RWW YDODNL 6HEEHO
5XE\ D N«N SL]VDP£M£EDQ O£EXMMKHJ\HQ RGDµYDNRGRWW D] DMWµKR] «V
EHOHVHWWDNXOFVO\XNRQ
-DMQHH]QHPOHKHWLJD]5XE\G¸EEHQWHQK¼]µGRWWYLVV]DD]W£QFVDN
KRJ\ PHJEL]RQ\RVRGMRQ UµOD KRJ\ QHP N«S]HOÿG¸WW P«J HJ\V]HU
EHQ«]HWW6HEDNDQDS«QYROWHJ\QÿYHODQÿHJ\V]£OEXJ\LEDQ«V6HE
DNLQ QHP YROW LQJ «SS D GRK£Q\]µDV]WDO I¸O« KDMROW D] RUU£EDQ YDODPL
V]¯YµV]£OI«O«YHO
5XE\ V]LQWH EL]WRVUD YHWWH KRJ\ FVDN YDODPL GURJ OHKHW /£WRWW P£U
HPEHUHNHW ¯J\ V]LSSDQWJDWQL D W«Y«EHQ ,VP«W K£WU«EE K¼]µGRWW PLUH
PHJUHFFVHQWD]HJ\LNSDGOµGHV]ND5XE\PHJGHUPHGWU«P¾OHW«EHQ
2GDEHQWPHJV]µODOWDQÿ
ȟ0LYROWH]DKDQJ"
5XE\ NDODS£Oµ V]¯YYHO SUµE£OW EHOHROYDGQL D O«SFVÿ DODWWL V¸W«WV«JEH
$]W£QKDOORWWDKRJ\Q\¯OLNDQDSSDOLDMWDMD6HEKDQJMDKDOODWV]RWW
ȟ0LQGHQRN«QLQFVLWWVHQNL
$QÿNXQFRJRWW
ȟ+DDN¸O\N¸ND]RNDNNRUEHNHOO]£UQLÿNHWDSLQF«EH
ȟ 1H L]JXOM $OV]DQDN (OOHQW«WEHQ YHOHP ȟ GRURPEROWD 6HE «V
EHFVXNWDD]DMWµW
5HMWHNKHO\«UÿO 5XE\ O£WWD 6HE PRELOM£W D] HOÿV]REDDV]WDORQ
2GDVHWWHQNHGHWWIHONDSWD«VIHOURKDQWYHOHDO«SFVÿQ
ȟ$Q\DȪ$Q\DȪȟ$SDGO£VV]REDEL]WRQV£J£EDQDI¸OG¸QNXSRURJYD
5XE\ QDJ\ QHKH]HQ PHJWDO£OWD /RWWLH QHY«W D NHGYHQFHN OLVW£M£EDQ «V
K¯YQLNH]GWHȟ9HGGIHON«UOHNYHGGIHOȪ
'H FVDN D] ¾]HQHWU¸J]¯Wÿ MHOHQWNH]HWW «V 5XE\ V]HP«W IRUUµ N¸QQ\HN
«JHWW«N.LY£UWDDV¯SRO£VWD]W£QEHOHVXWWRJRWW
ȟ $Q\D RWW YDJ\" Q FVDNȪ ȟ (OKDOOJDWRWW PHJW¸U¸OWH IRUUµ
DUFRFVN£M£WDN«]IHM«YHOD]W£QUHPHJYHIRO\WDWWDȟ+D]DDNDURNPHQQL
/RWWLHQHPWXGWDHOG¸QWHQLKRJ\V]XQ\µN£OHYDJ\£OPRGLNDPLNRUQÿL
KDQJRWKDORWW
ȟ1HPKDMODQGµHOPHQQLDP¯JQHPO£WWDPDJ£W
/RWWLHNLQ\LWRWWDDV]HP«W«VDQÿY«UWSLOODQWRWWDPHJD]£J\DPHOOHWW
ȟ7HVV«N"
ȟ $ IÿQ¸NH 7\OHU XJ\H ¯J\ K¯YM£N" 0RQGWDP QHNL KRJ\ QLQFV
O£WRJDW£VLLGÿGHQDJ\RQHUÿVN¸G¸WW$]WPRQGWDPQHNLKRJ\¸WSHUFUH
EHXJRUKDWKDPDJ£QDNLVPHJIHOHO
$ QÿY«U FLQNRV DUFRW Y£JRWW PLQW DNL WXGMD KRJ\ V]DE£O\WDODQV£JRW
N¸YHWHO
ȟ5RVV]XOQ«]HNNL"ȟ«UGHNOÿG¸WW/RWWLH
ȟþV]LQWHOHJ\HN",JHQ
ȟ-µOYDQ.¾OGMHEH
$PLNRU 7\OHU PHJMHOHQW D NµUWHUHPEHQ /RWWLH U¸JYHVW U£M¸WW KRJ\DQ
VLNHU¾OKHWHWW QHNL PHJJ\ÿ]QLH D QÿY«UW 6]PRNLQJRW «V YDN¯WµDQ IHK«U
LQJHWYLVHOW]VHE«EÿOFVRNRUQ\DNNHQGÿOµJRWWNL
ȟ(O«JUDPDW\XOQ«]HONLȟ¾GY¸]¸OWH7\OHU
$VLPDEHV]«GěV£UPÿU
ȟ.¸V]7HLV/£WRPWRY£EEUDLVNLGREµN«QWGROJR]RO
ȟ&VDNI«OµU£YDOH]HOÿWW«UW¾QNKD]Dȟ7\OHUKDONDQEHV]«OWKRJ\QH
]DYDUMDDP£UDOYµW¸EELEHWHJHW2GDK¼]RWWHJ\V]«NHWȟ0HJWDO£OWDPD]
¾]HQHWHW GH FVDN DQQ\L YROW EHQQH KRJ\ EDOHVHWHW V]HQYHGW«O
NµUK£]EDQ YDJ\ «V S£U K«WLJ QHP IRJV] WXGQL GROJR]QL 7HOMHVHQ
RGDYROWDP PHUW QHP WXGWDP KRJ\ PHO\LN NµUK£]ED NHU¾OW«O «V
SRQWRVDQPLEDMRGȟ(OKDOOJDWRWWȟ7«Q\OHJPLEDMRG"
/RWWLH HOPRQGWD 0HJKDWRWWD 7\OHU DJJRGDOPD «V D] LJ\HNH]HW KRJ\
IHONXWDWWD0HJQ\XJWDWµYROWO£WQLDI«UILW7¸EELVPLQWPHJQ\XJWDWµGH
EL]RQ\RVGROJRNDWMREEQHPNLPRQGDQL
ȟVKROYDQ5XE\PHJ1DW"ȟN«UGH]WH7\OHUDPLNRU/RWWLHEHIHMH]WH
ȟ 6HEQ«O DOV]DQDN .LQJVWRQ $VKEHQ 1DJ\RQ UHQGHV YROW 7DO£Q
KDJ\WDN LV QHNHP ¾]HQHWHW KRJ\ VLNHU¾OWH HO«UQL 0DULµW ȟ /RWWLH «S
NH]«YHO D V]HNU«Q\ IHO« PXWDWRWW ȟ 2WW YDQ EHQW D PRELORP GH D
NµUWHUHPEHQQHPNDSFVROKDWMXNEH.LPHQQ«OYHOH«VPHJQ«]Q«GQHP
¾]HQWH6HEYDJ\0DULR"
$PLNRU.LQJVWRQ$VKHOPDUDGWP¸J¸WW¾N7\OHUPHJ£OOW«VK£WUDQ«]HWWD
K£WVµ ¾O«VHQ NXSRUJµ J\HUHNHNUH /£WWD KRJ\ KD OHONHV K£O£ONRG£VUD
V]£P¯WRWWDNNRUQDJ\RWIRJFVDOµGQL
'HV]HUHQFV«UHQHPV]£P¯WRWWU£
ȟ(OYLV]OHNEHQQHWHNHWPDJDPKR]$+HVWDFRPEH+RXVHEDȟPRQGWD
K£WKDD)R[&RWWDJHUDJRQGROQDN
ȟ/£WQLDNDURPDQ\£WȟPRQGWD5XE\
ȟ 7XGRP GH PRVW DOV]LN .¾O¸QEHQ VHP HQJHGQ«QHN EH D NµUK£]ED
J\KRJ\QHPȪ
ȟ Q QHP IRJRN D WH K£]DGEDQ DOXGQL ȟ MHOHQWHWWH NL 1DW
PHJIHOOHEEH]KHWHWOHQ¾O«VPHUHYHQNLE£PXOWD]DEODNRQ
0«O\O«OHJ]HW7¾UHOHP
ȟ1HPFVDN«QOHV]HNRWWKDQHP/LDQDLV
1DWNDUEDIRQWDDNH]«W
ȟ$NNRUVH
ȟ +£W QHPLJHQ YDQ P£V Y£ODV]W£VRG ȟ MHOHQWHWWH NL 7\OHU ȟ 5XE\
PRQGGPHJQHNL
5XE\V¸W«WV]HPHNLIHMH]«VWHOHQ¾OPHUHGWU£
ȟQVHPDNDURNKR]]£GPHQQL&VDNKDJ\MPLQNHWDNµUK£]EDQPDMG
RWW¾O¾QN«VY£UXQNDP¯JDQ\DIHO«EUHG
0LQGM£UWRUG¯WRNJRQGROWD7\OHU
ȟ,GHKDOOJDVVDWRN1HPFVDN¼J\HOUDEROWDODNWLWHNHWȟN¸]¸OWH7\OHUȟ
7LK¯YWDWRNQHPHPO«NH]WHN"7LN«UW«WHNKRJ\PHQMHN«UWHWHN
ȟQXJ\DQQHPȟY£JRWWYLVV]D1DWȟQQHPDNDUWDPKRJ\E£UNLLV
«UWHPM¸MM¸Q7¸NMµODOXGWDPDP¯JH]IHOQHP«EUHV]WHWW
ȟ1HE¸NG¸VVȟO¸NWHYLVV]D5XE\1DWHW
ȟ$NNRUPLOHJ\HQ")RUGXOMDNPHJ«VYLJ\HOHNYLVV]DWLWHNHW"
&VHQG
ȟ 0RQGM£WRN FVDN PHJ ȟ HUÿVN¸G¸WW 7\OHU ȟ UGHNHOQH D GRORJ
7«Q\OHJH]WDNDUM£WRN"
9«J¾O5XE\KDONDQD]WPRURJWD
ȟ1HP
ȟ'HKR]]£GVHPDNDUXQNPHQQLȟLVP«WHOWHPHJNRQRNXO1DW
ȟ 2N« PLQGD]RQ£OWDO ILJ\HOPH]WHWOHN KRJ\ HO«J NRUO£WR]RWWDN D
OHKHWÿV«JHN $S£WRN 7HQHULI«Q YDQ V /RWWLH D]W PRQGWD KRJ\ D
EDU£WQÿMH &UHVVLGD LV HOXWD]RWW (VHWOHJ PHJN«UKHWHP %HQ -HQNLQV«N
DQ\XN£M£W K£WKD RWW HOI«UWHN D] HPHOHWHV £J\RQ 9DJ\ LQN£EE 7HGKH]
PHQQ«WHN D EROWED" 9DJ\ KRJ\ LV K¯YM£N D]W D WDQ£UQÿW DNLWÿO DQ\£WRN
DQQ\LUDI«O"0LVV%DWYDODPL*RQGROM£WRNKRJ\ÿEHIRJDGQDWLWHNHW"
MDEEFVHQG
1DWPHJV]µODOW
ȟ0DMGHOOHV]¾QNDNµUK£]EDQ
ȟ$]QHPMµPHUWDNNRUK¯YQLIRJM£NDUHQGÿUV«JHW«VPLQGNHWWÿW¸NHW
OHWDUWµ]WDWQDN ȟ 7\OHU IHOVµKDMWRWW PHUW HJ\UH HUÿVHEEHQ KDYD]RWW «V
DOLJ OHKHWHWW NLO£WQL D V]«OY«GÿQ ȟ J\KRJ\ H] D] XWROVµ DM£QODWRP
+ROQDSPDMGNLWDO£OXQNYDODPLMREEDWGHPDDOXGMDWRNQ£ODP
5XE\ NRWRU£V]QL NH]GHWW D QDGU£J]VHE«EHQ «V Y«J¾O HJ\ NXOFVRW
V]HGHWWHOÿ'LDGDOPDVDQN¸]¸OWH
ȟ,QN£EEQ£OXQNDOXGMXQN
ȟ1HPPDUDGKDWWRNHJ\HG¾O
ȟJ\VHPK¯YQ£GDUHQGÿUV«JHW
ȟ 6]HULQWHP GH ȟ PRVRO\RGRWW HO 7\OHU ȟ V HJ\ K«WUH GXW\LED
]£UQ£QDNEHQQHWHNHW
5XE\NRPRUDQPHUHGWU£Q«K£Q\P£VRGSHUFLJD]W£QY£OODWYRQW
ȟ1DMµ'HDQ\D£J\£EDQHPIHNKHWV]0DMGDOV]RORGDOHQWDNDQDS«Q
ȟ0LYDQEHQQH"/HJDO£EEHJ\WRQQD
+¾O\H N«UG«V JRQGROWD 7\OHU DPLNRU NLQ\LWRWWD 1DW LVNRODW£VN£M£W «V
PLWWDO£OWEHQQH".¸YHNHW
ȟ.¸YHN1HPJ\ěMWKHWHNN¸YHNHW"
1DW F«O]DWRVDQ NDSLUJ£OWD D NHP«Q\ IHNHWH GDUDEN£NDW D ODVDJQH
WHWHM«UÿO
ȟ'HKRJ\QHP'HPHJN«UGH]KHWHPPL«UW"
ȟ $ NDWRQ£N LV H]W FVLQ£OM£N D VHUHJEHQ +RJ\ PHJHUÿV¸GMHQHN (]
QDJ\RQPHJ«JHWW
7\OHUSUµE£OWDWU«I£YDOSDO£VWROQLIÿ]ÿWXGRP£Q\£QDNKL£Q\RVV£JDLW
ȟQV]«QHQJULOOH]HWWQHNQHYH]HP
ȟQPHJ«JHWWQHN
ȟ$NDWRQ£NLV¯J\HV]LNȟ7\OHUE£Q\£V]QLNH]GHWWDV£URVNÿGDUDERN
N¸]¸WW«VHJ\J\ěU¸WWV]DNDGWN«NSDS¯UWK¼]RWWHOÿȟ(]PL"
ȟ/HY«OD]LVNRO£WµOȟPRW\RJWD1DW
ȟVPLµWDYDQQ£ODG"
ȟ1HPWXGRP'HH]QDJ\RQ«JHWW
7\OHU ROYDVQL NH]GWH D I«Q\P£VROW OHYHOHW DPHO\HW D] LJD]JDWµQÿ
N¾OG¸WWD]¸VV]HVGL£NV]¾OHLQHN«VRO\DQ¾J\HVHQYROWPHJIRJDOPD]YD
KRJ\HOÿV]¸UKDPLVEL]WRQV£J«U]HWEHULQJDWWD
&VDNQ«K£Q\SLOODQDWP¼OYDIRJWDIHOPLUÿOLVYDQV]µ
ȟ+«WIÿHVWHI«ONLOHQFYDQȟPRQGWD7\OHUODVVDQȟVLWWD]£OOKRJ\
PLQGHQ J\HUHNQHN V¾WLW NHOO YLQQLH NHGG UHJJHO D V¾WLVEµG«ED ȟ 7\OHU
HOÿV]¸U5XE\UDQ«]HWWD]W£Q1DWUHȟ'HLWWKRQQLQFVVHPPL«VDEROWRN
LVEH]£UWDNP£U
ȟ1HPLVV]DEDGEROWEDQYHQQLȟIHOHOWH1DWȟ1HN¾QNNHOOV¾WQL
+£WH]QDJ\V]HUě
ȟ5XE\1HNHGLVYDQLO\HQOHYHOHG"
ȟ1LQFV
7\OHUIHOO«OHJ]HWW
ȟ/HJDO£EE
ȟ$]WKLV]HPHOYHV]WHWWHPȟMHJ\H]WHPHJVHJ¯WÿN«V]HQ5XE\
ȟVPLW¸UW«QLNKDKROQDSV¾WLQ«ON¾OPHQWHNEH"
$J\HUHNHNHOV]¸UQ\HGWHN
ȟ$]WQHPOHKHW0XV]£MYLQQ¾QN
7\OHU WRY£EE ROYDVRWW 0LQGHQNLWÿO HOY£UM£N FVLFVHUHJWH NHG«O\HVHQ D
OHY«O KRJ\ PHJMHOHQMHQ D NDU£FVRQ\L ID «V V¾WLY£V£URQ NHGGHQ «V
«OYH]]H D NDU£FVRQ\L GDORNDW DPHO\HNHW D YLNWRUL£QXV UXK£NED ¸OW¸]¸WW
KHWHGLNRV]W£O\RVRNIRJQDNHOÿDGQL
7\OHU5XE\KR]IRUGXOW
ȟ7HK£Q\DGLNEDM£UV]"
5XE\OHVDMQ£OµDQY«JLJP«UWH
ȟ+HWHGLNEH
(]PRVWHJ\WDQXO£VLJ¸UEH«VQHPOHKHWHWWKLE£]QL
ȟ$NNRUWHLV«QHNHOV]KROQDSHVWH"
ȟ1HP«UGHNHV0DMGPHJPRQGRPQHNLNKRJ\QHPWXGRNHOPHQQL
ȟVD]¾QQHSLYLNWRUL£QXV¸OW¸]«N"$]KRQQDQOHV]"
ȟ$]WPLQGHQNLQHND]DQ\XN£MDFVLQ£OMD'HD]HQ\«PNµUK£]EDQYDQȟ
PRQGWD5XE\ȟJ\KRJ\DP¼J\VHPHJ\¾QNDY£V£UUD6]µYDOQHDJJµGM
PLDWWD
7\OHUDNLVO£Q\UDPHUHGW(]PRVWHJ\I¾JJÿOHJHVWDQXO£VLJ¸UEH
ȟVV¾WLWVHSUµE£OMFVLQ£OQLȟWHWWHKR]]£1DWȟ0HUWFVDNHO«JHWQ«G
D]WLV
ȟ+RJ\PLWFVLQ£OW£OWHJQDSHVWH"
ȟ+XV]RQQ«J\W¾QG«UV¾WLW
ȟ'HPL«UWȪ"7HMµ«J$NDU£FVRQ\LID«VV¾WLY£V£U(OLVIHOHMWHWWHP
ȟ /RWWLH QHP WXGWD HOKLQQL KRJ\ H] NLV]£OOW D] DJ\£EµO ȟ V 5XE\QDN
PHJȪ£PLQGHJ\Q«ON¾OHLVPHJOHV]QHN
ȟ1HPVHPPLEDMPHQQLIRJXQN7XGRNDYLNWRUL£QXV¾QQHSOÿUÿOLVȟ
N¸]¸OWH7\OHUV]£UD]RQȟVWDO£OWDPLVHJ\N¸OFV¸Q]ÿW&KHOWHQKDPEHQ
ȟ1HPNHOOHWWYROQDȟWLOWDNR]RWW/RWWLH
ȟ'HK£WYDODPLNHOOHWW
ȟ (] D] 2DNOHD OWDO£QRV QHP D ORQGRQL 3DOODGLXP ¸OW¸]KHW
XWFDJ\HUHNQHNLVȟPDJ\DU£]WD/RWWLHȟ(J\U«JLQDGU£JW«UGQ«OOHY£JYD
URVV]XOJRPEROWLQJJHONµFRVKDMHJ\NLVPěSLV]RND]DUFUD
7\OHUPHJN¸QQ\HEE¾OW
ȟ2N«
ȟVIHOW«WOHQ¾OFVLQ£OMIRWµNDW
ȟ5HQGEHQ
ȟ-D«VMHOHQWNH]WHPKRJ\VHJ¯WHNI£W£UXOQL
ȟ$NNRUD]WLVPHJFVLQ£ORP
ȟ.HOOPDMGNHUW«V]NHV]W\ě
ȟ0L«UWKRJ\1DWQHKDUDSMRQPHJ"
ȟ0«JPLQGLJDQQ\LUDXW£OQDN"
ȟ-REEDQPLQWYDODKD'HVHPPLJRQGNH]HOHPDKHO\]HWHW
ȟVPLYDQ/LDQ£YDO"
ȟþQHPXW£O
ȟ'HJRQGRORPHJ\NLFVLWP£UHOHJHYDQ
/RWWLHPLQGHQWHON¸YHWHWWKRJ\D]DJJRGDOPDÿV]LQW«QHNWěQM¸Q
ȟ $]RQ QHP OHKHW VHJ¯WHQL ȟ 7\OHU W«P£W Y£OWRWW «V HOÿV]HGWH D
PHJYLVHOW LVNRODL OHYHOHW D ]DNµMD ]VHE«EÿO ȟ ,WW YDQ 1DW KROQDS HVWL
V]HUHSO«VH
ȟ$EHWOHKHPHVM£W«NþOHV]D]HJ\LNE£U£Q\$]LVN¸QQ\ěȟPRQGWD
/RWWLHȟ&VDNWHNHUGN¸UEHDE£U£Q\EÿU£J\HOÿYHO«VHUÿV¯WVGU£Q«K£Q\
¸YYHO
ȟ(OÿO«SWHWW«N&KDUOLH-RKQVRQNLGÿOWLQIOXHQ]£YDO¼J\KRJ\1DWOHV]D
IÿS£V]WRU$]HJ\LNDQ\XNDPRQGWDDNLYHOUHJJHOEHV]«OWHPD]LVNRO£EDQ
ȟ7\OHUURSSDQWHO«JHGHWWQHNWěQW¸QPDJ£YDOȟ.RQ\KDUXKDDIHMUH%ÿ
LQJO£EUDVHPPLN«]EHERW1HPSUREO«PD
/RWWLH V]HPH YLV]NHWQL NH]GHWW D N¸QQ\HNWÿO 1HP OHV] RWW D
EHWOHKHPHVM£W«NRQ
ȟ1HL]JXOMDQQ\LPRELOOHV]EL]WRVVRNDQIHOYHV]LNȟPRQGWD7\OHUȟ
V«QVHPHKHWHN
ȟ1HPOHV]HORWW"
/RWWLHQHPWXGWDHOYLVHOQLDJRQGRODWRW
ȟ 1DW NLWLOWRWW 2GDNLQW NHOO Y£UQRP D IRO\RVµQ ȟ 7\OHU V]¾QHWHW
WDUWRWWȟ+£WSHUV]HKRJ\RWWOHV]HN&VDN«SSÿQHPIRJWXGQLUµOD
ȟ1HPPDUDGPHJHJ\HQHVHQH]DK¾O\HNRQ\KDUXKD0LQGLJOHFV¼V]LND
V]HPHPUH
ȟ2N«RN«Q\XJL0HJFVLQ£ORP
ȟ(OIRJRNN«VQLȟHPHONHGHWWPHJ1DWKDQJMDȟ0£UNH]GÿGLN
ȟ$NNRUPDUDGMQ\XJWRQ
$ SDUNROµEDQ D NRFVL PHOOHWW JXJJROYD 7\OHU OHV]HGWH D NRQ\KDUXK£W
PHJ D IHMS£QWRW «V NH]GWH D] HJ«V]HW HO¸OUÿO PLN¸]EHQ 1DW
W¾UHOPHWOHQ¾OHJ\LNO£E£UµODP£VLNUD£OOW0LXW£QPHJO£WRJDWW£N/RWWLHW
DNµUK£]EDQP«JUHQJHWHJLGHM¾NYROWEH«UQLD]LVNRO£EDGHHJ\NDPLRQ
NHUHV]WEH IRUGXOW D] $HVHQ DPL PLDWW K¼V] SHUFHW £OOWDN «V 1DW
DQQ\LUDLGHJHVOHWWKRJ\PDMGQHPNLXJURWWDNRFVLWHWHM«QNHUHV]W¾O
ȟ*\RUVDQJ\RUVDQ
ȟ 7HVV«N N«V] LV 6]XSHU¾O Q«]HO NL ȟ YHUHJHWWH PHJ D NLVIL¼ Y£OO£W
7\OHUȟ0HQMFVDNEHLGÿYDQ
1DWIHOSLOODQWRWWU£
ȟVWHKROOHV]HO"
ȟ1HL]JXOM,WWIRJODNY£UQLD]DXWµEDQ
1«PLKDER]£VXW£Q1DWPHJN«UGH]WH
ȟ 7«Q\OHJ LJD] KRJ\ HJ\ PDUKDIDUPRQ GROJR]W£O PLQW HJ\ LJD]L
FRZER\"
ȟ3HUV]HKRJ\LJD]ȟ(]HNV]HULQW5XE\HOPRQGWDȟ0«JDODVV]µYDOLV
PHJWDQXOWDPE£QQL
ȟ V WXGV] N«W XMMDO I¾W\¾OQL ȟ SLVORJRWW 1DW ȟ %HM¸KHWV] «V
PHJQ«]KHWV]KDDNDUV]
7\OHU YLJ\£]RWW QHKRJ\ HO£UXOMD D] DUFD 'H PDJ£EDQ HOFVRG£ONR]RWW
PL«UW WXG HJ\ LO\HQ PHJK¯Y£V RO\DQ «U]«VW NHOWHQL PLQWKD PHJQ\HUWH
YROQDDORWWµ¸W¸VW&VDNDQQ\LWN«UGH]HWW
ȟ7«Q\OHJ"%L]WRVQHPE£QRG"
1DWO£WKDWµDQP£UQDJ\RQEHYROWVµ]YDV]HUHWHWWYROQDEHQWOHQQL
ȟ1HPKDV]HUHWQ«G
ȟ.¸V]Lȟ$PLNRU1DWPHJIRUGXOWKRJ\LQGXOMRQ7\OHUXW£QDNL£OWRWW
ȟ+DMµDPěVRUI¾W\¾OKHWHNDY«J«Q"
7¼O V¸W«W YROW DKKR] KRJ\ MµO O£VVD GH PLQWKD 1DW HOPRVRO\RGRWW
YROQD«VYLVV]DNLDE£OW
ȟ)¾W\¾OKHWV]KDDNDUV]
/RWWLHPDMGQHPHO£MXOWDPLNRUS«QWHNG«OXW£QPHJ«UNH]WHNDO£WRJDWµN
«VPHJO£WWDKRJ\1DW7\OHUNH]«WIRJMD
$PLNRU1DWP«JYLJ\RUJRWW«VLQWHJHWHWWLVPDMGQHPPHJLQWHODO«OW
ȟ7HMµ«JQHPLVWXGWDPKRJ\PR]RJDIRJDG
ȟ 1HP LV PR]JRWW (OHVWHP D M£WV]µW«UHQ D UHJJHOL V]¾QHWEHQ «V
NHWW«W¸UWDIRJDPȟ1DWQDJ\RQE¾V]NHYROWDIRJK¯M£UD.LGXJWDUDMWDD
Q\HOY«W ȟ V QDJ\RQ I£MW ¼J\KRJ\ 0LVV %DWVRQ IHOK¯YRWW W«JHG PLUH
7\OHUYHWWHIHO«VRGDM¸WW«VHOYLWWDIRJRUYRVKR]VDIRJRUYRVDGRWWHJ\
QDJ\ LQMHNFLµW DPL QDJ\RQ I£MW GH «Q E£WRU YROWDP «V D]W£Q NLK¼]WD D
IRJDPDW«VPLQGHQFVXSDY«UYROW
ȟ -DM 1DW ȟ /RWWLH PHJ¸OHOWH D]W£Q NHUHVQL NH]GWH D] DUF£Q D OHONL
WUDXPDMHOHLWȟV«QQHPYROWDPRWW
ȟ $Q\D PHJIRMWDV] 8W£QD WLV]WD ]VLEEDGW YROW D V]£P .LU£O\ YROW
$]W£Q YLVV]DPHQWHP D VXOLED SHGLJ Y«UHV OHWW D] LQJHP ȟ 1\LOY£Q H]
YROW D NLW¾QWHW«V ȟ V 7\OHU DGRWW HJ\ IRQWRW DPL«UW E£WRU YROWDP
+ROQDSSHGLJHOYLV]PLQNHWNRUFVRO\£]QLHJ\EULVWROLM«JS£O\£UD
ȟ7HMµ«J
/RWWLHPRVW5XE\WNH]GWHSXV]LOJDWQL«VDKDM£WVLPRJDWWD
ȟ V KDOORWWDP DPLNRU 0LVV %DWVRQ EHV]«OW 7\OHUUHO DPLNRU 1DW«UW
PHQW¾QN G«OXW£Q ȟ V]µOW N¸]EH 5XE\ ȟ 1HYHWHWW «V D]W PRQGWD QHNL
KRJ\QDJ\RQMµOW¸UÿGLNYHO¾QN
7HMµ«J
1DW7\OHUUHYLJ\RUJRWW
ȟQLVO£WWDP2O\DQYROWPLQWKDPHJDNDUQDFVµNROQLW«JHG
/RWWLHSLVORJRWWH]P£UD]W£QW«Q\OHJWHOMHVHQKLKHWHWOHQQHNWěQW
ȟ +D 0LVV %DWVRQ W¼O N¸]HO M¸Q KR]]£P ȟ PRQGWD 7\OHU ȟ DNNRU
DNNRU£WI¾W\¾O¸NKRJ\NLO\XNDGDGREK£UW\£MD
ȟ Q LV H]W IRJRP FVLQ£OQL D O£Q\RNNDO DNLN PHJ DNDUQDN FVµNROQL ȟ
WµG¯WRWWD1DW
ȟ0RQGGHODQ\£QDNDP£VLNGROJRWLVȟQµJDWWD5XE\7\OHUW
ȟ0LO\HQP£VLNGROJRW"ȟ/RWWLHNH]GHWWNLVV«V]«GHOHJQL
7\OHUV¸W«WV]HPHGHUěVHQPHJFVLOODQW
ȟ 1RV 0LVV %DWVRQ HOPRQGWD PHQQ\LUH ¸U¾O KRJ\ LO\HQ EROGRJQDN
O£WMD D J\HUHNHNHW PHUWKRJ\ QHPU«J YROW YDODPL ]ěU¸V SDVLG DNLYHO
PLQGHQI«OH JRQGRN YROWDN V D]W LV PRQGWD KRJ\ PLO\HQ V]HUHQFVH
KRJ\«V]UHW«UW«O«VKRJ\«QQ\LOY£QYDOµDQVRNNDOMREEY£ODV]W£VYDJ\RN
$PLYHOWHUP«V]HWHVHQOHONHVHQHJ\HW«UWHWWHP
ȟVDNNRU«QHO£UXOWDPȟY£JRWWN¸]EH1DWOHONHVHQȟKRJ\7\OHUYROW
D]DNLWXW£OWXQNPHUWRO\DQV]¸UQ\HQYLVHONHGHWWYHO¾QN
/RWWLHPRVW HOÿV]¸U ¸U¾OWKRJ\DNµUK£]L £J\KR] YDQN¸WYH 0DJD HO«
N«S]HOWH0LVV%DWVRQI«OHOPHWHVDUF£W
ȟVD]W£Q"
ȟ 0LVV %DWVRQ RGDKDMROW KR]]£P ȟ IRO\WDWWD 7\OHU ȟ «V D I¾OHPEH
V¼JWDȦ7XGMDKDQHPYROQ«NWDQ£UD]WPRQGDQ£PKRJ\Iÿ]]HPHJÿNHW
IRUUµRODMEDQȥ
$] HJ«V] NH]GHWW Y«JWHOHQ¾O V]¾UUH£OLV OHQQL 0£U D] LV «SS HO«J
IDQWDV]WLNXV YROW KRJ\ D J\HUHNHN EHV]«Oÿ YLV]RQ\ED NHU¾OWHN 7\OHUUHO
GHD]KRJ\0LVV%DWVRQUµONLGHU¾OWKRJ\WXODMGRQN«SSHQÿLVHPEHUȪ
ȟ -D «V DSD WHOHIRQ£OW WHJQDS HVWH ȟ N¸]¸OWH 1DW PLXW£Q D IRJ£YDO
NDSFVRODWRVVRNNDO«UGHNHVHEEV]WRULP£UOHFVHQJHWW
ȟ 7«Q\OHJ" 9«JUH ȟ /RWWLH PHJN¸QQ\HEE¾OWHQ IHOVµKDMWRWW ȟ V
KD]DM¸Q"
5XE\PHJU£]WDDIHM«W
ȟ )HODM£QORWWD 'H PL PRQGWXN QHNL KRJ\ QHP NHOO 1«ON¾OH LV
PHJYDJ\XQNQHPLJD]"
0DULR Q«ON¾O LV PHJYDQQDN 7\OHUUHO LV PHJYDQQDN /RWWLH Q«P£Q
SUµE£OWD IHOGROJR]QL D] ¼MGRQV£JRNDW 1«K£Q\ KµQDSSDO H]HOÿWW P«J
HQQHN D W¸UHG«N«EHQ VHP PHUW YROQD UHP«Q\NHGQL 1DW «V 5XE\
S£OIRUGXO£VDSHGLJDOHJPHU«V]HEE£OPDLWLVIHO¾OP¼OWD
'HH]P«JD]HOÿWWYROWKRJ\/LDQDV]¯QUHO«SHWWKRJ\EHOHWHOHSHGMHQ
7\OHU«OHW«EH
ȟ .LFVLP QHPVRN£UD NLHQJHGQHN LQQHQ $GQDN N¸OFV¸QEH HJ\
WROµV]«NHW GH RWWKRQ QHP VRN KDV]QRPDW YHV]LWHN PDMG 0LQGHQEHQ
VHJ¯WV«JUHOHV]V]¾NV«JHP
ȟ 0RQGWXN DS£QDN KRJ\ QHP NHOO KD]DM¸QQLH ȟ IDOWD EH 1DW /RWWLH
V]ÿOÿM«W RO\DQ KDW«NRQ\DQ PLQW HJ\ FVDSDW VHUHJ«O\ ȟ 'H P£U V]¾QHW
YDQ7XGXQNQHNHGVHJ¯WHQL
ȟ.¸V]NLFVLP7XGWDPKRJ\V]£P¯WKDWRNU£WRN
/RWWLH PHJVLPRJDWWD D NµFRV IHMHFVN«W «V HOWěQÿG¸WW KRJ\DQ IRJ
EROGRJXOQL PDMG D WROµV]«NEHQ $ 3LSHUȢV &RWWDJHEDQ NHVNHQ\HN D]
DMWµN«VDI¾UGÿV]REDLVNLFVLȪ
ȟ 7H GLV]Qµ ȟ Y£JWD KR]]£ 1DWKH] D EDUQD ]DFVNµW 5XE\ ȟ &VDN D
FVXP£MDPDUDGW)HOIDOWDGD]HJ«V]HW
ȟ1HGRE£OM6]DEDGYROWPHJHQQHPPHUWIRJRUYRVQ£OYROWDP
7\OHUV]«WY£ODV]WRWWDÿNHWDNDUM£YDO
ȟ.RUFVRO\£]£V$NDUM£WRNYDJ\QHP"
1DW«V5XE\¸VV]HQ«]HWWD]W£QYLVV]D¾OWHND]£J\UD
ȟ7XGRGNH]GHNEHOHM¸QQLȟPRQGWD7\OHU
5RSSDQWHO«JHGHWWQHNWěQWPDJ£YDO
ȟ1DJ\RQSURILQFVLQ£OWDGȟIHOHOWH/RWWLHPHJKDWRWWDQ
1DWPHJE¸NWH5XE\W
ȟ'HDWWµOP«JPLQGHQWHO«JHWDPLWIÿ]
+DWYDQQHJ\HGLNIHMH]HW
ȟ/RWWLH¼MDEEO£WRJDWµMD«UNH]HWWȟV]µOWEHDQÿY«U
3«QWHN HVWH YROW «V /RWWLH «SS YDODPL PDJD]LQW ROYDVRWW PHO\EHQ D]
£OOWKRJ\HJ\QÿDI¾UGÿV]RE£M£EDQDGRWW«OHWHWD]LNUHLQHNPLXW£QQHP
LVWXGWDKRJ\WHUKHV
$PLNRU IHOQ«]HWW «V /LDQ£W SLOODQWRWWD PHJ HO«JJ« KDVRQOµDQ «UH]WH
PDJ£W
ȟ 6]¸UQ\HQ Q«]HO NL ȟ P«UWH Y«JLJ /LDQD D V£UJD Y«UDO£IXW£VRNDW D
SLV]NRV KDMDW D EHN¸W¸WW FVXNOµW «V D EHJLSV]HOW O£EDW ȟ +RJ\ «U]HG
PDJDG"
ȟ+£WȪNLFVLWMREEDQN¸V]LȟWHWWHOH/RWWLHDPDJD]LQW
ȟVQ\LOY£QHO«JHGHWWYDJ\PDJDGGDO
/LDQ£QDNFVDNDV]£MDPRVRO\JRWWDV]HPHQHP
ȟ7HVV«N"
ȟ+RJ\VDMQ£ORGGHQHPHO«JJ«DKKR]KRJ\Y«JHWYHVVQHNL
ȟ0LQHNYHVVHNY«JHW"ȟ/RWWLHSHUV]HP£UVHMWHWWHKRJ\PLUHPHJ\NL
D M£W«N HO«JJ« Q\LOY£QYDOµ YROW KRJ\ /LDQD WRUNLJ YDQ YHOH KRJ\ D]
HOP¼OWKDWQDSEDQDOLJO£WWD7\OHUW
VÿV]LQW«QNLKLE£]WDWKDWQ£H]«UW"
ȟ7XGRGMµOȟIHOHOWH/LDQD
ȟ2N«GHQHPLJD]£QYROWP£VOHKHWÿV«JHPQHPJRQGRORG"ȟ/RWWLH
SUµE£OWMµ]DQXO«UYHOQLȟ,GHYDJ\RNN¸WYHHKKH]D]£J\KR]«VYDODNLQHN
YLJ\£]QLDNHOO5XE\UDPHJ1DWUH
ȟVYDMRQNLOHWWH]DYDODNL"$]«QSDVLP
+£WLJHQ
ȟ 1DJ\RQ VDMQ£ORP 'H D] RUYRVRN V]HULQW K«WIÿQ WDO£Q P£U
KD]DPHKHWHN«VDNNRUPHJV]DEDGXOV]WÿOHP
ȟVKROIRJV]ODNQL"$EEDQDYDFDNNLVK£]DGEDQ"
/LDQD ¼ULQÿ YROW ¼J\KRJ\ QHP KRUNDQWRWW VRKD GH PRVW YDODPL
QDJ\RQKDVRQOµKDQJRWKDOODWRWW
0LFVRGD SLPDV]V£J /RWWLH DNL V]HQYHG«O\HVHQ V]HUHWWH D] RWWKRQ£W
YLVV]DY£JRWW
ȟ5HQJHWHJHQHOEROGRJXOQDNDPDJXNYDFDNNLVK£]£EDQ«VȪ
ȟ $NNRU 7\OHU QHP PRQGWD" +RJ\ IHO DNDU N¸OW¸]WHWQL D +HVWDFRPEH
+RXVHED"
ȟ0LFVRGD"1HPPRQGWD
/LDQDXMMDLHOIHK«UHGWHN¼J\PDUNROWDD]£J\O£EU£FV£W
ȟ 7HJQDS HVWH YROW HJ\ NLV YLW£QN HUUÿO þ QDJ\RQ HUÿVN¸G¸WW KRJ\
QHP HO«J V]«OHVHN D] DMWµN D NHUHNHVV]«NHGQHN PHJ KRJ\ K£OµV]RE£W
FVLQ£O D V]DORQEµO 1DJ\M£EµO PLQGHQ ¾U¾J\HW IHOVRUROW &VDN KRJ\
RGDN¸OW¸]WHWKHVVHQ J\KRJ\ N¸]¸OWHP YHOH KRJ\ HOHJHP YDQ +D WH
EHN¸OW¸]¸ODNNRU«QHOPHJ\HNVWXGRGPLW"(OPHQWHP
/RWWLHPHJGHUPHGW6HV]µOQLVHPR]GXOQLQHPWXGRWWDG¸EEHQHWWÿO
/LDQDD]RQEDQHOW¸N«OWHKRJ\PLQGHQWNLDGDPLDV]¯Y«WQ\RPMD
ȟ+£WHQQ\LJ\WěQLNWHJ\ÿ]W«Oȟ2OGDOUDKDMWRWWDDIHM«Wȟ)RJDGQL
PHUQ«N KRJ\ QHP KLV]HO D V]HUHQFV«GQHN PL" 0HJPRQGKDWRP QHNHG
KRJ\«QVHQDJ\RQWXGRPHOKLQQLQYDJ\RND]DNLPHJ«UGHPOLÿW6]«S
YDJ\RNPLQGHQNLH]WPRQGMD7¸N«OHWHVKDWRVP«UHW,QWHOOLJHQVYDJ\RN
«V NHGYHV D] HPEHUHNKH] 0LQGHQNL V]HUHW V PHJKDOW D YÿOHJ«Q\HP
DPLD]WMHOHQWL KRJ\V]HQYHGWHP«SSHQ HOHJHW+DYDODNLPHJ«UGHPOLD
EROGRJV£JRWDNNRUD]«QYDJ\RN
$KDQJMDUHFVHJHWWPLQWDPLNRUV]£UD]£JSDWWDQHO/LDQDQHP«UWHWWH
DYLVV]DXWDV¯W£VLJD]LO«Q\HJ«WVHPD]WKRJ\DQYHV]¯WKHWYDODNLRO\DQQDO
V]HPEHQDNLPDMGQHPK¼V]NLOµYDOQHKH]HEEQ£OD
+DFVDN ȟ IXWRWW £W /RWWLH DJ\£Q D FV¼I JRQGRODW ȟ QHP H] D] LJD]V£J
7\OHU WDO£Q DQQ\LUD V]HUHWHWW YROQD PHJV]DEDGXOQL /LDQ£WµO KRJ\ FVDN
¾U¾J\QHNKDV]Q£OWDIHOÿW
/RWWLH PHJERU]RQJRWW 0LO\HQ V]¸UQ\ě KRJ\ H] QHP MXWRWW HV]«EH
PLHOÿWW7\OHUNDUMDLEDYHWHWWHYROQDPDJ£W
ȟ1«]]Y«JLJPDJDGRQȟ/LDQD/RWWLHUDPXWDWRWWDSLURVN¸QW¸V«EHQ
DFVLOO£PRVȦ*\µJ\XOMPHJȥNLWě]ÿYHODPLW5XE\WµONDSRWWWHJQDSȟ$
KDMDGU«PHVV¼J\IDORGDV]«QKLGU£WRNDWPLQWKDNH]GHQ«QHNNLPHQQL
DGLYDWEµO
/RWWLHQHPWXGRWWHOOHQ£OOQLDPDJDVODEG£QDN
ȟQD]WKLWWHPKRJ\P£UU«JNLPHQWHN
'H/LDQ£QDNDKXPRU«U]«NVRVHPYROWD]HUÿVROGDOD&VXS£QPHJU£]WD
DIHM«W«VD]WY£ODV]ROWD
ȟ 1HP DNDURN JRURPED OHQQL &VDN DQQ\L KRJ\ QHP «UWHP Q DGRN
PDJDPUD LO\HQ HJ\V]HUě (J\ YDJ\RQW N¸OW¸N DUUD KRJ\ FV¼FVIRUP£EDQ
WDUWVDPDWHVWHPHW0£UPLQWKRJ\DEV]RO¼WFV¼FVIRUP£EDQ7HPHJQHP
ȟ1HP«QQHPȟKHO\HVHOW/RWWLH
ȟ )HOWHKHWHN HJ\ V]HP«O\HV N«UG«VW" 9ROW£O YDODKD LV SURIL
SHGLNěU¸VQ«O«OHWHGEHQ"
/RWWLH D O£EXMMDLUD SLOODQWRWW D Uµ]VDV]¯Q ODNNDO DPHO\HW 5XE\ WHJQDS
NHQWIHOUHQJHWHJV]HUHWHWWHO£PDQQ£OSRQWDWODQDEEXO
ȟ1HPQHPYROWDP
ȟVDUXK£LGȪ,GÿQN«QWHON«SHV]WÿHQIXUDGROJRNDWKRUGDV]VVRVHP
KDQJRORG¸VV]HDNLHJ«V]¯WÿNHWȪ
ȟ6DMQ£ORPȟIHOHOWHIDDUFFDO/RWWLH
ȟVH]P«JVHP]DYDUVHQNLW(]WQHPWXGRPPHJ«UWHQL(J\HG¾O£OOµ
DQ\D YDJ\ N«W NLFVL J\HUHNNHOȪ $PL HO«J V¼O\RV KHQGLNHS V D] XWROVµ
EDU£WRGGURJRVYROWDPLQHPYHWMµI«Q\WD]¯W«OÿN«SHVV«JHGUH
/RWWLHPHJE£QWµGRWW
ȟ(J\SLOODQDWGHH]QHPLJD]V£JRV1HPWXGWDPUµODKRJ\Ȫ
ȟ1HPE£QWDQLDNDUWDODNȟHPHOWHIHODNH]«W/LDQDȟ'HO£WRG"1HNHG
QHP NHOO Y«GHNH]QHG PHUW VHQNLW QHP «UGHNHO KD YDODPLW HOURQWDV]
0LQGHQNL ¼J\LV PHJERFV£W ȟ (OKDOOJDWRWW ȟ 0LN¸]EHQ «Q VRKD VHPPLW
QHP URQWRN HO SOXV] W¸UÿG¸P PDJDPPDO «V W¸EEHW N¸OW¸N HJ\ FLSÿUH
PLQWWHUXK£UDHJ\HJ«V]«YDODWW«VP«JLVDPLNRUDUUDNHU¾ODVRUP«JLV
WHNHU¾OV]HOÿUH
-µYROW¼MUDO£WQL$PEHUW«VP«JMREEYROWKRJ\PDJ£YDOKR]WDDKDMY£Jµ
NHOO«NHLW $PLµWD NLM¸WW D NµUK£]EµO K£URP QDSSDO H]HOÿWW /RWWLH
PHJWDQXOWPDQÿYHUH]QLDV]«N«YHO+HVWDFRPEH+RXVHI¸OGV]LQWM«Q0RVW
P£U DQQ\LUD YDJ£Q\NRGRWW KRJ\ HJ\ NLFVLW W¼O KXV]£URVDQ IRUGXOW EH D
QDSSDOLED«VOHKRU]VROWDDN«]IHM«WD]DMWµI«OI£Q
ȟ 7HJ\«O U£ HJ\ W£EO£W HJ\ QDJ\ Ȧ7ȥ EHWěYHO 1HP KLV]HP HO KRJ\
HQQ\L PLQGHQ W¸UW«QW W¯] QDS DODWW ȟ 0LXW£Q /RWWLH OHI«NH]WH D NRFVLW
$PEHUNHQGÿWWHU¯WHWWDQ\DNDN¸U««VHOÿV]HGWHDI«VěLWPHJD]ROOµLWȟ
7H NµUK£]ED NHU¾OW«O 5XE\«NUD PHJ 7\OHU YLJ\£]RWW 7XGRG DPLNRU
¸VV]HIXWRWWXQN RGDNLQW P£U YROW HJ\ OHKHOHWQ\L DPHULNDL DNFHQWXVXN ȟ
+R]]£NH]GHWW D U«JµWD HVHG«NHV KDMY£J£VKR] «V N¸]EHQ PRVRO\RJYD
IRO\WDWWD ȟ $] XW£Q]£V D OHJÿV]LQW«EE EµN +D H]W FVLQ£OM£N DNNRU
EL]WRVDQPHJQ\HUWHPDJ£QDNÿNHW
ȟ 0HJQ\HUWH V /LDQD LV YLVV]DPHQW $PHULN£ED ȟ Q«]HWW /RWWLH D
NDU£FVRQ\I£UDPLN¸]EHQD]ROOµPHJQ\XJWDWµFVDWWRJ£V£WKDOOJDWWD
7¸EEHNN¸]WD]«UWLV¸U¾OW$PEHUQHNPHUWV]¾NV«JHYROWHJ\EL]DOPDV
EDU£WQÿUHDNLPHJKDOOJDWMD
ȟ$NNRUPLQGHQUHQGEHQ7\OHUPHJWHY«J¾O¸VV]HNHU¾OWHWHN7L]HQ¸W
FHQWLOHJ\HQYDJ\W¸EE"
/RWWLHPHJK¸NNHQW$PEHUD]W£QQHPNHUWHO
ȟ+£WP«JQHPȪ
ȟ0£UPLQWWL]HQ¸WFHQWLDPLNRUJ¸QG¸U+DHJ\HQHVDNNRUKRVV]DEE
ȟ $PEHU NLK¼]RWW HJ\ WLQFVHW ȟ /£WRG" VV]HXJULN PLQW D UXJµ 2O\DQ
J\RUVDQPHJQÿWWKRJ\OHJDO£EEHQQ\LWOHN«QHY£JQLEHOÿOH
ȟ-µOHV]FVLQ£OGFVDNȟU£QFROWDD]RUU£W/RWWLHȟ'HQHPH]WNH]GWHP
HOPRQGDQL
ȟ 3RQWRVDQ WXGRP PLW NH]GW«O HO PRQGDQL V KD P£U ¯J\ V]µED
KR]WDGPL«UWQHH]OHJ\HQDN¸YHWNH]ÿN«UG«VHP"
ȟ0HJN«UGH]KHWHGFVDNQHPY£ODV]RORN
ȟ QQHSURQWµ ȟ IRJRWW ¸VV]H HJ\ DGDJ KDMDW $PEHU ȟ 1H PR]RJM
KDGGV]HGMHPOHH]WDQDJ\L]«WȪ
ȟ1HPYDJ\RN¾QQHSURQWµȟVLHWHWWOHV]¸JH]QL/RWWLHȟ7\OHUPHJ«Q
QHPYDJ\XQNHJ\¾WW¼J\
ȟ 1H KDUDJXGM *RQGRORP D] RUYRV HOWLOWRWW +D PRVW M¸WW«O NL D
NµUK£]EµOQHPOHKHWHJ\EÿOȪ
ȟJ\«UWHPKRJ\7\OHUPHJ«QVHPPLO\HQ«UWHOHPEHQQHPYDJ\XQN
HJ\¾WW$IÿQ¸N¸PQPHJD]DONDOPD]RWWMDYDJ\RNȟ/RWWLHSLVORJRWW
DPLNRUDOHY£JRWWKDMU£HVHWWDV]HPSLOO£M£UDȟVHQQ\L
$PEHUNH]HPHJ£OOW
ȟ(]NRPRO\"
ȟ.RPRO\
$PEHUDUFDYDOµV£JRVWDQXOP£Q\YROW
ȟ'HK£WȪPL«UW"
ȟ1HPWXGRP
ȟ1HPPRQGRWWVHPPLW"
ȟ1HPȟMDMGXOWIHO/RWWLH
ȟ1D«VN«UGH]WHG"
ȟ1HHHP
ȟ 2N« RN« QH V]DN¯WVG EH D GREK£UW\£PDW ȟ U£QFROWD D KRPORN£W
$PEHUȟ3HGLJD]WKLWWHPÿU¾OWHQV]HUHOPHVEHO«G
ȟQLV
ȟ V FVDN D]«UW QHP M¸KHWWHWHN ¸VV]H PHUW D J\HUHNHN XW£OM£N 0RVW
YLV]RQW P£U QHP XW£OM£N 7RY£EE£ /LDQD PHJ 6HE LV NLNHU¾OW D N«SEÿO
¼J\KRJ\PLQGHQȪWLV]WD
ȟ3RQWRVDQ
ȟ$NNRUPL«UWQHPM¸WW¸VV]H"
ȟ 7«Q\OHJ WXGQL DNDURG" ȟ /RWWLH XW£OWD NLPRQGDQL ȟ 6]HULQWHP
PHJJRQGROWDPDJ£W
ȟ0L«UW"
ȟ 0HUW D N¸]HOHPEH VH M¸Q +D DNDUQD PRQGDQL YDODPLW P£U
PHJWHKHWWH YROQD 0LOOLµ OHKHWÿV«JH YROW P«JVHP FVLQ£OW VHPPLW J\
E£QLNYHOHP PLQWKDD K¼JD YROQ«N6HJ¯WD]]DO KRJ\EHIRJDGRWWGHH]
QHP MHOHQW VHPPLW ȟ /RWWLH D N¸W«V«W EDEU£OWD ȟ 6]HULQWHP W«Q\OHJ
RGDYROW «UWHP GH D] KµQDSRNNDO H]HOÿWW YROW «V PRVWDQUD NLKěOWHN D]
«U]«VHL 0LQW DPLNRU PHJYHV]HG D YLO£J OHJMREE QDGU£JM£W «V DQQ\LUD
V]HUHWHG KRJ\ VRVHP DNDURG OHYHQQL ȟ (OKDOOJDWRWW ȟ $]W£Q S£U K«W
P¼OYDU£M¸VV]KRJ\P«JVHP£OORO\DQMµO
ȟ$NNRUVHPKLV]HPHOKRJ\QHPQ\DJJDWWDGPHJHJ\NLFVLWȟMHJ\H]WH
PHJ$PEHU
/RWWLHPDJDVHPKLWWHHO(]HJ\£OWDO£QQHPYROWU£MHOOHP]ÿ'HPRVW
DNNRUDYROWDW«WKRJ\QHPPHUWHJ\PR]GXODWRWVHWHQQLQHKRJ\YDODPL
HOURPROMRQ
ȟ 1HP YDJ\RN N«SHV U£ .¾O¸QEHQ LV Q«]] Y«JLJ UDMWDP ȟ PXWDWRWW D
JLSV]UH D ]¼]µG£VDLUD D WROµNRFVLUD ȟ 1HP LJD]£Q WXGQ£P U£YHWQL
PDJDP QHP LJD]" +RJ\ D I¸OGUH YLJ\HP «V N«Q\V]HU¯WVHP KRJ\
JRQGROMD PHJ PDJ£W" +D QHP PRQGRN VHPPLW OHJDO£EE PHJPDUDG D
P«OWµV£JRP
ȟ0HGGLJIRJV]LWWODNQL"ȟIRO\WDWWD$PEHUDKDMY£J£VW
ȟ0«JQ«K£Q\QDSLJ+DDFVXNOµPPHJJ\µJ\XODNNRUP£UPDQNµYDO
LV IRJRN WXGQL M£UQL V DNNRU KD]DPHKHW¾QN ȟ /RWWLH QDJ\RQ V]HUHWHWW
YROQDW«P£WY£OWDQLȟ1DGHHO«JEHOÿOHP0LYDQYHOHG«V4XHQWLQQHO"
ȟUHPHN¾OPHJYDJ\XQN0LQGHQRN«0RVWDQ£EDQKDO£OUDGROJR]RP
PDJDP GH ÿ QHP SDQDV]NRGLN ȟ PRQGWD V]HUHWHWWHO $PEHU ȟ 7HJQDS
W¯]UH«UWHPKD]DÿPHJV¾OWK¼VWN«V]¯WHWWYDFVRU£UDHOWXGRGN«S]HOQL"
ȟ0DULRVRVHFVLQ£OWYROQDLO\HWȟIHOHOWH/RWWLH
ȟ 7XGRP (] D N¾O¸QEV«J NHWWHM¾N N¸]¸WW ȟ $PEHU W¾UNL] I¾OEHYDOµL
FVDN¼J\UHSNHGWHNDKRJ\U£]WDDIHM«Wȟ4XHQWLQQDJ\RQILJ\HOPHVV
PHJE¯]KDWµ VȪ JRQGRVNRGµ KD «UWHG PLUH JRQGRORN 0LQGHQ Y£J\D
D]KRJ\EROGRJJ£WHJ\HQ
ȟ$]MµGHPHJLVQHYHWWHW"ȟN«UGH]WH/RWWLH
ȟ +D V]µUDNR]RO YHOHP ȟ V]HJH]WH U£ D] ROOµW $PEHU ȟ DNNRU
OHV]DODGRN7\OHUKH]D]LURG£ED«VPHJN«UGH]HPPL«UWQHPVWDUWROWP«J
U£G0HJPRQGRPQHNLKRJ\LP£GRG«VD]WDNDURGKRJ\Ȫ
ȟ1HPV]µUDNR]RPȟHPHOWHIHOPHJDGµDQDNH]«W/RWWLH
ȟ0HJ¯J«UHG"
ȟ0HJ
ȟ+HO\HV
ȟ&VDNHJ\HWOHQDSUµV£JRWV]HUHWQ«NPRQGDQLKDPHJHQJHGHG
$PEHUJ\DQDNRGYD¸VV]HK¼]WDDV]HP«W
ȟ0LD]"
ȟ 0DULR WHJQDS K¯YRWW 1HP IHN¾GW OH VHQNLYHO DP¯J HOYROW
(J\HWOHQHJ\ O£QQ\DO VHP (J\V]HUěHQ QHP YROW NHGYH KR]]£ ȟ N¸]¸OWH
/RWWLH
ȟ0RQGMDÿ
ȟ ,JD] OHKHW PHUW QHNHP QHP NHOO KD]XGQLD QHPGHE£U"
7XODMGRQN«SSHQ ȟ IRO\WDWWD /RWWLH ȟ MREEDQ ¸U¾OWHP YROQD KD WDO£O
YDODNLW YDJ\ YDODNLNHW PHUW NH]GHN DJJµGQL «UWH 0DULR VRVHP «OW LO\HQ
¸QPHJWDUWµ]WDWµ«OHWHWD]HOÿWW7XGRGD]WKLV]HPKRJ\W«JHGW«Q\OHJȪ
ȟ (O«J ȟ NRSSDQWRWW D IHM«UH D I«VěM«YHO $PEHU HO«J I£MGDOPDVDQ ȟ
1HP «UGHNHO PLW JRQGROV] 1HNHP RWW YDQ 4XHQWLQ DNL EROGRJJ£ WHV]
N¸V]¸Q¸PV]«SHQ
ȟ Q FVDN HJ\ V]HJ«Q\ PR]J£VNRUO£WR]RWW YDJ\RN ȟ /RWWLH
PHJG¸U]V¸OWH D IHM«W «V FVDN PRVW MXWRWW HV]«EH D] DUDQ\V]DE£O\ VRVH
ERVV]DQWVGIHODIRGU£V]RGDWDP¯JQLQFVN«V]DIUL]XU£G
$PEHUWDO£QQHPE£QMDKRJ\4XHQWLQQHPQHYHWWHWLPHJ
+DWYDQ¸W¸GLNIHMH]HW
$KRJ\ HJ\P£V XW£Q MHOHQWHWW«N EH D] ¼MDEE «V ¼MDEE N«V«VHNHW D W¸EEL
XWDV HJ\UH LGHJHVHEE OHWW 'H PRVW KRJ\ KD]D«UWHN MHOHQWÿVHQ MDYXOW D
N¸]KDQJXODW $ J«S NLOHQFµU£V N«V«VVHO V]£OOW OH GH OHJDO£EE Y«JUH
%ULVWROEDQYROWDNK£ODLVWHQQHN
0DULR YROWD] HJ\HWOHQNLY«WHODNLQHN QDJ\M£EµOPLQGHJ\YROW1HNLD
UHS¾OÿW«U LV «SSHQ RO\DQ Mµ KHO\QHN WěQW PLQW E£UPL P£V $]RQN¯Y¾O
KRJ\¼MUDWDO£ONR]KDW1DWWHO«V5XE\YDOXJ\DQPLWN«QHY£UQLD"
6HPPLW
+£WLJHQWK¼]WDJXUXOµVEÿU¸QGM«WDW¸PHJHQ«VDY£PIHO«YHWWHD]
LU£Q\W 0RVW P£U D] HOUHMWHWW LWDORN £WFVHPS«V]«VH D ]¸OG IRO\RVµQ VHP
MHOHQWHWWV]µUDNR]£VWW¸EE«KLV]HQJHG«O\H]YHYROW
1\DYDO\£V(8
$] ¾YHJDMWµ V]«WQ\¯OW HOÿWWH «V 0DULR D] «UNH]«VL FVDUQRNEDQ WDO£OWD
PDJ£W DPHO\ NDU£FVRQ\L GHNRU£FLµW NDSRWW «V D] «MI«O XW£QL LGÿSRQW
HOOHQ«UH HO«JJ« ]V¼IROWQDN WěQW $S£F£N ¾OG¸J«OWHN D] HJ\LN N£Y«]µ
DV]WDO£Q£O WHUPRV]EµO WH£W LV]RJDWYD KD]DW«Uÿ XWDVRNDW ¾GY¸]¸OWHN
EDU£WRNFVDO£GWDJRN«VD]HJ\LNSDGRQHJ\O£Q\DOXGWNDODSEDQ0DULµED
HOVÿ SLOODQW£VUD EHOHKDV¯WRWW D KDVRQOµV£J PHUW D NDODS DOµO NLOµJµ KDM
RO\DQYROWPLQW$PEHU«GHPRVWDQUDP£UNH]GHWWKR]]£V]RNQLH]HNKH]
DURKDPRNKR]$Q\DUDO£VDODWWLVVRNV]RUHOÿIRUGXOWKRJ\PHJSLOODQWRWW
YDODNLWDW£YROEDQ«VD]WKLWWHKRJ\$PEHUD]
(]DO£Q\U£DG£VXODPEHUHVVW¯OXVEDQLV¸OW¸]N¸G¸WWH]«UWILJ\HOWIHOU£
U¸YLG ERUGµ UDNRWW V]RNQ\D Uµ]VDV]¯Q FVLOORJµ SXOµYHU «V
V]LY£UY£Q\V]¯Qě NDODS PHJ V£O 9DODPLQW Uµ]VDV]¯Q FRZER\FVL]PD
0LN¸]EHQ D SDG IHO« LQGXOW SRQWRVDQ WXGWD KRJ\ H] QHP OHKHW $PEHU
GHDWWµOP«JPXV]£MYROWEL]RQ\RVV£JRWV]HUH]QLH
þYROWD]
$W\D¼ULVWHQÿD]
0DULµQDN HODNDGW D O«OHJ]HWH /HQ«]HWW D VWUDVV]RV W£VN£M£W PDJ£KR]
V]RU¯WYDNDUM£UDKDMWRWWIHMMHOE«N«VHQV]XQGLN£Oµ$PEHUUH
9DMRQPLWNHUHVLWW"+DDUUDDQ\DYDO\£V4XHQWLQUHY£UDNNRUȪDNNRUȪ
WHMµ«JH]YDOµEDQPHJW¸UW«QLNYDJ\ÿ£OPRGLNP«JPLQGLJDWHQHULIHL
Y£UµFVDUQRNEDQ"
0DULR PHJ«ULQWHWWH D O£Q\ Y£OO£W D]W£Q µYDWRVDQ PHJPR]JDWWD
$PLNRU $PEHU NLQ\LWRWWD D V]HP«W 0DULR ¼J\ U£QWRWWD YLVV]D D NH]«W
PLQWKDKDUDSµVNXW\£KR]«UWYROQD
0LFVRGDKDW£UR]RWWV£JVPLWPRQGMRQPRVWKRJ\IHO«EUHV]WHWWH"
ȟ9DN£FLµ]QLP«V]"
0DULRQHPWXGWDHOKLQQLKRJ\H]WPRQGMD6]£QDOPDVQHPLJD]"
$PEHUU£Q«]HWW
ȟ1HP
ȟ
ȟ0HQQ\LD]LGÿ"
0DULRD]µU£M£UDQ«]HWW
ȟ+DMQDOLI«OHJ\
ȟ+LKHWHWOHQKRJ\D]¸VV]HVO«WH]ÿJ«SN¸]¾OSRQWH]]HONHOOHWWM¸QQ¸G
ȟPRURJWD$PEHU
0DULRQHPHQJHG«O\H]HWWPDJ£QDNILNDUFQ\LUHP«Q\NHG«VWVH
ȟ .«VW¾QN 0£U NLOHQF µU£MD LWW NHOOHWW YROQD OHQQ¾QN 9DODPL
KDMWµPěKLEDYROWD]W£QD]WKLWW«NKRJ\PHJFVLQ£OW£NGHNLGHU¾OWKRJ\
P«JVHPD]W£QP«JLVVLNHU¾OWGHDNNRUPHJQHPYROW¾UHVIHOV]£OOµKHO\
ȟ-HOOHP]ÿȟIHOHOWH$PEHU
0DULR WRY£EEUD VH PHUW UHP«Q\NHGQL GH N«Q\WHOHQ YROW IHOWHQQL D
N«UG«VW
ȟ'«OXW£QK£URPµWDLWWY£UV]"
ȟ1HPȟ¾OWIHO$PEHU«VOHYHWWHDNDODSM£W9£UWQ«K£Q\P£VRGSHUFHW
D]W£QKR]]£WHWWHȟ0DUHJJHOKDWµWDY£URNLWW
ȟ0L«UW"
0DULRDOHJURVV]DEEUDLVIHOYROWN«V]¾OYH
ȟ +RJ\ PL«UW" 0HUW /RWWLH QHP WXGWD PLNRU «UNH]HO ¼J\KRJ\ HO«J
NRU£QLWWDNDUWDPOHQQLKRJ\HJ\J«SHWVHV]DODVV]DNHOȟIHOHOWH$PEHU
ȟ $]W£Q WHVV«N (ODOV]RP HJ\ YDFDN SDGRQ (O LV PHKHWW«O YROQD
PHOOHWWHPDQ«ON¾OKRJ\«V]UHYHV]HOVDNNRUKL£EDOHWWYROQDD]HJ«V]
0DULRODVVDQNLI¼MWDDOHYHJÿW
ȟ 1HP KLQQ«P KRJ\ YDODKD LV HO WXGQ«N PHQQL PHOOHWWHG DQ«ON¾O
KRJ\ «V]UHYHQQ«OHN ,O\HVPL HJ\V]HUěHQ QHP W¸UW«QKHW PHJ V O«J\
V]¯YHV YLO£JRV¯WV IHO KRJ\ PL W¸UW«QLN PHUW SLOODQDWQ\LODJ QHP QDJ\RQ
«UWHPDȪ
ȟ $ UHODWLYLW£VHOP«OHWHW" $ YLO£JSROLWLNDL KHO\]HWHW" $ P£VRGIRN¼
HJ\HQOHWPHJROGµN«SOHW«W"
ȟ$]W$PHJROGµN«SOHWHW
ȟ 1DJ\RQ MµO WXGRG PL W¸UW«QLN 'H V]¯YHVHQ PHJ LV PRQGRP D]
HJ«V]UÿO D NRWQ\HOHV YROW IHOHV«JHG WHKHW ȟ $PEHU HOKDOOJDWRWW ȟ 1D
PLO\HQYROWDQ\DUDO£V"
ȟ6]¸UQ\ě
$O£Q\HOPRVRO\RGRWW
ȟ$NNRUV]HUHQFVHKRJ\QHPPHQWHPYHOHG
ȟ+DYHOHPOHWW«OYROQDQHPOHWWYROQDV]¸UQ\ěȟ0DULRIHOVHJ¯WHWWHD
O£Q\Wȟ+ROYDQ4XHQWLQ"
ȟ$QQDNY«JH7HJQDSPRQGWDPPHJQHNL
ȟ*RQGRORPMµOIRJDGWDȟIHOHOWH0DULRȟ5HQGHVIL¼PµGM£UD
ȟ,JHQȟY£ODV]ROWD$PEHUȟ0HUWW«Q\OHJQDJ\RQUHQGHVIL¼
ȟ'H"
ȟ1HPYROWHO«J$IHQ«EHLVÿQHPWH
0DULRFVDNHQQ\LWDNDUWKDOODQL0HJGREEDQWDV]¯YH
ȟ(]]HOD]WDNDURGPRQGDQLKRJ\«QV]«J\HQWHOHQYDJ\RN"
ȟ 1H KHWYHQNHGM 7H Mµ «J ȟ MDMGXOW IHO $PEHU ȟ &VDN QHKRJ\
PHJE£QMDPH]WD]HJ«V]HW
0DULRHEEHQDSLOODQDWEDQPLQGHQQ«OMREEDQV]HUHWWH
ȟ1HPIRJRG0HJ¯J«UHP
$PEHUILJ\HOPH]WHWÿSLOODQW£VWYHWHWWU£
ȟ-REEOHV]KDEHLVWDUWRGH]WD]¯J«UHWHW0HUWPRVWV]µORNKDYDODKD
LVPHJFVDOV]DNNRUȪ
ȟ(GGLJVHPFVDOWDODNPHJVRKDȟY£JRWWN¸]EH0DULR$]HJ\«MV]DN£V
OLG«UFQ\RP£V *HPP£YDO QHP V]£P¯WRWW N¾O¸QEHQ LV DNNRU P£U N¾O¸Q
YROWDN ȟ V VRKD QHP LV IRJODN V ERFV KRJ\ IHOKR]RP GH WH
NDODQGR]W£O HO YDN£FLµUD HJ\ P£VLN SDVLYDO +RJ\ NLSUµE£OG LQN£EE ÿW
Y£ODV]GHKHO\HWWHP$WHWHM«EHU£DG£VXO4XHQWLQQHNK¯YW£N
ȟ,JD]DGYDQVERFV£QDWRWN«UHNURVV]XOWHWWHPȟU£]WDPHJDIHM«W
$PEHUȟ(VN¾V]¸PD]«OHWHPUHKRJ\VRKDW¸EEHWQHPFVLQ£ORNLO\HW
0DULR PHJ«ULQWHWWH D O£Q\ DUF£W .«SWHOHQ YROW PHJV]µODOQL 0LXW£Q D
OHJI£MGDOPDVDEE PµGRQ WDQXOWD PHJ PLO\HQ «U]«V PHJFVDOWQDN «V
HOGRERWWQDNOHQQLPHJYLO£JRVRGRWW+DIHOOHQJ]ÿVHNDNDUQ£QNOHQQLD]W
LVPRQGKDWQ£QNKRJ\H]DWDSDV]WDODWMREE£WHWWH
'H SHUV]H H]W QHP DNDUWD HOPRQGDQL $PEHUQHN 1HP YROW WHOMHVHQ
K¾O\H
ȟ*\HUHPHQM¾QNKD]D&VDNWDO£OMDPPHJDSDUNROµDXWRPDW£W
ȟ .RFVLYDO YDJ\" ȟ G¸EEHQW PHJ $PEHU ȟ 1HP WXGWDP 0HUW «Q LV
NRFVLYDOM¸WWHP
0DULRPDJ£KR]¸OHOWH«VY«JUHUHQGHVHQPHJFVµNROWD
ȟ3V]W(OVHPWXGRGN«S]HOQLPHQQ\LUHKL£Q\R]W£O
ȟ ,JD]£EµO HO WXGRP ȟ IHOHOWH NLSLUXOYD $PEHU ȟ 9LVHONHGM $S£F£N LV
YDQQDNLWW
0DULµQDN DP¼J\ VHP YROW VHPPL NHGYH Q\ROFYDQ NLORP«WHUW YH]HWQL
%ULVWROEµOYLVV]D+HVWDFRPEHED
ȟ$NNRUMREEOHV]KDPHJV]£OOXQNLWW6]HU]HNYDODPLKRWHOW
+DWYDQKDWRGLNIHMH]HW