VOLUME 06 ISSUE 07-JULY 2013

OILFIELD TECHNOLOGY MAGAZINE JULY 2013 www.energyglobal.com

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 July 2013 Volume 06 Issue 07

contents
ISSN 1757-2134

18

| 03 | EDITORIAL COMMENT | 41 | CLEANING UP CRUDE PRODUCTION

Jay Keener, Produced Water Absorbents, USA, reveals the
development of a new water treatment technology designed to help
| 05 | WORLD NEWS
‘clean up’ the hydrocarbon industry.

| 10 | RISING INSECURITY | 45 | PLUGGING THE GAP IN LEAK DETECTION

Keri Leicher, Consultancy Africa Intelligence, South Africa, takes a look
at West Africa’s slippery oil future.
| 14 | AFRICAN ADVENTURES
Didier Lluch, Repsol, Spain, explains the importance of
supercomputers in the analysis of seismic imaging data as the global
oil and gas industry turns its focus towards offshore West Africa.
Dr Frances Metcalfe, Cambridge Consultants, UK, looks at the range
of automatic leak detection techniques currently in use and points out
some key opportunities for improvement.
| 49 | A GUIDE TO OPERATING IN THE UNCONVENTIONAL
Sheldon Jahn and Jennifer McMurtry, KUDU, Canada, provide a
troubleshooting guide for the use of PCPs in CBM operations.

| 18 | LOOKING INTO LA LUNA | 52 | Y NOT TAKE THE NEXT STEP?

Edward Tovar & Nelbett Marfisi, Ecopetrol, and Elizabeth Diaz & Evan Sheline, ESP Completion Technologies, USA, shows how a new
Joel Walls, Ingrain Inc., use digital rock physics (DRP) for reservoir approach helps solve the problems caused by weaknesses in the
characterisation in the La Luna formation. standard ESP bypass system (Y-tool) design.

| 23 | EXCEED EXPECTATIONS | 57 | HAMMER TIME

Alexander Darishchev, Pierre Lemouzy and Patrick Rouvroy, Jack Kolle, Oil States Energy Services/Tempress, USA, provides an
Beicip-Franlab, France, outline some of the practical aspects of overview of some extended reach well intervention tools.
modelling and flow simulation in the context of tight and shale gas
reservoirs.
| 62 | EXTENDING THE LIFE OF AGEING ASSETS
Dr Liane Smith, Wood Group Intetech, UK, shows how integrity
| 31 | LIQUID GOLD
management and corrosion modelling tools provide a systemic
Water usage in the O&G sector is growing rapidly – as are constraints.
approach to ensuring the safe and reliable operation of ageing assets
Oilfield Technology correspondent Gordon Cope explores some of the for oil and gas operators looking to squeeze more from mature
challenges and solutions.
reservoirs and facilities.

| 35 | KEEPING WATER SOFT | 66 | AVOIDING ARC FLASH AFTERMATH

Michael Dejak, Eco-Tec Inc., Canada, unveils a next generation water Marty Trivette, GE, USA, outlines various strategies and technologies
filtration technology for the oil and gas industry. that can be deployed to protect workers and speed recovery from arc
flash incidents in oil and gas operations.

| 69 | BLOW YOUR WHISTLE?

David Lawler, Forensic Risk Alliance, UK, reveals everything you
wanted to know about whistleblowing, but were afraid to ask.

On this month’s cover >>

A pipeline under repair bleeds money with every passing hour. SmartPlug® isolation technology by T.D. Williamson,
operated by topside remote control, provides ‘double-block and monitor’ isolation capabilities, and makes it possible
to safely and reliably isolate pipelines at high operating pressures. This means that maintenance and repairs can be
conducted quickly, without bleeding down the entire system.

Oilfield Technology is audited by the Audit Bureau

of Circulations (ABC). An audit certificate is
available on request from our sales department.

Copyright © Palladian Publications Ltd 2013. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner.
All views expressed in this journal are those of the respective contributors and are not necessarily the opinions of the publisher, neither do the publishers
endorse any of the claims made in the articles or the advertisements. Printed in the UK. Images courtesy of www.bigstockphoto.com.
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 comment
Anna Scordos
Editor

I
n the world of international business dealings, the newly
emerging relationship between China and Iceland seems to
be flourishing. China’s state-owned oil company, CNOOC,
has been progressing its interest in exploration in the Arctic
region, and has recently joined with Eykon Energy, a young
Icelandic company, in a bid for an offshore exploration licence
in Northeast Iceland. If the partnership qualifies for the round,
the licence is expected to be awarded this Autumn. Earlier
this year, Iceland became the first European country to sign
a free-trade agreement with China, and China has since
become a permanent Observer at the Arctic Council; an
intergovernmental forum for Arctic governments and peoples,
which currently only admits 12 non-Arctic countries as
‘Observers’. Observers may propose projects through an Arctic
State or a permanent participant, but financial contributions
from Observers to any given project may not exceed the
financing from Arctic States.
China is certainly making proactive efforts to find partners
in O&G ventures around the world. CNOOC and other Chinese
oil companies held meetings with Russia’s state-controlled
OAO Rosneft head, Igor Sechin, during his visit to China earlier
this year about potential offshore projects in the Russian Arctic.
In addition, Philippines-based company Philex Petroleum Corp.
has said it has been holding discussions with CNOOC to form
a partnership to explore and develop the gas-rich Recto Bank
(80 miles from Palawan in the Philippines) although these talks
remain preliminary, and any agreement formed between the
two companies would have to respect the laws and regulations
set by their respective nations. Unfortunately, the target
exploration area, which contains a large amount of gas-rich
deposits, is the subject of a territorial clash between China and
the Philippines, with China consistently claiming that it has,
“Indisputable sovereignty over the West Philippine Sea islands
and their surrounding waters.” China is currently favouring
investment into gas resources and moving away from more
polluting resources like coal, as the country endures domestic
and international pressure to clean up air pollution problems
and diversify its energy mix.
CNOOC’s multi-billion dollar takeover of Canadian oil firm
Nexen, approved late last year, marked another movement by
China into Canada’s oil reserves and China’s biggest overseas
acquisition to date. However, Canadian Prime Minister
Stephen Harper intimated that the deal was done with some
reluctance on behalf of his Administration. When announcing
the outcome of the deal, he said, “This is not the beginning of
a trend, this is the end of a trend […] to be blunt, Canadians
have not spent years reducing ownership of sectors of the
economy by our own governments only to see them bought
and controlled by foreign governments instead.” Investment
by China, on a large scale, into the Canadian O&G industry
is still an unknown undertaking for both parties, and future
investment possibilities rely on the skilful management of
existing deals.
China does seem to be making some moves towards
increased transparency in its international business dealings,
although it will continue to come up against oil producing
nations suspicious of its motivations and reluctant to cede too
much control to China. This will undoubtedly change in time,
with the ebbs and flows of the global political and economic
composition. Some things just need a little getting used to.

es Little
Managing Editor: Jam
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OILFIELD TECHNOLOGY
Publisher: Nigel Hardy July 2013 
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// Tullow Oil// Success in East African oilfields
The East African-focused explorer,
Tullow Oil has announced positive flow
testing results from two wells drilled in
Kenya’s South Lokichar Basin.
According to a statement from
the company, “In Kenya, [Tullow
has] significantly upgraded resource
estimates for the South Lokichar Basin
following the highly successful flow
testing of Ngamia and Twiga-South.”
The boosted resource estimates
mean that the South Lokichar Basin
could hold as much as 250 million bbls.
of oil with the potential for this figure
to rise even higher. The Ngamia and
Twiga-South wells are predicted to have
a flow-rate of up to 5000 bpd.
Tullow’s CFO, Ian Springett said,
“We see the Lokichar Basin well on
the way to commerciality and with the
potential to be similar in scale to the
Lake Albert Basin.”
The company also announced that
// Shell // New GoM
oil discovery
Royal Dutch Shell has announced a
new deepwater oil discovery in the
Gulf of Mexico.
Shell holds a 75% interest in the
Vicksburg ‘A’ well, located 75 miles
offshore, which uncovered 152 m of net
oil pay at a depth of just over 8000 m.
Early estimates have predicted
that the discovery may contain
recoverable reserves of approximately
100 million bbls. of oil equivalent.
This latest discovery comes in
addition to the potentially recoverable
500 million bbls. of oil equivalent
found in the neighbouring Appomattox
discovery. Shell Upstream Americas
Exploration’s Executive Vice President,
Mark Shuster said, “The results of the
Vicksburg well strengthen our existing
deepwater [GoM] exploration portfolio.”
world news
it had made another discovery in Kenya
at the Etuko-1 well.
Tullow has previously found
success in East Africa with its assets in
Uganda’s Lake Albert Basin; Tullow and
its partners have discovered more than
1.2 billion bbls. of oil equivalent in the
region. According to Tullow, “In Uganda,
we have made substantial progress
with partners and the Government
and expect to sign a Memorandum of
Understanding, which will outline the
key principles for the development of
the Lake Albert Basin development.”
The company went on to add that it
expected results from its exploration
and appraisal programme across wells
in Kenya, Ethiopia, French Guiana,
Norway and Mauritania in the second
half of the year.
Despite the recent success, some
analysts have warned over the dangers
of the company’s rising net debt.
// Petrofac // Wins
US$ 50 million contract
Petrofac has been awarded
a US$ 50 million contract by
Oman Oil Company Exploration and
Production (OOCEP), a subsidiary
of Oman Oil. The contract, which is
sceduled to last three years initially,
will see Petrofac organise operations
and maintenance at two production
facilities currently under construction:
The Musandam Gas Plant and the
Abu Tubul gas facility.
The Musandam plant will be made
up of onshore facilities designed to
receive fluids from offshore platforms
in the West Bukha field; Abu Tubul will
be made up largely of production wells
conntected to a gas plant.
According to OOCEP, the facilities
are “critical assets for developing
Oman’s oil and gas capability.”
inbrief
KAZAKHSTAN
Uzuakbai Karabalin, the former boss
of KazMunaiGas (KMG), has replaced
Sauat Mynbayev as Kazakhstan’s Oil
Minister. Mynbayev resigned and moved
to a top role in KMG.
Sources with links to the ministry
claimed that the change, which could be
perceived as a demotion for Mynbayev,
came about as a result of delays to
commercial production at the giant
Kashagan project.
Kashagan is predicted to produce
370 000 bpd in its first phase, with an
eventual ramp up to 450 000 bpd.
UK
London’s mayor, Boris Johnson has
come out fully in favour of shale gas
operations in and around the UK’s
capital city in order to meet growing
energy demands in the future.
Johnson was quoted as saying,
“Many people have not yet woken up
to the reality that the population of
London is growing faster than any city
in Europe. ... if reserves of shale can be
exploited in London we should leave
no stone unturned, or unfracked, in the
cause of keeping the lights on.”
BRAZIL
Newly released figures show that
Petrobras has reached a new pre-salt
production record of 322 100 bpd - a
11 000 bpd rise on last year’s figure.
The company also hit record output
at the Espírito Santo field, producing
322 700 bpd.
Despite the record pre-salt output,
Brazil’s actual overall oil and gas
production figures for May marked
the 14th consecutive month of decline.
Total hydrocarbon output for May was
1.892 million bpd, a 1.7% drop from
April’s 1.924 million bpd.
OILFIELD TECHNOLOGY
July 2013
05
world news

diarydates // Egypt // Oil prices // Rosneft // Buys rest

stabilise after coup of Itera for US$ 2.9 bn
3 - 6 September
Offshore Europe Brent crude climbed to a 14 month Rosneft has announced that it has
Aberdeen, UK high of US$ 105.76/bbl as the Egyptian purchased the remaining 49% of the
E: oeteam@reedexpo.co.uk President, Mohammed Morsi faced gas company, Itera for US$ 2.9 billion.
www.offshore-europe.co.uk sustained unrest and mass protests. The deal comes as part of Rosneft
Whilst Egypt itself does not contain CEO Igor Sechin’s plan to make
22 - 27 September globally significant oil and gas reserves, the company a global energy giant
SEG International Exposition and 83rd approximately 2% of the world’s oil and reach gas production levels of
Annual Meeting flows through the Suez Canal; there 100 billion m3 by 2020; by way of
Houston, USA were also fears that the unrest could comparison, Rosneft only produced
www.seg.org/web/annual-meeting-2013 spread further across the Middle East 13 billion m3 of natural gas in 2012.
and potentially affect up to 25% of Sechin’s plan is likely closely tied in
global production. with the Russian government’s scheme
30 September - 2 October
Prices stabilised somewhat to maintain global influence and counter
SPE ATCE
after the Egyptian military staged a the effects of the US shale boom by
New Orleans, USA
coup on 4th July and promised new exporting vast amounts of natural gas
E: meetings@spec.org
elections. According to the BBC, the to emerging markets in Asia.
www.spe.org/atce/2013
Suez Canal Authority was quoted as A statement from Rosneft said that
saying that it “has all the authorities the purchase “forms a stable platform
29 - 31 October needed for running the Canal without for [the] implementation of Rosneft’s
OTC Brasil being limited by the laws and the gas strategy aimed at gas production
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil systems of the Egyptian government.” increase.”
E: otcbrasil@ibp.org.br
www.otcbrasil.org/2013
// Chesapeake // Sells US$ 1 billion
of assets to Exco Resources
webnews Chesapeake Energy, the US gas producer has agreed to sell
highlights US$ 1 billion worth of shale assets to Exco Resources as part
of an ongoing process to increase liquidity and reduce long
term debt.
Ì Piper Alpha – Learning from major The assets covered by the sale include acreage in the
disasters prolific Eagle Ford shale, covering approximately 55 000 acres
spread across several counties with an overall production of
Ì Cuadrilla exploration plan update 6100 boepd. Also included in the sale are 9600 acres of the
Ì Kashagan production facilities start Haynesville shale which currently produce 114 million ft3/d of
gas.
up The completion of the sale should bring the total amount
of money raised by Chesapeake this year to approximately
US$ 3.6 billion. According to the company, the proceeds of the
sale and net cash flow will allow Chesapeake to fully fund its
To read more about Scan for the 2013 Capex budget. The company’s end goal for asset sales
ENERGY GLOBAL
these articles and for iPhone/iPad App this year is somewhere between US$ 4 billion and US$ 7 billion.
more event listings go to: Chesapeake has been working to restore its finances after
the collapse of US natural gas prices and significant debts
built up by former CEO Aubrey McClendon left the company in
Get the free mobile app at
http:/ / gettag.mobi financial difficulty. McCledon, was replaced earlier this year over
shareholder concern about his personal finances.

OILFIELD TECHNOLOGY
06 July 2013
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 world news
// BP // Asks court to review Macondo compensation
BP is currently in the process of
asking a US court to reject a specific
interpretation of a partial settlement over
the oil spill caused as a result of the
Deepwater Horizon disaster in 2010.
BP’s argument is that Claims
Administrator, Patrick Juneau has
approved millions of dollars worth of false
claims made by businesses as a result of
working to an incorrect interpretation of
the agreement BP reached with lawyers
in 2012.
If the judgement goes against BP,
it could have significant long-term
repercussions for the company in the
region; some analysts have pointed out
that if BP feels it was treated unfairly and
not subject to due process then it is likely
to be less confident about operating in
// Tethys Petroleum //
Buys Georgian assets
Central Asia-focused Tethys Petroleum
has reported that it has made a
series of asset purchases in the
Republic of Georgia.
The company will acquire a 56%
interest in production sharing contracts
across the ‘Iberia’ project blocks XIA, XIM
and XIN in eastern Georgia, not far from
Tibilisi, the capital. The total area covered
by the blocks is more than 6400 km2.
The three production sharing
contracts are to cost Tethys
US$ 9.6 million, which will be paid
through the transfer of 12 million
ordinary shares in the company and
US$ 4.4 million worth of funding towards
the next US$ 10 million work programme.
Tethys’ Executive Chairman and
President, Dr David Robson, said, “The
independent evaluation carried out
suggests a potential for several billion
bbls. of oil in the acreage with direct
access to world markets and very
attractive commercial terms.”
OILFIELD TECHNOLOGY
08 July 2013
the US in future. The financial implications
are also massive, with a ruling against BP
costing the company billions of dollars in
additional claims.
A spokesman for BP, Geoff Morrell
was quoted as saying, “We are asking
the Fifth Circuit to follow established legal
principles of contract law and interpret
the agreement as written and intended:
paying only those claimants who suffered
actual losses.”
Not only is the Claims Administrator’s
misinterpretation contrary to the plain
language of the settlement agreement
and the intent of the parties, but it has
ignited a feeding frenzy among trial
lawyers attempting to secure money for
themselves and their clients that neither
deserves.”
// Saudi Arabia // Gas
drilling to intensify
It has been revealed that Saudi Arabia
has begun to increase its efforts to
access new supplies of natural gas in a
bid to reduce its domestic oil demand.
A report by the Finanical Times states
that analysts expect the world’s largest
oil exporter to have increased its number
of active rigs to 200 by late 2013/early
2014 - up from 134 at the beginning of
this year.
Some of the increased rig activity can
be attributed to boosted production at the
Manifa oilfield, yet a significant portion of
the increase is down to intensified efforts
to access supplies of natural gas. Power
stations in Saudi Arabia often use crude
oil for fuel during the summer to meet
increased demand and this can tighten
the availability of supplies for export.
A former Aramco Executive Vice
President, Sadad Ibrahim Al-Husseini,
said “The challenge is to maintain growth
in gas production and free more crude for
export.”
// Gazprom Neft//
Arctic oil ready by Q4
Gazprom Neft has announced that its
initial oil production from the Arctic
Prirazlomnoye field will begin in Q4 this
year after delays.
Start-up of the field had been
delayed over safety fears after the rig was
boarded by Greenpeace activists last
year. The development of Arctic oil and
gas reserves remains highly controversial,
with many claiming that risks posed by
adverse weather conditions and icebergs
are simply too great to ensure safe
production; Shell’s recent difficulties with
its Kulluk drilling rig offshore Alaska have
done little to help sway public opinion.
Prirazlomnoye is Russia’s first
offshore Arctic oil development and is
expected to reach a peak production
level of 19 000 bpd by 2019.
// Brazil // Libra to net
US$ 7 bn from bidders
Brazil’s ANP has said that it expects to
receive upwards of US$ 7 billion from
the winning bidder at the upcoming
auction of the Libra offshore field. The
US$ 7 billion figure has risen considerably
from the ANP’s earlier estimate of
US$ 4.6 billion
With estimated recoverable reserves
of 12 billion bbls. of oil, equivalent to the
crude consumption of the US for a period
of approximately 18 months, Libra is the
world’s largest single prospect to be put
up for auction. It is expected that it will
take roughly five years of development
before initial production from the field.
The sale is to be the first conducted
under Brazil’s production sharing contract
model, where the winning bidder will likely
be the one that offers Brazil the largest
share of output to sell on its own behalf
once development costs have been
covered. Whoever wins, Brazilian law
states that Petrobras will be the operator
and put up 30% of all investment.
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Consultancy
Africa Intelligence,
South Africa, takes a
look at West Africa’s
slippery oil future.

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www.ics-ccs.org/piracy-reporting-centre/live-piracy-map.

OILFIELD TECHNOLOGY
 July 2013
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OILFIELD TECHNOLOGY
July 2013 
 Edward Tovar & Nelbett Marfisi,
Ecopetrol, and Elizabeth Diaz &
Joel Walls, Ingrain Inc, use digital
rock physics (DRP) for reservoir
characterisation in the La Luna
formation.



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Figure 1. A 20 ft depth interval of CoreHD data (RhoB, PEF, images)
combined with core gamma ray and other data to compute brittleness
or fracability (La Luna-1 well). The vertical resolution of CoreHD
is more than 100 times higher than well log data, which greatly
improves sample selection and net pay estimation.
OILFIELD TECHNOLOGY
 July 2013
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Figure 2. A high resolution SEM image from the La Luna formation
clearly shows porosity inside organic material. Before SEM imaging,
these samples were polished flat using an argon-ion beam milling
process.
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Figure 4. These trend lines show how La Luna shale compares to
the oil window and gas window of the Eagle Ford formation in south
Texas, USA. Permeability from digital rock samples is computed in the
horizontal plane, parallel to shale laminations.
Figure 5. Gas-oil relative permeability curves for two samples of
La Luna shale. These samples have absolute permeability of a few
hundred nanodarcies, making it impossible to obtain this data from
traditional physical core analysis methods.
OILFIELD TECHNOLOGY
 July 2013
Figure 3. A high resolution FIB-SEM image volume is shown from the
La Luna-1 well. Left is the outer surface of the volume and right is a
transparency volume in which green is solid organic material, blue
is connected porosity, red is isolated porosity and the solid mineral
grains are transparent.
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 Exceed
Expectations
Alexander Darishchev,* Pierre Lemouzy and
Patrick Rouvroy, Beicip-Franlab, France, outline
some of the practical aspects of modelling
and flow simulation in the context of tight and
shale gas reservoirs.

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Figure 1. A horizontal well with hydraulic fractured stages (multi-stage
fracturing).**
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Figure 2. A quarter section of a fractured stage: SRV is represented
by a simplified discrete fracture network with spatially variable
permeability, unSRV (red).
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OILFIELD TECHNOLOGY
 July 2013
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A study on the simulation of flow in an extremely
low permeability reservoir
0U[OLZ[\K`WYLZLU[LKILSV^[OLYLZLY]VPYWYVWLY[PLZOH]LILLU
ZLSLJ[LKHJJVYKPUN[VYLMLYLUJLÄLSKKH[H^P[OOPNOZWH[PHSHUK
[LTWVYHS]HYPHIPSP[`HUK\UJLY[HPU[PLZ+L[LYTPUPZ[PJHWWYVHJOLZ
OILFIELD TECHNOLOGY
July 2013 
With more than 50 facilities on six continents,
TDW is there from planning to project management
(and every step in between).
We are partners.
At TDW, we work with our customers to be operationally
ready for the unexpected. Our emergency pipeline
repair programs combine planning, preparation and
project management with industry-leading products and
services to assist our business partners in preparing
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® Registered trademark of T.D. Williamson, Inc. in the United States and other countries. ™ Trademark of T.D. Williamson, Inc. in the United States and other counrtries. Copyright 2013 All right reserved. T.D. Williamson, Inc.
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two different rock-types, analytical formulae and empirical data used.
VMNHZWYVK\J[PVUMVY[OLJVUZPKLYLKWLYPVK!HIV\[¶
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MVYZJLUHYPVHUK\UJLY[HPU[`HUHS`ZLZ

OILFIELD TECHNOLOGY
 July 2013
Tilted Orthorhombic RTM
Solving subsalt challenges
TTI RTM TOR RTM

Data courtesy of CGG Multi-Client Library.

TTI RTM is a widely used technology, but it struggles to The velocity model produced by TOR tomography, with
reconcile azimuthal velocity variations in the presence more accurate descriptions of overburden velocities, is
of fractured, tilted overburdens. then utilized by TOR RTM to provide significant subsalt
imaging improvements.
Hence CGG has developed a suite of Tilted
Orthorhombic (TOR) algorithms. TOR tomography
resolves inconsistent residual moveout among azimuths,
caused by uneven stress and fractures within the
overburden.

cgg.com/SI
Conclusions
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YLZLY]VPY JVUZPKLYLKWLYPVK!IL[^LLUHUK;OLZLTVKLSZWYV]PKL
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TPU]LYZ\ZTPUPU[LYTZVM*7<WYVJLZZPUN[PTL

Future trends and perspectives

Figure 5. Pressure decline in stimulated and unstimulated reservoir
volumes.
+\YPUN[OPZZ[\K`[OLMVSSV^PUNHYLHZVMPTWYV]LTLU[OH]LILLU
PKLU[PÄLK!JVTWYLOLUZP]L\UKLYZ[HUKPUNVMO`KYH\SPJMYHJ[\YL
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TPUPTPZLPU[LYWYL[H[PVULYYVYZLUOHUJLOPZ[VY`TH[JOPUNHUKWYV]PKL
TVYLYLHSPZ[PJTVKLSZ[VWLYMVYTZ[PT\SH[PVUKLZPNUWYVK\J[PVU
MVYLJHZ[PUNHUKYLZLY]VPYTHUHNLTLU[
Acknowledgements
;OLH\[OVYZ[OHUR[OLLUNPULLYZHUKTHUHNLYZVM[OL7\TH-SV^
9LZLY]VPY:PT\SH[PVU.YV\W^OVOH]LHZZPZ[LKPU[OPZWYVQLJ[HUK
)LPJPW-YHUSHIMVYWLYTPZZPVU[VW\ISPZO[OPZWHWLY;OLPY[LJOUPJHS
JVU[YPI\[PVUZMY\P[M\SKPZJ\ZZPVUZJYP[PJHSYLTHYRZHUK]HS\HISL
JVTTLU[ZHYLNYH[LM\SS`HJRUV^SLKNLK

Disclaimer
;OL]PL^ZL_WYLZZLKPU[OPZHY[PJSLHYL[OVZLVM[OLH\[OVYZ
HUKKVUV[ULJLZZHYPS`YLWYLZLU[[OVZLVM)LPJPW-YHUSHIHUK
0-7,ULYNPLZ5V\]LSSLZ

References
 5L^3LUZ:JLUHYPVZ(:OPM[PU7LYZWLJ[P]LMVYH>VYSKPU;YHUZP[PVU
9V`HS+\[JO:OLSS4HYJO
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;PNO[HUK:OHSL.HZ9LZLY]VPYZ7HWLY:7, WYLZLU[LKH[[OL:7,
4PKKSL,HZ[<UJVU]LU[PVUHS.HZ*VUMLYLUJLHUK,_OPIP[PVU4\ZJH[
6THU¶1HU
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4HWWPUN9LZ\S[Z>P[O5\TLYPJHS-YHJ[\YL5L[^VYR7YVK\J[PVU4VKLSPUN
PU)HYUL[[:OHSL7HWLY:7,WYLZLU[LKH[[OL:7,(UU\HS
;LJOUPJHS*VUMLYLUJLHUK,_OPIP[PVU:HU(U[VUPV;L_HZ<:(¶
:LW[
 )SHUJ.L[HS ;YHUZPLU[7YVK\J[P]P[`0UKL_MVY5\TLYPJHS>LSS;LZ[
:PT\SH[PVUZ7\ISPJ+VJ\TLU[0UZ[P[\[-YHUsHPZK\7t[YVSL7H\-YHUJL
 ;VKK496»+LSS74/PYHZHRP.1 4L[OVKZMVY0UJYLHZLK
(JJ\YHJ`PU5\TLYPJHS9LZLY]VPY:PT\SH[VYZ:7,;YHUZHJ[PVUZ1V\YUHS
7HWLY:7,

Notes
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†
Figure 6. Cumulative gas production and BHP: reference model ([SLHZ[ VMZOHSLNHZ^LSSZOH]L:9=VM_M[^LSSHUK
(green curve) versus 2ĭ-1K model (blue curve), 2ĭ-2K (brown curve). V]LY

OILFIELD TECHNOLOGY
 July 2013
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Water management in Western Colorado
Western Colorado is one of the most scenic places on
Earth, home to the breathtaking Rocky Mountain range,
Colorado National Monument and Dinosaur National
Monument. But the area is also extremely parched, and
the modern stimulation techniques needed to produce
the prolific shale gas reservoirs that lie beneath western
Colorado require a lot of water. A single hydraulic
fracture, or frac, can use over 1 million gal. of water, and
each well can contain up to 10 frac stages. Competition
is already fierce for water rights from the nearby
Colorado River; public opinion can be critical.
WPX Energy operates more than 4000 natural
gas wells in western Colorado with an average of
4<UP]LYZP[`HUK+PYLJ[VYVM
712 million ft3/d production.
Several years earlier, the company was facing
opposition. “Back in 2008, we were drilling in residential
areas and there was a lot of truck traffic, and it upset
the local residents,” says Tyler Bittner, WPX Energy.
The company decided to optimise its completion
strategy through the centralisation of the fracturing
crew. For example, on the Hays Gulch project, 97 new
wells were drilled from 14 pads in one central location.
495 frac stages were then conducted from that central
location. This resulted in a significant reduction in moves
and saved 12 000 water trips. There was also a 95%
reduction in truck traffic, and a 60% reduction in water
costs.
Public reaction was favourable, and the company
began to look for other ways to reduce its environmental
footprint, mainly through water recycling. The company
produces approximtely 29 000 bpd of water, and needs
between 15 000 - 40 000 bpd for completions. The
company invested in the construction of two water
treatment facilities and 1.4 million bbl water-storage pits.
As a result, the company can now recycle virtually all of
its production and frac flow water.
The water is first treated in the field at a 4-phase
separator. Some of the water can be used directly on
site, but most is piped to one of the treatment facilities.
There, the water first goes into a covered tank to capture
volatile compounds. It is then sent to a second tank for
gravity separation of oil. The water is then subjected to
dissolved air flotation (DAF) where bubbles of air float
solids, hydrocarbons, biomass and silts to the surface
for skimming. By this time, the water has 100 ppm of
residual hydrocarbons. It is placed in a water storage pit
and injected with algae. The biomass growth is indicative
of the health of the water.
Most of the water contains between
12 000 - 20 000 ppm of salt, but since a slick water
frac is used, hardness does not adversely affect the frac
stimulation process. However, the company is looking
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at RO systems that would clean up minerals in surplus
water and provide fresh water to local users.
The company is also mindful of potentially
substantial operating savings. “In all, we reduced our
AFEs (approvals for expenditure) by 20%, which, when
you consider the low price environment for gas, is a
huge amount,” says Bittner.
OILFIELD TECHNOLOGY
 July 2013
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*()&2,QFthe innovator of the portable drilling rig, has been

manufacturing drilling rigs for over 80 years. Through the years
we have gained the respect and trust of the industries that we
serve.
The *()&295is the most advanced and
easy-to-operate rig in the world. The safe, efficient operation
keeps your 2-3 man crew out of Danger Zones! Only ten loads
for the rig, power packs, Driller’s Cabin and Pipe Handler makes
for fast mobility, fast rig up and fast rig down while leaving a
small foot print.
The *()&295has a hook load of 500,000 lbs. (226
Tonnes). The Top Head Drive, Rack & Pinion rig also features a
Slip Spindle, prolonging the life of the pipe threads. The *()&2
95is equipped with a Self-Erecting Driller’s Control Cabin,
Hydraulic Wrenches for Make Up & Break Out, Driller’s Cabin
operated Pipe Handling System, 27 1/2 in. (698.5 mm) Master
Bushing and Accommodates Range III Drill Pipe as well as Drill €~|ˆ‹
Collars & Casing to 20 in. (508 mm).

%
.
1K

0%
2


*()&2,1&an Astec Industries Company

2215 SOUTH VAN BUREN · ENID, OKLAHOMA, USA 73703 · PHONE 580.234.4141 · domsales@gefco.com · intsales@gefco.com · www.gefco.com
 T
OLYLPZHULLKPUTHU`ZLNTLU[ZVM[OLVPSHUKNHZ
Michael Dejak, WYVK\J[PVUPUK\Z[Y`MVYHUPTWYV]LTLU[PU^H[LY
ÄS[YH[PVUV]LY[YHKP[PVUHSTL[OVKZ;OPZPZLZWLJPHSS`
Eco-Tec Inc., [Y\LZPUJL[OL[YLUKPUVPSHUKNHZWYVK\J[PVUPZ[V^HYK
[PNO[LYSLZZWLYTLHISLYLZLY]VPYZHUKNYLH[LY\ZLVM
Canada, unveils LUOHUJLKVPSYLJV]LY`,69[LJOUPX\LZTHU`VM^OPJO
PU]VS]LPUQLJ[PUN^H[LYPU[VVPSYLZLY]VPYZ

a next generation 0UVYKLY[VWYV[LJ[[OLPU[LNYP[`VMZ\JOYLZLY]VPYZ[OL

HTV\U[VMZVSPKZPU[YVK\JLKPU[V[OLYLZLY]VPY[OYV\NO^H[LY

water filtration PUQLJ[PVUL]LUZVSPKWHY[PJSLZKV^U[VVULTPJYVUPUZPaL

T\Z[ILTPUPTPZLK*VU]LU[PVUHSÄS[YH[PVUTL[OVKZNLULYHSS`

technology for KVUV[TLL[[OPZYLX\PYLTLU[

(ULUOHUJLKÄS[YH[PVU[LJOUVSVN`PUJVYWVYH[PUN[OL\ZL
VMNYHU\SHYTPJYVTLKPHOHZILLUWYV]LUPU]HYPV\ZPUK\Z[YPHS
the oil and gas HWWSPJH[PVUZHUKPU[YVK\JLKZ\JJLZZM\SS`MVY[OL[YLH[TLU[
VMWYVK\JLK^H[LY;OPZ[LJOUVSVN`OVSKZ[OLWYVTPZL
industry. VMTLL[PUNUL^YLX\PYLTLU[Z^OPSLILPUNLJVUVTPJHS
 HUKYVI\Z[;OPZHY[PJSLYL]PL^Z[OLULLK
MVYPTWYV]LK^H[LYÄS[YH[PVUKLZJYPILZ[OL
LUOHUJLKNYHU\SHYTPJYVTLKPHÄS[YH[PVU
[LJOUVSVN`HUKWYV]PKLZVWLYH[PVUHSKH[H
HUKL_WLYPLUJL

The need for improved water

filtration
;HISLZ\TTHYPZLZZVTLVM[OL
JOHYHJ[LYPZ[PJZVMVPSWYVK\J[PVUPU[OL
WHZ[PUJVTWHYPZVU^P[OJOHYHJ[LYPZ[PJZ
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ZVSPKZPU[V[OLZL^LSSZHUKYLZLY]VPYZ
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Ì 9LZLY]VPYWS\NNPUN^OPJOJHUJH\ZL
WYVK\J[PVUKLJSPULZVYPUHK]LY[LU[
MYHJ[\YLZ

Figure 1. Typical configurations involving membranes, ion exchange or chemical additions; and Ì .YLH[LYMYLX\LUJ`VM^LSSHUK
YLZLY]VPYWS\NNPUNYLX\PYPUN
how granular micro media filtration (Spectrum™) improves performance.
^VYRV]LYZHJPK[YLH[TLU[ZHUKUL^
^LSSZ^P[O[OLHZZVJPH[LKWYVK\J[PVU
SVZZ
Ì 9LK\J[PVUPUWYVK\J[PVUVYPU[OL[V[HSYLJV]LYHISL
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Ì :V\YPUNVM^LSSZ[OYV\NOPU[YVK\J[PVUVMZ\SM\YYLK\JPUN
IHJ[LYPH:9)Z]PH[OL^H[LYPUQLJ[PVU

0UYLZWVUZL[V[OLJVUJLYUZ[OH[ZVSPKZPUQLJ[LKPU[V^LSSZJHU
YHPZLZWLJPÄJH[PVUZMVY[OL^H[LYX\HSP[`ILPUNPUQLJ[LKPU[V
Z\JO^LSSZHYLPUJYLHZPUNS`ILPUNKLÄULKI`HWHY[PJSLZPaL
J\[VMMH[HIV\[TPJYVUZ^P[OTHU`ZWLJPÄJH[PVUZYLX\PYPUN
Figure 2.Comparing granular (Spectrum) micro media to conventional
media. The lower layer of micro media features a very small particle
size and acts as a barrier to small suspended solids.
Figure 3. A 330 m3/hr (50 000 bpd) Spectrum micro media filtration
system.
OILFIELD TECHNOLOGY
 July 2013
[OH[  VM[OLWHY[PJSLZNYLH[LY[OHUTPJYVUZIL
YLTV]LK
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TLTIYHULZPVUL_JOHUNLYLZPUZVYJOLTPJHSHKKP[PVUZHSSVM
^OPJO^PSSILHMMLJ[LKPM[OL^H[LYMLK[VP[PZUV[^LSSJSLHULK
VMZVSPKZHUKVPS;OLÄN\YLHSZVZOV^ZOV^NYHU\SHYTPJYV
TLKPHÄS[YH[PVUJHUPTWYV]LWLYMVYTHUJL
Traditional water filtration methods
;HISLSPZ[ZZVTLVM[OL[YHKP[PVUHS^H[LYÄS[YH[PVU
[LJOUVSVNPLZHUK[OLPYSPTP[H[PVUZPUTLL[PUN[OLUL^
YLX\PYLTLU[Z
Alternative water filtration technology
Membrane filters
>OLUHS[LYUH[P]LÄS[YH[PVU[LJOUVSVNPLZHYLJVUZPKLYLK[OL
KPZJ\ZZPVUTH`[\YU[VTLTIYHULÄS[YH[PVU\ZPUNWVS`TLYPJ
VYTVYLYLJLU[S`JLYHTPJVYTL[HSSPJTLTIYHULZ^OPJOHYL
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YLX\PYLZ]HS]LZJVU[YVSZHUK
H\_PSPHY`LX\PWTLU[7LYPVKPJHSS`
[OLTLTIYHULZYLX\PYLJOLTPJHS
Figure 4. An 18 000 bpd (2860 M3/day) Spectrum micro media filter.
JSLHUPUN[VKPZZVS]LTH[LYPHS
^OPJOOHZILLUPTILKKLKPU[OL
WVYLZ;OPZYLX\PYLZJOLTPJHSZ
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MPS[LYZHYLWYVWVZLKKV^UZ[YLHTVMJVU]LU[PVUHSMPS[LYZ
Figure 5. Granular micro media filter vs. conventional filter performance:
^P[O[OLPU[LU[PVU[OH[[OPZ^PSSWYV[LJ[[OLTLTIYHULZ
averaged site results collected from field study.
HUKYLK\JL[OLKPY[SVHKHUKMV\SPUNYH[L/V^L]LY[OPZ
PUJYLHZLZ[OLJVZ[VM[OLV]LYHSSMPS[YH[PVUWYVJLZZ

Alternative water filtration technology

(UHS[LYUH[P]LÄS[YH[PVU[LJOUVSVN`OHZHSZVILLU
PU[YVK\JLKI`,JV;LJ0UJ[OH[M\SÄSZ[OLWYVTPZLVM
TLL[PUNUL^ÄS[YH[PVUYLX\PYLTLU[ZI\[^P[OV\[THU`VM
[OLKYH^IHJRZVMTLTIYHULÄS[YH[PVU;OPZUL^WYVJLZZ
PZRUV^UHZNYHU\SHY:WLJ[Y\T7S\ZTPJYVTLKPH
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ZHUKÄS[LY
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TLKPH^OPJOTH`ILU\[ZOLSSZVYHU[OYHJP[L[VYLTV]L
SHYNLYWHY[PJSLZHUKVPSKYVWSL[Z/V^L]LYP[HSZVOHZH
SV^LYSH`LYVMTLKPHRUV^UHZTPJYVTLKPHILJH\ZL
VMP[ZT\JOZTHSSLYWHY[PJSLZPaLPUJVTWHYPZVU^P[O[OL
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KLUZP[`JVTWHYLK[V[OL\WWLYTLKPH;OPZLUZ\YLZ[OH[ Figure 6. Granular micro media filter: solid particle removal by size.

OILFIELD TECHNOLOGY
July 2013 
HM[LYIHJR^HZOPUNK\YPUN^OPJOIV[OTLKPHHYLÅ\PKPZLK
ZPT\S[HULV\ZS`[OLKLUZLTPJYVTLKPHX\PJRS`ZL[[SLZ[V
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YLTV]HSVMT\JOZTHSSLYZVSPKWHY[PJSLZHUKVPSKYVWSL[Z^OPJO
UVYTHSS`WHZZ[OYV\NOHJVU]LU[PVUHSTLKPHÄS[LY
Development and industrial experience of
granular micro media technology
.YHU\SHYTPJYVTLKPHÄS[LYZ^LYLKL]LSVWLKPUP[PHSS`HZH
WYLÄS[LYMVY,JV;LJ»Z9LJVÅVŽWHJRLKPVUL_JOHUNLZ`Z[LTZ
Figure 7. Granular micro media filter oil droplet removal by size (as
measured by Canty Instruments).
Figure 8. Granular micro media filter oil droplet removal by size (as
measured by Canty Instrument).
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V]LYJVU]LU[PVUHSPVUL_JOHUNLMVYHWWSPJH[PVUZZ\JOHZ
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OH]LHSSILLUPUZ[HSSLKHZWYLÄS[LYZILMVYLHK]HUJLKPVU
L_JOHUNL^H[LYZVM[LULYZ[OH[JVUKP[PVU[OLWYVK\JLK^H[LY
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[OLWHJRLKILKPVUL_JOHUNLYZK\L[VZVSPKZVYVPSWHZZPUN
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JVU]LU[PVUHSÄS[LYZPLU\[ZOLSSHUKVYZHUKÄS[LYZVWLYH[PUN
H[V[OLYZP[LZPU[OLHYLH
Field performance testing of granular micro
media filters
0USH[LÄLSK[LZ[PUN^HZJHYYPLKV\[VUJVTTLYJPHSS`
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HUKMV\YZP[LZ^LYLVWLYH[PUNLP[OLYU\[ZOLSSÄS[LYZVYZHUK
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[LZ[PUNVM[OLVWLYH[PUNÄS[LYZVUHNP]LUKH`H[LHJOZP[L
;HISLSPZ[Z[OL[LZ[PUNTL[OVKZ[OH[^LYL\ZLK+H[HMYVT
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*VU]LU[PVUHSÄS[LYZYLTV]LK VM[V[HSZ\ZWLUKLKZVSPKZ
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VMZVSPKZHZTLHZ\YLKI`[OL:[HUKHYK4L[OVK\ZPUN
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I`JVU]LU[PVUHSÄS[LYZI\[ ^P[ONYHU\SHYTPJYV
TLKPHÄS[LYZ
Figure 9. Millipore filter discs from granular micro media filter sites -PN\YLZHUKZOV^[OLZVSPKWHY[PJSLHUKVPSKYVWSL[ZPaL
(note filtrate volumes). KPZ[YPI\[PVUZMVYMLLK^H[LYHUKÄS[LYLK^H[LYH[VULVM[OL

OILFIELD TECHNOLOGY
 July 2013
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 NYHU\SHYTPJYVTLKPHÄS[LYZP[LZ;OPZKH[HZOV^Z
Table 1. Old vs. new - oil production and practices
[OH[]PY[\HSS`HSSVPSKYVWSL[ZHUKZVSPKZWHY[PJSLZ
Old New ^LYLYLTV]LKKV^U[V[OLSPTP[VMKL[LJ[PVUVM
Characteristic New practices
conventional oil unconventional oil
[OLHUHS`ZLKKL]PJLPU[OL¶TPJYVUZ
Thermal processes - most YHUNL
Oil type Light, sweet Heavy, sour commonly steam injection (CSS,
SAGD, steam flood). 0UHKKP[PVU[V[OLKH[H^OPJOZOV^Z[OL
OPNOLYSL]LSWLYMVYTHUJLVM[OLNYHU\SHYTPJYV
Reinjection of water to reservoir
or to disposal wells. TLKPHÄS[LYZWOV[VZVM[OL4PSSPWVYLKPZJZ\ZLK
ASP polymer floods to increase MVYKL[LYTPUPUN[V[HSZ\ZWLUKLKZVSPKZHYL
Water cut Low High
oil cut and recovery.
Gas or WAG ZOV^UPU-PN\YLZHUK ;OLTHYRLKS`SPNO[LY
(water alternating gas) flooding. HWWLHYHUJLVM[OLKPZJZHM[LY[OLNYHU\SHYTPJYV
Hydraulic fracturing to create TLKPHKLZWP[L[OLMHJ[[OH[JVUZPKLYHIS`NYLH[LY
Reservoir
porosity
High porosity Low porosity porosity through multiple fissures ^H[LY]VS\TLZOHK[VILWHZZLK[OYV\NO[OLZL
in low porosity formation.
KPZJZ[VKL]LSVWLUV\NOTH[LYPHS[VIL^LPNOLK
Reservoir High pressure - Lower pressure - Water injection for reservoir MVY[OLHUHS`ZPZPZM\Y[OLYL]PKLUJLVM[OL
pressure low lift costs. higher lift cost. pressure maintenance.
ZPNUPÄJHU[WLYMVYTHUJLHK]HU[HNLVMNYHU\SHY
Produced Water treatment for TPJYVTLKPHÄS[LYZ
discharge or reinjection.
Location Onshore Offshore Seawater injection, increasingly 6ULV[OLYPU[LYLZ[PUNWVPU[PZ[OH[^OPSLZL]LU
with membrane processes for VM[OLZP[LZOHKÄS[LYZVWLYH[PUNKV^UZ[YLHTVM
sulfate removal.
PUK\JLKNHZÅV[H[PVU0.-\UP[Z^OPJOYLK\JLVPS
Complex, Water used for initial fraccing. HUKZVSPKZWYPVY[V[OLÄS[LYZVULVM[OLNYHU\SHY
Simple, vertical, horizontal, May be used for flooding as well.
Well types high, long term multiple fracs, Flowback and produced water TPJYVTLKPHZP[LZVWLYH[LKKPYLJ[S`KV^UZ[YLHT
production. shorter production reused for fraccing or to disposal VMHZRPT[HUR^P[OUV0.-ZP[L*HZPKLU[PÄLK
life. wells.
PU-PN\YL6PSSL]LSZPU[OLMLLK[V[OLÄS[LYHYL
YLWVY[LK[VIL[`WPJHSS`PU[OLWWTYHUNL
6U[OLKH`VM[LZ[PUN[OLMLLK^HZTLHZ\YLK
Table 2. Traditional water filtration technologies and limitations
[VJVU[HPUWWTVMMYLLVPS0UHKKP[PVU[V[OL
Filtration technology Comments Z[YVUNWLYMVYTHUJLU\TILYZNH[OLYLKH[[OPZZP[L
Low Capex, but Opex depends on flow and solids content P[PZHSZVZPNUPÄJHU[[OH[HKV^UZ[YLHTWHJRLK
in feed. Practical for low flows and low solids content water. PVUL_JOHUNLZVM[LULYOHZILLUVWLYH[PUNMVY[OL
Higher flows and higher solids require frequent cartridge
WHZ[`LHY^P[OUVMV\SPUNVYULLKMVYHU`JSLHUPUN
Cartridge filters replacement.
In order to achieve fine filtration to less than 2 microns requires ;OPZM\Y[OLYZ\WWVY[Z[OLZ[YLUN[OVMNYHU\SHY
more expensive cartridge elements that clog quickly and TLKPHÄS[LYZV]LYJVU]LU[PVUHSÄS[LYZ
require even more frequent replacement

Less expensive to replace than cartridge filters, but since

they are depth filters, they clog more quickly. Generally more
Summary and conclusions
Bag filters ;OLVPSHUKNHZPUK\Z[Y`PZL]VS]PUNPU[OLKPYLJ[PVU
practical for larger solids that are non-compressible and can
form a cake. VMNYLH[LYYLSPHUJLVU,69[LJOUPX\LZ[VYLJV]LY
Generally more practical for larger solids (> 10 microns). NYLH[LYX\HU[P[PLZVMVPSMYVTTH[\YLYLZLY]VPYZHUK
Backwashable strainers
Cleaning may not be effective with oil present. [VYLJV]LYVPSMYVT[PNO[SV^LYWVYVZP[`YLZLY]VPYZ
Hydrocyclones Generally more effective for larger solids (> 10 microns). ;OLZ\JJLZZVMTHU`VM[OLZLWYVJLZZLZJV\SKIL
Generally can remove particles to the 5 - 10 micron range,
PTWYV]LKPM[OL^H[LYPUQLJ[LKPU[V[OLZLYLZLY]VPYZ
Backwashable sand
depending on factors like media particle size, bed depth, flow JVU[HPUZML^LYZVSPKZ;OPZPZILPUNYLJVNUPZLK
filters
rate and feed water characteristics. I`[OLPUK\Z[Y`[OYV\NOUL^ZWLJPÄJH[PVUZMVY
Backwashable nutshell Similar to sand filters, but with the ability to ‘release’ free oil PUQLJ[PVU^H[LYX\HSP[`[OH[PUJYLHZPUNS`YLX\PYL
filters accumulated on the nutshell media.
ZPNUPÄJHU[YLTV]HSVMZVSPKZKV^U[VTPJYVUZ
Backwashable
Similar to sand or nutshell filters, but with somewhat improved PUZPaL-PS[YH[PVU[V[OPZSL]LS^V\SKHSZVYLZ\S[PU
removal of small particles depending on the media size.
multimedia filters
Generally limited effectiveness below 5 micron particle size.
HZPNUPÄJHU[YLTV]HSVMZ\SMH[LYLK\JPUNIHJ[LYPH
:9)ILPUNPUQLJ[LKKV^UOVSL
*VU]LU[PVUHSÄS[LYZU\[ZOLSSZHUKJHY[YPKNL
Table 3. Spectrum field testing methods used L[JHYLNLULYHSS`UV[JHWHISLVMTLL[PUNZ\JO
SPTP[Z4LTIYHULÄS[LYZ^OPJOTH`ILJHWHISL
Parameter Method
VMTLL[PUN[OPZWLYMVYTHUJLPUHKKP[PVU[VILPUN
HF Scientific Micro TOL Series Turbidimeter
Turbidity
0.02 - 10.0 NTU.
]LY`JVZ[S`MHJLJOHSSLUNLZPU[YLH[PUNWYVK\JLK
^H[LY^P[OV\[MV\SPUN
Standard methods for the examination of water
Total suspended solids and wastewater 2540 D with 1.2 ȝm Millipore
;OLWLYMVYTHUJLHUKVWLYHIPSP[`VMNYHU\SHY
RAWG filter. TPJYVTLKPHÄS[LYZHZKLTVUZ[YH[LK[VKH[L
Turner Designs TD-500D handheld oil-in-water ^P[O[OLHIPSP[`[VYLTV]LZVSPKWHY[PJSLZHUK
Oil in water
Total and dispersed (‘free’) oil
meter. VPSKYVWSL[Z[VTPJYVUPUZPaLTHRLZ[OLTHU
‘No-Solvent Method’ for oil-in-water analysis.
H[[YHJ[P]LJVUZPKLYH[PVUMVYH]HYPL[`VM^H[LY
Oil droplet size and particle size
Canty Process Technology [YLH[TLU[HWWSPJH[PVUZPU[OLVPSHUKNHZPUK\Z[Y`
In-flow oil in water analyser with CantyVision
distribution
software.
PU[OLM\[\YL

OILFIELD TECHNOLOGY
 July 2013
Jay Keener,
Produced Water Absorbents,
USA, reveals the
development of a new
water treatment technology
designed to help ‘clean up’
the hydrocarbon industry.

T
OL[YLH[TLU[VMWYVK\JLK^H[LYMVY
LU]PYVUTLU[HSKPZJOHYNLMVYTH[PVUYLPUQLJ[PVU
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VPSHUKNHZWYVK\J[PVUWYVK\JLK^H[LYTH`
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PUQLJ[LKPU[V[OLMVYTH[PVUHUKHU`JOLTPJHSZ
HKKLKK\YPUN[OLWYVK\J[PVUHUK[YLH[TLU[
WYVJLZZLZ

A pertinent problem
(S[OV\NOLZ[PTH[LZVMWYVK\JLK^H[LY]VS\TLZ
]HY`[OLNSVIHSX\HU[P[`^PSSSPRLS`JVU[PU\L[V
PUJYLHZLPU[V[OLO\UKYLKZVMIPSSPVUZVMIISZ
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J\YYLU[H]LYHNL^H[LY!VPSYH[PVPZLZ[PTH[LKH[
!!^VYSK^PKL^OPJOLX\H[LZ[VH^H[LY
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ILYLTV]LKHJYVZZ[OLYLZLY]VPY
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ILULMPJPHSYL\ZLHWWSPJH[PVUZPMP[JHUIL[YLH[LK[VTLL[VY
L_JLLKKPZJOHYNLVYYLPUQLJ[PVUYLX\PYLTLU[Z*HWL_JHU
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JSLHULY^H[LYVYI`LUHISPUN[OLLU]PYVUTLU[HSKPZJOHYNLVM
[OL^H[LYYH[OLY[OHUYLX\PYPUN[YHUZWVY[H[PVUHUKKPZWVZHS
;OLYLPZHSZVPUJYLHZPUNPU[LYLZ[PU[OLILULMPJPHSYL\ZLVM
WYVK\JLK^H[LYPUHNYPJ\S[\YHSHUKPUK\Z[YPHSHWWSPJH[PVUZ
Technology selection
;OLJVTWSL_P[`VMWYVK\JLK^H[LYHUK[OLKLZPYLKLUK\ZL
KYP]L[OLWSHUUPUNHUKKLZPNUVM[OLYLSL]HU[WYVJLZZPUN
HUK[YLH[TLU[Z`Z[LTZ:LSLJ[PVUVM[OLILZ[H]HPSHISL
[LJOUVSVNPLZPZKL[LYTPULKI`T\S[PWSLMHJ[VYZPUJS\KPUN[OL
JVUZ[P[\LU[ZVM[OLJVU[YPI\[PUNZV\YJLZVMWYVK\JLK^H[LY
KYPSSPUNHUKJVTWSL[PVUIYPULZZVSPKZJVU[LU[HUKZHUK
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WYVJLZZPUNZ`Z[LTJVUMPN\YH[PVU
0[PZ[OLYLMVYLPTWVY[HU[[V\UKLYZ[HUK[OLPU[LYHJ[P]L
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JOHYHJ[LYPZ[PJZVM[OLJY\KLVPSHUKJVUKLUZH[LILPUN
WYVK\JLKJOLTPZ[Y`VM[OLWYVK\JLK^H[LYWYVJLZZ
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7YVK\JLK>H[LY(IZVYILU[Z0UJ\ZLZ6ZVYI ŽTLKPH
[LJOUVSVN`^OPJOPZHUVYNHUPJHSS`TVKPMPLKZPSPJHMVY
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O`KYVWOVIPJHUKKVLZUV[HIZVYI^H[LYI\[JHUYLTV]L
Figure 1. The Osorb media can remove dispersed, emulsified and
soluble hydrocarbons and oilfield chemicals from produced water.
Figure 2. Osorb media floating in a flask after absorbing >99% of all
dispersed oil in a produced water sample.
Figure 3. OIW reduction in offshore produced water with 6 in. media test column.
OILFIELD TECHNOLOGY
 July 2013
\W[V VMMYLLKPZWLYZLKHUKZVS\ISLO`KYVJHYIVUZ
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 42nd Turbomachinery
29th Pump SYMPOSIA

GEORGE R. BROWN CONVENTION CENTER

9.30 – 10.3.2013

turbolab.tamu.edu
/TurbolabatTAMU @PumpTurbo

Figure 4. The OBV-036 System.
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VYNHUPJJVTWV\UKZ=6*Z
Field trials
+\YPUN[OLWHZ[[^V`LHYZ[OLJVTWHU`OHZJHYYPLKV\[H
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Z[LWK\YPUNJVU[PU\V\ZVYJVU[PUNLUJ`V]LYIVHYKKPZJOHYNL
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HSZVILPUNKLZPNULK[OH[^PSSHSSV^MVYPUZP[\YLNLULYH[PVU
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Regeneration
6ULVM[OLWYPTHY`KPMMLYLU[PH[VYZVM[OPZ[LJOUVSVN`PZP[Z
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LU]PYVUTLU[HSPTWHJ[MHJ[VY[OPZNHTLJOHUNPUN[LJOUVSVN`
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UL^LU]PYVUTLU[HSHUKKPZJOHYNLYLN\SH[PVUZIL`VUK[OL
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ZPUNSLJVTWVULU[HUKT\S[PJVTWVULU[WYVK\JLK^H[LY
Z[YLHTZ
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[LJOUVSVNPLZI`P[ZWLYMVYTHUJLMSL_PIPSP[`VMHWWSPJH[PVU
HUKYLNLULYHIPSP[`^P[OV\[HU`^HZ[LNLULYH[PVU(ZH
T\S[PMHJL[LKHUKT\S[PWSL\ZL[LJOUVSVN`[OLWV[LU[PHS
MVYP[Z\ZLPUV[OLYTHYRL[HYLHZZ\JOHZJVTWSL[PVUHUK
Z[PT\SH[PVUMSV^IHJRZKLS\NL^H[LYVPSZWPSSYLJV]LY`HPY
LTPZZPVUZJVU[YVSHUKUH[\YHSNHZJVUKP[PVUPUNJHUUV[IL
\UKLYLZ[PTH[LK
Flexible packaging
;OLTLKPHJHUILWHJRHNLKPUI\SRTLKPHJHY[YPKNLVY
PUQLJ[PVUKVZPUNWYVJLZZLZ[VYLTV]LKPZWLYZLKLT\SZPMPLK
HUKZVS\ISLVYNHUPJZMYVTWYVK\JLK^H[LYZHUKMSV^IHJR
^H[LYZ)\SRTLKPHZRPKZ6)=ZRPKZOH]LILLU
KL]LSVWLK[VOV\ZL[OLTLKPH^P[OPUPUKPHTL[LY]LZZLSZ
OILFIELD TECHNOLOGY
 July 2013
YH[OLY[OHUHJVUZ\THISL^HZ[LZ[YLHTLZWLJPHSS`^OLU
[OLO`KYVJHYIVUZHUKVYNHUPJZJHUILMLKIHJRPU[V[OL
WYVJLZZVYKPZ[YPI\[LKMVYHUHS[LYUH[P]L\ZL6UJL[OLTLKPH
OHZILLUYLNLULYH[LK[VP[ZVYPNPUHS\UZWLU[JVUKP[PVUP[JHU
ILYL\ZLKT\S[PWSL[PTLZMVYZ\IZLX\LU[^H[LY[YLH[TLU[
VWLYH[PVUZ^P[OV\[HU`SVZZPUWLYMVYTHUJL
Conclusion
>P[OJVUZ[HU[S`PUJYLHZPUN^H[LYJ\[ZHUK\[PSPZH[PVUVM
LUOHUJLKVPSYLJV]LY`[LJOUPX\LZSLHKPUN[VHUHUU\HSYPZL
PU[OLNSVIHS]VS\TLVMWYVK\JLK^H[LY[OLTHUHNLTLU[
VMWYVK\JLK^H[LY[VTHPU[HPULU]PYVUTLU[HSWYV[LJ[PVU
HUKLJVUVTPJLMMPJPLUJ`PZVULVM[OLVPSHUKNHZPUK\Z[Y`»Z
NYLH[LZ[JOHSSLUNLZ;OLHIPSP[`[VTPUPTPZL[OLZLJVZ[Z
HUKTH_PTPZL^H[LYYL\ZLYLTHPUZHOPNOWYPVYP[`JVUJLYU
MVYVWLYH[VYZ[OH[HYLHPTPUN[VVW[PTPZLYLJV]LY`MYVT
YLZLY]VPYZL_[LUKMPLSKSPMLHUKTLL[Z[YPUNLU[LU]PYVUTLU[HS
[HYNL[Z[VTH_PTPZL[OLPYYL[\YUZ
;OLNSVIHS]VS\TLVMWYVK\JLK^H[LY^PSSJVU[PU\L[V
NYV^PU[V[OLMVYLZLLHISLM\[\YLHUKVPSHUKNHZWYVK\J[PVU
^PSSPUJYLHZPUNS`YLX\PYL[LJOUPX\LZ[OH[NLULYH[LOPNOS`
JVU[HTPUH[LKWYVK\JLK^H[LY(ZHYLZ\S[[OLPUK\Z[Y`
^PSSILJVTLTVYLKLWLUKLU[VUUL^[LJOUVSVNPLZ[OH[HYL
KLZPNULK[VKLHS^P[O[OLPUJYLHZLKJOHSSLUNLVMTLL[PUN
60>HUKVPSMPLSKJOLTPJHSKPZJOHYNLYLN\SH[PVUZ
 Dr Frances Metcalfe, Cambridge Consultants, UK, looks at the range of
automatic leak detection techniques currently in use and points out some
key opportunities for improvement.
R
LJLU[L]LU[ZOH]LZOV^UOV^KYHTH[PJ[OLPTWHJ[VMH
THYPULVPSZWPSSJHUILHUKOV^T\JOSPHIPSP[`^PSSLUZ\L
0UJYLHZPUNLU]PYVUTLU[HSYLN\SH[PVUHUK[OLULLK[VTLL[
OPNOLYZ[HUKHYKZOHZJYLH[LKHUPUK\Z[Y`ULLKMVYHYHUNLVM
WYVK\J[Z[VTVUP[VYPUMYHZ[Y\J[\YLHUKLX\PWTLU[
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ZPNUPÄJHU[SLHRZHYLZ[PSSMV\UKPU[OLÄYZ[PUZ[HUJLI`O\THUL`L
^OLU[OLVPSOHZYLHJOLK[OLZLHZ\YMHJLMHYPU[PTLHUKKPZ[HUJL
MYVT[OLVYPNPUVM[OLSLHR:V^OLYLKVL_PZ[PUN[LJOUPX\LZ
^VYR^LSSHUK^OH[VWWVY[\UP[PLZL_PZ[[VTHRLH\[VTH[PJSLHR
KL[LJ[PVULMMLJ[P]LHUK[OLJVTTLYJPHSILULÄ[ZP[VMMLYZHYLHSP[`&
“Most significant leaks are still found in the first
instance by human eye”
4VYLHUKTVYLÄLSKKL]LSVWTLU[ZHYLZ\IZLHVM[LUPU
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Table 1. Trouble shooting PZHJOHSSLUNL*VTWH[PIPSP[`[LZ[Z^P[OJVYYVZPVUPUOPIP[PUN
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productivity
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pump if possible. Design recommendations
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inspect, replace damaged
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OILFIELD TECHNOLOGY
 July 2013
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SEARCH hundreds of international
industry events on Energy Global
w w w . e n e r g y g l o b a l . c o m / e v eJulyn 2013
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OILFIELD TECHNOLOGY

ts

Evan Sheline,
ESP Completion Technologies,
USA, shows how a new
approach helps solve
the problems caused by
weaknesses in the standard
ESP bypass system (Y-tool)
design.

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Figure 2. Typical internal structure of cast parts.
Figure 3. Damaged cast Y-tool.
OILFIELD TECHNOLOGY
 July 2013
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Figure 1. The length of horizontal well completions is increasing.
Source: KeyBanc Capital Markets Equity research.
Figure 2. HydroPull water-hammer tool equipped with a blast nozzle.
Figure 3. HydroPull water hammer percussive impact force and
motion of 2 in. coil (standard 2 7/8 in. tool at 2.8 bpm).
Figure 4. HydroPull job planning software including CT circulation, cuttings transport
and extended reach estimates.
OILFIELD TECHNOLOGY
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OILFIELD TECHNOLOGY
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OILFIELD TECHNOLOGY
 July 2013
 EXPERIENCE MAT TERS.
TRUST YOUR INVESTMENT TO A PROVEN LEADER.
Cudd Energy Services (CES) approaches each challenge with experience, reliability and a
commitment to helping you achieve the maximum production from your reservoir. We have
extensive experience in conventional and unconventional oil and gas fields, and understand
the challenges that may arise. With CES, you get a partner who works with you to develop the
optimal plan to ensure your investment produces the maximum return, safely and efficiently.

WWW.CUDD.COM PROVEN EXPERIENCE. TRUSTED RESULTS.

M
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Dr Liane Smith, Wood Group Intetech,* UK, shows how
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Five founding pillars for asset life
extension
Ageing assets can operate safely and effectively well
beyond their specified design life, provided operators
adopt the right management approach. Outlined
below are five founding pillars for implementing an
asset life extension strategy addressing both surface
and subsurface facilities:
1. Consider the potential commercial life: in respect
of local circumstances such as the remaining
reserves, market demand and basic adequacy
of the infrastructure, and look for possible
bottlenecks.
2. Evaluate the current condition: assess whether
the asset is fit to continue operation by evaluating
inspection data, logging data (for wells) and
perform a review of all monitored production
parameters.
3. Establish the current safe operating envelope:
compare results of current condition assessment
against data specified in original design document.
4. Prevent present status from deteriorating further:
select appropriate mitigation systems, namely
repairs and means of protection (paint, coatings,
cathodic protection, protective chemicals injected).
5. Clearly define and document the inspection
regime: outline roles and responsibilities, technical
and physical review procedures, instrumentation,
data collection and reporting tools, define next
steps should issues be identified.
OILFIELD TECHNOLOGY
 July 2013
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 Marty Trivette,
GE, USA, outlines
various strategies
and technologies
that can be deployed
to protect workers and speed
recovery from arc flash incidents in
oil and gas operations.


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Figure 1. Normal operation: sensitive response; short-time protection limits selectivity to less
than 6 kA. As the curve overlap illustrates (see lower right diagram), zone selective interlocking
(ZSI) is effective, but has limitations. With no ZSI, selectivity is limited to < 6 kA. With ZSI, it
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right diagram, 85 kA selectivity is achieved and instantaneous protection still provides reduced
arc flash energy to maximise both system reliability and protection.
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OILFIELD TECHNOLOGY
 July 2013
 David Lawler, Forensic Risk Alliance, UK, reveals
everything you wanted to know about whistleblowing,
but were afraid to ask.

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AnTech Ltd to launch directional drilling services

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 YEAH,

This performance is achieved by combining cutting edge designs, state

of the art production processes, and rigorous quality control.

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Deepwater drilling fluids and services

leadership – By far, for years
M-I SWACO drilling fluids technology, engineering and drilling waste management services have
helped deliver an average of 139 deepwater wells per year for the last 7 years. This is more than
twice the number of any other provider, and includes 290 wells classified as ultra-deepwater.
It’s an unrivalled track record that demonstrates the proven performance of our deepwater-certified
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